Partitioning the timeline A cross-linguistic survey of tense

Viveka Velupillai Justus Liebig University Giessen

The database

The following gives the languages and their values in my database. The lan- guage names are primarily based on the source(s) and WALS Online (Dryer & Haspelmath 2013); where these differ from theEthnologue (Lewis et al. 2013) lan- guage names the name has been given in parenthesis. The ISO-639–3 codes are given in square brackets after the language name. I have relied onWALS Online where possible for the family and genus affiliation; where this was not pos- sible I relied on the source(s) and Ethnologue. The values for fusion type were tak- en from Bickel and Nichols (2013a) where possible; those languages are marked with an asterisk (*). For those languages that were not in Bickel & Nichol’s (2013a) database, I coded the fusion type according to the principles set out in Bickel & Nichols (2013b) using the reference indicated in the ‘Source’ column.

Studies in Language 40:1 (2016), 1–42. doi 10.1075/sl.40.1.04ve2 issn 0378–4177 / e-issn 1569–9978 © John Benjamins Publishing Company 2 Viveka Velupillai 120, 151ff, 151ff, 11) 209ff, 209ff, 83) 80) 175ff) 29) 67) 14) 350) 329ff) 170f) 89ff, 111) 89ff, (van den Heuvel 2006: den Heuvel (van passim) (Cerulli 1947: (Goudswaard 2005: (Goudswaard passim) (Nababan 1966: (Nababan (Miller 2007: (Wiersma 1990: (Wiersma (Stevenson 1969: (Stevenson (Borella 2000: passim) (Borella (Merlan 1975: (Merlan (Fortune 1942: (Fortune (Voorhoeve 1985: (Voorhoeve (Cunha de Oliveira de Oliveira (Cunha 2005: (Shibatani 1990: (Shibatani (Angulo & Freeland & Freeland (Angulo 1930: (Kratochvíl 2007: (Kratochvíl 350) Source Isolating Concatenative Isolating/Concatenative Concatenative Isolating Isolating Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Isolating/Concatenative Isolating Concatenative Concatenative Isolating/Concatenative Fusion Austronesian Berta Austronesian Austronesian Austronesian Sino-Tibetan Central Sudanic Tupian Caddoan Torricelli Marind Macro-Ge Ainu Hokan Timor-Alor-Pantar Family South Halmahera-West New New Halmahera-West South Guinea Berta North Borneo North Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Sumatra-Barrier Northwest Sama-Bajaw Bai Bongo-Bagirmi Aweti Caddoan Kombio-Arapesh South Bird’s Head Bird’s South Ge-Kaingang Ainu Palaihnihan Greater Alor Greater Genus Biak [bhw] Berta [wti] Begak (Ida’an) [dbj] Begak (Ida’an) Batak Toba [bbc] Batak Toba Bajau, West Coast [bdr] West Bajau, Bai, Central Bai, [bca] Bagirmi [bmi] Awetí [awe] Awetí Arikara [ari] Arikara Arapesh (Bukiyip) [ape] (Bukiyip) Arapesh Arandai [jbj] Arandai Apinajé (Apinayé) [apn] (Apinayé) Apinajé Ainu [ain] Ainu Achumawi [acv] Achumawi Abui [abz] Abui No tense No Language Partitioning the timeline 3 328ff, 328ff, 38f, 45ff, 45ff, 38f, 66ff) 82) 564ff) 317, 322ff) 50f) 119ff, 119ff, passim) 76ff) 164ff) 406ff) 60ff) (Qingxia & Diehl (Qingxia 2003: (Frank 1985: (Frank (Donohue & San Roque & San (Donohue 2002: passim) (Newman 2000: (Newman (Hoskison 1983: (Hoskison (Pimentel Palácio Palácio (Pimentel 1984: (Evans et al. 2005: et al. (Evans passim) (Sterk 1977: (Sterk (Bradshaw 2007: (Bradshaw (Heath 2005a: passim) (Heath (Miller 1990: 343ff) (Frachtenberg 1922a: (Frachtenberg (Charney 1989: passim) (Swadesh 1946: (Swadesh (Huffman 1970: passim) (Huffman (Comrie 1985: Source Isolating Concatenative Isolating Isolating* Isolating Concatenative Concatenative Non-linear Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Isolating Concatenative* Fusion Sino-Tibetan Chibchan Skou Afro-Asiatic Afro-Asiatic Macro-Ge Trans- Trans-New Niger-Congo Trans-New Guinea Trans-New Dogon Hokan Oregon Coast Oregon Uto-Aztecan Chitimacha Austro-Asiatic Sino-Tibetan Family Jinghpo Aruak Krisa West Chadic West Biu-Mandara Guató Chimbu Nupoid Goilalan Dogon Yuman Coosan Numic Chitimacha Khmer Burmese-Lolo Genus Jinghpo (Jingpho) [kac] (Jingpho) Jinghpo Ika (Arhuaco ) [arh] Ika (Arhuaco I’saka (Isaka) [ksi] (Isaka) I’saka Hausa [hau] Hausa Gude [gde] Gude Guató [gta] Guató Golin [gvf] Gade [ged] Fuyug [fuy] Fuyug Dogon, Jamsay [djm] Jamsay Dogon, Diegueño, Jamul (Kumiai) (Kumiai) Jamul Diegueño, [dih] Coos [csz] [com] Comanche Chitimacha [ctm] Chitimacha Cambodian (Khmer, Central) Cambodian (Khmer, [khm] Burmese [mya] Language 4 Viveka Velupillai 14, 13ff) 266ff) 129) 390ff) 45ff, 79ff)45ff, 4ff) 136ff) 191ff, 547) 191ff, 191ff, 547) 191ff, 317) 70ff) 203ff, 306) 203ff, (Grondona 1998: (Grondona (Macaulay 1996: (Macaulay (Chelliah 1997) (Dol 1999: passim) (Dol (Pereira 1992: (Pereira (Smeets 1989: (Smeets (Li & Thompson 1981) (Li & Thompson (Noonan 1992: (Noonan (van Valin 1977: Valin (van (Honsberger et al. 2008: et al. (Honsberger 117f) (Thalmann 1987: (Thalmann (Underriner 2002: (Underriner (Svantesson 1994: (Svantesson (Watters 1998: (Watters (Klamer 1998: (Klamer (Watters 1998: (Watters (Dickens n..: 5) n.y.: (Dickens Source Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative* Isolating Concatenative* Isolating/Concatenative* Non-linear* Isolating/Concatenative* Concatenative Non-linear Concatenative Isolating Concatenative Concatenative Isolating Isolating Fusion Guaicuruan Oto-Manguean Sino-Tibetan West Papuan West Macro-Ge Araucanian Sino-Tibetan Eastern Sudanic Siouan Kwomtari-Baibai Niger-Congo Penutian Austro-Asiatic Sino-Tibetan Austronesian Torricelli Kxa Family South Guaicuruan South Mixtecan Kuki-Chin North-Central Bird’s Head Bird’s North-Central Maxakali Araucanian Chinese Nilotic Siouan Kwomtari Kru Klamath-Modoc Palaung-Khmuic Mahakiranti Central Malayo-Polynesian Marienberg Ju-Kung Genus Mocoví [moc] Mocoví Mixtec, Chalcatongo (Mixtec, (Mixtec, Chalcatongo Mixtec, [mig] Grande) el Miguel San Meithei (Meitei) [mni] (Meitei) Meithei Maybrat (Mai Brat) [ayz] Brat) (Mai Maybrat Maxakalí [mbl] Maxakalí Mapudungun [arn] Mapudungun Mandarin (Chinese, Mandarin [cmn] Mandarin) Lango [laj] Lango Lakhota (Lakota) [lkt] Kwomtari [kwo] Kwomtari Krumen, Tepo [ted] Tepo Krumen, Klamath (Klamath-Modoc) (Klamath-Modoc) Klamath [kla] Khmu’ (Khmu) [kjg] (Khmu) Khmu’ Kham (Kham, Western Western (Kham, Kham [kjl] Parbate) Kambera [xbr] Kambera Kamasau [kms] Kamasau Ju|’hoan [ktz] Ju|’hoan Language Partitioning the timeline 5 197ff) 262ff) 10) 59ff) 30) 93) 631) 155ff) 13, 147ff, 13, 147ff, 207) 58, 294) 29) 132ff) 305ff, 305ff, passim) 193) 161ff) (Laufer 1959: (Laufer (Donohue 2004: (Donohue (Gomez 1990: (Gomez (Kruspe 2004: passim) (Tsukida 2000: (Tsukida (Eaton 2010: (Eaton (Turner 1987: (Turner (Stanhope 1980: (Stanhope (LaPolla & Huang & Huang (LaPolla 2003: (Everett 2005: (Everett (Berthiaume 2003: (Alves 2000: (Alves (Staley 2007: (Braine 1970: passim) (Braine (Arensen 1982: (Arensen (Crofts 2004: (Crofts (Tjia 2007: (Tjia (Haude 2006: (Haude 510ff) 167ff, 158ff, (Gravelle 2010: passim) (Gravelle (Albaugh 2001) (Albaugh Source Isolating Concatenative/Non-linear Concatenative Concatenative Isolating/Concatenative Concatenative Isolating Isolating Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative Isolating Isolating Concatenative Concatenative Isolating Isolating Concatenative Isolating/Concatenative Isolating Fusion Baining-Taulil Skou Yanomam Austro-Asiatic Austronesian Khoisan Salinan Lower - Lower Sino-Tibetan Mura Oto-Manguean Austro-Asiatic Torricelli Austro-Asiatic Nilo-Saharan Tupian Austronesian Movima East Bird’s Head East Bird’s Austro-Asiatic Family Taulil Western Skou Western Yanomam Aslian Atayalic Sandawe Salinan Annaberg Qiangic Mura Pamean Katuic Wapei-Palei Nicobarese Surmic Munduruku Malayo-Sumbawan Movima East Bird’s Head East Bird’s Monic Genus Taulil [tuh] Taulil Skou [skv] Skou Shiriana (Ninam) [shb] (Ninam) Shiriana Semelai [sza] Seediq (Taroko) [trv] Seediq (Taroko) Sandawe [sad] Sandawe Salinan [sln] Salinan Rao [rao] Qiang (Qiang, Northern) Northern) (Qiang, Qiang [cng] Pirahã [myp] Pirahã Pame, Northern [pmq] Northern Pame, Pacoh [pac] Pacoh Olo [ong] Olo Nicobarese, Car [caq] Nicobarese, Murle [mur] Murle Mundurukú [myu] Mundurukú Mualang [mtd] Mualang Movima [mzp] Movima Moskona [mtj] Moskona Mon [mnw] Mon Language 6 Viveka Velupillai 58) 98) 88ff) 71ff) 2) 32) 105ff) 210) Source (Voorhoeve 1965: 2010) (Fried 21ff, 69) 21ff, 170f) (Robins 1958: (Robins (Hemmilä & Luoma & Luoma (Hemmilä 1987: (Cunha de Oliveira de Oliveira (Cunha 2005: (Dayley 1981: (Guirardello 1999: (Guirardello (Crippen 2008: (Crippen (Granberry 1993: (Wang 2004: (Wang (Hayami-Allen 2001: (Hayami-Allen Source Concatenative* Fusion Concatenative optional Obliga­ toriness optional Concatenative* Isolating Concatenative Concatenative Isolating/Concatenative* Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Isolating Fusion ­ ness 2 Remote – Algic Torricelli Urarina Mayan Trumai Na-Dene Austronesian West Papuan West Family Past Tense Future Trans-New Guinea Trans-New Family Altaic Yurok Urim Urarina Mayan Trumai Tlingit Timucua Western Plains Austronesian Plains Western North Halmaheran North Genus Asmat-Kamoro Genus Mongolic Yurok [yur] Yurok Urim [uri] Urim Urarina [ura] Urarina Tzutujil (Tzutujil, Eastern) (Tzutujil, Tzutujil [tzj] Trumai [tpy] Trumai Tlingit [tli] Tlingit Timucua [tjm] Timucua Thao [ssf]Thao Ternate [tft] Ternate Asmat (Citak, (Citak, Asmat [tml] Tamnim) One tense Language Bao’an Tu (Bonan) (Bonan) Tu Bao’an [peh] Language Partitioning the timeline 7 161, 183ff, 183ff, 87ff) 49, 60f) 217, pas - 272ff) 273ff) 118ff) 607) 156, 162) Source (Crowell 1979: (Turner 1966: (Shaul 1995: sim) (Fortescue 1984: (Kim 2008: (Lüpke 2005: (Dahl 1985: Oglobin. 2005: da (Gonçalves 2011: Silva 1985) Groth (Heath 1999: Isolating/ Concatenative Concatenative* Isolating* Fusion Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Isolating Isolating Isolating/ Concatenative optional optional optional Obliga­ toriness optional optional optional optional optional optional ­ ness – – – Remote – – – – – 3 Nonfuture Future Future Tense Future Future Future Past Future Future Macro-Ge Eskimo-Aleut Songhay Family Tequistlatecan Esselen Huavean Mande Austronesian Katukinan Bororo Eskimo Songhay Genus Tequistlatecan Esselen Huavean Mande Western Javanese Katukinan Borôro [bor] Borôro Greenlandic, (Inuktitut, West [kal] Greenlandic) Chiini Koyra Koyra (Songhay, Chiini) [khq] Language Highland Chontal, Oaxaca [chd] Esselen [esq] San Huave, Mar del Francisco [hue] (Yalunka) Jalonke [yal] [jav] Javanese [knm] Kanamarí 8 Viveka Velupillai 93, 258, 173) 309) 39ff) 222ff) 237, 303ff) 48ff) Source Bryan& (Tucker 1966: (Böhm 1984: (Koops 2007: (Romero- Méndez 2008: 2004: (Sakel 363ff) 1967: (Hoijer & Perkins Smith 2003) & (Stucky 80, 13f, Stucky: 86) 1989: (Tarpent passim) (Dahl 1985: (Carlson 1972: Concatenative* Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Isolating/ Concatenative Fusion Concatenative* Isolating Isolating/ Concatenative Isolating/ Concatenative optional optional optional optional optional optional Obliga­ toriness optional optional optional optional ­ ness – – 2 – – – Remote – – – – Future Future Future Future Future Future Tense Future Future Past Past Kadu Na-Dene Guinea Trans-New Penutian Iroquoian Salishan Family Kunama Niger-Congo Mixe-Zoque Mosetenan Kadugli Athapaskan Wahgi Tsimshianic Iroquoian Northern Salish Interior Genus Kunama Platoid Mixe-Zoque Mosetenan Krongo [kgo] Krongo [nav] Navajo [nii] Nii (Nisga’a) Nisgha [ncg] [one] Oneida [spo] Spokane Language [kun] Kunama (Kutep) Kuteb [kub] Ayutla Mixe, Mosetén [cas] (Tsimané) Partitioning the timeline 9 174, 94ff) 49, 60f) 146, 193f, 51ff) 437ff) 513ff) Source (Sapir 1922b: (Turner 1966: (Dahl 1985: 1990) Hudak. (Yumitani 1998: 230) & Black (Pickett 2001: Source (Leeding 1989: (Facundes 2000: Non-linear Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Fusion Isolating/ Concatenative* Concatenative Fusion Concatenative* optional optional optional optional Obliga­ toriness optional optional Obliga­ toriness obligatory ­ ness – – – – Remote – – Remoteness – Future Future Future Future Tense Future Past / Nonpast Past Tense / Future Nonfuture Takelma Taushiro Tanoan Oto-Manguean Family Tai-Kadai Australian Family Arawakan Takelma Taushiro Tanoan Kiowa Zapotecan Genus Kam-Tai Anindilyakwa Genus Purus Takelma [tkm] Takelma [trr] Taushiro Jemez Towa, [tow] (Jemez) Isthmus Zapotec, [zai] Anindilyakwa [aoi] Language [tha] Thai tenses Two Language [apu] Apurinã 10 Viveka Velupillai 64) 31– 8) 62) 87, 138ff) 37) 221ff) 56ff) 167) 162ff, 261ff) Source et al. (Hardman 2001: & Jones (Jones 1991: (Zamponi 2002: 1997: (Frantz 6) (Thiesen 1996: (Andronov (Andronov 1980: (Guillaume 2004: (Topping 1973: 1989: (Rupp (Boas 1893: Fusion Concatenative* Concatenative/Non- linear Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative* Concatenative Isolating/ Concatenative* Concatenative/Non- linear Obliga­ toriness obligatory obligatory optional optional optional obligatory NA optional obligatory optional Remoteness – – n – – – n y – y Tense / Future Nonfuture / Future Nonfuture Past / Nonpast Past / Future Past / Future Past Past / Nonpast Past / Present Future Past / Future Past / Future Nonfuture / Future Past Family Aymaran Huitotan Tucanoan Betoi Algic Dravidian Penutian Tacanan Austronesian Oto-Manguean Genus Aymaran Boran Tucanoan Betoi Algonquian Northern Dravidian Northern Chinookan Tacanan Chamorro Chinantecan Language Aymara Aymara (Aymaran, Central) [ayr] Bora [boa] Barasano Barasano (Barasana-Eduria) [bsn] Betoi [-] [bla] Blackfoot Brahui [brh] Brahui Chinook (Wasco- [wac] Wishram) Cavineña [cav] Cavineña [cha] Chamorro Lealao Chinantec, [cle] Partitioning the timeline 11 48) 68, 10– 488) 531ff) 70ff) - 298ff, pas 172) 163ff, 276ff) 151ff) Source (Muravyova 1998: (Thomas 1978: (Sulkala & Karjalainen 1992: sim) 1984: (Moore passim) (Bender 1979: (Leyew 2006: 1) (Jeanne 1978: 2005: (Epps (Rubino 1997: (Mous 1993: Fusion Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Non-linear Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative/Non- linear Obliga­ toriness obligatory optional obligatory obligatory obligatory optional optional obligatory optional obligatory Remoteness – n n y n – n n – – Tense / Future Nonfuture / Nonpast Past / Future Nonfuture / Nonpast Past / Future Nonfuture / Future Past Future / Future Nonfuture / Past Present / Future Nonfuture / Past Present Family Chukotko- Kamchatkan Tupian Nilo-Saharan Nilo-Saharan Uto-Aztecan Austronesian Niger-Congo Uralic Nadahup Afro-Asiatic Genus Northern Northern Chukotko- Kamchatkan Monde Gumuz Koman Hopi Luzuon Northern Edoid Finnic Nadahup Cushitic Southern Language Chukchi [ckt] Chukchi do Gavião [gvo] Jiparaná [guk] Gumuz (Kwama) Gwama [kmq] [hop] Hopi [ilo]Ilocano Engenni [enn] Engenni [fin] Finnish (Hupdë) Hup [jup] [irk] Iraqw 12 Viveka Velupillai 27) 496) 191, passim) 191, 24ff) 219ff) 51f)48f, 265) 218ff) 180ff) Source et al. (Meier 1975: et al. (Kaiser 2001) 2003: (Sun (Routamaa 1994: (Sridhar 1990: (Hutchinson 1976: (Everett 2006: 1960: (Davis (Childs 1988: (Kimball 1985: Fusion Concatenative/Non- linear Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Non-linear* Concatenative* Obliga­ toriness obligatory obligatory obligatory optional obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory NA optional Remoteness n n y – – n n – – Past: 4 Past: Tense / Future Nonfuture / Nonpast Past / Past Present Past / Nonpast Past / Nonpast Past / Future Past / Future Nonfuture / Future Nonfuture Present / Past Present Present / Past Present Family Niger-Congo Sino-Tibetan Guinea Trans-New Japanese Dravidian Saharan Tupian Keresan Niger-Congo Muskogean Genus Igboid rGyarong Kamula Japanese Dravidian Southern Saharan Western Arikem Keresan Mel Muskogean Language Izi (Izi-Ezaa- Izi [izi] Ikwo-Mgbo) Caodeng Jiarong, [jya] [xla] Kamula Japanese [jpn] Japanese [kan] Kannada (Kanuri, Kanuri Central) [knc] [ktn] Karitiâna Santa Keresan, (Keres, Ana Eastern) [kee] Kisi (Kissi, (Kissi, Kisi [kqs] Northern) Koasati [cku] Koasati Partitioning the timeline 13 49ff) 295) 95ff) 362ff, 362ff, 41ff) 14) 353ff) 156ff) 111, 113) 140ff) 156ff) passim) (Lindström 2002: (Gaby 2006: (Israel 1979: 1999: (Terrill (Plaisier 2006: (Dorvlo 2008: et (Buenaventura 1993: al. 1970: (Elkins (Sohn 2001: Source (McNair & McNair 1973: 1967: (Ultan Isolating/Non-linear Concatenative Isolating/ Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative/Non- linear Concatenative/Non- linear Concatenative* Fusion Concatenative Concatenative optional optional optional obligatory obligatory optional optional obligatory optional Obliga­ toriness obligatory optional Future: 2 Future: n – – – n n – – Remoteness – y Future / Future Nonfuture / Nonpast Past / Nonpast Past Past / Nonpast Past / Nonpast Past / Present Future / Future Past / Future Nonfuture Past / Nonpast Past Tense / Nonpast Past Past / Future Past Kuot Sino-Tibetan Austronesian Australian Dravidian East Solomons Papuan Niger-Congo Guahiban Korean Family Dravidian Penutian Kuot Lepcha Central Greater Philippines Pama-Nyungan South-Central Dravidian Lavukaleve Kwa Guahiban Korean Genus Central Dravidian Maiduan Kuot [kto] Kuot Lepcha [lep] Western Manobo, [mbb] Bukidnon Kuuk Thaayorre Thaayorre Kuuk [thd] (Thayore) [kxv] Kuvi Lavukaleve [lvk] Logba [lgq] [mbn] Macaguán Korean [kor] Kolami (Kolami, (Kolami, Kolami Northwestern) [kfb] Konkow (Maidu, (Maidu, Konkow [mjd] Northwest) 14 Viveka Velupillai 49ff) 67ff, - 67ff, pas 280) 277ff, 114ff) 223, passim, 37ff) 28ff) 261f) 38) 130ff) (Owens 1985: sim) (Girón 2008: Source (Alhoniemi 1993: (Callaghan 1963: Callaghan 1984) (Fleming 1995: & Larson (Larson 1958: (Okrand 1977: (Feldpausch & Feldpausch 1992: (Abdel-Hafiz 1988: (Schadeberg & Elias 1979: Concatenative* Concatenative Fusion Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Non-linear optional optional Obliga­ toriness obligatory obligatory optional optional obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory – y Remoteness n n n y y n n n Present / Past Present / Future Past Tense / Nonpast Past / Past Present Past / Future Past / Future Past / Nonpast Past / Future Nonfuture / Future Past / Past Present Afro-Asiatic Puinave Family Uralic Niger-Congo Penutian Guinea Trans-New Penutian Sepik Nilo-Saharan Niger-Congo Lowland East Lowland Cushitic Puinave Genus Mari Eastern Mande Miwok Lakes- Wissel Kemandoga Costanoan River Yellow Nubian Rashad Oromo, Harar Harar Oromo, Eastern) (Oromo, [hae] [pui] Puinave Language Mari, Hill [mrj] Hill Mari, (Mwan) Mona [moa] Miwok, Lake Miwok, [lmw] [mnz] Moni (Ohlone, Mutsun [css] Southern) [nnm] Namia Kunuz Nubian, (Kenuzi-Dongola) [kzh] [ras] Orig (Tegali) Partitioning the timeline 15 11ff) 115, 41, 57ff) 299ff) 455ff, 468f)455ff, 144ff) 135) 2, 18) 90) 32ff) Source (Clairis 1985: (Grinevald 1990: 2005: (Silva da Silva (Pereira 2010: (Basri 1999: passim) 1973: (Najlis 1966: (Silver 127f) (Heath 2005b: (Anderson 1962: (Campbell 2006: et al. (Thompson 2006: Fusion Isolating/ Concatenative Isolating Isolating Concatenative Concatenative/Non- linear Isolating Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Obliga­ toriness optional obligatory obligatory optional optional optional obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory Remoteness – n 2 Past: 2 Past: – n – – – – n Tense / Future Past / Future Nonfuture / Past Present / Past Present / Future Past / Future Nonfuture Present / Past Present / Nonpast Past / Future Nonfuture / Future Nonfuture / Future Past Family Alacalufan Tupian Chon Hokan Afro-Asiatic Ticuna Chibchan Macro-Ge Austronesian Australian Wappo-Yukuan Genus Alacalufan Mawe-Satere Proper Chon Shasta Berber Ticuna Rama Rikbaktsa Sulawesi South Giimbiyu Qawasqar [alc] Qawasqar Sateré-Mawé [mav] Selknam (Ona) [ona] [sht] Shasta Tamashek [taq] (Tamasheq) [tca] Ticuna Rama [rma] Rikbáktsa (Rikbaktsa) [rkb] [sly] Selayar Urningangk (Urningangg) [urc] [wao] Wappo 16 Viveka Velupillai 98ff) 141ff) 310ff) 161ff) 90ff; {Bode 166ff) 181ff) Source & Kern (Everett 1997: later [not (Harvey 1999: than] (Terraza 2009: 1986) (Oko 1969: (Hsu (Bamgbo ṣ e 1966: 2000 #3018; 132}) (Maslova 2003: Gijn (van 2006: Fusion Isolating* Concatenative Concatenative Isolating/Non-linear* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Obliga­ toriness optional optional obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory optional Remoteness – 6 Past: – – n – n n Tense / Future Nonfuture / Future Past / Future Nonfuture / Future Nonfuture / Future Nonfuture Past / Nonpast Past / Future Nonfuture / Post Nonpost Family Chapacura- Wanham Matacoan Austronesian Niger-Congo Yukaghir Australian Niger-Congo Yuracare Genus Chapacura- Wanham Matacoan Yapese Defoid Yukaghir Waray Idomoid Yuracare Language Wari’ Wari’ (Pakaásnovos) [pav] Lhamtés Wichí [wlv] Vejoz [yap] Yapese [yor] Yoruba Kolyma Yukaghir, (Yukaghir, [yux] Southern) Warray (Waray) (Waray) Warray [wrz] [yba] Yala [yuz] Yuracare Partitioning the timeline 17 80ff) 18, 69) 67–8) 110ff) 50) 159, 117f) 35f) 30ff) (Wise n.y.: 61) n.y.: (Wise (Sun & Liu 2009: & Liu (Sun (Litteral 1980: (Litteral (Wilson 1980: (Wilson (Campbell 1976: (Campbell passim) (Minch 1992: (Minch (Årsjö 1999: (Årsjö (Newmark et al. et al. (Newmark 1982: (Dahl 1985: 1972) Sharpe. (Whitney & Whitney & Whitney (Whitney 1991: (Chai 1971: (Chai Source Concatenative Concatenative/ Non-linear Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Fusion ­ toriness obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory optional Obliga ­ ness Past: 3 Past: – – – Past: 2 Past: Past: 2 Past: Past: 3 Past: – – Past: 3 / Past: 2 Future: – Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense Zaparoan Sino-Tibetan Senagi Sepik Harakmbet Border Left May Left Indo-European Australian Trans-New Trans-New Guinea Austronesian Family Zaparoan Nungish Senagi Middle SepikMiddle Harakmbet Border Left May Left Albanian Maran Angan Greater Central Greater Philippine Genus Arabela [arl] Arabela Anong (Nung) (Nung) Anong [nun] Anggor (Angor) (Angor) Anggor [agg] Ambulas [abt] Ambulas Amarakaeri [amr] Amarakaeri Amanab [amn] Amanab Ama [amm] Ama Albanian (Albanian, (Albanian, Albanian [als] Tosk) Alawa [alh] Alawa Akoye [miw] Akoye Aklan (Inakeanon) Aklan (Inakeanon) [akl] Three tenses Three Language 18 Viveka Velupillai 82, 131) 63ff) 176) 69) 210ff) 249ff) 57ff) 150ff) 12ff) (Kinkade 1963: (Kinkade (Blake 2003: (Blake (Munshi 2006) (Munshi (Westrum (Westrum 1988: (Wedekind et al. et al. (Wedekind 2008) (Hualde & Ortiz de (Hualde 2003: Urbina (Bowern 2004: (Bybee 1994: et al. Hetzron 248 citing 1969: (Quigley 2002: (Curnow 1997: (Curnow (Swanton 1929: (Swanton Source Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative/ Non-linear* Concatenative* Concatenative NA Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative* Fusion ­ toriness obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory NA obligatory obligatory obligatory Obliga ­ ness – Past: 2 Past: – – – – – – – – – Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense Salishan Australian Tor-Orya Afro-Asiatic Basque Australian Afro-Asiatic Trans-New Trans-New Guinea Barbacoan Atakapa Family Tsamosan Bungandidj Burushaski Tor Beja Basque Nyulnyulan Central Cushitic Finisterre-Huon Barbacoan Atakapa Genus Chehalis, Upper Upper Chehalis, [cjh] Buwandik Buwandik [-] (Bunganditj) Burushaski [bsk] Burushaski Berik [bkl] Beja (Bedawiyet) [bej] Basque [eus] Bardi [bcj]Bardi Awngi [awn] Awngi Awara [awx] Awara Awa Pit (Awa- Pit Awa [kwi] Cuaiquer) Atakapa [aqp] Atakapa Language Partitioning the timeline 19 17) 28) 121ff, 121ff, 49ff, 49ff, 192ff) 164ff) 358ff) 71ff) 103ff) 116) 147ff) (Cochrane & Cochrane 1966: (Seyoum 2008: 128, 134, 136) (Bromley 1972: (Bromley (Murane 1974: (Murane 58ff)52ff, (Hill 2005: (Hill (Holmer 1946: (Holmer (Casad 1984: (Cerrón-Palomino (Cerrón-Palomino 2006: (Jany 2009: (Jany (Angulo 1933: (Angulo (King 1975: (King Source Isolating/ Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative/ Non-linear Concatenative Fusion ­ toriness obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory Obliga ­ ness – Past: 2 Past: Future: 2 Future: – Future: 2 Future: – Past: 2 Past: – – Past: 3 Past: – Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense Trans-New Trans-New Guinea Afro-Asiatic Trans-New Trans-New Guinea Dagan Uto-Aztecan Chibchan Uto-Aztecan Uru-Chipaya Hokan Oto-Manguean Iroquoian Family Duna South Omotic South Dani Dagan Takic Kuna Corachol Uru-Chipaya Chimariko Chichimec Southern Southern Iroquoian Genus Duna [duc] Dime [dim] Dime Dani, Lower Grand Grand Lower Dani, [dni] Valley Daga [dgz] Cupeño [cup] Cupeño Cuna (Kuna, San San (Kuna, Cuna [cuk]Blas) Cora (Cora, El [crn] Nayar) Chipaya [cap] Chipaya Chimariko [cid] Chimariko Chichimeco (Chichimeca-Jonaz) [pei] [chr] 20 Viveka Velupillai 30, 40ff) 390) 209) 97ff) 94, 82f) 20, 53, 164, 193–216) 235ff) 231ff) (Dahl 1985: 1990: Aronson (Burling 2003: (Burling (Stirtz 2011: 173ff) (Harvey 1992: (Harvey (Jakobi 1990: (Jakobi 115, 129) 101ff, (Loeweke & May: 66f, (Loeweke 66f, & May: passim) (Nedjalkov (Nedjalkov 1997: (Shaul 1991: (Shaul (van de Velde de Velde (van 2008: (Harms 1994: (Harms (Unruh et al. 2003: et al. (Unruh 284ff) (Shay 1999: (Shay Source Concatenative* Concatenative* Concatenative/ Non-linear Concatenative Concatenative/ Non-linear Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative/ Non-linear Concatenative* Isolating Concatenative/ Non-linear Fusion ­ toriness obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory optional obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory Obliga ­ ness – Future: 2 Future: – – – – – – Past: 3 Past: – Past: 2 Past: – Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Past / Future / / Future Past Nonpast Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense Kartvelian Sino-Tibetan Eastern Sudanic Australian Fur Trans-New Trans-New Guinea Altaic Uto-Aztecan Niger-Congo Choco Mascoian Afro-Asiatic Family Kartvelian Bodo-Garo Eastern Jebel Gaagudju Fur Fasu Tungusic Cahita Bantoid Choco Mascoian East Chadic Genus Georgian [kat] Georgian Garo [grt] Garo Gaahmg (Gaam) (Gaam) Gaahmg [tbi] Gaagudju (Gagadu) (Gagadu) Gaagudju [gbu] Fur [fvr] Fur Fasu [faa] Fasu Evenki [evn] Evenki Eudeve (Opata) (Opata) Eudeve [opt] Eton [eto] Eton Epena Pedee Pedee Epena [sja] (Epena) Enenlhet (Toba- [tmf]Maskoy) East Dangla [daa] (Dangaléat) Language Partitioning the timeline 21 215) 145ff) 121ff) 84ff) 106, 29) 188ff) 55ff) 168, 289ff) 296ff) (Bush 1964: (Bush (Kenesei et al. et al. (Kenesei 1998: (Mottin 1978: (Mottin (Dahl 1985: 1990) Kachru (Glinert 2004: (Galloway (Galloway 1977: (Levine 1977: 115ff) (Mathews 1901: (Mathews (Ruge 1984: (Ruge (McGregor 1990: (McGregor (Breeze 1990: (Breeze Source Concatenative Concatenative* Isolating Concatenative* Concatenative/ Non-linear* Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative* Concatenative/ Non-linear Fusion ­ toriness obligatory obligatory optional obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory Obliga ­ ness – – Past: 2 Past: – – – – – – – – Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Past / Future / / Future Past Nonfuture Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense Hurro-Urartian Uralic Hmong-Mien Indo-European Afro-Asiatic Salishan Haida Australian Indo-European Australian Afro-Asiatic Family Hurrian Ugric Hmong-Mien Indic Semitic Central Salish Haida Anson Bay Anson Greek Bunuban North Omotic North Genus Hurrian [-] Hurrian Hungarian [hun] Hungarian Hmong Dâw (Miao, (Miao, Dâw Hmong [mww] White) Hindi [hin] Hindi Hebrew, Modern Modern Hebrew, [heb] [hur] Halkomelem Haida, Skidegate Skidegate Haida, Southern) (Haida, [hax] Gundangara [-] Gundangara Greek [ell] Greek Gooniyandi [gni] Gooniyandi Gimira (Bench)Gimira [bcq] Language 22 Viveka Velupillai 199) 9) 243ff) 64, 89, 34, 168, 174) 78, passim) 291ff) (Turner 1958: (Turner 93f) (Maia 1998: passim) (Maia (Vogel 2006: (Vogel 2003: Dixon (Schultze-Berndt (Schultze-Berndt 2000) (Nascimento Pires Pires (Nascimento 1992: (Conrad 1976: (personal knowledge) (Nichols 2011: (Nichols (Applegate (Applegate 1971: (Tucker 1971, 1972, (Tucker 1973: passim) (Kaufman 1968: (Kaufman Source Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative/ Non-linear Fusion ­ toriness obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory optional obligatory obligatory Obliga ­ ness Past: 2 Past: – Past: 3 Past: – – – – – – – – Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense Jivaroan Macro-Ge Arauan Australian Jabutí Sepik Indo-European Nakh- Daghestanian Chumash Eastern Sudanic Niger-Congo Family Jivaroan Karaja Arauan Jaminjungan Jabutí Upper Sepik Upper Romance Nakh Chumash Kuliak Cross River Cross Genus Jivaro (Shuar) [jiv] (Shuar) Jivaro Javaé (Karajá) [kpj] (Karajá) Javaé Jarawara Jarawara [jaa] (Jamamadí) Jaminjung Jaminjung (Djamindjung) [djd] Jabutí [jbt] Jabutí Iwam [iwm] Iwam Italian [ita] Italian Ingush [inh] Ingush Ineseño [inz] Ineseño Ik [ikx] Ibibio [ibb] Ibibio Language Partitioning the timeline 23 65ff) 124) 432) 55ff, 55ff, 28) 220f) 258, 402) 176) 43ff) 16ff) (Roberts 1995: 59ff) (Evans 1995: (Evans (Kroeber 1911: (Kroeber (Rigden 1986: pas - (Rigden sim) (Dahl 1985: (Mirikitani 1972: (Mirikitani (Bacelar 2004: (Bacelar (Payne & Drew 2009 & Drew (Payne [1970]: (Grosh & Grosh & Grosh (Grosh 2004: (Colarusso 1992: (Matson 1964: (Matson Source Isolating* Concatenative* Concatenative* Concatenative NA Concatenative/ Non-linear Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Fusion ­ toriness obligatory obligatory obligatory optional NA obligatory obligatory optional obligatory obligatory obligatory Obliga ­ ness Future: 2 Future: – – – – – – – – – – Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense Austro-Asiatic Australian Karok Karkar-Yuri Niger-Congo Austronesian Kapixana Trans-New Trans-New Guinea Bosavi Northwest Northwest Caucasian Austro-Asiatic Family Khasian Tangkic Karok Karkar-Yuri Gur Central Luzon Kapixana Eastern Highlands Bosavi Northwest Northwest Caucasian Munda Genus Khasi [kha] Kayardild [gyd] Kayardild Karok [kyh] Karok Karkar-Yuri [yuj] Karkar-Yuri Karaboro Karaboro Western) (Karaboro, [kza] Kapampangan Kapampangan [pam] (Pampangan) Kanoé [kxo] Kanoé Kamano [kbq] Kamano Kaluli [bco] Kaluli Kabardian [kbd] Kabardian Juang [jun] Juang Language 24 Viveka Velupillai 183, 380ff, 380ff, 130ff) 7) 66f) 52ff, 55, 52ff, 395ff, 395ff, 67ff, 73ff, 78ff) 73ff, 67ff, 136, 140ff, 146) 136, 140ff, 24ff) (Capell & Hinch (Capell & Hinch 1970: (Fleck 2003: (Fleck 431) (Eberhard 2009: (Eberhard 394, 432, 445ff) (Keenan & Polinsky & Polinsky (Keenan 1998: passim) (Wright 1995: (Wright 70ff) (Haspelmath (Haspelmath 1993: (Heineman (Heineman 1998: (Viksnins 1992: (Viksnins (Schulze 2007: (Schulze (Watters 2006: (Watters (Khalilova 2009: (Khalilova 188, passim) 184f, Source Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Isolating Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Fusion ­ toriness obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory optional obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory optional obligatory Obliga ­ ness – Past: 3 Past: Past: 3 Past: – – – Past: 3 Past: – – – – Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Past / Future / / Future Past Nonpast Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Simltaneous Simltaneous / / Anterior Posterior Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense Australian Panoan Nambiquaran Austronesian Nilo-Saharan Nakh- Daghestanian Trans-New Trans-New Guinea Indo-European Nakh- Daghestanian Kusunda Nakh- Daghestanian Family Iwaidjan Panoan Nambiquaran Barito Moru-Ma’di Lezgic Engan Baltic Lak-Dargwa Kusunda Avar-Andic-Tsezic Genus Maung [mph] Maung Matsés [mcf]Matsés Mamaindé [wmd] Mamaindé Malagasy (Malagasy, (Malagasy, Malagasy [plt] Plateau) Logo [log] Lezgian(Lezgi) [lez] Lembena [leq] Latvian [lav] Latvian Lak [lbe] Kusunda [kgg] Kusunda Khwarshi Khwarshi [khv] (Khvarshi) Language Partitioning the timeline 25 43) 26f) 104ff, 104ff, 17) 105, 112f) 51ff) 96ff) 57ff) 336f) (Muntzel 1986: (Muntzel 111, 117) (Davidson 2002: (Davidson passim) (Honeyman 2005: (Honeyman (Alphonse 1956: (Alphonse (Rude 1985: (Rude (Hurd & Hurd & Hurd (Hurd 1970: (Tuggy 1982: (Tuggy (Black & Black 1971: & Black (Black passim) (Adelaar & Muysken & Muysken (Adelaar 2004: (Boyd 1997: (Boyd (Berghäll 2010: Source Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative/ Non-linear Concatenative Isolating/ Concatenative Concatenative Fusion ­ toriness obligatory optional obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory Obliga ­ ness – – – Past: 2 Past: Past: 2 Past: Past: 3 / Past: 2 Future: – – Past: 2 Past: – – Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Nonfuture Nonfuture / / Anterior Posterior Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense Oto-Manguean Wakashan Australian Chibchan Penutian East Bougainville Uto-Aztecan Kordofanian Chimúan Niger-Congo Trans-New Trans-New Guinea Family Otomian Southern Southern Wakashan Ngardi Guaymi Sahaptian East Bougainville Aztecan Heiban Chimúan Gbaya-Manza- Ngbaka Madang Genus Ocuilteco (Matlatzinca, [ocu] Atzingo) Nuuchahnulth Nuuchahnulth [noo] (Nootka) Ngardi [-] Ngardi Ngäbere [gym] Ngäbere Nez Perce [nez] Perce Nez Nasioi (Naasioi) (Naasioi) Nasioi [nas] , Tetelcingo , [nhg] Moro [mor] Moro Mochica [-] Mochica Mbodomo (Gbaya- Mbodomo) [gmm] Mauwake [mhl] Mauwake Language 26 Viveka Velupillai 58) 96ff) 20ff) 58ff, 58ff, 153ff) 14) 73ff) 168, 142ff) 43ff) 122, 202ff) (Firchow 1987: (Firchow (Gregerson (Gregerson 1979: (Du Feu 1996: (Du Feu (Cole 1982: (Chamoreau 1998: (Chamoreau (Veerman- Leichsenring 1991: (Mosonyi 2002: (Mosonyi (Dahl 1985: 1997) Mahootian (Flora 1974: (Flora (Slocum 1986: 62) (Larsen 1977: Source Concatenative Isolating Isolating* Concatenative* Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Fusion ­ toriness obligatory optional optional obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory Obliga ­ ness Future: 2 Future: – – – – – – – – Past: 3 Past: Past: 3 Past: Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Past / Future / / Future Past Nonpast Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense West West Bougainville Austro-Asiatic Austronesian Quechuan Tarascan Oto-Manguean Sáliban Indo-European Austronesian Páezan Trans-New Trans-New Guinea Family West Bougainville West Bahnaric Oceanic Quechuan Tarascan Popolocan Piaroa Iranian Palauan Páezan Binanderean Genus Rotokas [roo] Rotokas Rengao [ren] Rengao Rapanui (Rapa Nui) (Rapa Nui) Rapanui [rap] Quechua, Imbabura Imbabura Quechua, Imbabura (Quichua, [qvi] Highland) Purepecha [tsz] Purepecha Popoloca, Mezontla Mezontla Popoloca, [pbe] Piaroa [pid] Piaroa Persian (Farsi, (Farsi, Persian [pes] Western) Palauan [pau] Palauan Páez [pbb] Páez Orokaiva [okv] Orokaiva Language Partitioning the timeline 27 40) 109ff) 265ff) 101ff) 22) 91ff) 297ff) 170, 491, 510–2, 154ff) (Osborne 1974: (Osborne (Meira 1999: (Meira (Boush 1975: (Willett 1991: (Willett (Watters 1988: (Watters (González 2005: (personal knowledge) (Tharp 1996: (Tharp (Frachtenberg (Frachtenberg 1922b: 527–9) (Cândido 2004: (Cândido (Dahl 1985: 2004) Timberlake. Source Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Non-linear Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Fusion ­ toriness obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory optional obligatory Obliga ­ ness – – Past: 3 / Past: 2 Future: – – Past: 2 / Past: 2 Future: – – – Past: 4 Past: – Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Past / Future / / Future Past Nonfuture Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense Australian Cariban Trans-New Trans-New Guinea Uto-Aztecan Totonacan Tupian Indo-European Sulka Oregon Coast Oregon Unclassified Indo-European Family Tiwian Cariban Ok Tepiman Totonacan Tupi-Guarani Germanic Sulka Siuslawan Unclassified Slavic Genus Tiwi [tiw] Tiwi Tiriyó (Trió) [tri] (Trió) Tiriyó Tifal [tif]Tifal Tepehuan, Tepehuan, [stp] Southeastern Tepehua (Tepehua, (Tepehua, Tepehua [tpt] Tlachichilco) Tapiete (Ñandeva) (Ñandeva) Tapiete [tpj] Swedish [swe] Swedish Sulka [sua] Sulka Siuslaw [sis] Siuslaw Shenenawa [swo] Shenenawa Russian [rus] 28 Viveka Velupillai 23) 25ff) 104) 236ff) 47ff) 175ff) 58ff) 93ff) 14ff, 14ff, 195ff) 209) (Merlan 1994: (Merlan (Osborn 1967: (Osborn (Peeke 1973: (Peeke 38ff) (Vries & Vries- (Vries 1992: Wiersma (Nordlinger (Nordlinger 1993: (Thompson (Thompson 1987: (Headland 1994: (Headland (Rumsey 1978: (Rumsey (Davies 1989: (Davies (Green 1999: (Green (Kornfilt 1997: (Kornfilt Source Concatenative* Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative/ Non-linear Concatenative Isolating* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Isolating/ Concatenative Concatenative* Fusion ­ toriness obligatory obligatory NA obligatory obligatory optional obligatory obligatory optional obligatory obligatory Obliga ­ ness – – Past: 2 Past: – – – Past: 2 / Past: 2 Future: – – – – Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Simltaneous Simltaneous / / Anterior Posterior Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense Australian Warao Waorani Trans-New Trans-New Guinea Australian Austro-Asiatic Chibchan Australian Australian Misumalpan Altaic Family Yangmanic Warao Waorani Awyu-Dumut West Barkly West Viet-Muong Chibchan Proper Chibchan Wororan Umbugarla- Ngumbur Misumalpan Turkic Genus Wardaman [wrr] Wardaman Warao [wba] Warao Waorani [auc] Waorani Wambon [wms] Wambon Wambaya [wmb] Wambaya Vietnamese [vie] Vietnamese Uw Cuwa (Tunebo, (Tunebo, Cuwa Uw [tnd] Angosturas) Ungarinjin Ungarinjin [ung] (Ngarinyin) Umbugarla [umr] Umbugarla Ulwa (Sumo- Ulwa [sum] Mayangna) Turkish [tur] Turkish Language Partitioning the timeline 29 39ff) 606ff, 606ff, 49) 10ff, 10ff, 231ff) 240ff) 136f) 270ff) 55, 121ff) (Nichols 1998: (Nichols passim) (Linn 2001: (Foreman 1974: (Foreman (Sapir 1922a: (Sapir (Campbell & (Campbell 1987: Campbell (Payne 1985: (Payne (Diouf 2009, Ngom 2009, Ngom (Diouf 2003) (King 1993: (King (Jacobsen 1964: (Jacobsen passim) (Felix Armendariz Armendariz (Felix 2006: Source Concatenative Isolating Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative* Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Concatenative Fusion ­ toriness obligatory optional obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory optional obligatory obligatory obligatory Obliga ­ ness – Future: 2 Future: Past: 2 Past: Past: 2 Past: – Past: 5 / Past: 2 Future: – – Past: 3 / Past: 2 Future: – Remote Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Present / Past / / Past Present Future Tense Zuni Sepik Hokan Yale Peba-Yaguan Niger-Congo Indo-European Washo Uto-Aztecan Family Zuni Yuchi Tama Sepik Tama Yana Yale Peba-Yaguan Northern Atlantic Northern Celtic Washo Tarahumaran Genus Zuni [zun] Zuni Yuchi [yuc] Yuchi Yessan-Mayo [yss] Yessan-Mayo Yana [ynn] Yana Yale [nce] Yale Yagua [yad] Yagua Wolof [wol] Wolof Welsh [cym] Welsh Washo [was] Washo Warihio (Huarijío) (Huarijío) Warihio [var] Language 30 Viveka Velupillai

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Author’s address Dr. Viveka Velupillai Research Fellow Institut für Anglistik, FB 05 Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen Otto-Behaghel-Str. 10 B D-35394 Giessen Germany [email protected]