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FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA

ACTIVITY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON SPACE DEBRIS PROBLEM

44-th session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPOUS)

Vienna - February, 2007 1 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA

• Federal Space Agency of Russia continues consecutive activity in the field of space debris problems. This work concerns the safety of spacecraft and International Space Station, the latest one in a especial meaning.

• The activity on debris mitigation is being carried out within the framework of Russian National Legislation, taking into account the dynamics of similar measures and practices of other space-faring nations.

• Since 2000 designers and operators of spacecraft and orbital stages are in charge to follow the requirements of Federal Space Agency Standard "Space Technology Items. General Requirements for Mitigation of Space Debris Population" in all projects of space vehicles being again developed.

2 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA

DYNAMICS OF LAUNCHES IN RUSSIA AND IN OTHER STATES AND ORGANIZATIONS

3 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA

Totally 25 launches of various purposes were realized by Russia in 2006 The launchers used in 2006 are listed in the table.

/ Launcher Type Apogee Motor Number of Type of Orbit Launchings 1 “Proton-K" “DM" 2 Circular 2 “Proton-M" “Briz-M" 3 + 1*) MEO 3 “Soyuz-U” 6 Circular 4 "Soyuz-FG" " Fregat" 2 Circular 5 "Soyuz-2 (1a)" " Fregat" 2 Circular 6 "Soyuz-2 (1b)" " Fregat" 1 Circular 7 " Molniya-M" 1 Highly elliptic orbit 8 “Tsiklon-2" 1 Circular 9 " Kosmos-3M" 1 Circular

10 “Start-1" 1 Circular 11 " Dnepr" 1 + 1**) Circular 12 " Shtil" 1 Circular 13 " Rokot " “Briz-" 1 Circular Total: 25 *) – Emergency on February 28, 2006 **) – Emergency on July 28, 2006 4 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA

THE NET OF OPTICAL MEANS OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE OTHER OBSERVATORIES FOR OBSERVATION OF SPACECRAFT AND SPACE DEBRIS IN GEOSTATIONARY REGION

Scientific optical network

• The net of optical means consists of 12 observatories from Bolivia to Ussuriysk. • Approximately 340º of geostationary ring could be observed. • 161 new faint objects were found in GEO region and this number is equal to about 14.7% from total number of all cataloged geostationary objects. 5 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA

DANGEROUS CONJUNCTIONS WERE CALCULATED IN GEO REGION DURING 2006

Spacecraft Dangerous object Distance of Date of Relative approach, event velocity, km m / s

2003-053 Yamal-202 2005-010F SL-12 5,3 30.06.06 70

1996-034A Gorizont 32 1991-079A Cosmos - 6,2 07.05. 190 2172

1993-069A Gorizont 28 2000-013A Express 2A 7,6 04.01.06 420

2000-029A Gorizont 33 1991-064A Cosmos - 7,9 17.08.06 350 2155

2005-010A Express AM-2 1982-044A Cosmos - 8,5 11.04.06 780 1366

2004-015A Express AM-11 1990-112A Raduga 26 9,1 07.06.06 520

‹ 194 events were detected with approaches of cataloged GEO objects to Russian operational S/C up to distance less than 50 km. ‹ 10 events were detected with approaches up to distances less than 10 km that is comparable with errors of orbital parameters calculations. 6 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA

DISPOSAL OF THE EMERGENCY S/C “EXPRESS AM-11” FROM GEO

Long term pe ri ge e e volutio n of th e disp os ed • The emergency of “Express AM-11” 11 10 , ! “Express AM-11” took place on 29.03.2006. 300 • The prospective reason was a 290 depressurization of a contour of the 280 heat-carrier as a result of impact

270 with mechanical object. 260 • Disposal of the emergency S/C from 250 the protected GEO region was 240 performed since 30.03.2006 till 230 7.04.2006. 24.3.06 6.8.07 18.12.08 2.5.10 14.9.11 26.1.13 10.6.14 23.10.15

• 10 correction bursts was done totally. The first one was done by the correction engine. Another 9 bursts were done by using of engines of the orientation system. • Orbital parameters of the S/C “Express AM-11” after disposal: ‹ apogee - GEO + 324 km, ‹ perigee - GEO + 266 km, ‹ eccentricity = 0,00026. 7 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA

ISS PROTECTION

• RSC ”Energia” worked out the numerical code “Spacecraft Protection” to calculate impact of meteoroid and SD to ISS.

• The results of calculation agree with code “Bumper” produced by NASA.

• The danger for ISS is estimated not more than 0,04% per year.

• The protection of the ISS Service Module is being enhanced by using of additional panels produced by Russia.

• By now the protection of cone part of the ISS Service Module have been enhanced by 6 additional panels. 17 panels of the same type have been delivered to ISS in 2006.

• After completion of this operation the protection of the ISS Service Module cone part will be at the same level as the protection of another ISS modules.

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DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN STANDARDS ON SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION

SPECIAL TECHNICAL REGULATIONS NATIONAL STANDARD “Safety Requirements to Space Activity «General Requirements in conditions of Technogenic to Spacecraft and Orbital Stages Pollution of the Near-Earth Space” on Space Debris Mitigation» (Project) (Project) General space debris mitigation requirements Obligatory requirements to design and operation to design and operation of spacecrafts and orbital stages. of spacecrafts and orbital stages. Implementation of requirements remains voluntary.

Cooperation with ISO on Space Debris Mitigation

STANDARD (project) STANDARD (project) STANDARD (project) ISO/WD/14N303 ISO/WD 24113 ISO/WD/14N378 Space systems – Space Systems - Orbital Debris - Disposal of Satellites Operating Unmanned spacecraft, Management for Debris Mitigation at Geosynchronous Altitude estimating mass of remaining usable propellant The proposal: The proposal: The proposal: the Standard should be based To harmonize the Standard with STSC on the «IADC Space Debris Mitigation Measurements of fuel remainders 9 should be included as reference Space Debris Mitigation Document Guidelines» FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA

THE AUTOMATED RISK WARNING SYSTEM IN A NEAR-EARTH SPACE

NASA, ESA, another Russian Academy of Agencies ROSCOSMOS Science, Ministry of Defense, etc.

TSNIIMASH, Mission Control Centre

Catalogues of Space Objects DATA BASE Data from INTERNET Observational Data, etc.

Data Processing and the Operative Tasks Solution Software

The Forecast of Risk Events The Forecast of The Forecast of Asteroid and Meteoroid in Near Earth Space Dangerous Particle Impact Population and Risk Conjunctions Assessment Modelling

Data Analysis, Catalogues Management, Decision - Making

Essential Data Output Data Presentations 10 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA

INCONSISTENCY of the project of “UN COPUOS STSC SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION GUIDELINES” and the “UN PRINCIPLES RELEVANT TO THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES IN OUTER SPACE”

The project of “UN COPUOS STSC SPACE DEBRIS The “UN PRINCIPLES RELEVANT MITIGATION GUIDELINES” TO THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES (STSC Num. A/AC.10S/C.1/L.284) IN OUTER SPACE” Guideline 4: Principle 3., Item 1d. “….the intentional destruction of any on- The reliability of systems important for safety shall orbit spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital be ensured, inter alia, by redundancy, physical stages or other harmful activities that separation, functional isolation and adequate generate long-lived debris should be independence of their components. avoided”. Guideline 6: Principle 3., Items 2a., 2b. “Spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital “(a) Nuclear reactors may be operated: stages that have terminated their operational (i) On interplanetary missions; phases in orbits that pass through the LEO (ii) In sufficiently high orbits ….. region should be removed from orbit in a ……. controlled fashion. If this is not possible, (b) The sufficiently high orbit is one in which the they should be disposed of in orbits that orbital lifetime is long enough to allow for a avoid their long-term presence in the LEO sufficient decay of the fission products to region”. approximately the activity of the actinides....”

Joint session of Working Group on Space Debris and Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space is desirable to agree the project 11 of “UN COPUOS STSC SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION GUIDELINES” FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA

SUMMARY ‹ The Russian Federation is devoted to the international efforts on space debris problem resolution and is already implementing practical steps on space debris mitigation on a voluntary basis within its own national mechanisms. ‹ Russian NATIONAL STANDARD «General Requirements to Spacecraft and Orbital Stages on Space Debris Mitigation» and SPECIAL TECHNICAL REGULATIONS “Safety Requirements to Space Activity in conditions of Technogenic Pollution of the Near-Earth Space” are under development. ‹ The Russian Federation is convinced that development of space debris mitigation guidelines of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is the essential input in developing of an internationally approved measures to protect near-Earth space environment.