Inductive Learning of Phonotactic Patterns

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Inductive Learning of Phonotactic Patterns University of California Los Angeles Inductive Learning of Phonotactic Patterns A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Jeffrey Nicholas Heinz 2007 c Copyright by Jeffrey Nicholas Heinz 2007 The dissertation of Jeffrey Nicholas Heinz is approved. Bruce Hayes D. Stott Parker Colin Wilson Kie Zuraw, Committee Co-chair Edward P. Stabler, Committee Co-chair University of California, Los Angeles 2007 ii To Mika iii Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................. 1 1 Thesis .................................. 1 1.1 LocalityandLearning ..................... 2 1.2 FactoringtheLearningProblem . 4 2 Other Approaches to Phonotactic Learning . 5 2.1 Learning with Principles and Parameters . 7 2.2 Learning with Optimality Theory . 8 2.3 Learning with Connectionist Models . 10 2.4 LearningwithStatisticalModels . 11 2.5 LocalSummary......................... 12 3 Overview................................. 12 Appendices ................................. 16 A–1 MathematicalPreliminaries . 16 A–1.1 Sets ............................... 16 A–1.2 RelationsandPartiallyOrderedSets . 17 A–1.3 Equivalence Relations and Partitions . 18 A–1.4 Functions and Sequences . 18 A–1.5 StringsandFormalLanguages . 20 2 Establishing the Problem and Line of Inquiry ............ 22 1 Phonotactic Patterns and Phonotactic Knowledge . .. 22 iv 1.1 Patterns over Contiguous Segments . 23 1.2 Patterns over Non-contiguous Segments . 28 1.3 StressPatterns ......................... 29 1.4 Nonarbitrary Character of Phonotactic Patterns . 31 2 PhonotacticGrammars......................... 32 2.1 TheChomskyHierarchy . .. .. 33 2.2 PhonotacticPatternsasRegularSets . 34 2.3 Examples ............................ 37 2.4 LocalSummary......................... 39 3 Addressing the Learning Problem . 40 3.1 TheGoldLearningFramework . 42 3.2 The Probably-Approximately Correct (PAC) Framework . 44 3.3 SummaryofNegativeResults . 45 3.4 PositiveResults......................... 46 4 AResearchStrategy .......................... 47 5 Summary ................................ 50 Appendices ................................. 51 B–1 AFormalTreatmentoftheGoldFramework . 51 B–1.1 Definitions............................ 51 B–1.2 Any Superfinite Class is not Gold-learnable . 52 B–2 AFormalTreatmentofthePACFramework . 56 B–2.1 Definitions............................ 56 B–2.2 TheVCDimension ....................... 57 v B–2.3 The Class of Finite Languages is not PAC-learnable . .. 58 B–3 FiniteStateAcceptors . 59 B–3.1 Definition ............................ 59 B–3.2 Extending the Transition Function . 59 B–3.3 TheLanguageofanAcceptor . 60 B–3.4 BinaryOperations . 60 B–3.5 ReverseAcceptors . 61 B–3.6 Forward and Backward Deterministic Acceptors . 61 B–3.7 Relations Between Acceptors . 62 B–3.8 StrippedAcceptors . 62 B–3.9 CyclicAcceptors . .. .. 62 B–3.10 Languages and the Machines which Accept Them . 63 B–3.11TailCanonicalAcceptors. 64 B–3.12 The Myhill-Nerode Theorem . 64 B–3.13HeadCanonicalAcceptors . 66 3 Patterns over Contiguous Segments .................. 73 1 Overview................................. 73 2 N-gramGrammarsandLanguages. 74 3 Learning N-gram Languages as String Extension Learning . ... 77 4 GeneralizingbyStateMerging. 80 4.1 TheBasicIdea ......................... 80 4.2 PrefixTrees ........................... 81 4.3 StateMerging.......................... 83 vi 5 LearningN-gramLanguageswithStateMerging . 84 6 AreN-gramsAppropriateforPhonotactics? . 87 6.1 N-gramModelsCountto(n–1) . 87 6.2 Resolvable Consonant Clusters . 88 6.3 Discussion............................ 90 7 Summary ................................ 91 Appendices ................................. 92 C–1 StringExtensionGrammars . 92 C–1.1 Definitions and Properties of Lf ................ 92 C–1.2 Natural Gold-learning of Lf for Finite A ........... 95 C–2 AFormalTreatmentofN-grams. 96 C–2.1 The N-Contiguous Set Function . 96 C–2.2 N-GramGrammarsand N-gramLanguages . 97 C–2.3 PropertiesofN-gramLanguages. 98 C–2.4 ASimpleLearner . 101 C–3 AFormalTreatmentofStateMerging . 101 C–3.1 PrefixTrees ........................... 101 C–3.2 StateMerging. .. .. 102 C–3.3 TheStateMergingTheorem . 103 C–4 Learning Ln−gram viaStateMerging. 106 C–4.1 FiniteStateRepresentations . 106 C–4.2 Towards a Language-theoretic Characterization . 108 C–4.3 Learning N-gram Languages by State Merging . 109 vii C–4.4 Obtaining the Canonical FSA for a N-gram Grammar . 111 4 Patterns Over Non-contiguous Segments ............... 114 1 Overview................................. 114 2 LongDistanceAgreement . .. .. 115 2.1 KindsofLDA.......................... 116 2.2 InadequacyofN-gramModels . 120 2.3 Long Distance Agreement or Spreading? . 120 3 PrecedenceGrammars ......................... 121 3.1 TheBasicIdea ......................... 121 3.2 LearningPrecedenceLanguages . 123 3.3 LocalSummary......................... 126 4 Learning Precedence Languages by State Merging . 126 5 PropertiesofLDA ........................... 129 5.1 Phonetically Unnatural LDA Patterns . 131 5.2 DistanceEffects......................... 132 5.3 BlockingEffects......................... 133 6 Learning LDA Patterns and Patterns over Contiguous Segments . 136 7 Summary ................................ 136 Appendices ................................. 138 D–1 AFormalTreatmentofPrecedence . 138 D–1.1 PrecedenceRelationsandSets . 138 D–1.2 Precedence Grammars and Precedence Languages . 140 viii D–1.3 PropertiesofPrecedence Languages . 141 D–1.4 Learning Precedence Languages by String Extension . 144 D–2 Learning Lprec viaStateMerging . 144 D–2.1 FiniteStateRepresentation . 144 D–2.2 Towards a Language-theoretic Characterization . 146 D–2.3 Learning Precedence Languages by State Merging . 147 D–2.4 Obtaining the Canonical FSA for a Precedence Grammar . 149 D–3 Extending Precedence Grammars to Handle Local Blocking ..... 150 D–3.1 DefinitionsandExamples . 150 D–3.2 Properties of Relativized Bigram Precedence Languages. 152 D–3.3 LearningwithStringExtension . 152 5 Stress Patterns ............................... 153 1 Overview................................. 153 2 StressPatternsintheWorld’sLanguages . 154 2.1 TheStressTypology ...................... 154 2.2 SummaryoftheTypology . 164 2.3 Inadequacy of N-gram and Precedence Learners . 164 2.4 UnattestedStressPatterns. 165 3 Neighborhood-Distinctness . 165 3.1 Definition ............................ 166 3.2 Universality ........................... 168 3.3 Discussion............................ 168 4 TheLearner............................... 170 ix 4.1 TheForwardNeighborhoodLearner. 171 4.2 SuffixTrees ........................... 173 4.3 The Forward Backward Neighborhood Learner . 174 5 Discussion................................ 177 5.1 Basic Reasons Why the Forward Backward Learner Works . 177 5.2 InputSamples.......................... 178 5.3 UnlearnableUnattestedPatterns . 179 5.4 UnlearnableAttestedPatterns. 181 5.5 Addressing the Unlearnable Attested Patterns . 182 5.6 OtherPredictions........................ 185 5.7 ComparisontootherLearningModels . 186 6 Summary ................................ 189 Appendices ................................. 191 E–1 AFormalTreatmentofSuffixTrees . 191 E–2 Results of the Neighborhood Learning Study . 192 6 Deconstructing Neighborhood-distinctness .............. 203 1 Overview................................. 203 2 GeneralizingtheNeighborhood . 204 2.1 Preliminaries .......................... 204 2.2 Neighborhood-distinctness . 205 3 Subsets of Neighborhood-distinct Languages . 207 3.1 PrecedenceLanguages . 207 x 3.2 N-gramLanguages . .. .. 208 3.3 LocalSummary......................... 210 4 Neighborhood-distinctness not Preserved Under Intersection . 212 5 Towards a Compositional Analysis of Neighborhood-distinctness . 214 5.1 Strategy............................. 214 5.2 Merging States in Prefix Trees with Same Incoming Paths of Length n ............................ 215 5.3 Merging States in Suffix Trees with Same Outgoing Paths of Length n ............................ 216 5.4 Merging States in Prefix Trees with Same Outgoing Paths of Length n ............................ 216 5.5 Merging States in Suffix Trees with Same Incoming Paths of Length n ............................ 216 5.6 MergingFinalStatesinPrefixTrees . 217 5.7 MergingStartStatesinSuffixTrees. 224 5.8 MergingStartStatesinPrefixTrees . 228 5.9 MergingFinalStatesinSuffixTrees. 228 5.10 Merging Nonfinal States in Prefix Trees . 228 5.11 Merging Nonstart States in Suffix Trees . 228 5.12 Merging Nonstart States in Prefix Trees . 229 5.13 Merging Nonfinal States in Suffix Trees . 229 5.14 LocalSummary ......................... 230 6 Summary ................................ 232 xi 7 Conclusion .................................. 233 1 Results.................................. 233 2 LookingAhead ............................. 236 ⋆ Appendix: The Stress Typology .................... 239 xii List of Figures 2.1 TheChomskyHierarchy . .. .. 35 2.2 ∗CCCinYawelmaniYokuts . 38 2.3 NavajoSibilantHarmony. 38 2.4 TheStressPatternofPintupi . 39 2.5 TheLearningProcess.......................... 40 2.6 Locating Human Languages in the Chomsky Hierarchy . .. 48 2.7 Locating Phonotactic Patterns in the Regular Languages (I) .... 49 2.8 Locating Phonotactic Patterns in the Regular Languages (II). 49 2.9 A Tail-canonical Acceptor for L = {1, 10, 010, 0100, 01000,...} ... 70 2.10 A Head-canonical Acceptor for L = {1, 10, 010, 0100, 01000,...} .. 70 2.11 A Tail-canonical Acceptor for L={λ, 00, 11, 0011, 1100,
Recommended publications
  • The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology
    This page intentionally left blank The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology Phonology – the study of how the sounds of speech are represented in our minds – is one of the core areas of linguistic theory, and is central to the study of human language. This state-of-the-art handbook brings together the world’s leading experts in phonology to present the most comprehensive and detailed overview of the field to date. Focusing on the most recent research and the most influential theories, the authors discuss each of the central issues in phonological theory, explore a variety of empirical phenomena, and show how phonology interacts with other aspects of language such as syntax, morph- ology, phonetics, and language acquisition. Providing a one-stop guide to every aspect of this important field, The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology will serve as an invaluable source of readings for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, an informative overview for linguists, and a useful starting point for anyone beginning phonological research. PAUL DE LACY is Assistant Professor in the Department of Linguistics, Rutgers University. His publications include Markedness: Reduction and Preservation in Phonology (Cambridge University Press, 2006). The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology Edited by Paul de Lacy CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521848794 © Cambridge University Press 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a Typology of Ranking Elements of Narrative Discourse in Languages and Cultures: a Cross- Linguistic Survey
    Volume 6, No. 1, Art. 2, May 2017 Toward a Typology of Ranking Elements of Narrative Discourse in Languages and Cultures: A Cross- Linguistic Survey Marla Perkins, Independent Scholar Keywords: Abstract: It has been noted (Perkins, 2009; Zwaan, 1999; Zwaan & Radvansky, 1998) Narrative that causality, character, location, and time are the four main aspects of narrative discourse, discourse, even if not attended to by listeners or readers in equal ways. For example, Hobongan, character is highly ranked, and the locational/spatial components have often been typology, underestimated for English narratives (see Perkins, 2009, for a review). Relative to the discourse ranking, there is no inherent reason why character needs to be highly ranked, and analysis, locational/spatial information is in fact important in English narrative discourse (Perkins, information 2009). I instead suggest that there are linguistic and cultural factors in the ranking of management these aspects of discourse. Specifically, I suggest that causality is (probably) the highest ranked component, in languages that have a ranking, with the other three elements being linked to causality more or less strongly, depending on linguistic and cultural factors; it is possible that some languages do not rank narrative elements or that some elements are ranked as highly as others. In English, the strongest link is between causality and character. However, this is not universal. In a survey of fifty-eight languages from thirty language families, including an in-depth study of Hobongan, an Austronesian language spoken by approximately two thousand people on the island of Borneo that I am in the process of describing, it is found that there is a great deal of cross-linguistic variation, to the extent that it is possible that each logically possible combination of narrative elements is present in the world’s languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Using 'North Wind and the Sun' Texts to Sample Phoneme Inventories
    Blowing in the wind: Using ‘North Wind and the Sun’ texts to sample phoneme inventories Louise Baird ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University [email protected] Nicholas Evans ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University [email protected] Simon J. Greenhill ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University & Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History [email protected] Language documentation faces a persistent and pervasive problem: How much material is enough to represent a language fully? How much text would we need to sample the full phoneme inventory of a language? In the phonetic/phonemic domain, what proportion of the phoneme inventory can we expect to sample in a text of a given length? Answering these questions in a quantifiable way is tricky, but asking them is necessary. The cumulative col- lection of Illustrative Texts published in the Illustration series in this journal over more than four decades (mostly renditions of the ‘North Wind and the Sun’) gives us an ideal dataset for pursuing these questions. Here we investigate a tractable subset of the above questions, namely: What proportion of a language’s phoneme inventory do these texts enable us to recover, in the minimal sense of having at least one allophone of each phoneme? We find that, even with this low bar, only three languages (Modern Greek, Shipibo and the Treger dialect of Breton) attest all phonemes in these texts.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen Phonological Grammar and Frequency Sloos
    University of Groningen Phonological grammar and frequency Sloos, Marjoleine IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2013 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Sloos, M. (2013). Phonological grammar and frequency: an integrated approach. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 28-09-2021 Summary Phonological grammar and frequency: an integrated approach Language consists of two internal components: the mental lexicon, all memorized morphemes, and the grammar, a set of language rules. In phonology, these two parts are almost always studied independently, viz. usage-based phonology typically investigates the lexicon and generative phonology usually focuses on the grammar. During the last decades, the call for a combined model has gradually become stronger (Ernestus & Baayen (2011), Pierrehumbert (2002), Smolensky & Legendre (2006), van de Weijer (2012)).
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Santa Cruz Minimal Reduplication
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ MINIMAL REDUPLICATION A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in LINGUISTICS by Jesse Saba Kirchner June 2010 The Dissertation of Jesse Saba Kirchner is approved: Professor Armin Mester, Chair Professor Jaye Padgett Professor Junko Ito Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Jesse Saba Kirchner 2010 Some rights reserved: see Appendix E. Contents Abstract vi Dedication viii Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Structureofthethesis ...... ....... ....... ....... ........ 2 1.2 Overviewofthetheory...... ....... ....... ....... .. ....... 2 1.2.1 GoalsofMR ..................................... 3 1.2.2 Assumptionsandpredictions. ....... 7 1.3 MorphologicalReduplication . .......... 10 1.3.1 Fixedsize..................................... ... 11 1.3.2 Phonologicalopacity. ...... 17 1.3.3 Prominentmaterialpreferentiallycopied . ............ 22 1.3.4 Localityofreduplication. ........ 24 1.3.5 Iconicity ..................................... ... 24 1.4 Syntacticreduplication. .......... 26 2 Morphological reduplication 30 2.1 Casestudy:Kwak’wala ...... ....... ....... ....... .. ....... 31 2.2 Data............................................ ... 33 2.2.1 Phonology ..................................... .. 33 2.2.2 Morphophonology ............................... ... 40 2.2.3 -mut’ .......................................... 40 2.3 Analysis........................................ ..... 48 2.3.1 Lengtheningandreduplication.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue 11 Linguistics Hackenberg Booksellers
    CATALOGUE 11 LINGUISTICS HACKENBERG BOOKSELLERS Phone (510) 234-3214 1614 Kearney Street FAX (510-234-3218 El Cerrito, CA 94530 U.S.A. EMAIL [email protected] www.hackenbooks.com Owner: Michael Hackenberg Member: ABAA, ILAB TERMS OF SALE Media mail post is free on domestic prepaid orders (priority mail requests will be billed). Postage will be charged on all invoices with deferred payment. Postage will also be charged on all foreign orders. Libraries and institutions may be billed according to their special needs. California customers will be billed 8.25% state sales tax. Telephone, FAX, or EMAIL reservations are highly recommended. Specify that you are ordering from Catalogue 11. We accept VISA and MasterCard. Be sure to include your name, card number and expiration date, as well as your telephone number or email address. Foreign customers must remit in U.S. dollars with an international postal money order, check drawn upon a U.S.-based bank, or with VISA or MasterCard. Unless otherwise noted, all described books are in very good or better antiquarian condition. Private bookplates and owners’ signatures are not generally noted. Ex-libris copies are so noted and may include former library stamps, card pockets, or call numbers in any combination. They will, however, be internally clean, unless noted to the contrary. Any book may be returned within five days of receipt. Please notify us of any returns and ship returned books back both postpaid and insured. 1. Aarsleff, Hans. The study of language in England, 1780-1860. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967. [vii] 279p., dj, small ink blotch on the t.p.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphophonology of Magahi
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 SJIF (2019): 7.583 Morphophonology of Magahi Saloni Priya Jawaharlal Nehru University, SLL & CS, New Delhi, India Salonipriya17[at]gmail.com Abstract: Every languages has different types of word formation processes and each and every segment of morphology has a sound. The following paper is concerned with the sound changes or phonemic changes that occur during the word formation process in Magahi. Magahi is an Indo- Aryan Language spoken in eastern parts of Bihar and also in some parts of Jharkhand and West Bengal. The term Morphophonology refers to the interaction of word formation with the sound systems of a language. The paper finds out the phonetic rules interacting with the morphology of lexicons of Magahi. The observations shows that he most frequent morphophonological process are Sandhi, assimilation, Metathesis and Epenthesis. Whereas, the process of Dissimilation, Lenition and Fortition are very Uncommon in nature. Keywords: Morphology, Phonology, Sound Changes, Word formation process, Magahi, Words, Vowels, Consonants 1. Introduction 3.1 The Sources of Magahi Glossary Morphophonology refers to the interaction between Magahi has three kind of vocabulary sources; morphological and phonological or its phonetic processes. i) In the first category, it has those lexemes which has The aim of this paper is to give a detailed account on the been processed or influenced by Sanskrit, Prakrit, sound changes that take place in morphemes, when they Apbhransh, ect. Like, combine to form new words in the language. धमम> ध륍म> धरम, स셍म> सꥍ셍> सााँ셍 ii) In the second category, it has those words which are 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Kelantan and Sarawak Malay Dialects: Parallel Dialect Text Collection and Alignment Using Hybrid Distance-Statistical-Based Phrase Alignment Algorithm
    Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.3 (2021), 2163-2171 Research Article Kelantan and Sarawak Malay Dialects: Parallel Dialect Text Collection and Alignment Using Hybrid Distance-Statistical-Based Phrase Alignment Algorithm Khaw, Jasmina Yen Min1, Tan, Tien-Ping2, Ranaivo-Malancon, Bali3 1Faculty of Information Communication and Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia 2School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia 3Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia [email protected] Article History: Received: 10 November 2020; Revised: 12 January 2021; Accepted: 27 January 2021; Published online: 05 April 2021 Abstract: Parallel texts corpora are essential resources especially in translation and multilingual information retrieval. However, the publicly available parallel text corpora are limited to certain types and domains. Besides, Malay dialects are not standardized in term of writing. The existing alignment algorithms that is used to analayze the writing will require a large training data to obtain a good result. The paper describes our methodology in acquiring a parallel text corpus of Standard Malay and Malay dialects, particularly Kelantan Malay and Sarawak Malay. Second, we propose a hybrid of distance-based and statistical-based alignment algorithm to align words and phrases of the parallel text. The proposed approach has a better precision and recall than the state-of-the-art GIZA++. In the paper, the alignment
    [Show full text]
  • Mon-Khmer Studies Volume 41
    MMoonn--KKhhmmeerr SSttuuddiieess VOLUME 43 The journal of Austroasiatic languages and cultures 1964—2014 50 years of MKS Copyright vested with the authors Released under Creative Commons Attribution License Volume 43 Editors: Paul Sidwell Brian Migliazza ISSN: 0147-5207 Website: http://mksjournal.org Published by: Mahidol University (Thailand) SIL International (USA) Contents Issue 43.1 Editor’s Preface iii Michel FERLUS Arem, a Vietic Language. 1-15 Hiram RING Nominalization in Pnar. 16-23 Elizabeth HALL Impact of Tai Lue on Muak Sa-aak phonology. 24-30 Rujiwan LAOPHAIROJ Conceptual metaphors of Vietnamese taste terms. 31-46 Paul SIDWELL Khmuic classification and homeland. 47-56 Mathias JENNY Transitivity and affectedness in Mon. 57-71 J. MAYURI, Karumuri .V. SUBBARAO, Martin EVERAERT and G. Uma Maheshwar RAO Some syntactic aspects of lexical anaphors in select Munda Languages. 72-83 Stephen SELF Another look at serial verb constructions in Khmer. 84-102 V. R. RAJASINGH Interrogation in Muöt. 103-123 Issue 43.2 Suwilai PREMSRIRAT, Kenneth GREGERSON Fifty Years of Mon-Khmer Studies i-iv Anh-Thư T. NGUYỄN Acoustic correlates of rhythmic structure of Vietnamese narrative speech. 1-7 P. K. Choudhary Agreement in Ho 8-16 ii Editors’ Preface The 5th International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics (ICAAL5) was held at the Australian National University (ANU) over September 4-5, 2013. The meeting was run in conjunction with the 19th Annual Himalayan Languages Symposium (HLS19), organised locally by Paul Sidwell and Gwendolyn Hyslop. The meetings were made possible by support provided by the following at ANU: Department of Linguistics, College of Asia and the Pacific Research School of Asia Pacific School of Culture, History and Language Tibetan Cultural Area Network Some 21 papers were read over two days at the ICAAL meeting, nine of which have found their way into this special issue of MKS.
    [Show full text]
  • Completed Research, Studies, and Instructional Materials for Language Development Under the National Defense Education Act of 1958, Title VI, Section 602. a Bibliography, List No. 6
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 036 213 FL 001 429 AUTHOR PETROV, JULIA A., COLE. ITTLE COMPLETED BESEAiCH, STUDIES, AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATLEIALS BC R LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION ACT OF 1958, TITLE VI, SECTION 602.A BIBLIOGRAPHY, LIST NO. 6. INSTITUTION OFFICE CF EDUCATION (DhEW), WASHINGTON, D.C. INST. OF INTERNATIONAL STULIES. REPORT NO 0E-12016-69 PUB LATE 69 NOTE 144P. AVAILABLE FRU. SUPERINTENDENT CF DOCUFENTS, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OIFICL, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20402 (GPO FS-5.212:12016-69, $1.25) EDRS PRICE EDES PRICE MF-4,0.75 EC NOT AVAILABLE FROM EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES, AREA STUDIES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS, CONFERENCE REPORTS, *DIRECTORIES, GOVERNMENT PUELICATIONS, INDEXES (LOCATERS) , *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, *LANGUAGE RESEARCH, LIBRARY SERVICES, RESEARCH, SURVEYS, TEACdING METHODS, UNCOMMONLY TAUGHT LANGUAGES AESIRACT THIS CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY, CONTAINING 542 ENTRIES, CCVIES PRIMAR_LIY THE NINE-YEAR FISCAL PERIOD PRIOR TC JULY 1, 1968. AlEXTENSIVE INDEX ChCSS REFERENCES AUTHORS AND THEIR ORGINILATICNthi AFFILIATIONS, LANGUAGES, TYeES CF TEXT MATERIALS, RESEAECH SUBJECTS, AND GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS. COPSIDELABLE ATTENTION IS DEVOTED TO SPECIALIZED MATERIALS, INCLUDING COMMONLY AND UNCOMMONLY TAUGHT LANGUAGES AND FOREIGN AREA STULlES. CONFERENCES, STUDIES, SURVEYS, AND METHODS CF INSTRUCTION ARE GROUPED TOGETHER. EACH ENTRY LISTS THE MAJCR SOURCES FCR THE ITEM AND THE PUBLISHER'S OR AUTHGE'S ADDRESS.A DIRECTORY OF THOSE LIBRARIES TAKING PART IN THE INTEEIIBRARY LCAN SERVICE IS FURNISHED. SOME REPOEIS AND MATERIALS COMPLETED AMER JULY 1968 ARE INCLUDED. (AT) U.S. DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH,EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION rwmi 0E-12016-69 REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN N POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIGINATING IT, O REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OfEDUCATION STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY r'r\ POSITION OR POLICY.
    [Show full text]
  • 002.Alex.Comitato.2A Bozza
    Xaverio Ballester /A/ Y EL VOCALISMO INDOEUROPEO Negli últimi quarant’anni la linguística indo- europea si è in gran parte perduta dietro al mito delle laringali, di cui non intendo tenere alcun conto, e dello strutturalismo, di cui ten- go un conto molto limitato. Giuliano Bonfante, I dialetti indoeuropei, p. 8 De la regla a la ley o de mal en peor Bien digna de mención entre las primerísimas descripciones del mode- lo vocálico indoeuropeo es la propuesta de un inventario fonemático con únicamente tres timbres vocálicos /a i u/, una propuesta empero que fue desgraciadamente y demasiado pronto abandonada, siendo quizá la más conspicua consecuencia de este abandono el hecho de que para la Lin- güística indoeuropea oficialista la ausencia de /a/ devino en la práctica un axioma, de modo que, casi en cualquier posterior propuesta sobre el voca- lismo indoeuropeo, se ha venido adoptando la idea de que no hubiese exis- tido nunca la vocal /a/, y explicándose los ineluctables casos de presencia de /a/ en el material indoeuropeo con variados y bizarros argumentos del tipo de vocalismo despectivo, infantil o popular. Sin embargo, si conside- rada hoy spregiudicatamente, la argumentación que motivó el desalojo de la primitiva /a/ indoeuropea no presenta, al menos desde una perspectiva fonotipológica hodierna, ninguna validez en absoluto. Invocaremos un testimonio objetivo del tema para exponer brevemen- te la cuestión. Escribía O. Szemerényi: «Sotto l’impressione dell’arcai- cità del sanscrito, i fondatori dell’indoeuropeistica e i loro immediati suc- cessori pensavano che il sistema triangolare del sanscrito i–a–u rappre- sentasse la situazione originaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Analyzing the Function of Demonstrative Reference in Tajik
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2016 Re-analyzing the function of demonstrative reference in Tajik Kelly E. Bowman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Part of the Semantics and Pragmatics Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Bowman, Kelly E., "Re-analyzing the function of demonstrative reference in Tajik" (2016). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 10704. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/10704 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RE-ANALYZING THE FUNCTION OF DEMONSTRATIVE REFERENCE IN TAJIK By KELLY ELIZABETH BOWMAN B.A. in Linguistics and Germanic Languages and Literature, University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas, 2013 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics The University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2016 Approved by: Scott Whittenburg, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Dr. Irene Appelbaum, Chair Linguistics Dr. Mizuki Miyashita Linguistics Dr. Rebecca Wood Anthropology Abstract Bowman, Kelly, M.A., Spring 2016 Linguistics Re-analyzing the function of demonstrative reference in Tajik Chairperson: Dr. Irene Appelbaum This thesis presents a re-analysis of Tajik demonstratives based on an alternative to the widely accepted framework for understanding demonstrative reference. In this framework, demonstrative reference is categorized according to two criteria: the anchor relative to which reference is made, and the number of spatial distinctions the system has for encoding distance from the anchor (Levinson 2004, O’Grady 2010).
    [Show full text]