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Home , Cognate, Hokan languages, Thou, Washo language

Jicaque as a Hokan Language Author(s): Joseph H. Greenberg and Morris Swadesh Source: International Journal of American , Vol. 19, No. 3 (Jul., 1953), pp. 216- 222 Published by: University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1263010 Accessed: 11-07-2017 15:04 UTC

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This content downloaded from 12.14.13.130 on Tue, 11 Jul 2017 15:04:26 UTC All use to http://about.jstor.org/terms JICAQUE AS A HOKAN LANGUAGE

JOSEPH H. GREENBERG AND MORRIS SWADESH COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

1. The problem 2. The phonological equivalences in Hokan 2. Phonological note have been largely established by Edward 3. list Sapir's work.3 The Jicaque agreements are 4. Use of lexical statistics generally obvious. A special point is that 5. in test vocabulary xw and x have been replaced by k. Among 6. Hokan- relationships some local of Jicaque, r and n 7. Requirements for further study replace the 1 found elsewhere. Stem-finals have sometimes been changed, presumably 1. Jicaque of Honduras in the past has by contraction with an added suffix. Because been listed as an isolated language or classed of the sparsity of Jicaque material no with Paya-Lenca and Chibchan,' but we attempt has been made to distinguish the find unmistakable evidence that it is a dialects. This accounts for variant forms Hokan language. In this paper we set forth sometimes given and for the fact that there structural and vocabulary correspondences are sometimes two or more distinct equiva- to prove the relationship, along with lents. an analysis of the place of Jicaque within Jicaquethe and other forms in this paper stock based upon cognate percentages. have been phonemically interpreted and While the main facts of the linguistic orthographically uniformized; any errors situation stand out clearly, the limited in the phonemic interpretation are surely material available for most of the languages not of a character that would affect the prevents a full development of phonological lexical comparisons. and morphological details at this time. The presence in Jicaque of numerous 3. The search for cognates is considerably Hokan-Siouan correspondences was firsthampered by the meagerness of the avail- noted by Greenberg while making a com-able Jicaque vocabularies and by their parative survey in preparing a paper, emphasis on , such as plant and and Unwritten Lan- animal names, which have little utility for guages, for the International Symposium at a remote time depth. And on Anthropology of the Wenner-Gren similar problems exist for most of the other Foundation.2 The subsequent further study with which Jicaque has of the problem by both authors was done to be compared.4 The extent of the compara- under the Linguistic Divergence Project 3 Especially in The Position of Yana in the sponsored by the Columbia Council for Hokan Stock (UCPAAE 13.1-34, 1917); The Research in the Social Sciences. Hokan and Coahuiltecan Languages (IJAL 1. 280-90, 1917-20); The Hokan Affinity of Subtiaba 1 See Harry Hoijer, Introduction p. 25, Lin- in Nicaragua AA27. 402-35, 491-527, 1925). guistic Structures of Native America (Viking 4 The material on Jicaque is taken from two Fund Publication in Anthropology 6, 1946); sources:J. Walter Lehmann, Zentral Amorika Alden Mason, The languages of South American (Berlin 1920), pp. 654 ff; Edward Conzemius, The Indians p. 174 (Handbook of South American Jicaques of Honduras, IJAL 2.163 ff. (1921-23). Indian, BAE-B 143, vol. 6, 1950. The Chontal is mainly from Francisco Belmar, 2 Subsequently published in Anthropology To- Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico (Mexico 1905), pp. day, 265-86 (Chicago, 1951). 188-217. Other principal sources: A. M. Halpern, 216

This content downloaded from 12.14.13.130 on Tue, 11 Jul 2017 15:04:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms NO. 3 JICAQUE AS A HOKAN LANGUAGE 217 tive list should be judged with this in Coahuiltec mind. mai- , you; Chitimacha him We list more obvious similarities, thou;with Tunica ma?a thou. emphasis on cases showing relationships Third of person: Jicaque hu-p ; Chontal Jicaque, Hokan-Coahuiltecan and Gulf -u-pe- lan- he; Chumash ho that; ho guages.5 Comparison with other language that; Chitimacha hus he, ha this, ho these; stocks belonging to Sapir's Hokan Siouan u that, he (distant). grouping, is made in a few instances where Jicaque na that, nahac there; Yuma the is particularly striking. nYaa- It isthat, -ny stem of ; Salinan convenient to include also some Hokan na that; Yana na-gu- therefore; Comecrudo comparisons without Jicaque cognates, na-ni he, na- stem of pronouns; Tonkawa where we need them for the lexico-statistic na?a thus; Chitimacha naat thus; Coahuiltec counts given farther on. namo then. -k adjective suffix, in Jicaque pek white, Jicaque kiwa here; Washo wa here, tek , wek good, brek many; Yuman widi this; Yuma va6i here, va6a this; Chiti- milk black, ahotk good, epilk warm; Pomo macha we the, that. kedakedak red; Tonkawa makik yellow, Interrogative: Jicaque kanlepa when, kat maslak white. where; Chontal kana when, kaape where; First person: Jicaque na-p , na- vestigial Washo kunya where, kunyate what; Tunica prefix my; Yuma nya I; ene I, ka- interrogative; Coahuiltec xat how many, nis- my; Karok na, ni- I, na- me, nani- xakat why; Comecrudo xat where, tokom my; Washo le I, lew we; Chimariko no?ut whatever, thing; Chimariko qho- interroga- I; Yana ai-?ni- a I; Comecrudo na I; tive. Coahuiltec na- I; Karankawa naayi I; Yuma av- what; Yana ?aci what, ?ambi Tunica -ni I. ; Pomo am who, what; Chimariko Jicaque ku-p we; Chontal ki- I; Chumash ?awilla who; Chitimacha ?am what, ?ast ki- we, our; Tonkawa ka I; Pomo ke we; how, ?ampinki where. Karok kin- us; Yana -ni-gi we; Salinan ke Locative: Yuma -k at; Yana gi location, I, ka we; Chitimacha -ki I, me. object relationship; Chitimacha ki at, kin Second person: Chontal i-ma thou, i- with; Atakapa -ki in, on, -ik with. manki you; Seri me thou; Yuma ma thou; one: Jicaque pani; Chumash paka; Ton- Salinan mo thou, -m- thy; Pomo ma thou, kawa pax; Esselen pek; Yana bai; Chi- mi thee, mi- thy; Esselen nemi thou, menis- mariko p?un; Coahuiltec pil; Comecrudo thy; Yana ai?nu-ma thou; Washo mi thou; pek-weten (cp. elek-weten two). Also Yuki Chimariko mamut, mi- thou, m- thy; Shasta pawa, powik. mai thou; -Atsugewi mi- thy; two: Chontal o-keSi; Seri kaxkum; Yuma Karok im thou; Comecrudo em- thou; xavik; Chimariko xoku; Yana ?ux-; Shastan xokwa, hoki; Pomo ko, xo; Esselen xulax. Yuma IJAL 12.25-33, 147-51, 204-12, 13. 18-30, three: Jicaque kont; Chontal a-fan-e; 92-107, 147-66 (1946-7); and Morris Esselen xulap; Pomo xoxat; Yuma xamok; Swadesh, Yana Dictionary, ms. in American Chitimacha kaayci; Karankawa kaxayi. Philosophical Society Library; A. . Kroeber, Proto form xwa. The of East Central and , UCPAAE 4.251-317 (1907); John R. five: see hand. Swanton, Linguistic Material from the Tribes of not: Jicaque kua none; Chontal k-; Southern Texas and Northeastern Mexico (BAE-B Chimariko xu-; Pomo kuyi; Yana ku-; 127, 1940). Karankawa kom; Natchez koosac no; Ton- 5 Gulf is Mary R. Haas' term for 'the Musko- kawa ooko no. gean family of languages plus Natchez, Tunica, Chitimacha and Atakapa.' See The Proto-Gulf all: Jicaque put; Yana buiza-. for (IJAL 17.71-79, 1951). arm-hand: Jicaque pul, pel arm, pus

This content downloaded from 12.14.13.130 on Tue, 11 Jul 2017 15:04:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 218 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS VOL. XIX shoulder; Chumash pu arm, hand; mariko Chi- h-ipxa (intestines); Subtiaba amba mariko hitan-pu arm; Salinan (frompuku apa). arm; Subtiaba pahpu. ear: Chontal ismac; Yuma ismalyka; ashes: Jicaque pe; Chontal X-api. Chimariko hisam; Pomo sima; Yana mal?gu; back: Yuma -mak; Yana maki. Seri islo. Also Yuki cema, sum. bad: Jicaque marara; Yana malla-. earth: Jicaque ma; Chontal X-amac; Seri belly: Jicaque kol belly; Chontal amt; X-ikuu; Yuma amat; Chimariko ama; Pomo Pomo koy, xo; Chumash aksu; Washo ama; Comecrudo kamla. Also Siouan ma. cigugus; Cotoname kox; Atakapa kom. eat: Jicaque te-k; Chontal -ka (bite); big: see old. Salinan isax; Tonkawa yaxa-; Comecrudo blood: Jicaque kat, ac; Chontal awas kay; Chitimacha kaht- (bite), ku?t- (eat). (perhaps read awac); Seri avat; Yuma eat: Yuma ama; Yana ma-; Chimariko xwat; Chumash axulis; Salinan ekata; Pomo hamma; Shastan -am-; Esselen am; Chu- hata; Yana wad?du-wi; Shasta-Achomawi mash umu; Salinan amo; Muskogi hump-. axta; Karok ax; Comecrudo kyal; Coa- egg: Jicaque pehey; Chontal X-apik. Also huiltec kwas, hac; Subtiaba e?di. Proto Pawnee lipiku. form axwat varying with xwat; Jicaque kat eye: Jicaque wut; Atakapa wul; Salinan from xwat, ac conceivably from axwat-s t-uwu (face). with weakening of intervocalic x'v but may fat, grease: Jicaque ponik; Salinan upikit; be unrelated. See red. Chimariko -xu- (obese); Yana pui-; Acho- bone: Jicaque kere; Chontal 1-ekaX; Washo mawi aphau. di-bigefi; Natchez ekwel; Creek funi (from fire, hot, firewood: Jicaque awa fire, hot; xwani); Comecrudo xi. Other languages Yuma a?aw fire; Salinan t-a?aw fire; Yana show reflexes of xwa(n)- in compound ?au-nawith fire; Chimariko ?a?pu fire, h-au-na other elements: Chitimacha kaci; Atakapa tinder (-na wood); Shasta awa wood; Sub- ci (from kci); Seri itak; Chimariko hitxun; tiaba aaguu fire. Yuman tyaka; isaka; Chumash se?; Salinan fly: Chontal -yu; Yuma ayer. axaak; Pomo ihya; Yana ixdal-la. foot: Chontal imic; Yuma iime; Washo brother: Jicaque na-pey brother-in-law; mayop; Comecrudo emi. Washo peyu younger brother; Chumash pe hand: Jicaque mas; Comecrudo mapi; older brother. Coahuiltec maw; Karankawa ecma (hand), child: Jicaque way; Seri ove. ko-maso-pani (five); Chontal a-mahsi; Yana chin, beard: Jicaque cek; Shasta cawak; 4iman-. Also Keresan -amast-; Yuki mee, Chumash actis (beard), Yana gawadci. miipa?t. cold: Jicaque coys; Chontal coos; Yuman hand: Yana dal-la; Washo tatu; Yuma cuq, Kiliwi axcaq; Yana xaa-cid?-; Chi- isalya-; Achomawi ili (from itli); Chimariko mariko xaca; Achomawi asca; Tonkawa hican; Pomo tana. Chimariko hitan-pu arm hacex; Atakapa akcaw; Alabama kasatka. and xuli-teni left hand seem to contain the Proto form perhaps xacaxw. same element but without the change of t die: Jicaque te-puy; Yuma ?apooy. Per- to c; this can be explained if we assume haps also cp. Tunica lupi; Chitimacha two forms, itan and tan, deriving hican from nuupi-. drink: Jicaque mes; Atakapa em; Salinan hi-ican but hitanpu from hi-tan-pu, or by esim; Yana sii-; Yuman Mohave ioi; Seri assuming variant initial . k-asi; Karok is; Chontal swa. Perhaps from hear: Jicaque pakas; Yana ga-. imasi and isima as metathetized variants. heart: Jicaque -has; -hos; Chontal hus?an- excrement: Jicaque piye; Shasta ipxai cey; Coahuiltec xasaal; Tonkawa yacanan; (intestines); Yana pa-ci; Salinan pxat; Chi- Seri imos; Washo d-emli.

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horn: Jicaque seme; Chitimacha ?ims; rain: Jicaque yipa (rain), hipe (it is Comecrudo yemo; Cotoname yomo. raining), yupu (water); Seri ipka; Natchez hot: Jicaque pe; Chontal epal; Yuma yoba; Muskogean Alabama oyiba, Hitchiti ?apilY ooba. house: Jicaque wa; Yuma ?ava; Esselen rain: Chontal ukuy; Yuma ikwe-; Chiti- iwa-no; Chimariko ?awa; Yana wa-wi; macha kaya. Comecrudo wamak; Subtiaba gwa. red: Jicaque ke; Pomo kedakedak; Ata- kill: Jicaque ti-kwaw; Pomo kum; Chi- kapa kuc (from kut-s from ketu); Pomo mariko -ko-; Comecrudo kamaw; Chiti- kava; Yuman koxwat, ecawata, xwat; Yana macha ket-. Also Keresan kaut. ba-wad?-; Karok acut; Shasta ikwata; Acho- leg: Jicaque tek; Chontal itungu. mawi acte. Possibly the same element as in meat: Jicaque pisis; Pomo pete; Yana blood or a different element which has basi; Salinan 5as (elk); Chitimacha kipi; become intertwined in some of the languages. Muskogean nipu; Chontal l-isik. river: Jicaque cew; Tonkawa cakaw; : Jicaque kuy; Chontal X-akuy; Di- Chitimacha 6a?aat. eguefio iku6; Pomo xak; Coahuiltec xaku; salt: Jicaque carin; Chitimacha cahca Tonkawa ha?akon; Chumash uxuy; Yuma (salty). nYako (father); Chumash gogo (father). Also sing: Chontal sow; Yuma aasvaar. Yuki kew. Compare old; the word for man sinew: Jicaque pupuy (vein, nerve) pey may come from the word for adult. (rope); Yana baama; Shastan imme, pim, mother: Jicaque nee; Shastan ani; Pomo ippiu. nixa; Yana nii-na; Washo -la. sky: Jicaque mol (cloud); Chontal l-emaa; mouth: Jicaque lam, lala; Tonkawa kala; Seri amime; Yuma ?amay; Yana gabZa; Comecrudo xal; Atakapa kat; Yuma axa?a; Salinan lem (above, sky). Pono xacita; Chumash ik; Chitimacha sleep: Jicaque maha; Salinan me; Karan- sa; Tunica ?ohu; Karankawa emi-akoy. kawa im; Comecrudo eme-t; Subtiaba ami; Earliest form perhaps xa-la, with develop- Chontal smay; Seri sim; Yuma asma; ment in two directions as lala and axa, ixa. Pomo sima; Yana samsi-; Chimariko pohmu; near: Jicaque nya-pin; Yuma xiipan; Shastan icmas ici; Coahuiltec comoxwam. Atakapa ipal; Chitimacha paye (proximity); Also Keresan sipa-. Karankawa pawail. smell: Jicaque kucuway; Chontal -we. night: Jicaque piste; Yana basii; Cotoname stone: Jicaque pe; Chontal apik; Yuma pay; Washo ta-pawit; Yana paawi-sa (night ?avii; Chumash xip; Pomo xape; Esselen falls); Shasta upxa. Also Keresan ko-pso; sefe; Salinan sxap; Chimariko qha?a (stone), Yuchi pato. qhaku (arrowpoint); Yana xaga (fl:nt); nose: Jicaque mik (perhaps from m-yik); Pomo xaka (knife, obsidian); Salinan isak Seri hif, wuf; Yuma iixuu; Esselen hosis; (knife), asaka (flint); Achomawi sat (arrow- Chimariko hoxu; Achomawi yammi; Karok point). Evidently two elements, pe and yufi; Washo ?uyep; Comecrudo yax; Coto- qhak, which combine to form a compound name ya?x; Atakapa uc (from yuk-s); in Pomo and some of the other languages. Chitimacha sis (assimilated from yis); sun: Jicaque laksak; Atakapa lak (sun, Tunica risi; Muskogi yupo; Subtiaba d- aako. Perhaps yaxu, with various glitter); Pomo la (sun), alasa (moon); assimilations. Comecrudo al; Muskogean Choctaw luwak old: Jicaque kokoy; Chontal akuy (old), (fire); Seri sax (sun), isax (moon); Salinan -koy (big); Seri kakox (big); Chumash esxay (morning, day); Esselen asaca (day), no-xax (big); Chimariko xawini; Yana asi (sun); Chimariko ?asi; Shasta a6ayi. xaaba-; Yuma kwora?aka (old man). The Jicaque is evidently a compound of

This content downloaded from 12.14.13.130 on Tue, 11 Jul 2017 15:04:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 220 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS VOL. XIX two elements, perhaps ala-k glowing We give andthe results of cognate counts sax sun. for six languages-Jicaque, Chontal, Yuma, : Jicaque perao; Chontal Yana, Washo,X-ipaX; Comecrudo-taken as a Yuma iipalY; Seri ipl; Pomo pal; Shasta fairly representative selection of the whole ipli; Chimariko h-ipen; Karok apri; Yana stock. Yana is taken as one of the Northern bawal?-la; Yana bal-la (mouth); Comecrudo Hokan languages, a substock which also expel; Atakapa nel; Chitimacha wen. includes Pomo, Chimariko, Karok and tree: Yuma ?avii; Yana ?i-na; Esselen Shasta-Achomawi. Yuma is taken as a i?i. representative of Seri-Yuman, because the wash: Jicaque te-pays; Chontal -pah; available vocabulary is a little larger than Chimariko -pok-; Comecrudo pelepla; Ata- Seri and it was found that both languages kapa pac (from pak-s). give approximately the same cognate per- water: Chontal 1-aha; Seri ax; Yuma axa; centages. Esselen, Chumash and Salinan Pomo xa, ka; Chimariko aqha; Yana xa-na; were omitted because of the limited vocabu- Karok as; Shastan aca, as, acsi; Salinan laries available. Only one of the Coahuiltecan t-?a; Esselen asa-nax. languages is included, namely Comecrudo, white: Jicaque pek; S. Chumash pupu; which has the advantage of showing higher Chontal fuka; Karankawa peka; Comecrudo percentages of agreement with the Hokan pepok; Washo tal-popoy. languages than some of the others. We thus wind: Chontal X-awa; Washo t-ewesgiw. avoid the uncertainties of dealing with woman: Jicaque kep, kek (woman), na- minimal percentages, approaching the quan- kom (wife); Chitimacha kica; Atakapa kis; titative area of pure chance. Comecrudo kem; Seri kmam; Cotoname Because of the limited lexical materials katam; Tonkawa kwaan; Chimariko punsar available for Jicaque and some of the other (from kwem-sa-r). languages, we have available in the different woman: Jicaque mumuy (female); Yana pairs of languages as little as 55 pairs in mari?mi; Washo tamomo (woman), umlaya some cases and never more than 89 pairs. (wife); Pomo mata; Comecrudo mat It will some day be possible to improve (mother). this situation. We are also handicapped by the fact that, even with Sapir's several 4. That Jicaque is related to Hokan- papers, the study of is not yet Coahuiltecan is clearly evident from the sufficiently developed to guarantee accurate quality and quantity of agreements. The identification of cognates in many cases. next problem is to determine its exact In deciding what to include and what to position in the stock. The most convenient exclude, we believe we have erred somewhat objective method for doing this is that of more on the side of overcaution than other- lexical statistics, based on percentages of wise. cognates in a test vocabulary.6 Using a test list of 200 items, belonging to the 5. Following the method outlined, we sphere of every-day and relatively non- obtained the results indicated below. For cultural meanings, we match them in each each pair of languages, we give the English of the languages insofar as our material for the items counted as cognates. The permits. The number of cognates is con- actual forms can be found in the cognate sidered by reference to the total number of list above (3). To conserve space we do not pairs available for comparison. list the items scored as non-cognates (e.g. 6See Swadesh, Lexico-Statistic Dating of Jicaque laksak, Chontal picu day or Jicaque Prehistoric Ethnic Contacts, APS-P 96.452-63 pisis, Chontal lisik meat). (1952). For Jicaque-Chontal, there were 79 items

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of meaning which could be matched in For Washo-Comecrudo, 6 cognates in 61 both languages. Of these, we apparently pairs: all, bone, foot, mouth, nose, white. have cognate forms for identical meanings in the following 19 cases: three, ash, belly, 6. Reducing the foregoing figures to blood, bone, cold, earth, eat, egg, leg, man, percentages, we find the following relation- old, sleep, smell, stone, tongue, when, where, ships: white. For Jicaque-Yuma, there are 17 cognates Jicaque Co Wa Ya Yu in 73 pairs: I, here, that, when, three, blood, Chontal ...... 24 23 13 19 23 die, dust, earth, eye, fire, hot, nose, sleep, Yuma...... 23 13 13 21 stone, tongue, woman. Yana...... 16 14 12 For Jicaque-Yana, 12 cognates in 74 Washo...... 15 10 Comecrudo.... 15 pairs: I, one, three, all, bad, fire, hear, meat, night, old, rain, tongue. For Jicaque-Washo, 11 cognates in 75 Presumably the different degrees of rela- pairs: I, here, where, belly, bone, drink, green, tionship are based on the extent of contact head, mother, night, white. among the Hokan languages when For Jicaque-Comecrudo, 13 cognates in were first diverging, that is, when they were 89 pairs: one, blood, bone, earth, hand, hus- regional dialects of a single language. The band, kill, mother, sleep, tongue, wash, white, cognate percentages therefore suggest an women. approximate relative geography of early For Chontal-Yuma, 11 cognates in Hokan. 48 pairs: blood, ear, fly, foot, hot, rain, sky, The lowest cognate percentages among stone, tongue, water, sing. these languages, 10%, when interpreted For Chontal Yana, 13 cognates in 75by the lexico-statistic constant of 66% pairs: thou, two, five, blood, ear, hear, meat, (i4 %) common retention after 1000 years, not, salt, sleep, this, tongue, water. indicate that they represent the differ- For Chontal Washo, 7 cognates in entiated55 products of what was essentially pairs: thou, you, two, belly, bone, where, a single language approximately five thou- wind. sand years ago (calculated as 55 ? 7 cen- For Chontal-Comecrudo, 15 cognates turies). in Within a few centuries of that time, 65 pairs: I, we, bird, bone, earth, fall, localfish, dialects must have begun to show foot, hear, mouth, not, sleep, tongue, water, differences. Presumably contiguous dialects white. were largely the same while non-neighboring For Yuma-Yana, 15 cognates in 67 pairs: dialects were already noticeably divergent. what, at, two, three, back, blood, drink, ear, Presumably, at that time, Comecrudo's eat, fire, hand, sleep, tongue, tree, water. neighbors to the east, the forerunners For Yuma-Washo, 7 cognates in 55 pairs: of the present day Coahuiltecan and Gulf I, here, this, eat, father, foot, nose. languages, shaded off in the same general For Yuma-Comecrudo, 7 cognates in way with lexical differences approximately 56 pairs: blood, earth, foot, nose, sleep, tongue, proportional to the relative place of the water. dialects in the chain. Comecrudo fits into For Yana-Washo, 11 cognates in 92 pairs: the dialect network of Hokan, since it is I, thou, we, two, dog, eat, hand, mother, night, not more different from Chontal than the say, woman. latter is from Jicaque or Yuma. This sug- For Yana-Comecrudo, 12 cognates in gests84 that there is no sharp separation pairs: one, blood, blow, fall, liver, not, rain, between Hokan and Coahuiltecan, that skin, sleep, snow, tongue, water. Hokan and Coahuiltecan and presumably

This content downloaded from 12.14.13.130 on Tue, 11 Jul 2017 15:04:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 222 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS VOL. XIX also Gulf are not discrete stocks or branches phonetic and structural analyses. It is also but merely three segments of the same necessary to exploit to the full the possibili- continuous chain. ties of reconstructing phonology and of checking etymologies afforded by the closer 7. The present analysis helps to clarify subgroupings within the total complex. the internal relationships of Hokan-Coa- For example, the study of Shasta-Acho- huiltecan to some extent, but much remains mawi-Atsugewi or of Seri-Yuman would to be done both in verifying the conclusions make it possible to take elements back a reached so far and in extending the analysis thousand or two years in time, filling out to the other languages in the Hokan-Coa- the details of the earlier phonetic form, and huiltecan-Gulf complex. To facilitate such would therefore greatly increase the as- study, it is clear that we need more complete surance with which we can compare words vocabularies as well as more adequate of totally different subdivisions of Hokan.

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