MA Ritgerð Rímur Um Rímur

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MA Ritgerð Rímur Um Rímur MA ritgerð Miðaldafræði Rímur um rímur Hvað má lesa úr elstu rímum um rímnahefðina? Pétur Húni Björnsson Leiðbeinandi Ármann Jakobsson febrúar 2020 Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Miðaldafræði Rímur um rímur Hvað má lesa úr elstu rímum um rímnahefðina? Ritgerð til M.A.-prófs Pétur Húni Björnsson Kt.: 270771-3789 Leiðbeinandi: Ármann Jakobsson Janúar 2020 Útdráttur Rímur voru eitt vinsælasta skemmtiefni á Íslandi um sex alda skeið. Hátt í fimmtán hundruð rímur hafa verið ortar svo vitað sé og ríflega þúsund rímur eru varðveittar. Rímur eru löng frásagnarkvæði ort undir sérstökum bragarháttum og voru í nánast öllum tilfellum ortar eftir þekktum sögum, og sumum sögum var snúið í rímur oftar en einu sinni. Rímur hafa ekki notið mikillar hylli sem rannsóknarefni og gjarnan hafa þær verið sem hornkerlingar við fræðaborðið. Samlestur rímna og sagnanna sem þær eru ortar út af leiðir oft í ljós að rímurnar einfalda sögurnar, fletja út persónur með því að ýkja upp ákveðna þætti þeirra en sleppa öðrum, og blása út atburði eins og bardaga og siglingar með staglkenndum og formúlukenndum hætti. Það hefur orðið til þess að rímur hafa oft verið taldar lakar bókmenntir, formúlukenndar og sjálfhverfar. Þessi rannsókn leiðir í ljós að rímur voru frá öndverðu efni ætlað til flutnings og að efnistök og efnismeðferð í elstu varðveittu rímum er að mörgu leyti algerlega í takt við þau efnistök og efnismeðferð sem tíðkast í munnlegum kveðskap víða um heim, þar sem meginmarkmiðið er að stýra túlkun áheyrenda til þess að draga úr óvissu- þáttum svo sagan komist rétt til skila. Sjálfhverfa þeirra er því arfur frá munnlegum flutningi og geymd þeirra frá elsta stigi þróunarsögu þeirra. Þar sem rímur eru efni sem ætlað er til flutnings þarf að flytja þær og það þarf að hlusta á þær til þess að hægt sé að meta þær af sanngirni og á þeirra eigin forsendum. Rímur lesnar af bók gefa ekki nema nasasjón af því sem rímur eru í raun, líkt og skrifaðar nótur tónverks eða leikrit lesið af bók. Séu rímur metnar á forsendum hefðar- innar sem þær viðhéldu um sex alda skeið, í stað þess að þær séu metnar á forsendum hugmynda nútímans um bókmenntir og ljóðlist, blasir við önnur mynd en viðtekin mynd nútímans af rímum. — i — Abstract Rímur were the most resiliant and popular form of entertainment in Iceland for six centuries. Almost fifteen hundred rímur are known to have been composed and more than a thousand of those are preserved. Rímur are long, episodic, epic poems and are almost always poetic reworkings of known sagas, and some sagas have been turned into rímur more than once. Rímur have not been popular as research material. When rímur and their corresponding sagas have been compared it is apparent that rímur simplify the sagas somewhat, flatten the characters by inflating certain characteristics and skipping others, and relate events such as battles and sea voyages in stereotypical and formulaic way. This has led to rímur being found deficient as literature, and deemed formulaic, redundant and stereotypical. This research shows that the earliest extant rímur where composed as perfor- mance material and that the treatment of material in rímur is very much in line with the treatment of material in oral poetry, where the main object is to relate a story and decrease it’s indeterminacy and possibilities of intepretation. The redundancy in rímur is thus most likely a remnant of a tradition of rímur as oral poetry and performance material from the very beginning. As rímur are a performance material they need to be performed and listended to for them to be appreciated fully and for them to be judged by their own merits. The experience of reading rímur is as superficial as looking at a score to a musical compo- sition or reading through a play in a book. If rímur are judged by the parameters of the tradition they upheld for six centuries rather than by the parameters of modern concepts of literature and poetry a different image emerges, one quite unlike the con- temporarily conventional. — ii — Formáli Aðdragandi þessarar rannsóknar er alllangur. Ég komst fyrst í tæri við rímur og rímna- kveðskap árið 2001 þegar ég álpaðist inn á æfingu hjá Kvæðamannafélaginu Iðunni ásamt Grétari svila mínum þar sem við komumst í kynni við Steindór Andersen og Njál Sigurðsson sem kenndu okkur að kveða og komu okkur rækilega á bragðið. Kvæðamennskan vakti áhuga minn á alþýðutónlist og söng og leiddi sá áhugi mig fyrst í söngnám og að því loknu til náms í þjóðfræði við Háskóla Íslands, þar sem ég skrifaði bæði BA og MA ritgerðir um safn séra Bjarna Þorsteinssonar, Íslenzk þjóðlög. Rímnahefðin hefur verið mér ofarlega í huga um langt skeið og í þjóðfræðináminu komst ég í kynni við ýmsar aðferðir til að meta hana og rannsaka. Ég hef ekki alltaf verið fyllilega sammála fræðimönnum sem um rímur hafa fjallað, og hef að ýmsu leyti haft aðrar hugmyndir um hefðina. Eftir að hafa setið kúrs um munnlega hefð hjá Gísla Sigurðssyni áttaði ég mig á því að hugsanlega gætu hugmyndir mínar átt við einhver rök að styðjast, en enn vantaði mig vettvang til þess að vinna úr hugmyndum mínum. Í MA námi mínu í þjóðfræði tók ég nokkuð af valkúrsum í miðaldafræðum og íslensk- um miðaldabókmenntum og þegar upp var staðið hafði ég safnað í sarpinn töluvert mörgum einingum umfram það sem ég þurfti til MA prófs í þjóðfræði. Það varð úr að ég ákvað að nýta þær og vinna annað MA verkefni, í miðaldafræðum, um rímur. Til að byrja með vöfðust efnistök og aðkoma að efninu fyrir mér og velti ég fyrir mér ýmsum leiðum með misgóðum árangri. Ég hef fengið mjög jákvæð viðbrögð fræðafólks sem ég hef viðrað hugmyndir mínar við, ekki síst á ráðstefnum bæði í Oxford og Leeds sumarið 2019, og í spjalli og rökræðum mótaðist verkefnið í huga mér og tók á sig mynd. Ég hef á undanförnum árum unnið töluvert með Aðalheiði Guðmundsdóttur og hef meðal annars setið hjá henni tvo kúrsa um rímur. Til stóð að hún myndi leiðbeina mér í þessu verkefni og vann ég hjá henni rannsóknarverkefni til undibúnings MA verkefnisins. Þegar kom að því að ég færi að vinna sjálfa rannsóknina og skrifa rit- gerðina hafði hún því miður forfallast vegna veikinda. Ármann Jakobsson hljóp þá í skarðið með skömmum fyrirvara og leiðbeindi mér snöfurlega við ritgerðarskrifin. Ég vil þakka þeim báðum kærlega fyrir hvatningu, hjálp og handleiðslu. Stærsti og tímafrekasti hluti rannsóknarinnar – lestur rímnanna – fór að mestu fram baksviðs á æfingum og sýningum hjá leikfélaginu Hugleiki haustið 2019 þar sem ég drap tímann með því að lesa og greina rímnatexta. Úrvinnsla og skrif fóru hins vegar fram við eldhússborðið heima á Flókagötu og eiga fjölskyldumeðlimir skildar ástarþakkir fyrir umburðarlyndið sem þau hafa sýnt bókabéusnum. — iii — Efnisyfirlit 1. Inngangur ...............................................................................................................1 2. Um rímur ...............................................................................................................4 2.1. Hugtök og heiti ...............................................................................................5 2.1.1. Bragfræði rímna ........................................................................................5 2.1.2. Kenningar og heiti ....................................................................................6 2.2. Frásagnarmáti rímna .......................................................................................8 2.3. Uppruni rímna ................................................................................................8 2.4. Handrit og varðveisla ....................................................................................10 2.5. Útgáfur og rannsóknir ..................................................................................10 2.6. Rímnalög ........................................................................................................11 2.7. Umfjöllun um rímur .....................................................................................14 3. Kenningagrunnur .................................................................................................16 3.1. Flutningsvendingin .......................................................................................16 3.1.1. Flutningsvendingin í rannsóknum íslenskra miðaldabókmennta .........19 3.2. Munnlegur kveðskapur ................................................................................20 3.2.1. Munnlegt / skriflegt ...............................................................................21 4. Vitnisburður elstu rímna .....................................................................................23 4.1. Formálar rímna ..............................................................................................23 4.1.1. Mansöngvar ............................................................................................23 4.1.2. Goðsagnir um uppruna skáldskaparins ..................................................25 4.2. Áheyrendur ...................................................................................................29 4.3. Orðfæri skáldanna um rímurnar ...................................................................31 4.4. Staða sögumanns............................................................................................ 35 5. Umræða ...............................................................................................................40 5.1. Eldri heimildir um flutning kvæða ...............................................................40 5.1.1. Mörkun flutnings ...................................................................................41
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