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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfihn master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fece, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 A WORD-AND-PARADIGM APPROACH TO REDUPUCATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Andrew D. Saperstein, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1997 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Arnold Zwicky: Adviser Professor Brian Joseph Adviser Dr. Samuel Rosenthall Department of Linguistics DMI Number: 9801779 Copyright 1997 by Saperstein, Andrew David All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9801779 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeh Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Andrew David Saperstein 1997 ABSTRACT Most recent treatments of reduplication assume the notion of the morpheme. In this study, I describe the phenomena of reduplication from the standpoint of Word-and-Paradigm morphology, in which the notion of the morpheme plays no role. Instead, for each lexeme, there exists an indexed set of formally distinct, yet semantically identical, lexical stems. Morphological rules realize morphological properties upon these lexical stems by the application of various morphophonological operations. 1 begin this study by outlining the conceptual distinctions necessary to a principled discussion of reduplication. 1 then sketch the principles of Word-and-Paradigm morphology, establishing the theoretical concepts which bear crucially on my analysis. After surveying recent treatments of reduplication, I undertake several case studies, in which 1 analyze reduplication from a Word-and-Paradigm perspective. In these case studies, 1 treat all actual instances of reduplication as resulting from one of two types of operations. Variable affixation, in which an operation affixes a syllabically defined partial copy of a given lexical stem to a stem of that same lexeme, accounts for all instances of partial reduplciation. Intralexical compounding, in which two entire stems of the same lexeme are concatenated to form a new lexeme, accounts for all instances of complete reduplication. In the first case study, 1 examine reduplication in Tagalog, in which, 1 claim, morphological rules widely employ reduplicative operations to create distinct lexical stems. These stems are in turn available to the application of ii further morphological rules. 1 then treat reduplication in Sanskrit, in which my analysis crucially depends on the distinction between morphophono­ logical operations and morphological rules, as well as on the notion of the lexical stem. 1 argue that all reduplicative operations in Sanskrit are used to form either distinct lexical stems or derived lexemes. Finally, I analyze several cases of complete reduplication, in which my conclusions crucially depend on the notion of intralexical compounding. I conclude the study by addressing several lesser issues regarding both formal and functional dimensions of reduplication, and by proposing several avenues for future research. I l l For Jesus Christ, and for my wife, Kathy, who, except for Him, is the chief agent of His kindness to me in this life IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Fittingly, my first thanks go to Arnold Zwicky, my adviser, who has consistently challenged and stimulated my thinking, and often pulled me from the depths of intellectual despair with his encouragements to press on. Thank you, Arnold, for taking me on as an advisee even at the threshhold of your retirement. Thanks are also in order for Brian Joseph and Sam Rosenthall, the other two members of my committee, who have cheerfully critiqued my work and supported me, personally and academically, throughout the process. I am also grateful to Don Winford, who proved to be a wonderful advocate to me at earlier stages of my graduate career. I am grateful to the United States Educational Foundation in Pakistan for facilitating and funding my field research on the Uzbek language from October 1990-March 1993. My friends Abdul Samad and Hamidullah Jowzjani deserve much thanks for their hospitality and friendship, and for resurrecting my love for the study of language when I needed it most. My friends at Vineyard Christian Fellowship of Columbus, most particularly those of you in the Park of Roses Kinship, deserve much credit—I could not have done this without your ongoing prayers and frequent encouragements. Dad and Mom, thanks for always believing that I could do anything I set my mind to. Kathy, Claire, Emma, and Maggie— a better family is not to be found, and while many may have considered you an impediment to my academic work, I have always considered you to be a great advantage. Your patience and grace under sustained pressure and seemingly interminable delays has often been my only tangible hope in this. Finally, my thanks go to Jesus Christ, who has borne every sigh and every sin in the process, and who gives meaning to it all. VI VITA June 21, 1960 ................................................ Born-Los Angeles, California, USA 1988 ................................................................... B.A. Linguistics-University of Chicago 1988-198 9 .....................................................Graduate Fellow-The Ohio State University 1989-1991 ......................................................Graduate Teaching Associate-The Ohio State University 1991 ................................................................ M.A. Linguistics-The Ohio State University 1991-1993 .......................................................Fulbright Fellow-Pakistan 1993-present .................................................Graduate Teaching Associate-The Ohio State University HELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Linguistics v ii TABLE OF CONTENTS A bstract ...............................................................................................................................ii Dedication...........................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................v V ita.....................................................................................................................................vii Chapters: 1. Reduplication: What it is and what it isn’t ....................................................... 1 1.1 Scope of the work...................................................................................... 1 1.2 Definitions................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Pretheoretical concerns......................................................................... 12 1.3.1 Apparent versus actual reduplication .................................... 12 1.3.2 Syntactic recursion versus morphological reduplication ...................14 1.3.3 The issue of productivity...........................................................15 1.3.4. “Allolinguistic” uses of reduplication................................... 16 1.3.5 Segmental separability .............................................................. 19 1.3.6 More details on actual reduplication ...................................... 21 1.4 Terminology and formal classification................................................ 22 1.4.1 Introductory remarks................................................................ 22 1.4.2 Objects ...........................................................................................22 1.4.3 Relations between objects.........................................................24 2. The theoretical framework: Words, stems, operations, paradigms, and rules ................................29 2.1 Introductory remarks............................................................................. 29 2.1.1 The Word-and-Paradigm approach ......................................... 29 2.1.2 WP history and motivations..................................................... 30 2.1.3 Paradigms and rules .................................................................
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