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Language Index Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86573-9 - Endangered Languages: An Introduction Sarah G. Thomason Index More information Language index ||Gana, 106, 110 Bininj, 31, 40, 78 Bitterroot Salish, see Salish-Pend d’Oreille. Abenaki, Eastern, 96, 176; Western, 96, 176 Blackfoot, 74, 78, 90, 96, 176 Aboriginal English (Australia), 121 Bosnian, 87 Aboriginal languages (Australia), 9, 17, 31, 56, Brahui, 63 58, 62, 106, 110, 132, 133 Breton, 25, 39, 179 Afro-Asiatic languages, 49, 175, 180, 194, 198 Bulgarian, 194 Ainu, 10 Buryat, 19 Akkadian, 1, 42, 43, 177, 194 Bushman, see San. Albanian, 28, 40, 66, 185; Arbëresh Albanian, 28, 40; Arvanitika Albanian, 28, 40, 66, 72 Cacaopera, 45 Aleut, 50–52, 104, 155, 183, 188; see also Bering Carrier, 31, 41, 170, 174 Aleut, Mednyj Aleut Catalan, 192 Algic languages, 97, 109, 176; see also Caucasian languages, 148 Algonquian languages, Ritwan languages. Celtic languages, 25, 46, 179, 183, Algonquian languages, 57, 62, 95–97, 101, 104, 185 108, 109, 162, 166, 176, 187, 191 Central Torres Strait, 9 Ambonese Malay, see Malay. Chadic languages, 175 Anatolian languages, 43 Chantyal, 31, 40 Apache, 177 Chatino, Zenzontepec, 192 Apachean languages, 177 Chehalis, Lower, see Lower Chehalis. Arabic, 1, 19, 22, 37, 43, 49, 63, 65, 101, 194; Chehalis, Upper, see Upper Chehalis. Classical Arabic, 8, 103 Cheyenne, 96, 176 Arapaho, 78, 96, 176; Northern Arapaho, 73, 90, Chinese languages (“dialects”), 22, 35, 37, 41, 92 48, 69, 101, 196; Mandarin, 35; Arawakan languages, 81 Wu, 118; see also Putonghua, Arbëresh, see Albanian. Chinook, Clackamas, see Clackamas Armenian, 185 Chinook. Arrernte, 9; see also Mpartnwe Arrernte Chinook, Lower (Shoalwater), 20 Arvanitika, see Albanian. Chinook, Shoalwater, see Chinook, Lower. Athabaskan languages, 27, 31, 45, 177 Chinookan languages, 29, 31; see also Chinook, Athabaskan-Eyak languages, 27, 177 Lower; Clackamas Chinook; Wasco; Atsina (Gros Ventre), 96, 176 Wishram. Austronesian languages, 7, 64, 177, 178, 182, Chorote, 32 187, 188 Chukchi, 19 Aymara, 101, 103–104, 110, 192 Clackamas Chinook, 32 Clallam (Klallam), 10, 193 Balto-Slavic languages, 194 Coast Salish languages, 193 Baluchi, 63 Coeur d’Alene, 10, 193 Bantu languages, 63, 65, 102, 178, 179, 196 Columbian, 10, 193 Barí, 84, 92 Colville-Okanagan, 10, 144, 193 Basque, 186 Comox-Sliammon, 10, 193 Bella Coola, 10, 193 Copper Island Aleut, see Mednyj Aleut. Berber languages, 22, 175 Coptic, 1, 8, 49, 66, 69, 155, 180, 182; see also Bering Aleut, 52 Egyptian. 214 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86573-9 - Endangered Languages: An Introduction Sarah G. Thomason Index More information Language index 215 Cornish, 46–48, 49, 52, 53, 57, 66, 69, 153, Gaulish, 179 154–155, 172, 179 German, 22, 37, 63, 75, 98–100, 101, 181; High Cowlitz, 10, 193 German, 98–100; Low German, 98–100; Cree, 96, 104, 110, 176 Standard German, 100; see also Croatian, 87, 194 Pennsylvania German Cupeño, 63 Gooniyandi, 166 Cushitic languages, 49, 63, 64, 65, 88, 175, 180 Greek, 22, 24, 28, 42, 43, 49, 185; Asia Minor Czech, 22, 63, 101, 194 Greek, 22, 38; Attic Greek, 43; Modern Greek, 43; Standard Greek, 24 Dahalo, 88 Gros Ventre, see Atsina. Dakota, 28, 40 Gujarati, 101 Damin, 102, 109 Gurindji Kriol, 149 Danish, 101 Delaware, 7, 32, 96, 176; Munsee, 96; Unami, 96 Hadza, 186 Dogon languages, 83, 84, 91, 101, 105 Halkomelem (Halq’emeylem), 10, 166, 193 Dravidian languages, 63 Hawaiian, 165, 178 Dutch, 22 Hebrew, 6, 8, 43, 88, 101, 184, 194; Ephraimite Dyirbal, 62, 71 Hebrew, 44, 67; Gileadite Hebrew, 44; Modern Israeli Hebrew, 6, 8, 156, 159 East Slavic languages, 194 Hindi, 87, 101, 185 East Sutherland Gaelic, see Gaelic, Scottish. Hittite, 11, 42, 43, 184–185 Egyptian, 1, 8, 19, 42, 48–49, 52, 66, 69, 153, Hixkaryana, 103, 109 155, 175, 180, 182; Demotic, 48; Old Hokan languages, 163 Egyptian, 48; Middle Egyptian, 48; Late Hungarian, 6, 22, 25, 101, 197; American Egyptian, 48; see also Coptic. Hungarian, 6, 61, 71; Canadian Hungarian, Enets, Forest, 166, 197 170, 174; McKeesport Hungarian, 61, 62, 67 English, 4, 12, 16, 20, 21, 22, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 46, 47, 48, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 67, Illinois, see Miami-Illinois. 74, 75, 77, 78, 83, 87, 90, 94, 101, 103, 108, Indic languages, 185 124, 131, 139–140, 143, 156, 169, 176, 180, Indo-European languages, 43, 179, 184, 185, 188, 194; see also Aboriginal English, 186, 194 Middle English, Old English, Standard Indonesian, 101, 178 English. Ingrian, see Ižora. Eskimoan languages, 82–83, 84, 91, 101, 105, Innu-aimun, 173 187; see also Yupik Interior Salish, 193 Estonian, 18, 26, 183, 197 Inuttut, 172 Etchemin, 96 Iranian languages, 63, 185, 186 Ethiopic Semitic languages, 63 Irish Gaelic, see Gaelic, Irish. Even, 19 Iroquoian languages, 20, 95 Evenki, 185 Italian, 22, 24, 28, 43, 192 Eyak, 27, 40, 45–46, 49, 52, 66, 69, 78, 153, 154, Itonama, 10 172, 177 Ižora (Ingrian), 65, 72 Finnic languages, 8, 16, 65, 183, 197 Japanese, 37, 76–77, 101 Finnish, 101, 183, 197 Jumaytepeque Xinca, see Xinca. Flathead, see Salish-Pend d’Oreille, Forest Enets, see Enets, Forest, Kalispel, 10, 144, 193 Fox, see Meskwaki, Kannad.a, 101 French, 25, 37, 39, 43, 63, 75, 90, 101, 104, 110, Kansa (Kanza), see Kaw. 131, 139, 192 Karelian, 166 Karo Batak, 118 Gaelic, Irish, 85, 92, 103, 183 Karuk, 163, 173 Gaelic, Scottish, 13, 34–35, 41, 53–54, 70, 85, Kaw, 111, 146 92, 108, 151, 179, 183; East Sutherland Khinalug, 148 Gaelic, 53–54, 55, 66, 70, 71, 120–121 Khoe, 106 Galician, 192 Khoisan languages, 102, 106, 179, 186 Gamilaraay, 57, 71 Klallam, see Clallam. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86573-9 - Endangered Languages: An Introduction Sarah G. Thomason Index More information 216 Language index Korean, 76–77, 90, 101 Mixe, Eastern, 192 Kriol (Australia), 121 Mixean, Sayula, 192 Kunwinjku, 106, 110 Mohawk, 166, 174 Kurrama, 58 Mohegan, 95, 96, 108 Kutenai, 10 Montana Salish, see Salish-Pend d’Oreille. Montana Salish-Kalispel-Spokane, 10; see also Laha, 64, 65, 67, 72 Salish-Pend d’Oreille. Lakota, 166 Mparntwe Arrernte, 106, 110 Lao, 22 Muhhekaneew, see Mohegan. Lapp, see Saami. Munda languages, 185 Lardil, 102, 109 Mundari, 185 Latin, 8, 42, 43, 48, 155, 177, 179, 180, Muniche, 10 185 Munsee Delaware, see Delaware. Latvian, 37 Múra, 191 Leco, 10 Lenape, see Delaware. Nahuatl, 19, 55; Tlaxcalan Nahuatl, 55, 70 Lenca, 10, 45 Nanticoke, 96 Light Warlpiri, 121, 149 Narragansett, 96 Lillooet, 10, 193 Navajo, 5, 16, 36, 79–80 Loup, 96 Nez Perce, 7, 16, 32, 190 Lower Chehalis, 193 Niger-Congo languages, 178 Luiseño, 63 Nilo-Saharan languages, 49, 188 Lule, 60, 71 Nilotic languages, 49, 188 Lule-Vilela languages, 60 Nivaclé, 32 Lushootseed, 193 Nomlaki, 163, 173 Nooksack, 10, 193 Ma’a (Mbugu), 65, 68, 72, 178 Norse, 63 Maasai, 49–50, 53, 70, 155, 188 Norwegian, 17, 23, 28, 38, 101 Macedonian, 194 Mahican, 96, 176 Ojibwe, 166, 176; Central, 96; Eastern, 96; Malay, 64, 101, 178; Ambonese Malay, 64, 72 Northwestern, 96 Malayalam, 118 Okanagan, see Colville-Okanagan. Maliseet-Passamaquoddy (Maliseet), 3, 70, 96 Old Church Slavic, 42, 43, 194 Mam, 61; Tuxtla Chico Mam, 61, 71 Old English, 42, 43, 64, 180 Mande languages, 119 Old Irish, 42, 43, 183 Mandinka, 119 Manx, 179 Panyjima, 1, 58 Maori, 6, 16, 165–166, 174, 178, 187, 188 Passamaquoddy, see Maliseet-Passamaquoddy Mapuzugun, 168 Pend d’Oreille, see Salish-Pend d’Oreille. Marathi, 101 Pennsylvania Dutch, see Pennsylvania German. Martuthunira, 1, 15, 58 Pennsylvania German, 22–23, 26, 36, 39 Massachusett, 96, 176; see also Wampanoag. Pentlatch, 193 Matsigenka, 81–82, 91 Persian, 185 Mayan languages, 61, 101 “Pidgin Nomlaki”, 163 Media Lengua, 104, 110 Pipil, 61; Teotepeque Pipil, 61, 71 Mednyj Aleut (Copper Island Aleut), 50–52, 53, Pirahã, 5, 16, 121, 149, 191 66, 70, 104–105, 110, 153, 155, 164, 172, Pitjantjatjara, 9 178, 183, 188 Polish, 22, 24, 37, 101, 194 Menomini, 62, 96 Polynesian languages, 6, 165, 178 Meskwaki (Fox), 81, 82, 91, 96, 101, 110, 176; Pomo, 77, 90; Elem Pomo, 150 see also Sauk-Fox. Portuguese, 5, 37, 43, 75, 90, 101, 192 Miami-Illinois (Miami), 57, 96, 162–163, 164, Potawatomi, 96, 176 173, 176 Powhatan, 96, 176 Michif, 104, 110, 178 Proto-Algonquian, 97 Micmac, 96 Proto-Semitic, 64 Middle English, 181 Proto-Xincan, 62 Miriwoong, 166 Provençal, 192 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86573-9 - Endangered Languages: An Introduction Sarah G. Thomason Index More information Language index 217 Puelche, 10 Squamish, 10, 193 Putonghua (Standard Chinese), 35, 37 Standard (Mandarin) Chinese, see Putonghua. Standard English, 33, 34 Quechua, 19, 38, 81–82, 91, 104, 192 Straits Salish, 193 Quechuan languages, 101, 192 Sumerian, 1, 42, 43, 44, 48, 69, 177, 195 Quinault, 10, 193 Susquehannock, 20, 38, 67 Quiripi, 96 Swahili, 37, 63, 88, 178 Swedish, 23, 28, 40, 161; American Swedish, Ritwan languages, 96, 108, 109; see also Wiyot, 29, 34 Yurok. Romance languages, 43, 179, 185, 192 Tadzhik see Tajik. Romanian, 43, 192 Tahitian, 178 Romansh, 192 Taiap, 19 Russian, 18, 26, 27, 51–52, 66, 101, 105, 155, Tajik, 63 166, 169, 170, 172, 183, 185, 188, 194 Takelma, 79, 80, 90, 101 Rusyn (Ruthenian), 25 Tamboran, 45, 67, 69 Ruthenian, see Rusyn. Tamil, 101 Taushiro, 10 Saami (Sámi; Lapp), 39, 91, 101, 102, 109, 161, Teotepeque Pipil, see Pipil. 166, 197; Lule Saami, 161; Northern Saami, Thai, 37, 101, 196 83, 84; Pite Saami, 161–162, 173; Southern Thompson Salish, 10, 84, 92, 107, 110, 193 Saami, 23, 26, 28, 36; Standard Saami, 28 Tillamook, 10, 193 Sahaptian languages, 190 Tlaxcalan Nahuatl, see Nahuatl.
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