1st International Conference on Language Documentation and Lang- Largest Lang- Largest Family Countries Family Countries Conservation, University of Hawaii, 12-14 March 2009 uages Pop. uages Pop. Katukinan 3 1,650 Brazil Iroquoian 8 16,400 Canada, United States Senagi 2 1,690 , New Yanomam 4 17,640 Brazil, Endangered Language Families Guinea Siouan 12 19,280 Canada, United States D. H. Whalen Chapacura-Wanham 3 1,930 Brazil Maybrat 2 20,000 Indonesia Haskins Laboratories and Endangered Language Fund Piawi 2 2,000 Papua Barbacoan 5 23,500 Colombia, Ecuador Pauwasi 5 2,000 Indonesia, Papua New Gary F. Simons Mataco-Guaicuru 11 25,000 Argentina, , Brazil, Guinea SIL International and Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Paraguay Somahai 2 2,000 Indonesia Panoan 21 26,000 Bolivia, Brazil, Tor-Kwerba 24 2,500 Indonesia South Bougainville 9 26,500 Table 1: Endangered and potentially endangered language Nimboran 5 2,500 Indonesia Carib 26 29,100 Brazil, Colombia, , families, arranged by speaker population of largest Arai-Kwomtari 10 2,500 Papua New Guinea , Venezuela language in family. All data from (Lewis, East Geelvink Bay 11 2,500 Indonesia East Bird’s Head- 8 30,000 Indonesia 2009); used by permission. Sko 7 2,670 Indonesia, Papua New Sentani Guinea Mixe-Zoque 17 30,000 Mexico Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Hokan 16 2,690 Mexico, United States Guahiban 5 34,200 Colombia 16th edition. Dallas: SIL International. Arauan 5 2,940 Brazil Algic 31 35,000 Canada, United States

Regular-face families are linguistic stocks in their own right; Penutian 23 3,000 Canada, United States 56 44,000 Indonesia, Papua New italicized families are broken down by stocks in Tables 3 and 4. South-Central Papuan 21 3,000 Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Guinea Jivaroan 4 46,700 Ecuador, Peru Lang- Largest Yuat 6 3,040 Papua New Guinea Eskimo-Aleut 10 57,800 Canada, Greenland, Russian Family Countries uages Pop. Zamucoan 2 3,070 Paraguay Federation, United States Chon 2 4 Argentina Mairasi 3 3,300 Indonesia Choco 7 60,200 Colombia, Panama Chimakuan 1 10 United States Eastern Trans-Fly 4 3,500 Australia, Papua New West Papuan 23 79,000 Indonesia Alacalufan 1 12 Chile Guinea Totonacan 12 120,000 Mexico Lule-Vilela 1 20 Argentina Tequistlatecan 2 3,600 Mexico Chibchan 21 133,090 Colombia, Costa Rica, Caddoan 4 25 United States Yele-West New 3 3,750 Papua New Guinea Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Arutani-Sape 2 42 Brazil, Venezuela Britain Tarascan 2 135,000 Mexico Zaparoan 4 50 Ecuador, Peru Australian 153 3,820 Australia Na-Dene 40 149,000 Canada, United States Yukaghir 2 90 Russian Federation North Bougainville 4 4,320 Papua New Guinea Trans-New Guinea 475 180,000 East Timor, Indonesia, Bayono-Awbono 2 100 Indonesia Border 15 4,420 Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Yeniseian 2 190 Russian Federation Keres 2 4,580 United States Misumalpan 2 183,000 Nicaragua North Brazil 1 200 Brazil Tacanan 6 4,600 Bolivia Khoisan 22 251,100 Angola, Botswana, Andamanese 4 250 India Peba-Yaguan 1 5,690 Peru Namibia, South Africa, Left May 2 280 Papua New Guinea Tanzania East 6 6,350 Papua New Guinea Amto-Musan 2 300 Papua New Guinea Araucanian 2 300,039 Chile Tucanoan 19 6,800 Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Wakashan 4 300 Canada Peru Arawakan 46 305,000 Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Mura 1 360 Brazil Guyana, Honduras, Peru, Chukotko- 4 7,740 Russian Federation Suriname, Venezuela Kaure 4 450 Indonesia Kamchatkan

Harakmbet 2 500 Peru Witotoan 6 7,800 Colombia, Peru Lower Mamberamo 2 600 Indonesia -Lower Sepik 32 8,220 Papua New Guinea Table 2: Unendangered language families, arranged by speaker Salishan 19 720 Canada, United States Central Solomons 4 8,740 population of largest language in family. All data from Lakes Plain 20 1,000 Indonesia Macro-Ge 24 10,000 Bolivia, Brazil Ethnologue (Lewis, 2009); used by permission. Nambiquaran 6 1,150 Brazil Cahuapanan 2 11,400 Peru

Uru-Chipaya 2 1,200 Bolivia Muskogean 6 11,400 United States Family Languages Largest Pop. Mongol-Langam 3 1,210 Papua New Guinea Huavean 4 12,000 Mexico Arafundi 3 1,270 Papua New Guinea Salivan 3 12,280 Colombia, Venezuela Oto-Manguean 175 350,000 Maku 6 1,360 Brazil, Colombia Mascoian 4 15,000 Paraguay Uto-Aztecan 56 410,000 Kiowa Tanoan 5 1,630 United States Torricelli 56 16,200 Papua New Guinea Family Languages Largest Pop. Stock Family Lgs. Larg. Countries Stock Family Lgs. Larg. Countries Pop. Pop. Basque 1 658,960 Karok-Shasta Hokan 3 16 United States Manubaran Trans-New 2 1,500 Papua New Hmong-Mien 38 1,400,000 Mor Trans-New 1 25 Indonesia Guinea Guinea North Caucasian 33 1,632,500 Guinea Inland Gulf Trans-New 6 1,730 Papua New Yokuts Penutian 1 25 United States Guinea Guinea Mayan 68 1,900,000 Djamindjungan Australian 1 30 Australia Tiwian Australian 1 1,830 Australia Aymaran 3 2,262,900 Bringen- Australian 12 30 Australia Isolate Language 3 2,000 Mali, Mexico, isolate Nepal Quechuan 45 3,635,000 Wagaydy Pomo Hokan 4 45 United States West New Britain Yele-West 2 2,000 Papua New Kartvelian 5 4,255,270 Moraori Trans-New 1 50 Indonesia New Britain Guinea Nilo-Saharan 198 4,410,000 Guinea Morehead-Upper South-Central 16 2,390 Indonesia, Papua Maro Papuan New Guinea Tupi 59 4,850,000 Chinookan Penutian 2 69 United States Wororan Australian 4 82 Australia Pahoturi South-Central 2 2,440 Papua New Uralic 35 12,501,270 Papuan Guinea Garawan Australian 1 110 Australia Niger-Congo 1510 19,380,800 Kwomtari Arai- 6 2,500 Papua New Bunaban Australian 2 160 Australia Kwomtari Guinea Tai-Kadai 90 20,362,390 Yiwaidjan Australian 4 240 Australia Yuman Hokan 8 2,690 Mexico, United Altaic 64 50,750,120 South Andamanese 3 250 India States Andamanese East Kutubu Trans-New 2 2,800 Papua New Afro-Asiatic 353 53,990,000 Burmeso East Bird's 1 250 Indonesia Guinea Guinea Austro-Asiatic 169 68,634,000 Head-Sentani Waia South-Central 1 3,000 Papua New Nyulnyulan Australian 3 380 Australia Dravidian 84 69,758,890 Papuan Guinea Yelmek-Maklew South-Central 2 400 Indonesia Kolopom Trans-New 3 3,000 Indonesia Austronesian 1231 84,608,470 Papuan Guinea Japonic 12 122,080,100 Djeragan Australian 3 410 Australia Plateau Penutian Penutian 6 3,000 United States Arai (Left May) Arai- 4 480 Papua New Indo-European 426 328,518,810 South Bird’s Trans-New 10 3,700 Indonesia Kwomtari Guinea Head Guinea Sino-Tibetan 445 845,456,760 Tanah Merah Trans-New 1 500 Indonesia Yele Yele-West 1 3,750 Papua New Guinea New Britain Guinea Yareban Trans-New 5 750 Papua New Pama-Nyungan Australian 95 3,820 Australia Table 3: Endangered and potentially endangered linguistic stocks, Guinea Guinea Pawaian Trans-New 1 4,000 Papua New Hatsa Khoisan 1 800 Tanzania arranged by speaker population of largest language in Guinea Guinea Kamula Trans-New 1 800 Papua New stock. All data from Ethnologue (Lewis, 2009); used by Bosavi Trans-New 9 4,200 Papua New Guinea Guinea Guinea Guinea permission. Turama-Kikorian Trans-New 3 1,000 Papua New Southern Khoisan 3 4,200 Botswana, South Guinea Guinea Africa Stock Family Lgs. Larg. Countries Dem Trans-New 1 1,000 Indonesia Pop. West Bomberai Trans-New 3 5,500 Indonesia Guinea Guinea Oregon Penutian Penutian 2 1 United States East Strickland Trans-New 6 1,100 Papua New Awin-Pare Trans-New 2 8,000 Papua New Limilngan-Wulna Australian 1 1 Australia Guinea Guinea Guinea Guinea Maiduan Penutian 3 4 United States Mombum Trans-New 2 1,200 Indonesia Oksapmin Trans-New 1 8,000 Papua New California Penutian 1 5 United States Guinea Guinea Guinea Penutian West Kutubu Trans-New 1 1,200 Papua New Mailuan Trans-New 6 8,500 Papua New Marriammu Australian 1 5 Australia Guinea Guinea Guinea Guinea Washo Hokan 1 10 United States Kwalean Trans-New 2 1,300 Papua New Asmat-Kamoro Trans-New 11 9,000 Indonesia Great Andamanese 1 10 India Guinea Guinea Guinea Andamanese Tirio Trans-New 5 1,300 Papua New Dagan Trans-New 9 9,000 Papua New Malagmalag Australian 2 10 Australia Guinea Guinea Guinea Guinea Proper Tsimshian Penutian 3 1,330 Canada Awyu-Dumut Trans-New 15 9,340 Indonesia Utian Penutian 5 12 United States Gunwingguan Australian 17 1,410 Australia Guinea West Barkly Australian 3 12 Australia Murrinh-Patha Australian 2 1,430 Australia Kiwaian Trans-New 7 9,700 Papua New Daly Proper Australian 1 15 Australia Guinea Guinea Stock Family Lgs. Larg. Countries Stock Family Lgs. Larg. Countries Stock Family Lgs. Larg. Pop. Pop. Pop. Mande Niger-Congo 70 2,772,340 Marind Trans-New 6 10,000 Indonesia, Papua Northern Khoisan 6 61,300 Angola, Berber Afro-Asiatic 22 3,150,000 Guinea New Guinea Botswana, Saharan Nilo-Saharan 8 3,240,500 Teberan Trans-New 2 10,000 Papua New Namibia Mongolic Altaic 14 3,380,000 Guinea Guinea Kainantu-Goroka Trans-New 29 63,200 Papua New Atlantic Niger-Congo 62 3,976,500 Kuliak Nilo-Saharan 2 10,000 Uganda Guinea Guinea Kayagar Trans-New 3 10,000 Indonesia Eastern Jebel Nilo-Saharan 4 67,200 Sudan Nilotic Nilo-Saharan 63 4,410,000 Guinea Tama Nilo-Saharan 3 67,900 Chad Gur Niger-Congo 96 5,061,700 Koiarian Trans-New 7 10,000 Papua New East Timor Trans-New 3 70,000 East Timor, Kwa Niger-Congo 79 8,300,000 Guinea Guinea Guinea Indonesia Cushitic Afro-Asiatic 44 13,871,700 Duna-Bogaya Trans-New 2 11,000 Papua New Nyimang Nilo-Saharan 2 70,000 Sudan Benue-Congo Niger-Congo 964 19,380,800 Guinea Guinea Kadugli-Krongo Nilo-Saharan 6 75,000 Sudan Chadic Afro-Asiatic 189 24,988,000 Mek Trans-New 7 11,100 Indonesia Daju Nilo-Saharan 6 80,000 Chad, Sudan Turkic Altaic 39 50,750,120 Guinea Surmic Nilo-Saharan 10 80,000 Ethiopia, Sudan Semitic Afro-Asiatic 68 53,990,000 Finisterre Trans-New 40 11,500 Papua New Nara Nilo-Saharan 1 81,400 Eritrea Guinea Guinea West Timor-Alor- Trans-New 19 100,000 East Timor, Temein Nilo-Saharan 2 13,000 Sudan Pantar Guinea Indonesia Table 5: Endangered and potentially endangered language of Goilalan Trans-New 5 14,000 Papua New Wissel Lakes Trans-New 5 100,000 Indonesia uncertain genetic affiliation. All data from Ethnologue Guinea Guinea Guinea (Lewis, 2009); used by permission. Damal Trans-New 1 14,000 Indonesia Chimbu-Wahgi Trans-New 17 130,000 Papua New Guinea Guinea Guinea ISO Popula- East Bird’s Head East Bird's 3 14,800 Indonesia Dogon Niger-Congo 14 133,000 Classification Country Head-Sentani 639 tion Berta Nilo-Saharan 1 147,000 Ethiopia Wiru Trans-New 1 15,300 Papua New Aariya aay Unclassified ? India Komuz Nilo-Saharan 5 160,000 Ethiopia, Sudan Guinea Guinea Lenca len Unclassified ? Honduras Huon Trans-New 21 16,000 Papua New Engan Trans-New 14 165,000 Papua New Guinea Guinea Norwegian, rmg ? Norway Guinea Guinea Traveller Kresh Nilo-Saharan 2 16,000 Sudan Dani Trans-New 13 180,000 Indonesia Guinea Quinqui quq Unclassified ? Spain Ok Trans-New 21 18,000 Indonesia, Papua Guinea New Guinea Kunama Nilo-Saharan 1 188,880 Eritrea Luo luw Unclassified 1 Cameroon Madang Trans-New 106 20,000 Papua New Central Khoisan 11 251,100 Botswana, Taushiro trr 1 Peru Guinea Guinea Namibia, South Africa Yámana yag Language Isolate 1 Chile Guaicuruan Mataco- 4 21,410 Argentina, Brazil Guaicuru Tinigua tit Language Isolate 2 Colombia

Gogodala-Suki Trans-New 4 22,000 Papua New Bung bqd Unclassified 3 Cameroon Table 4: Unendangered linguistic stocks, arranged by speaker Guinea Guinea Muniche myr Language Isolate 3 Peru population of largest language in stock. All data from Eleman Trans-New 7 23,000 Papua New Puelche pue Language Isolate 5 Argentina Guinea Guinea Ethnologue (Lewis, 2009); used by permission. Mataco Mataco- 7 25,000 Argentina, Ongota bxe Afro-Asiatic, 8 Ethiopia Guaicuru Bolivia, Stock Family Lgs. Larg. Pop. Unclassified Paraguay Kru Niger-Congo 39 408,730 Aleut, Mednyj mu Mixed language 10 Russian Tungusic Altaic 11 30,000 China, Russian Fur Nilo-Saharan 2 501,800 d Federation Federation Bongo-Bagirmi Nilo-Saharan 39 896,000 Itonama ito Language Isolate 10 Bolivia Sentani East Bird's 4 30,000 Indonesia Ijoid Niger-Congo 10 1,000,000 Kutenai kut Language Isolate 12 Canada Head-Sentani Nubian Nilo-Saharan 10 1,045,000 Binanderean Trans-New 13 35,000 Papua New Ainu ain Language Isolate 15 Japan Guinea Guinea Adamawa-Ubangi Niger-Congo 153 1,142,000 Kembra xkw Unclassified 20 Indonesia Omotic Afro-Asiatic 29 1,240,000 Sandawe Khoisan 1 40,000 Tanzania Leco lec Language Isolate 20 Bolivia East Caucasian North Caucasian 29 1,341,000 Kordofanian Niger-Congo 22 45,000 Sudan Kehu khh Unclassified 25 Indonesia Angan Trans-New 13 45,000 Papua New West Caucasian North Caucasian 4 1,632,500 Kwaza xwa Unclassified 25 Brazil Guinea Guinea East Nilo-Saharan 22 1,637,000 Songhai Nilo-Saharan 8 2,438,400 Massep mvs Language Isolate 25 Indonesia ISO Popula- ISO Popula- ISO Popula- Language Classification Country Language Classification Country Language Classification Country 639 tion 639 tion 639 tion Namla naa Unclassified 30 Indonesia Kujarge vkj Unclassified 1,000 Chad Romani, rmu Mixed language 31,000 Sweden Romano-Greek rge Mixed language 30 Greece Media Lengua mue Mixed language 1,000 Ecuador Tavringer Himarimã hir Unclassified 40 Brazil Ná-Meo neo Unclassified 1,200 Viet Nam Majhwar mm Unclassified 34,300 India j Karahawyana xkh Unclassified 40 Brazil Movima mzp Language Isolate 1,450 Bolivia Ticuna tca Language Isolate 48,600 Brazil Lomavren rmi Mixed language 50 Armenia Waorani auc Language Isolate 1,650 Ecuador Caló rmr Mixed language 70,000 Spain Nguluwan nuw Mixed language 50 Micronesia Kaqchikel- ckz Mixed language 2,000 Guatemala Páez pbb Language Isolate 77,400 Colombia Yuchi yuc Language Isolate 50 United States K’iche’ Shelta sth Mixed language 86,000 Ireland Taiap gpn Language Isolate 80 Papua New Nihali nll Language Isolate 2,000 India Guinea Wutunhua wuh Mixed language 2,000 China bsk Language Isolate 87,000 Pakistan Trumai tpy Language Isolate 100 Brazil Kuot kto Language Isolate 2,400 Papua New Romano-Serbian rsb Mixed language 172,000 Serbia Usku ulf Unclassified 110 Indonesia Guinea Angloromani rme Mixed language 202,900 United Kingdom Carabayo cby Unclassified 150 Colombia Sulka sua Language Isolate 2,500 Papua New Guinea Lomwe, Malawi lon Mixed language 250,000 Malawi Papavô ppv Unclassified 170 Brazil Yuracare yuz Language Isolate 2,680 Bolivia Waxianghua wxa Unclassified 300,000 China Aikanã tba Unclassified 180 Brazil Malakhel mld Unclassified 2,860 Afghanistan Centúúm cet Language Isolate 200 Nigeria Puinave pui Language Isolate 2,880 Colombia Iapama iap Unclassified 200 Brazil Table 6: Summary estimate of linguistic diversity at risk Abun kgr Language Isolate 3,000 Indonesia Mbre mka Niger-Congo, 200 Cote dIvoire Unclassified Candoshi-Shapra cbu Language Isolate 3,000 Peru Endangered Potentially Unendangered Total Molof msl Unclassified 200 Indonesia ura Language Isolate 3,000 Peru Endangered Odiai bhf Language Isolate 240 Papua New Lufu ldq Unclassified 3,200 Nigeria Family 49 34 17 100 Guinea Kol kol Language Isolate 4,000 Papua New stocks Tofanma tlg Unclassified 250 Indonesia Guinea Subfamily 62 54 24 140 stocks Murkim rmh Unclassified 290 Indonesia Traveller Scottish trl Unclassified 4,000 United Kingdom Singleton 83 18 1 102 Abinomn bsa Language Isolate 300 Indonesia Camsá kbh Language Isolate 4,770 Colombia stocks Elseng mrf Language Isolate 300 Indonesia Kara kah Unclassified 4,800 Central 194 (57%) 106 (31%) 42 (12%) 342 Yuwana yau Unclassified 300 Venezuela African Tol jic Language Isolate 350 Honduras Republic Table 7: Summary of linguistic stock endangerment by world area Shenenawa swo Unclassified 360 Brazil Warduji wrd Unclassified 5,000 Afghanistan

Andoque ano Language Isolate 370 Colombia Bhatola btl Unclassified 5,050 India Endangered Potentially Unendangered Total Shabo sbf Nilo-Saharan, 450 Ethiopia Tsimané cas Language Isolate 5,320 Bolivia Endangered Unclassified Pumé yae Unclassified 5,840 Venezuela Africa 14 21 20 55 (16%) Imeraguen ime Unclassified 530 Mauritania Mbugu mh Mixed language 7,000 Tanzania Americas 72 32 6 110 (32%) Lepki lpe Unclassified 530 Indonesia d Asia 47 21 13 81 (24%) Yale nce Language Isolate 600 Papua New Mpur akc Language Isolate 7,000 Indonesia Europe 4 6 3 13 (4%) Guinea Zuni zun Language Isolate 9,650 United States Pacific 57 26 0 83 (24%) Gilyak niv Language Isolate 690 Russian Hatam had Language Isolate 16,000 Indonesia Federation Total 194 (57%) 106 (31%) 42 (12%) 342 Yeniche yec Mixed language 16,000 Germany Doso dol Unclassified 700 Papua New Guinea Yauma yax Unclassified 22,200 Angola Laal gd Unclassified 750 Chad Tagdal tda Mixed language 26,900 Niger m Warao wba Language Isolate 28,100 Venezuela Yarí yri Unclassified 760 Colombia E eee Mixed language 30,000 China Michif crg Mixed language 830 United States