Bk Inno 001188.Pdf

LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp #1 Self Introductions - Basic Greetings in Indonesian

CONTENTS

2 Indonesian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 3 Grammar 4 Cultural Insight

# 1

1. Edi: Apa kabar. Nama saya Edi.

2. Tuti: Apa kabar. Nama saya Tuti. Senang bertemu dengan anda.

3. Edi: Senang bertemu dengan anda.

ENGLISH

1. Edi: Hello. My name's Edi.

2. Tuti: Hello. My name's Tuti. Nice to meet you.

3. Edi: Nice to meet you.

VOCABULARY

Indonesian English Class

to become acquainted with kenal someone

Senang bertemu dengan anda. It’s nice to meet you.

Nama saya My name is.. phrase

apa what pronoun

kabar news, word noun

nama name noun

saya I, me pronoun

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #1 - S ELF I NTRODUCTI ONS - BAS I C GREETI NGS I N I NDONES I AN 2 Salam kenalan Glad to meet you.

salam greeting, peace

Apa kabar? How are you? expression

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Apa ini? Apa kabar?

"What is this?" "Hello? (literally 'What news?')"

Apa namanya? Saya tinggal di Amerika.

"What is it called?" "I live in America."

Salam kenalan Apa kabar hari ini?

"Nice to meet you." "How are you today?"

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Apa kabar? This phrase is the Indonesian equivalent of "hello." This literally means, "What's the news?" but this is the typical way of saying "hello" in Indonesian.

Salam kenalan. This is the Indonesian equivalent of "nice to meet you." Salam means "greeting," while kenalan means "(the making of) an acquaintance," so salam kenalan literally means "greeting you with my acquaintance."

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Basic Boot Camp Lesson is Indonesian

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #1 - S ELF I NTRODUCTI ONS - BAS I C GREETI NGS I N I NDONES I AN 3 Essentials

We use this lesson's phrases for self-introductions: Nama saya... This phrase means "My name is...." Nama is "name," while saya is "I/me/my"—a neutral first- person pronoun. (Indonesian has several, not all of which are as neutral as saya.) Indonesian does not have the equivalent to a copula (i.e., a verb like "to be") in this context.

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Names in Indonesian

In many places in Indonesia, for example, on the island of Java, many families do not have the concept of a family name/surname. In fact, if you go to some of the small towns and villages, you'll find that many people only have one name.

In Bali, the situation is slightly different. Most Balinese names come with the following elements: the caste title, the birth order name, and then the given name. Many people from the higher castes prefer that you call them by their caste title; otherwise, many others prefer you call them by their birth order name.

These birth order names are:

1st born: Wayan, Putu, Gede 2nd born: Made, Nengah, Kadek 3rd born: Nyoman, Komang 4th born: Ketut

(After the fourth child, the cycle starts again with different given names.)

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #1 - S ELF I NTRODUCTI ONS - BAS I C GREETI NGS I N I NDONES I AN 4 LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp #2 Talking Nationality in Indonesian

CONTENTS

2 Indonesian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 2 Sample Sentences 2 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar

# 2

1. Tuti: Apa kabar? Nama saya Tuti. Saya orang Indonesia.

2. Ed: Apa kabar? Nama saya Ed. Saya orang Amerika.

ENGLISH

1. Tuti: Hello. I'm Tuti. I'm Indonesian.

2. Edi: Hello. I'm Ed. I'm American.

VOCABULARY

Indonesian English Class

orang person noun

Indonesia Indonesia noun

Amerika the US noun

saya I, me pronoun

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Dia orang baik. Saya berasal dari Indonesia.

"He is a kind person." "I'm from Indonesia."

Saya berasal dari Amerika. Saya tinggal di Amerika.

"I'm from the US." "I live in America."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #2 - TALKING NATI ONALI TY I N I NDONES I AN 2 Countries and Ethnicities:

1. Indonesia "Indonesia" Orang Indonesia "Indonesian person"

2. Amerika "America" Orang Amerika "American person"

Other Countries and Ethnicities:

1. Jepang "Japan" Orang Jepang "Japanese person"

2. Australia "Australia" Orang Australia "Australian person"

3. Perancis "France" Orang Perancis "French person"

4. Cina "China" Orang Cina "Chinese person" OROrang Tionghoa "Chinese person"

Expressing Ethnicities:

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #2 - TALKING NATI ONALI TY I N I NDONES I AN 3 1. Saya orang Indonesia. "I'm Indonesian."

2. Anda orang Jepang. "You're Japanese."

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Basic Boot Camp Lesson is How to Talk about Your Ethnicity

In this lesson, we heard the following phrases:

A: Apa kabar? Nama saya *. Saya orang Indonesia.

A: "Hello. I'm *. I'm Indonesian."

B: Apa kabar? Nama saya Ed. Saya orang Amerika.

B: Hello. I'm Ed. I'm American.

Language Tip

Word Order in Simple Indonesian Sentences

Subject + Predicate

In the order of subject followed by predicate, Indonesian sentence structure is just as in English.

1. Saya pergi. Literally, "I go" "I go"

2. Dia berbahasa Indonesia. Literally, "She/he speaks language Indonesia" "She/he speaks Indonesian."

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #2 - TALKING NATI ONALI TY I N I NDONES I AN 4 What is different is the order between main nouns and their descriptors (i.e., adjectives in English). In English, the descriptor comes before the noun.

For Example:

1. "The red car."

2. "The happy child."

However, in Indonesian, the descriptor comes after the noun.

For Example:

1. mobil merah Literally, "car red" "red car"

2. anak gembira Literally, "child happy" "happy child"

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #2 - TALKING NATI ONALI TY I N I NDONES I AN 5 LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp #3 Useful Phrases for Learning Indonesian

CONTENTS

2 Indonesian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Grammar

# 3

1. A: Maaf. Bagaimana bilang ini dalam bahasa Indonesia?

2. B: "Jahe."

3. A: Tolong diulangi sekali lagi.

4. B: "Jahe."

5. A: Tolong diulangi pelan-pelan.

6. B: "Ja-he."

ENGLISH

1. A: Excuse me. What do you call this in Indonesian?

2. B: "Ginger."

3. A: Please say it once again.

4. B: "Gin-ger."

5. A: Please say it slowly.

6. B: "Gin-ger."

VOCABULARY

Indonesian English Class

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #3 - USEFUL PHRAS ES FOR LEARNING I NDONES I AN 2 pelan-pelan slowly

maaf sorry; excuse me expression

bagaimana how adverb

bilang to say verb

ini this demonstrative

dalam in

Indonesian language

bahasa Indonesia (literally, the language of noun Indonesia)

Jahe ginger noun

Tolong help, please phrase

diulangi to be repeated

sekali once adverb

lagi again adverb

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Maaf, hotelnya di mana? Bagaimana ibunya?

"Excuse me, where is the hotel?" "How is your mother?"

Apakah ini? Iya, saya pernah datang sekali.

"What is this?" "Yes, I've been once."

Jangan telepon saya lagi. Sampai jumpa lagi!

"Don't call me again." "Until we meet again!"

GRAMMAR

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #3 - USEFUL PHRAS ES FOR LEARNING I NDONES I AN 3 The Focus of This Boot Camp Lesson is Indonesian Phrases That Come in Handy When Learning Indonesian

It's best to start with...

1. Maaf. "Excuse me."

You can use the next phrase when you don't know what something is called in Indonesian. In the blank, you can put an English word, or point to something and use ini ("this") like speaker A did in the dialogue.

If someone uses an Indonesian word that you are not familiar with, and you would like to ask for the English translation, you can use the same structure to ask what it is called in English.

For Example:

1. Bagaimana bilang _____ di bahasa Indonesia? "How do you say (word) in Indonesian?"

2. Bagaimana bilang ini di bahasa Inggris? "How do you say it in English?"

Tolong means "please" (literally, "help"). You can use this word when you are asking for something or asking someone to do something for you. Diulangi means "to be repeated," from the verbal root ulang, which means "to repeat."

For Example:

1. Tolong diulangi. "Please repeat it."

You can pair the following two phrases with tolong diulangi to ask for someone to repeat something.

For Example:

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #3 - USEFUL PHRAS ES FOR LEARNING I NDONES I AN 4 1. Sekali lagi "One more time."

2. Pelan-pelan "Slowly."

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #3 - USEFUL PHRAS ES FOR LEARNING I NDONES I AN 5 LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp #4 Counting from 1-100 in Indonesian

CONTENTS

2 Indonesian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight

# 4

1. Budi: Satu,Dua,Tiga,Empat,Lima.

2. Bdui: Enam,Tujuh,Delapan,Sembilan,Sepuluh

3. Budi: Sebelas,Duabelas,Tigabelas,Empatbelas,Limabelas

4. Budi: Enambelas,Ttujuhbelas,Delapanbelas,Sembilanbelas,Dua puluh!

ENGLISH

1. Budi: One, Two, Three, Four, Five

2. Budi: Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten

3. Budi: Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen

4. Budi: Sixteen, Seventeen, Eighteen, Nineteen, Twenty!

VOCABULARY

Indonesian English Class

satu one numeral

dua two numeral

tiga three numeral

empat (~pat) four numeral

lima five numeral

enam (~ nem) six numeral

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #4 - COUNTI NG FROM 1-100 I N I NDONES I AN 2 tujuh seven numeral

delapan eight numeral

sembilan nine numeral

sepuluh ten numeral

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Saya bisa menghitung dari satu sampai Dua lengan itu sedang terangkat.

sepuluh dalam Bahasa Cina. "The two arms are raised." "I can count from one to ten in Chinese."

Sekarang pukul tiga. Dia adalah seorang koki di restoran

bintang empat. "It is three o'clock now." "She is a cook at a four-star restaurant."

Bintang laut memiliki lima kaki. Semut memiliki enam kaki.

"The starfish has five legs." "Ants have six legs."

Ada tujuh hari dalam satu minggu. Laba-laba memiliki delapan kaki.

"There are seven days in every week." "A spider has eight legs."

Pesawat itu akan lepas landas pukul Saya bisa menghitung dari satu sampai sembilan. sepuluh dalam Bahasa Cina.

"The plane will take off at nine o'clock." "I can count from one to ten in Chinese."

GRAMMAR

The Focus of This Boot Camp Lesson is Numbers 1 to 100 in Indonesian

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #4 - COUNTI NG FROM 1-100 I N I NDONES I AN 3 In this lesson, we heard the following numbers:

Budi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Budi: satu, dua, tiga, empat, lima, enam, tujuh, delapan, sembilan, sepuluh, sebelas, duabelas, tigabelas, empatbelas, limabelas, enambelas, tujuhbelas, delapanbelas, sembilanbelas, dua puluh

Numbers from 0-10

"English" Indonesian

0 nol/kosong ("empty")

1 satu

2 dua

3 tiga

4 empat/pat

5 lima

6 enam/nem

7 tujuh

8 delapan

9 sembilan

10 sepuluh

Numbers from 11-20

"English" Indonesian

11 sebelas

12 duabelas

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #4 - COUNTI NG FROM 1-100 I N I NDONES I AN 4 13 tigabelas

14 empatbelas/patbelas

15 limabelas

16 enambelas/nembelas

17 tujuhbelas

18 delapanbelas

19 sembilanbelas

20 dua puluh

Multiples of 10 up to 100

"English" Indonesian

10 sepuluh

20 dua puluh

30 tiga puluh

40 empat puluh/pat puluh

50 lima puluh

60 enam puluh/nem puluh

70 tujuh puluh

80 delapan puluh

90 sembilan puluh

100 seratus

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #4 - COUNTI NG FROM 1-100 I N I NDONES I AN 5 Some more numbers discussed in the lesson:

1. "45" empat/pat puluh lima

2. "21" dua puluh satu

3. "77" tujuh puluh tujuh

4. "92" sembilan puluh dua

5. "48" empat puluh/pat puluh delapan

6. "83" delapan puluh tiga

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Significant Numbers in Indonesia

1. The number two is important for the Balinese because it represents rwa bhineda ("the two complementary opposites") which comprises the whole (e.g. good/evil, male/female, light/darkness, black/white).

2. The number three is also important for the Balinese because of the Trimurti, or "the Hindu trinity of the gods," Siwa ("Shiva"), Wisnu ("Vishnu"), and Brahma.

3. In many societies, the number four refers to the powerful four cardinal directions.

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #4 - COUNTI NG FROM 1-100 I N I NDONES I AN 6 4. The number five is especially important in the national sphere since this number represents the Pancasila ("the predominant governmental philosophy for the Indonesian nation-state.") Five also stands for the five pillars of faith in Islam, the religion of ninety percent of Indonesia's population.

5. The number nine is important in Java since it is considered a magical number for many reasons. It outlines the four cardinal directions, the four intermediate directions, and the center (4+4+1). It also symbolizes the nine "open orifices" of the human body, which all need to be "closed" (through certain activities and rites) if one wants to fortify his or her spiritual ambitions.

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #4 - COUNTI NG FROM 1-100 I N I NDONES I AN 7 LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp #5 Counting from 100 to 1 Million in Indonesian

CONTENTS

2 Indonesian 2 English 3 Vocabulary 4 Sample Sentences 4 Grammar

# 5

1. Rob: Berapa harganya?

2. Seller: 50,000 Rupiah

3. Rob: Itu mahal. 10,000 ya.

4. Seller: 40,000

5. Rob: 12,000

6. Seller: Nggak bisa, 35,000

7. Rob: 15,000

8. Seller: Yah, 30,000 deh

9. Rob: Nggak... 20,000

10. Seller: 25,000

11. Rob: 22,000 deh

12. Seller: Nah, 22,000

13. Rob: Ya, boleh...

ENGLISH

1. Rob: How much is it?

CONT'D OVER

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #5 - COUNTI NG FROM 100 TO 1 MILLI ON I N I NDONES I AN 2 2. Seller: 50,000 Rupiah

3. Rob: That's expensive. How about 10,000?

4. Seller: 40,000.

5. Rob: 12,000.

6. Seller: No way, 35,000.

7. Rob: 15,000.

8. Seller: Well, 30,000?

9. Rob: No... 20,000

10. Seller: 25,000

11. Rob: 22,000.

12. Seller: Well, 22,000

13. Rob: Okay, you may...

VOCABULARY

Indonesian English Class

100 (seratus) one hundred noun

1,000 (seribu) one thousand noun

10,000 (sepuluh ribu) ten thousand noun

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #5 - COUNTI NG FROM 100 TO 1 MILLI ON I N I NDONES I AN 3 100,000 (seratus ribu) one hundred thousand noun

1,000,000 (sejuta) one million noun

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Tinggi saya seratus enampuluh lima Ada seratus orang di sekolah saya.

sentimeter. "There are one hundred people in my "I'm 165 cm tall." school."

Kami akan mengunjungi Kepulauan Ini 10.000 rupiah (sepuluh ribu rupiah)

Seribu bulan depan. "It's 10,000 rupiah (ten thousand rupiah)." "We will visit the Thousand Islands next month."

Ini 100.000 rupiah (seratus ribu rupiah). Terdapat sekitar sejuta pengungsi

akibat bencana alam itu. "It's 100,000 rupiah (one hundred thousand rupiah)." "There are about a million refugees due to that natural disaster."

GRAMMAR

The Focus of This Boot Camp Lesson is Numbers from 100 to 100,000 in Indonesian.

Tiga ratus delapan puluh dua ribu empat ratus sebelas "382,411"

Keywords:

1. seratus "100"

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #5 - COUNTI NG FROM 100 TO 1 MILLI ON I N I NDONES I AN 4 2. seribu "1,000"

3. sejuta "1,000,000"

To create multiples of hundreds and thousands, attach the number before the word for "hundred" (ratus) and "thousand" (ribu).

"Number" Indonesian "Number" Indonesian

"100" seratus "1000" seribu

"200" dua ratus "2000" dua ribu

"300" tiga ratus "3000" tiga ribu

empat ratus / pat empat ribu / pat "400" ratus "4000" ratus

"500" lima ratus "5000" lima ribu

enam ratus / nem enam ribu / nem "600" ratus "6000" ribu

"700" tujuh ratus "7000" tujuh ribu

"800" delapan ratus "8000" delapan ribu

"900" sembilan ratus "9000" sembilan ribu

"Number" Indonesian

"10,000" sepuluh ribu

"20,000" dua puluh ribu

"30,000" tiga puluh ribu

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #5 - COUNTI NG FROM 100 TO 1 MILLI ON I N I NDONES I AN 5 "40,000" empat puluh ribu / pat puluh ribu

"50,000" lima puluh ribu

"60,000" enam puluh ribu / nem puluh ribu

"70,000" tujuh puluh ribu

"80,000" delapan puluh ribu

"90,000" sembilan puluh ribu

"100,000" seratus ribu

"200,000" dua ratus ribu

"1,000,000" sejuta

More Complex Numbers:

1. seratus sebelas "111"

2. empat ratus tujuh puluh / pat ratus tujuh puluh "470"

3. enam ratus dua puluh satu / nem ratus dua puluh satu "621"

4. tujuh ribu delapan ratus delapan puluh "7880"

5. tiga ratus delapan puluh dua ribu empat ratus sebelas "382,411"

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #5 - COUNTI NG FROM 100 TO 1 MILLI ON I N I NDONES I AN 6 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #1 Introduction to Indonesia and the Indonesian Language

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 1

The Focus of This Lesson is the Background of the Indonesian Language

Linguistics

Indonesian is an Austronesian language, part of a large language family that includes languages such as Malay, Tagalog from the Philippines, the various languages of Polynesia, the aboriginal languages of present-day Taiwan, and Malagasy from Madagascar off the coast of Southeast Africa. Around two hundred million people speak it, but only seventeen million speak it as a native language—the remainder speak it as a second language.

The Indonesian language has many regional dialects (logat), many of which are influenced by the native language(s) of the region. For example, we find many aspects of the pronunciation of Central Javanese and Balinese within the varieties of Indonesian spoken in Central Java and Bali, respectively.

Indonesian is written in the Roman script, but it hasn't always had the same orthographic system throughout. In fact, it once had four official orthographic systems, with the fourth becoming the present system.

About Indonesia

Officially, we know Indonesia as the Republik Indonesia ("The Republic of Indonesia"). The name Indonesia comes from two Greek sources: Indo-, referring to India, and -nesia, meaning "island." In Indonesia's history, there were numerous waves of influence from Indian traders and similar groups. Its national motto, Bhinekka Tunggal Ika ("Unity Through Diversity") reflects the country's cultural diversity—Indonesia has at least three hundred different ethnic groups, as well as the desire to unite these groups together into one nation.

Where Indonesian is Spoken

We speak Indonesian mainly within the Indonesian archipelago, but there are small communities of Indonesian speakers all over the world, including in Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, the Netherlands, the United States of America, Canada, and many other regions.

Why Indonesian is Important

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #1 - INTRODUCTION TO INDONESIA AND THE INDONESIAN LANGUAGE 2 So why should you learn Indonesian? Here are some of the top reasons!

1. To communicate with Indonesian people. Whether it's with Indonesian friends, family members, or people you meet while traveling; it doesn't matter. Indonesian has over two hundred million speakers. That's a lot of people to converse with!

2. Indonesian pronunciation is easy! We pronounce Indonesian just the way it looks (except for one letter), so you can start speaking right away.

3. Learn more than just a language. Learning Indonesian will give you great insight into the world of Indonesian culture that you just can't get any other way. By learning how the language works, you'll learn more about how the culture works.

4. Indonesian is fun! We know Indonesia for its rich and wide variety of cultural activities, such as its gamelan, wayang kulit shadow plays, and colorful batik cloth.

5. Traveling to and within Indonesia is truly a life-changing experience. Indonesia has cultural diversity, a rich and complex history, and vibrant natural beauty to boot. It truly is one of the cultural and natural treasures of the world that everyone should experience at some point.

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #1 - INTRODUCTION TO INDONESIA AND THE INDONESIAN LANGUAGE 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #2 Cracking the Indonesian Writing System

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 2

The Focus of This Lesson is the Indonesian Spelling System

The Indonesian 'Alphabet Soup'

We use the Roman alphabet to write in Indonesian, which makes the language more accessible to those who speak European languages in general. However, the history of orthography (or spelling) in Indonesian is not a straightforward one. The system has gone through at least four different structures, with the last one being the one in use today.

Although the majority of public signs are rendered in the most current orthographic system, there may be older signs or names that reflect previous systems. This document lists and explains the most frequent alterations.

Consonants

I. The [ʧ] sound (like the "ch" in "check"), formerly spelled tj, is now spelled c.

For Example: betjak, becak ("pedicab")

II. The [ʤ] sound (like the "j" in "jump"), formerly spelled dj, is now spelled j.

For Example: Djakarta, Jakarta (the Indonesian capital)

III. The [j] sound (like the "y" in "yellow"), formerly spelled j, is now spelled y.

For Example: jang, yang (marker of a relative clause)

IV. The [x] sound (like the "ch" in "Bach"), formerly spelled ch, is now spelled kh. (NB: This consonant is infrequent.)

For Example: achir, akhir ("last, final")

Vowels

I. The [u] sound (like the "oo" in "boot"), formerly spelled oe, is now spelled u.

For Example: Soekarno Sukarno (the first president of Indonesia)

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #2 - CRACKING THE INDONESIAN WRITING SYSTEM 2 II. The [e] sound (like the "e" as in "bet"), formerly spelled è, is now spelled e.

For Example: ènak, enak ("delicious")

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #2 - CRACKING THE INDONESIAN WRITING SYSTEM 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #3 Painless Indonesian Grammar

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 3

The Focus of This Lesson is Basic Indonesian Grammar

Before we take a look at Indonesian grammar, though, let's quickly go over the basics of English grammar first. By understanding more about how English works, you'll be able to see how it is similar (and different!) from Indonesian grammar.

First, let's take a look at sentence order. English is what we call an SVO language, which means that sentences come in the order of subject-verb-object. Let's illustrate this with an example.

English Sentence Order

Subject Verb Object

I eat fruit

The subject, or the word doing the action, is "I." The verb, or action, is "eat." The object, or the word "receiving" the action, is "fruit." This is an example of a sentence in an SVO language. Indonesian is also an SVO language, as shown in the table below.

Indonesian Sentence Order

Subject Verb Object

Saya makan buah

"I" "eat" "fruit"

Characteristics of the Indonesian Language

Now let's take a look at some characteristics of Indonesian by comparing them with the characteristics of English. First, we'll talk about features that are much simpler than their English counterparts are.

Tense

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #3 - PAINLESS INDONESIAN GRAMMAR 2 First, let's start with tense. Tense is a term that we use in English to refer to time—past, present, and future. If you are a native English speaker, you might not even be aware of how many tenses there are in English. Let's think about the future tense for a moment. The sentence "I jog" in the present tense becomes "I will jog," or even "I'm going to jog." (And these have slightly different meanings! Did you ever notice?) Indonesian, on the other hand, has no tenses! Any mention of time is relegated to separate words.

For Example:

1. Saya pergi ke pasar. "I go to the market."

So how do we change this to the future? Simple! We just add a word—akan—before the main verb pergi. You can add other words as well to clearly indicate a future time.

For Example:

1. Saya akan pergi ke pasar (besok/minggu depan). "I will go to the market (tomorrow/next week)."

Now, I know many of you think that this is marking tense. Of course, this akan indicates an action that should happen at some future point in time. However, notice that the verb doesn't change at all. To make it even clearer that the action is in the future though, you can add a word like besok ("tomorrow") or nanti ("later") that tells us when you will go to the market. If you have a word that indicates future in there, then there is no doubt that this action will take place in the future.

Conjugation

English is full of irregular verbs. In many cases, we can turn verbs into past tense by adding "- ed" to the end, but think of how many exceptions there are to this rule! "Fly" becomes "flew," "run" becomes "ran," "buy" becomes "bought"...and the list goes on! If you've ever studied a Romance language, than you know how common exceptions are when it comes to conjugating verbs.

In contrast, Indonesian verbs do not conjugate at all!

English and many other languages also conjugate verbs according to who's doing the action. For example, "I go" is conjugated differently than "he goes." When you get into Romance

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #3 - PAINLESS INDONESIAN GRAMMAR 3 languages, this system gets even more complex. However, in Indonesian, it doesn't matter who is doing the action; the verb will not change! Let's look at a few examples so that we can really appreciate this advantage of Indonesian. First, note that the verb "to go" is pergi.

1. Saya pergi ke sekolah. "I go to school."

2. Dia pergi ke sekolah. "He goes to school."

3. Kamu pergi ke sekolah. "You go to school."

Take a look at pergi. It doesn't change at all! The subject doing the action has no effect on the verb that follows. Great, isn't it?

Singulars and Plurals

Remember learning all of the complicated rules for forming plurals in English when you were in grade school? We first learn that you add "-s" to a word to make it plural, but then comes one exception after another, words like "knives," "candies," and "mice." Well now, think about this: Indonesian words almost never change to reflect plurals. Tikus, the word for "rat," could refer to one rat or ten! What a big change that is from having two very different words to differentiate between singular and plural.

Making Questions

Think for a moment about how you make questions in English. You have to change the order of the sentence!

For Example:

"He is a student" becomes "Is he a student?" In Indonesian, it's extremely easy to create questions. By simply putting apakah ("what") at the beginning of a sentence, you can turn it into a question! Let's take a look at the Indonesian equivalent of the sentence above.

1. Dia adalah murid. -＞ Apakah dia murid? "S/He is a student." -＞ "Is s/he a student?"

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #3 - PAINLESS INDONESIAN GRAMMAR 4 2. Mereka tinggal di Jakarta. -＞ Apakah mereka tinggal di Jakarta? "They live in Jakarta." -＞ "Do they live in Jakarta?"

Okay, now let's take a look at some characteristics that are unique to the Indonesian language and may not have any equivalent in English.

Classifiers

Indonesian has a long list of classifiers, or words that we use to count specific items. The corresponding classifier depends on the appearance or make up of the subject. For example, there are different classifiers for sheets of paper and bottles because they are different in shape. While English does have a few classifiers (think "loaf of bread" or "head of cattle"), the range of classifiers in Indonesian is much wider and much more extensive.

Omission

In English, we almost always need to state the subject in our sentences: "Yesterday, I went shopping at the mall, and then I went to Starbucks, where I had a latte." Note that we need to state "I" for every action. In Indonesian, we often omit the subject from the sentence when the subject doing the action is understood. In fact, stating the subject every time will actually make your Indonesian sound unnatural. The key is to only state the subject when it's absolutely necessary. In this way, Indonesian lets you get straight to the important part of your sentence!

That wasn't so bad, was it? We hope that this overview has given you a good idea of some of the unique characteristics of Indonesian. Keeping these in mind will give you an idea of what to look out for and will prepare you as you dive further into the world of Indonesian grammar!

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #3 - PAINLESS INDONESIAN GRAMMAR 5 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #4 Indonesian Pronunciation Made Easy

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 4

The Focus of This Lesson is Basic Indonesian Pronunciation

Sounds and Syllables

Let's first take a look at how Indonesian sounds work. Compared with other languages, Indonesian has a relatively small set of sounds, with only nineteen native consonant sounds (- b, -c, -d, -g, -h, -j, -k, -l, -m, -n, -ng, -ny, -p, -r, -s, -t, -w, -y, and the glottal stop) and five vowels (- a, -e, -i, -o, -u). In Indonesian, there are no such words as the English word "strength," which has clusters of three or more consonants. Four types of syllables makes up Indonesian, which include:

1) one consonant + one vowel;

2) one consonant + one vowel + one consonant;

3) one vowel only; and

4) one vowel + one consonant.

Examples of Indonesian Words

Legend: C = consonant, V = vowel

Indonesian "English" Syllable Set

a.yo "come on!" V.CV

ka.bar "news" CV.CVC

An.da "you" VC.CV

Aspiration

What is aspiration? Aspiration refers to the puff of air native English speakers produce after certain sounds, such as [p], [t], and [k]. Now, try saying the word "two" aloud. "TWO." Notice how there's a puff of air after the -t. You can also hold a piece of paper loosely in front of your face and say "two." Notice that the paper moves when you pronounce [t]. This is because of

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #4 - INDONESIAN PRONUNCIATION MADE EASY 2 the aspiration. If you are a native English speaker, you probably are not even aware of this—it just comes naturally.

Indonesian, on the other hand, doesn't have any aspiration. Aspirating consonants—as we do in English—when speaking Indonesian will sound unnatural, so be careful!

This might sound like a lot to consider, but remember that learning good pronunciation is one of the easier aspects of Indonesian!

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #4 - INDONESIAN PRONUNCIATION MADE EASY 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #5 Top Five Must-Know Phrases for Learning Indonesian

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 5

The Focus of This Lesson is the Top 5 Must Know Indonesian Phrases

Here, we'll introduce five phrases in Indonesian that will take you a long way and help you out in a variety of situations!

Phrase 1: Permisi ("Excuse me," "I'm sorry")

Permisi is a versatile phrase with a few different meanings depending on the situation, the most common of which is "excuse me." Whether you are trying to get someone's attention to ask a question, making your way through a crowded area, or apologizing for running into someone or stepping on their foot, permisi is the phrase that you want to use.

Phrase 2: Silahkan ("Go ahead," "You may")

If you're offering something to someone, or if you would like someone to go ahead of you or do something before you, silahkan is the phrase you are looking for. Offering your seat to someone on the train? Silahkan. Holding the door for someone and would like them to go right ahead? Silahkan. Offering someone an oleh-oleh ("souvenir")? Silahkan.

Phrase 3: Tolong ("Please," "Help")

This expression is the closest thing Indonesian has to "please." This word originally meant "help," so it also has the connotation of requesting assistance. If you really need help, you can shout this, and you'll be helped right away.

You'll also find that it's used more to ask favors of or to make requests to other people. Depending on the context in which it's used, tolong can carry nuanced meanings such as, "Can you take care of this for me?" or even, "Thanks in advance."

Phrase 4: Sudah ("Already," "Completed")

You use this very useful phrase in Indonesian if someone offers you more than you can possibly take or bear. Sudah literally means "already," but it can also mean that something's been completed or finished. In other contexts, you can use this to signal a polite refusal. Many times, if you don't want any more of something, you can say sudah to your hosts, and they will understand your intention.

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #5 - TOP FIVE MUST-KNOW PHRASES FOR LEARNING INDONESIAN 2 Phrase 5: Iya ("Right," "Yes")

And now, for the most compact phrase of the top five: Iya. The most common translation for this word is "yes" or "right." However, Indonesian people often use this phrase as they are listening to show that they are following what the speaker is saying. It doesn't necessarily mean that they agree with or are affirming what is being said. Just something to keep in mind to hopefully avoid any confusion! You can also use this word when you aren't able to catch what someone is saying and you would like them to repeat what they have said.

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #5 - TOP FIVE MUST-KNOW PHRASES FOR LEARNING INDONESIAN 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #6 Can You Answer These Questions About Indonesia?

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 6

The Focus of This Lesson is the Top 5 Things You Have to Know About Indonesia! Test Your Knowledge of Indonesia!

Geography

How many provinces does Indonesia have?

1. 40

2. 27

3. 34

Answer:

3. Indonesia has thirty-four provinces, the largest of which is Papua, which is the easternmost province, and the most populous of which is Jawa Barat, the western end of Java, Indonesia's most densely populated island.

Traditional Culture

We will give the names of three popular cultural activities that originated in Indonesia. Say which island each comes from.

1. Kecak

2. Reog

3. Tari Piring

Answer:

Kecak, or the "monkey chant," comes from Bali. Reog, a dance done with an impressive (and heavy) tiger mask, originates from the town of Ponorogo in Java. Tari piring ("The Plate Dance") is a dance from Sumatra.

Travel

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #6 - CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT INDONESIA? 2 The following are popular tourist sites in Indonesia. Which one is not located in Java?

1. Borobudur

2. Mt. Bromo

3. Pura Besakih

Answer:

3. Pura Besakih. Borobudur, a famous Buddhist monument, and Mt. Bromo, a still-active volcano, are located on Java. Pura Besakih, on the other hand, is the "Mother Temple" located on the flanks of Gunung Agung in eastern Bali.

Economics

What is the national currency of Indonesia?

Answer:

The rupiah, abbreviated Rp. Presently, one USD = Rp 9700.

Debunking a Myth about Indonesia

True/False: Indonesia is in Bali.

Answer:

False! Understandably, the first thing many people think about when they think of Indonesia is Bali, to the point where they think that they're synonymous. The truth is that Bali, which is a part of Indonesia, is an island about the size of Rhode Island. Most Balinese are Hindu, rather than Muslim like the majority of Indonesians.

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #6 - CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT INDONESIA? 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #7 Indonesian Cuisine

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 7

The Focus of This Lesson is Indonesian Cuisine

Table Etiquette

The utensils usually used are a fork and spoon. The spoon should always go in the right hand, as this is what you will use to bring the food to your mouth. If there are no utensils on the table, this is usually a good sign that "you're invited to eat with your hands" (pakai tangan). Remember, only use your right hand to eat, receive, or give anything. You use your left hand to clean yourself, so this is considered unclean for most other purposes. Also, if there is a bowl of water, do not consume any of the contents. Use this as a place to wash your fingertips before you use them to eat your meal.

Popular Dishes

Other everyday Indonesian foods include lumpia (an Indonesian spring roll that originated in China), jaja (various rice cakes), tahu isi goreng (fried tofu squares stuffed with vegetables), and more.

Top Five Foods to Try in Indonesia

1. Sate

These are "grilled meat skewers," which are similar to shish kebab but are tiny in comparison. They are small enough to hold in your hand. They are sold everywhere from fancy restaurants to the rustic kaki lima ("portable vendors"). You can get chicken, beef, and sometimes pork—if you're in a non-Muslim area. But, you can also get more adventurous and try goat, tuna, and even rabbit sate!

Most types of sate come with a splash of sweet soy sauce (a little sauce made of chilies and some other seasonings) and a couple spoonfuls of sweet and savory peanut sauce.

2. Bubur

This is "rice porridge," not the porridge from Oliver Twist or Goldilocks and the Three Bears, but a much better product. We make this by boiling rice in a lot of chicken broth over low heat. After the rice is cooked, many seasonings are added, including fried shallots, seasoned

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #7 - INDONESIAN CUISINE 2 chicken or another type of meat, and a dollop of sambal (a mixed condiment that combines chilies and other fresh ingredients).

3. Tempe

We consider this the "nuttier" cousin of tofu. On the one hand, tofu is made with the soybean milk that's made after boiling, pulverizing, and getting the milky liquid from the soybean mash. Tempe, on the other hand, we make with whole soybeans, which we treat with a special type of mold. After a while, the mold begins to join the soybeans together in a sort of "cake." We then cut the cake up, fry it, and use it in all sorts of dishes. This is the ideal food for vegetarians, as we consider this a meat substitute.

4. Soto ayam

This is the Indonesian take on yellow chicken soup. Augmented with bean thread noodles, green onions, fried shallots, shredded chicken, and other crispy condiments, the soup is a yellow broth. There is also a certain mixture of spices that is infused into the broth.

5. Ayam goreng Kalasan

Kalasan is a small town in Central Java where this style of "fried chicken" originated. The one thing that makes this version very special is that we parboil the chicken in young coconut water and several spices before deep-frying it. This results in chicken with a very crispy and crunchy skin, and an unforgettable flavor.

Top Five Foods for the Brave

1. Rawon

Rawon is a soup from East Java with a broth that is almost completely black. This is due to a type of fruit or nut known as kluwak, which we roast before we prepare it for food. When roasted, the nut is sticky and black in color. Kluwak is toxic if not roasted properly, so we take care when preparing the nuts.

2. Lawar

A ceremonial dish from Bali, lawar is basically hash with a base meat along with some shredded vegetables and coconut. First of all, it is extremely spicy! People put so many chilies in the dish that it turns out to be very hot—even for some Balinese! Secondly, the most popular base meat is pork, which comes in two versions—white and red. Both versions have

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #7 - INDONESIAN CUISINE 3 chopped, spiced pork and an ingredient called the teteban (a chewy element that is an essential part of lawar). This could either be cartilage from the pig's ear or boiled and shredded pigskin. Furthermore, the red version has a little bit of pig's blood—not cooked, but treated with a little bit of lime juice, which gives the lawar a pinkish color. Lawar is also the food with the shortest expiration date, so to speak. It's made at five in the morning, eaten around eight, and considered too old to eat around noon.

3. Gudeg

This dish comes from one of the court centers in Central Java, Yogyakarta. It has chicken, eggs, unripe jackfruit, and a special condiment made out of fried water buffalo skin called sambal goreng krecek. Additionally, it is almost excessively sweet because it is stewed in lots of coconut milk and palm sugar. It's too sweet for most Indonesians, even for many Javanese who aren't from Yogyakarta.

4. Durian

A spiky football-sized fruit, the durian possesses an extremely pungent smell. One explorer wrote that eating this fruit was like eating garlic custard over a sewer! There is no ambivalence toward this fruit; people either love it or hate it with a passion.

5. Kopi luwak

Kopi refers to "coffee," while luwak refers to a weasel-like creature known as a palm civet. The luwak eats unripe coffee berries and then excretes the beans. We then collect, clean, roast, and grind the beans. Since it takes a long time for coffee farmers to collect and clean enough beans for market, this coffee demands a steep price—about six hundred USD per pound, or sixty-five USD a cup.

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #7 - INDONESIAN CUISINE 4 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #8 Introduction to Indonesian Society

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 8

The Focus of This Lesson is Indonesian Society and the Way People Live in Indonesia

Major Cities and How They Work

Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia and the largest city in the country. It is also one of Indonesia's forty-seven prefectures, but we refer to it as a "capital metropolis" (daerah khusus ibukota) instead of a "province" (propinsi). Five separate cities make up the metropolis of Jakarta, as well as numerous small islands to its north, collectively known as the Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu). Jakarta has many different districts that each have their own personality. One of them is Kuningan, which is something like the luxury district. There are many top name hotels in the area. For the casual tourist, though, it's not the most interesting area, as it's primarily a commercial center.

Other districts in Jakarta include Glodok, the Chinatown district; Ancol, with its famous Taman Mini Indonesia (a theme park featuring the cultural diversity of Indonesia); and Central Jakarta, known for the largest mosque in Southeast Asia—the Istiqlal Mosque.

Yogyakarta and Solo

These are the two court centers of Central Java, where the royal families are held in high regard by the populace. In Yogyakarta, there is the main palace known as the Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, as well as the minor palace of Puro Pakualaman. In Solo, some thirty-seven miles to the southeast, there is the main palace of the Keraton Susuhunan Surakarta and the minor palace of Puro Mangkunegaran. Tourists frequently visit these two places, especially because of the showcase of traditional court cultures that these two towns provide.

Family Life

Families in Indonesia are generally traditional, and the family is a focal point of life. Compared to families in other countries, immediate families in Indonesia are gradually becoming smaller. It is not uncommon for Indonesian parents to have two children nowadays, especially with the family planning program (KB: Keluarga Berencana, or "Family Planning") and its slogan, Dua anak cukup ("Two children are enough.") It is very common for three generations (children, parents, and grandparents) to live together in the same household; however, lately we have seen a trend toward nuclear families in larger cities. It is also very

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #8 - INTRODUCTION TO INDONESIAN SOCIETY 2 common for adult children to continue to live with their parents well into their twenties or thirties until they get married. Indonesian gender roles are still quite traditional. Indonesians expect women to stay home and take care of their children and men to support the family financially. However, this is also slowly changing, with the number of working mothers and stay-at-home dads is slowly increasing.

More and more men and women are waiting until they are older to get married, with the number of single people in their thirties and forties increasing steadily every year.

Work Culture and Economy

In Indonesia, the dominant work culture is quite rigid. Employees in their first years at a company often have to work long hours for little pay. Working overtime is an everyday occurrence at Indonesian companies. The hierarchy in Indonesian companies is very strict as well, with relationships following a rigid system based on seniority. Subordinates are required to address their seniors formally and treat them with respect. When promotions are given, age and the amount of the time the person has worked at the company, rather than individual accomplishments and achievements, are the focus.

Another important part of the Indonesian work economy is the custom of lifelong employment. This system, however, is becoming less common due to a decrease in the number of full-time employees and an increase in the number of part-time and contractual employees.

Politics

Indonesia is a multi-party republic governed by a president, their party, and other parties that have aligned themselves with the president's party. Members of the Indonesian Diet, who are elected by the Indonesian people, in turn elect the prime minister of Indonesia.

Unlike in the US or the UK, Indonesian political parties tend to change constantly, with two major exceptions: Golkar (Golongan Karya: The Labor Group) and PNI (Partai Negara Indonesia: The National Indonesian Party), which have sometimes been considered bitter rivaling parties.

Generational Trends

Generally speaking, the older generation and younger generation tend to do things differently and hold different ideas about things. Members of the older generation tend to have a strong sense of loyalty to their company and to place work high on their priority lists, even above family. Members of the younger generation, however, are not averse to changing jobs if there

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #8 - INTRODUCTION TO INDONESIAN SOCIETY 3 is something that they are not satisfied with, and as mentioned before, often see no problem with pursuing something other than full-time employment. Members of the younger generation also seem to keep more of their own interests in mind as they wait longer and longer to get married and have children. Many members of the older generation view these trends of young people today as signs that they are selfish and fickle. As attitudes continue to change, it will be interesting to see the ways in which Indonesian culture and society change along with them.

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #8 - INTRODUCTION TO INDONESIAN SOCIETY 4 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #9 Top Five Most Important Dates on the Indonesian Calendar

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 9

The Focus of This Lesson is Indonesian Holidays and Important Dates in Indonesia

Independence Day

The fifth most important holiday in Indonesia is August 17, which is Indonesian Independence Day. We call this Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia in Indonesian. On this day in 1945, the future president, Sukarno, and his vice president, Mohammad Hatta, declared independence of the Indonesian state after Japan surrendered at the end of WWII.

Maulud

The fourth most important holiday is an Islamic holiday week, which is formally celebrated only in the court centers of Java, and more specifically in Yogyakarta and Solo in Central Java and in Cirebon in West Java. Its formal name is Maulud, and it commemorates the birth of Mohammad, the main prophet of Islam. However, most people refer to it by the name of the festival that we hold during this holiday week—Sekaten. During Sekaten, we parade immense offerings made of food called gunungan around the main squares that surround the royal courts. We call this procession Garebeg. People believe that food from these offerings will ensure good luck, so crowds of people surround the gunungan, each person hoping for a good luck token or two. Another thing about Sekaten is the use of special "music instruments" called Gamelan Sekati, which are played only during this time—six days. In Yogyakarta and Solo, these instruments are huge—about twice the size of average gamelan instruments. There is a legend that states that the sultan will give a prize to any musician who manages to break a bronze bar with his mallet during play. In Cirebon, however, the situation is the opposite—the instruments are rather small and delicate looking.

Nyepi

The third most important holiday in Indonesia is Nyepi ("The Day of Silence"), which is celebrated in Bali. This day, the first day of the Balinese lunar calendar, comes from the word sepi, which means "quiet" or "silent." This day is the one day that the whole island of Bali is silent. It is a time for self-reflection and ascetic practice. (Even tourists have to stay in their hotels.) People don't light fires or turn on the lights. They don't work, they don't step out of their houses, and they don't engage in anything entertaining for the day. The airport is even closed for the day. In fact, the only people allowed on the streets are the pecalang, or "village security guards," and emergency vehicles that need to transport people in immediate medical

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #9 - TOP FIVE MOST IMPORTANT DATES ON THE INDONESIAN CALENDAR 2 danger or women in labor. It usually takes place sometime in either March or April, depending on the lunar calendar.

Galungan and Kuningan

The second most important holiday in Indonesia is another Balinese holiday, a holiday season known by its starting and ending days—Galungan and Kuningan. The holiday commemorates the death of a tyrannical king named Maya Denawa, who commanded his subjects to make offerings to him, not to the gods. During the holiday season, the first day is devoted to visiting and praying at the home temples, called kahyangan. The second day, called Manis Galungan, is the time when most people take a trip to have a picnic at some scenic place. During the rest of the period, there may be other activities taking place in specific villages, but the first two days are the most important ones. Many colorful offerings are on display, especially the tall bamboo pole and palm leaf offerings known as penjor. Because it's on a 210-day calendric cycle, there are many times when it's celebrated twice in one Gregorian year. In any case, Galungan always falls on a Wednesday, and the holiday ends with Kuningan ten days later on the Saturday of the following week.

Idul Fitri (or Lebaran)

The most important holiday in Indonesia is Idul Fitri, also known as Lebaran. This is the end of the Islamic fasting month of Ramadan. Lebaran refers to the entire week before Idul Fitri. Most people get the week off, and much like Thanksgiving week in the US, almost everyone will travel to visit their hometowns during this time. Planes, trains, automobiles, and buses become crowded during Lebaran. It also becomes expensive to travel. So while at first it might seem like a good idea, you have to really make sure that you plan everything in advance and that you're ready to brave the crowds and long waits. During Idul Fitri, we say a formal prayer to end the Ramadan fasting month, after which an immense feast is served.

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #9 - TOP FIVE MOST IMPORTANT DATES ON THE INDONESIAN CALENDAR 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #10 Popular Culture in Indonesia

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 10

The Focus of This Lesson is Traditional Culture in Indonesia

Traditional Music

Most people probably assume that "gong" has Chinese origins, especially with the harsh tam- tam crash one hears whenever we mention China or Asia in popular media. In fact, the English word for "gong" comes from the Javanese word gong.

There are many kinds of gamelan in Indonesia. Usually, when people think of gamelan, they think of the music from two islands in particular: Java and its neighbor Bali. Other varieties include indigenous and Balinese-style gamelan from Lombok, an island to the east of Bali. There is also a Javanese-based gamelan style all the way in the town of Banjarmasin in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo.

The most popular kinds of gamelan today are the central Javanese gamelan sepangkat, a large gamelan ensemble in which the instruments are tuned in two scales (the five-tone slendro and the seven-tone pelog), and the Balinese gamelan gong kebyar, an explosive style that features interlocking semi-melodic lines (called kotekan), which are played at breakneck speeds on many occasions.

Traditional Dance

The male counterpart to the legong is the fierce baris dance (an abstract character study of a warrior going into battle). There are many varieties of this dance, and they fulfill various functions in both religious and more secular contexts. This dance typically requires a lot of stamina and strength, as the dancer has to portray the internal emotions of a warrior through facial expressions, hand gestures, and solid leg stances.

In central Java, the most famous court dances are perhaps the serimpi and the bedhaya, which are languid, complex dances involving four or nine dancers (respectively) who were once required to be of royal blood. In fact, we perform the most sacred dance, known as bedhaya ketawang, once a Javanese year at the main hall in the Keraton Susuhunan Surakarta in Solo. Members of the audience must be formally invited by the Susuhunan (the analogue of a sultan in Solo) and come in formal Javanese dress in order to witness this performance. Outside the performance, dancers rehearse the dance once every thirty-five days as allowed according to the "Javanese calendar" (Pawukon).

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #10 - POPULAR CULTURE IN INDONESIA 2 In other areas of Indonesia, there are dances based on local or folk traditions. For the Minangkabau from Sumatra, there is the Tari Piring ("The Plate Dance"), where dancers balance plates on their hands while twisting their arms in contortionist-like movements. There is also the Hudoq dance of the Dayak (who live in Kalimantan), a masked dance portraying the hornbill, an important totem for the Dayak.

Wayang

We should not confuse wayang with the shadow hand figures that children usually do. First of all, the puppets are made of thick pieces of hide, usually from a water buffalo, which are incised with many different types of holes in order to add some decorative detail to the shadow. After the incision, they are painted and covered in gold leaf where necessary, and then rods of buffalo horn are attached to the puppet—one for the main body and usually two for the arms. However, the exact shape of the wayang depends on the character.

The most amazing thing about a wayang, at least in Central Java, one of the centers for wayang, is that a performance can last up to nine hours—from eight o'clock in the evening to about five o'clock the next morning—with no intermission! The audience is free to mill about, eat, talk, and even fall asleep during the more "philosophical" parts of the performance. The only person who is required to be onstage for nine hours is the dhalang ("the shadow master"). He or she must be able to narrate, sing, manipulate the puppets, provide social and comedic commentary, provide voices for up to sixty characters, direct the gamelan orchestra, and stay awake and seated, throughout the nine-hour period.

Because of this feat of endurance, we reward the dhalang handsomely for their efforts. One dhalang friend said that the most famous Javanese dhalang command fees upwards of five thousand dollars a performance, which is a large sum of money in Indonesia. We also transport them to the performance venue by limousine. However, they are still beholden to perform for ritual and social events in their home communities.

There are different types of wayang: wayang wong (in which human actors/dancers enact stories usually performed in wayang kulit), wayang topeng (in which the actors are masked), and wayang beber (in which painted scrolls depicting stories from the Panji cycle are set to narration and music.)

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #10 - POPULAR CULTURE IN INDONESIA 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #11 Top Five Most Useful Tools for Learning Indonesian

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 11

The Focus of This Lesson is the Top Five Internet Tools for Learning Indonesian

Kamus.net

Kamus.net is one of the best and largest online English-Indonesian dictionaries available today. Kamus means "dictionary," so once you learn that, it's pretty straightforward. Once you open the homepage, you will find a search field. Beside the search field, you'll see an English- Indonesian and an Indonesian-English option. Depending on what you're looking up, you can use both options to your advantage.

Link: kamus.net website (http://www.kamus.net/)

Northern Illinois University: Indonesian Language Site

This site has links to basic and more advanced conversations, descriptions of Indonesian culture, and pages for Indonesian grammar. It even has links to a couple of Indonesian comic strips.

Link: Northern Illinois University-Indonesian language website (http://www.seasite.niu.edu/ indonesian/)

Bahasa Kita ("Our Language")

Bahasa Kita is another Indonesian language resources site, but unlike with the Northern Illinois University site, you can also receive updates via Facebook and Twitter. It has many topics that both beginning and more advanced students of Indonesian will be very interested in: grammar, colloquial Indonesian, pronunciation, regionalisms, and so on.

Link: Bahasa Kita (http://www.bahasakita.com/)

University of Victoria-Beginning Indonesian Learning Resources

There is plenty of material consolidated in this one website. It's readily accessible to the beginner, as the website explains with confidence that you do not need to have any prior knowledge of Indonesian before using the site. It also has quizzes and little dialogues with accompanying sound files, so you can work on listening and improving your pronunciation as well. The one thing that future users should know is that the website is almost exclusively

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #11 - TOP FIVE MOST USEFUL TOOLS FOR LEARNING INDONESIAN 2 immersion-based, which means that—except for the homepage and the introductory unit— everything else on the site is in Indonesian. Despite the initial skepticism one might have regarding immersion-based learning, the pages are interactive and forgiving. There's also an extensive glossary of all the relevant vocabulary, and quizzes come with emoticons to let you know whether your responses are correct or not. If you get a question wrong, you can always click on another answer and check again. The quizzes aren't timed at all, so you can fill them out at your leisure.

Link: University of Victoria-Beginning Indonesian (http://web.uvic.ca/lancenrd/indonesian/intro/ index.htm/)

Lang-8

Created for the purpose of language exchange and international communication, Lang-8 is a social networking service (SNS). Once you complete registration, which is free, you can write a journal entry in the language you are studying, and other users who are native speakers of that language can correct your entry. In turn, you can also correct the journal entries of those who are studying your native language. Many people studying Indonesian use Lang-8 in order to have their Indonesian journal entries corrected by native speakers. Even if you are just getting started with Indonesian, this is a good way to practice reading and writing in Indonesian, as well as to receive valuable feedback!

Link: Lang-8 (http://www.lang-8.com/)

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #11 - TOP FIVE MOST USEFUL TOOLS FOR LEARNING INDONESIAN 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #12 Top Five Indonesian Classroom Phrases

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 12

The Focus of This Lesson is Useful Phrases for the Classroom in Indonesian

Below are the phrases from the lesson.

1. Coba diulangi ("Please repeat after me.")

Coba diulangi literally means, "Please let it be repeated." You'll hear this whenever the teacher wants you to repeat exactly what s/he has said.

2. Coba lihat dulu ("Please look.")

Coba lihat dulu means, "Please look," and when an object comes after the verb lihat ("to look"), the phrase means, "Please look at (object)."

For Example

1. Coba lihat ini dulu. "Please look at this."

3. Coba baca dulu ("Please read.")

Coba baca dulu means, "Please read." You can expect to hear this if the teacher wants you to practice reading a word, phrase, or passage.

4. Coba tulis dulu ("Please write it.")

Coba tulis dulu means, "Please write it." The teacher may use this when they want you to practice writing some words or sentences in Indonesian. Notice that, up until this point, all the requests have had the word coba (literally, "to try") before the main verb. When you hear coba in the classroom, there's a good chance that it is a request of some sort.

5. Mengerti? ("Do you understand?")

The most direction translation of this English phrase is mengerti? ("Understand?") Another variation is baik? (This literally translates to "Fine?") Teachers often use these questions to confirm understanding. If a teacher wants to ask if there are any questions, h/she might also ask, Apakah ada pertanyaan? (This means, "Are there any questions?")

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #12 - TOP FIVE INDONESIAN CLASSROOM PHRASES 2 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #13 Top Five Phrases Your Indonesian Teacher Will Never Teach You!

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 13

The Focus of This Lesson is Common Indonesian Expressions That You Might Not Learn From an Indonesian Teacher

1. Banget

Banget is an informal adverb meaning "very" or "much."

2. Kurang ajar!

Kurang ajar is an expression that literally means "uneducated." We usually use this to refer to people who are rude or inconsiderate.

3. Dong!

Dong is a particle we use to give strong emphasis—with a suggestion that the listener should already know that what is being said is true. Adding dong to the end of a sentence softens it and makes it sounds abrupt.

4. Sial

Sial means "unlucky" and can be a mild curse word in some cases, much like the English word "damn." Depending on your tone, you can convey either a resigned emotion if you say it slowly and calmly or a rather agonized emotion if you put more volume and energy into it! Overall, it's a pretty negative word—and you'll hear people use this from time to time when they're really in a bind.

5. Gua

Gua means "I, my, me, or mine" in a slang (or informal) way. People use it when they are referring to themselves in conversations with friends and people their own age. You should avoid using this word when talking with people in higher positions than you, such as teachers or your parents. Similarly, elu is the slang word for "you."

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #13 - TOP FIVE PHRASES YOUR INDONESIAN TEACHER WILL NEVER TEACH YOU! 2 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #14 Top Five Tips for Avoiding Common Mistakes in Indonesian

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 14

The Focus of This Lesson is the Top Five Tips for Avoiding Common Mistakes in Indonesian

Tip 1: Don't Say "I" More than Necessary!

Now, consider what happens when speakers start to learn Indonesian—a language that happens to be quite similar in many ways (perhaps even superficially "simpler") to English— and they apply similar grammatical structures, which in this case is the inclusion of the word "I." We might be inclined to put saya ("I") on every sentence, if the word applies. But this sounds completely unnatural to Indonesian speakers. Unless we specifically say otherwise, they know we are most likely talking about ourselves.

Tip 2: Don't Use an Inappropriate Form of "You"!

We've avoided discussing how to say "you" in Indonesian because it is such a tricky topic. There are about a half-dozen ways to say "you." There's always the chance that if you use a certain form of "you," you'll either offend or excessively flatter your listener.

When learners first start out, they learn the form anda as a pretty safe way to say "you." However, it's an impersonal form, which means that you can use it with people you're meeting for the first time in a formal situation. But after you get to know the other person (which is usually a short time afterward), it's best to move on to other forms of "you." This is because anda also distances the speaker from the addressee—you'll sound aloof and unapproachable if you continue to use anda.

Another strategy is to use the person's name and bypass the whole issue altogether.

Tip 3: Past and Present Are the Same! A Ya Is Not Always a "Yes"!

In Indonesian, you can use the same verb for speaking of both the past and the present. For example, you can say saya makan nasi goreng to mean both, "I eat Nasi goreng," and, "I did eat Nasi goreng."

That's why, in Indonesia, you can see people often use nouns that specify time—for example, "last night," "at that time," or "this morning."

Tip 4: Learn to Be Comfortable with Your Velar Nasal Consonant Now!

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #14 - TOP FIVE TIPS FOR AVOIDING COMMON MISTAKES IN INDONESIAN 2 Indonesian has many sounds that are similar to English, so there aren't too many challenging sounds—except for one, the velar nasal spelled -ng. Yes, English has this sound (e.g., "sing"), but -ng is always in the middle or at the end of words in English. It's never in the beginning of the word. In Indonesian, there are a number of words that have this particular sound in the beginning.

For Example

1. ngerti ("to understand")

2. ngirim ("to send")

One sure strategy to master this sound is to imagine the word "sing" and immediately lop off the "-s" and "-i" so that you get the final consonant, the "-ng," in isolation. At that point, once you feel comfortable, you can put various vowels after the "-ng" and practice pronouncing those syllables-like "ng -o," "ng-o," "ngo," "ngo," "ngo," "ngo," and so on.

Tip 5: Watch Out for Similar-Sounding Words!

Because there are a relatively small number of possible sounds in Indonesian, there are many words that are exactly the same, or almost the same but with different meanings. As a beginner in Indonesian, it can be easy to mix up similar-sounding words.

Some infamous examples include:

1. Pak ("father") versus bak ("water basin")

2. Boleh ("may," "go ahead") versus bule ("white person") versus bola ("ball")

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #14 - TOP FIVE TIPS FOR AVOIDING COMMON MISTAKES IN INDONESIAN 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #15 Top Five Indonesian Phrases from the Hosts

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 15

The Focus of This Lesson is the Top Five Phrases From the Hosts

1. Begitu

Begitu means, "It's like that." If someone is talking about something and you just want to acknowledge that you are following along, you say begitu. It's similar to the "I see" idiom in English. Also, depending on how you say begitu, it can either be a positive or a negative evaluation of the situation.

2. Sekaligus

Sekaligus is a handy phrase that means, "All at once." You can use this word to indicate that you want a number of things at once, especially if you can't decide what to choose out of a number of options and you just want to get them over with. You might hear it a lot at restaurants—for example, when you order a lot of things and you want everyone at the table to have all the options available at the same time, you can say "I'll have chicken sate, soto, and bubur-sekaligus."

3. Enak

Enak literally means "delicious," but it could indicate anything pleasant. In many situations, you use enak to show that you feel good about something, not only about food. The weather, a song, a massage, a good situation—just about anything we find pleasant, we characterize with enak. In that sense, it can mean "great" or "awesome."

4. Lumayan

Lumayan is an adjective that literally means "all right." Recently it has started to mean "not that good" as well as "not that bad." If you want to emphasize that you intend to say that something is "not that bad," you can add the word bagus ("good") after it, which gives you lumayan bagus ("not that bad"). For example, if you didn't like a certain movie, and someone who enjoyed it asks how it was, you can answer with lumayan. At that point, it's up to the person who brought up the question in the first place to interpret the answer however he or she wants to without feeling offended.

5. Aduh

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #15 - TOP FIVE INDONESIAN PHRASES FROM THE HOSTS 2 Aduh literally means "ouch!" but you can use this to express any sort of discomfort or unpleasantness—sort of the opposite of enak ("pleasant"/"delicious"). You can even use this to empathize with someone who's not doing well. For example, if you listen to a friend who's spilling his or her guts to you, even if you don't really want to know more about the situation, you can show empathy by saying, Aduh!

INDONESIANPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #15 - TOP FIVE INDONESIAN PHRASES FROM THE HOSTS 3 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation #1 The Pronunciation of Consonants in Indonesian

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 1

The Focus of This Lesson is Syllables and Native Consonant Sounds That Make Up the Indonesian Language

Let's first take a look at how Indonesian sounds work. Compared with other languages, Indonesian has a relatively small set of sounds, with only nineteen native consonant sounds ([b], [c], [d], [g], [h], [j], [k], [l], [m], [n], [ng], [ny], [p], [r], [s], [t], [w], [y], and glottal stop), and six vowels ([a], [e], [i], [o], [u]). In Indonesian, there are no such words as the English word "strength," which has clusters of three or more consonants. Four types of syllables make up Indonesian, which are made up of:

1. one consonant and one vowel

2. one consonant + one vowel + one consonant

3. one vowel only

4. one vowel and one consonant.

Examples of Indonesian Words

C=consonant

V=vowel

Indonesian "English" Syllable Combination

to.ke "gecko" CV.CV

ha.bis "finish" CV.CVC

a.nak "child" V.CVC

an.jing "dog" VC.CVC

Consonants

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #1 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF CONSONANTS I N I NDONES I AN 2 1. [b] as in "bell"

2. [c] as in "cello," never as in "circle" or "cookie." Also, no aspiration.

3. [d] as in "dark"

4. [g] as in "get," never as in "gelatin"

5. [h] as in "hello," but more forceful

6. [j] as in "jump"

7. [k] as in "kangaroo," but with no aspiration.

8. [l] as in "lamp"

9. [m] as in "mother"

10. [n] as in "next"

11. [p] as in "pop," but with no aspiration.

12. [r] as in the Spanish word perro ("dog")

13. [s] as in "snake"

14. [t] as in "tea," but with no aspiration

15. [w] as in "wait"

16. [y] as in "you"

17. [ng] as in "sing," never as in "finger."

18. [ny] as in the Spanish word cañon ("canyon")

19. [glottal stop] as in "uh-oh"

Aspiration

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #1 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF CONSONANTS I N I NDONES I AN 3 What is aspiration? Aspiration refers to the puff of air native English speakers produce after certain sounds such as [p], [t], and [k]. Now, try saying the word "two" aloud. "TWO." Notice how there's a puff of air after the [t]. You can also hold a piece of paper loosely in front of your face and say "two." Notice that the paper moves when you pronounce [t]—this is because of the aspiration. If you are a native English speaker, you probably are not even aware of this as it just comes naturally. When learning another language however, it helps to be aware of how sounds work and that includes the sounds in your own language, in order to master the sounds of another language. The point about aspiration is relevant because Indonesian doesn't have any aspiration! So, aspirating consonants like we do in English when you're speaking Indonesian will sound unnatural—be very careful and try not to release air after consonant sounds!

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #1 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF CONSONANTS I N I NDONES I AN 4 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation #2 The Pronunciation of Vowels in Indonesian

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 2

The Focus of This Lesson is Indonesian Basic Vowels and Diphthongs

Vowels

1. -A

Pronounced as [ah] as in "father," never as the [a] in "cat."

For Example:

1. anak ("child")

2. aku ("I")

2. -I

Pronounced like [ee] as in "feet." If there is a following consonant in the same syllable, it's more like the [i] in "fit."

For Example:

1. ini ("this")

2. bukit ("hill")

3. -O

Pronounced like [o] as in "so." However, there is no off-glide; rather, we make the vowel short.

For Example:

1. topeng ("mask")

2. toko ("shop")

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #2 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF VOWELS I N I NDONES I AN 2 4. -U

Pronounced like [oo] as in "boot." If there is a following consonant in the same syllable, it's more like the [oo] in "book."

For Example;

1. itu ("that")

2. perut ("stomach")

5. -E

We write this for two separate vowels: a) Pronounced like the [a] as in "sofa." (This is the schwa vowel.)

For Example:

1. mengerti ("understand")

2. pedas ("spicy-hot") b) Pronounced like the [ay] as in "day." However, there is no off-glide; rather, we make the vowel short.

For Example:

1. enak ("delicious")

2. teko ("kettle")

Diphthongs

Diphthongs are sounds with two vowel qualities acting as a single vowel. There are two diphthongs in Indonesian: -ai and -au.

1. -AI

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #2 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF VOWELS I N I NDONES I AN 3 Pronounced like the [i] as in "side." However, at the ends of words, we pronounce "-ai" like the [ay] in "day" without the off-glide.

For example:

1. baik ("fine") vs. santai ("to relax")

2. -AU

Pronounced like the [ou] as in "ouch." However, at the ends of words, we pronounce -au like the [o] in "so" without the off-glide.

For example:

1. lauk pauk ("food staples") vs.kalau ("if/when")

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #2 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF VOWELS I N I NDONES I AN 4 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation #3 Special Non-Native Consonants in Indonesian

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 3

The Focus of This Lesson is Five Special Letters Which Made Their Way into Indonesian Through Loanwords.

The four special letters are -f, -q, -z, and -kh.

1. -F

For example:

1. foto ("photo")

2. maaf ("sorry")

Often pronounced as [p], for example, [paham] "to understand" and [ma'ap] "sorry"

2. -Q

1. Qur'an (the Islamic Holy Book)

2. Bouraq (a now-defunct Indonesian airline)

Often pronounced as [k], for example, [kur'an] (Islamic Holy Book), and [bura'] (Indonesian airline)

3. -Z

1. zat ("chemical")

2. lezat ("delicious")

3. zaman ("time," "epoch")

Sometimes pronounced as [s], and in other words, pronounced as [j]; for example, [sat] "chemical," [lesat] "delicious," BUT also [jaman] "time," "epoch."

4. -KH

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #3 - S PECI AL NON-NATI VE CONSONANTS I N I NDONES I AN 2 1. khas ("specialty")

2. akhir ("last," "final")

Most of the time, pronounced as [k], for example, [kas] "specialty," [akir] "last," "final," and [kabar] "news."

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #3 - S PECI AL NON-NATI VE CONSONANTS I N I NDONES I AN 3 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation #4 Indonesian Dialects

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 4

The Focus of this Lesson is Regional Variations of Indonesian Pronunciation Found in Central Java and Bali.

Central Java

In Central Java, you'll see lots of -Os written in Javanese names and place names. These aren't actually "-Os" as we know them in English—or in Indonesian. Instead, these are examples of [o] that are slightly more "open" or a bit more relaxed than regular -O. The sound does exist in some varieties of English—if you happen to speak an East Coast variant. This is the [o] in "dawn" - [dawn].

One more peculiarity about Central Javanese pronunciation is that we pronounce the sounds [b], [d], and [g] slightly differently than in English. We pronounce these sounds with a bit of "breathy voice," which is a bit like aspiration, but your vocal cords are still moving when you pronounce these sounds.

Bali

Now there's a famous tourist town spelled -K-U-T-A. The sound is broken down as follows: [kut-uh].

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #4 - I NDONES I AN DIALECTS 2 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation #5 Common Indonesian Pronunciation Mistakes

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 5

The Focus of This Lesson is the Five Most Common Mistakes People Make When They Pronounce Indonesian.

#1: Remember to Trill Your -R's!

Remember that in Indonesian, we do not pronounce the letter -R in the same way as English. We trill it much like the "-rr" in Spanish. One of the ways that people can automatically detect a foreign accent over the phone is by the way you pronounce this particular sound. For example, if you want some "milled rice," you ask for beras with a trilled -r. If you asked for brass with an English-like "-r," the shopkeepers might have some trouble in figuring out what you exactly want!

#2: Don't Aspirate!

At the beginning of this pronunciation series, we said that we pronounce the letters -c, -k, -p, and -t slightly differently from their corresponding sounds in English. This is because in Indonesian, we pronounce these consonants without any aspiration. Aspiration refers to the puff of air that English speakers usually release after they say a sound like [k], [p], or [t]. This is a subconscious thing, so your average English speaker probably isn't aware of it at all.

We can't correct it completely, but we can come very close. All you have to do is to grab a piece a paper and hold it loosely about four inches or so from your mouth. Then, you should make up a list that has plenty of "-k's," "-p's," "-t's," and "-c's." Once you have done that, you should go down the list and see if they're aspirating. If the paper moves, the aspiration is there. If it doesn't move at all, the aspiration is negligible and your pronunciation will basically be perfect for Indonesian.

#3: Don't Forget Your Glottal Stop!

There are two main environments for the glottal stop in Indonesian. The first one is when you have a "-k" at the end of the word, for example, anak ("child"). The other situation is where you have two identical vowels right next to each other, for example, saat ("moment"), and maaf ("sorry"). Notice that catch there-that's the glottal stop.

#4: Learn to Be Comfortable with your Consonants!

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #5 - COMMON I NDONES I AN PRONUNCI ATI ON MIS TAKES 2 Indonesian has many sounds that are similar to English, so there aren't too many challenging sounds—except for one—the velar nasal spelled -ng. Yes, English has this sound (e.g., "sing"), but -ng is always in the middle or at the end of words in English. It's never at the beginning of the word. In Indonesian, there are a number of words that have this particular sound at the beginning, for example, ngerti ("to understand") and ngirim ("to send"). One sure strategy to master this sound is to imagine the word "sing" and immediately lop off the "-s" and "-i," sounds so that you get the final consonant in isolation: "-ng." At that point, once you feel comfortable, you can put various vowels after the -ng and practice pronouncing those syllables, like /ng-o/, /ng-o/, /ngo/, /ngo/, /ngo/, /ngo/ and so on.

#5: Watch Out for Similar Sounding Words!

Because there are a relatively small number of possible sounds in Indonesian, there are many words that are exactly the same or almost the same but with different meanings. As a beginner in Indonesian, it can be easy to mix up similar sounding words.

Some infamous examples include:

1. Pak ("father") vs. bak ("water basin")

2. Boleh ("may," "go ahead") vs. bule ("white person") vs. bola ("ball")

I NDONES I ANPOD101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #5 - COMMON I NDONES I AN PRONUNCI ATI ON MIS TAKES 3 Intro 13 How Much? in Urdu 1 How to Say Thank You in Urdu 14 Please Lower the Price in Urdu 2 You're Welcome in Urdu 15 Currency in Pakistan 3 Please in Urdu 16 Riding the Rails in Pakistan 4 Basic Urdu Greetings 17 Riding the Bus in Pakistan, Part 1 5 Parting Expressions in Urdu 18 Riding the Bus in Pakistan, Part 2 6 Where is the bathroom? in Urdu 19 Taking a Taxi in Pakistan 7 I Don't Understand in Urdu 20 Directions in Urdu 8 Do You Speak English? in Urdu 21 Asking Where You Can Find Something in Urdu 9 Please Say It Again Slowly in Urdu 22 Saying You're a Vegetarian in Urdu 10 Apologies in Urdu 23 Getting Medicine in Pakistan 11 Counting 1-10 in Urdu 24 Explaining Your Allergies in Urdu 12 Counting from 11-40 in Urdu 25 Introducing Yourself in Urdu