The Unreadable Poem of Arinbjǫrn, Preservation, Meter, and a Restored Text 2019 Háskólaprent

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The Unreadable Poem of Arinbjǫrn, Preservation, Meter, and a Restored Text 2019 Háskólaprent Þorgeir Sigurðsson The unreadable poem of The unreadable poem of Arinbj Arinbjǫrn, preservation, meter, and a restored text ǫ rn, preservation, meter, and a restored text Þorgeir Sigurðsson Dissertation towards the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2019 2019 Háskólaprent The unreadable poem of Arinbjǫrn, preservation, meter, and a restored text Þorgeir Sigurðsson Dissertation towards the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Iceland School of Humanities Faculty of Icelandic and Comparative Cultural Studies June 2019 Íslensku- og menningardeild Háskóla Íslands hefur metið ritgerð þessa hæfa til varnar við doktorspróf í málfræði Reykjavík, 3. júní 2019 Torfi Tulinius deildarforseti Faculty of Icelandic and Comparative Cultural Studies at the University of Iceland has declared this dissertation eligible for a defense leading to a Ph.D. degree in Linguistics Doctoral Committee: Kristján Árnason, supervisor Guðvarður Már Gunnlaugsson Jón Axel Harðarson Þórhallur Eyþórsson The unreadable poem of Arinbjǫrn, preservation, meter, and a restored text © Þorgeir Sigurðsson Reykjavik 2019 Dissertation for a doctoral degree at the University of Iceland. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the author. ISBN 978-9935-9385-9-6 Printing: Háskólaprent Abstract Keywords: Multispectral images, Egill Skallagrímsson, textual preservation, skaldic poetry, kviðuháttr, Old Norse syllables, alliteration. ARINBJARNARKVIÐA is an Old Norse poem in the kviðuháttr meter. It is composed in praise of Arinbjǫrn Þórisson, a friend of the skald Egill Skalla- grímsson. The only source of the poem, except for a few citations in scholarly work, is page 99v in the 14th-century Möðruvallabók. This page is now mostly unreadable, but old transcripts of it exist. In this thesis, I present a new transcript of page 99v, and I publish a restored text of the poem. The general belief among scholars has been that only the beginning of ARINBJARNARKVIÐA is preserved. It is also commonly assumed that the meter is of little help, for instance, in detecting corrupt lines and for clarifying the meaning of the text. I address these and other issues using new multispectral images of page 99v and by a revision of the metrical theories for kviðuháttr. My thesis is that the poem is relatively well preserved, compared to, for instance, SONATORREK, another poem by Egill and that its meter is very regular. I produce many new results on the preservation and the meter of the poem, and I make use of them in restoring the text on page 99v. These results provide strong arguments for the authenticity of the poem. iii Ágrip Lykilorð: Fjölrófsmyndir, Egill Skallagrímsson, textavarðveisla, dróttkvæði, kviðuháttur, atkvæði í norrænu, stuðlun. ARINBJARNARKVIÐA (AR) er gamalt norrænt kvæði sem er ort undir kviðu- hætti. Kvæðið er lofgjörð um Arinbjörn Þórisson, vin Egils Skallagrímssonar. Fyrir utan nokkrar tilvitnanir í Eddu er það hvergi varðveitt nema á blaðsíðu 99v í Möðruvallabók og í afritum hennar. Blaðsíða 99v er nú að mestu ólæsileg með berum augum. Hún var skrifuð með annarri hendi en aðrar blaðsíður í Möðruvallabók. Í þessari ritgerð birti ég nýtt afrit af blaðsíðu 99v og gef út texta kvæðisins með samræmdri stafsetningu og með nýjum skýringum. Almennt hefur verið talið að aðeins upphaf kvæðisins sé varðveitt. Einnig er almennt talið að háttur kvæðisins gagnist lítið, t.d. við að finna afbakaðar línur eða til að skýra textann. Ég tekst á við þessi og önnur álitamál með nýjum fjölrása- myndum af síðu 99v og með endurskoðun á kenningum um formið kviðuhátt. Tilgáta mín er sú að kvæðið sé mun betur varðveitt en talið hefur verið. Meðal kviðuháttarkvæða eru YNGLINGATAL og ARINBJARNARKVIÐA best varðveittu kvæðin fyrir árið 1000. Ég kemst að mörgum nýjum niðurstöðum um varðveislu og hátt kvæðisins sem ég nýti mér við túlkun þess og við endurgerð textans. Ég færi fram sterk málfræðileg og bragfræðileg rök fyrir því að kvæðið sé frá tíundu öld og eftir Egil Skallagrímsson. v Samantekt Titill: Hin ólæsilega Arinbjarnarkviða, varðveisla, bragform og endurgerður texti. ARINBJARNARKVIÐA (AR) Ritgerðin skiptist í þrjá hluta. Þeir eru: I Texta- varðveisla, II Bragfræði og III Endurgerður texti. Hlutar I og II styðja við útgáfuna í III. hluta, en þeir eru báðir sjálfstæðir hlutar ritgerðarinnar þar sem komist er að áhugaverðum niðurstöðum. Eftirfarandi er nánari lýsing á efni einstakra hluta. I Textavarðveisla Í fyrsta kafla af fjórum rek ég útgáfusögu ARINBJARNARKVIÐU og leita að þeim heimildum sem fyrri útgefendur höfðu um efni hennar. Ég kemst að þeirri niðurstöðu að aðeins sé til eitt beint afrit af blaðsíðu 99v. Þetta afrit var líklega skrifað 1686–1688 og er í safni pappírshandrita í ÍB 169 4to. Öll pappírs- handrit og prentaðar útgáfur byggja beint eða óbeint á þessu afriti. Ég slæ því föstu að leggja beri ÍB 169 4to til grundvallar við endurgerð textans á blaðsíðu 99v, ásamt nýjum lestri í Möðruvallabók. Í kafla 2 rannsaka ég rithöndina á blaðsíðu 99v en það hefur ekki verið hægt með góðu móti áður. Stafsetning ritarans er óvenjuleg og áhugaverð fyrir málfræðinga. Ég leiði að því sterkar líkur að ritarinn sé Einar Hafliðason, helsti embættismaður Hólabiskupsdæmis á 14. öld. Í þriðja kafla er fjallað um hvort ARINBJARNARKVIÐA hafi öll verið skrifuð á síðu 99v og þar rökstyð ég að óþarft sé að gera ráð fyrir öðru en að allt kvæðið hafi verið skrifað á síðuna. Í fjórða kafla er greinargerð um til- vitnanir í kvæðið í Edduritum og um afstöðu manna á þrettándu öld til kvæðisins. II Bragfræði Í öðrum hluta ritgerðarinnar lýsi ég núverandi stöðu rannsókna á bragformi ARINBJARNARKVIÐU og þeim greiningaraðferðum sem ég nota. Ég byggi á kenningum Kristjáns Árnasonar (1991) á hrynjandi í norrænum kveðskap sem vii taka tillit til athugana W. A Craigie (1900) sem gagnrýndi með góðum rökum aðferðir sem enn eru notaðar. Ég tek einnig tillit til braglýsinga hjá Kari Ellen Gade (1995) og Robert D. Fulk (2016) sem byggja á greiningu Eduard Sievers (1893). ARINBJARNARKVIÐA er ort undir kviðuhætti sem hefur til skiptis brag- línur með þremur og fjórum bragstöðum. Línur með fjórum bragstöðum (síð- línur) eru jafnan taldar vera með sömu hrynjandi og línur í fornyrðislagi. Ég fjalla fyrst um þær og sýni að þær hafa annaðhvort áhersluris í næstsíðasta eða þarnæstsíðasta atkvæði Einnig sýni ég að ARINBJARNARKVIÐA leyfir aðeins þrjú áherslulaus sérhljóð /a, i, u/ í hnigum í trókaískum línum og að þetta var einkenni á kviðuhætti fyrir árið 1000. Oddalínur (forlínur) með þremur at- kvæðum í kviðuhætti hafa sérstaka hrynjandi. Oftast er gert ráð fyrir að línurnar séu eins og línur með fjórum bragstöðum, að slepptu einu áherslu- lausu atkvæði. Þessu til viðbótar sýni ég að bæði megi nota létt og þung at- kvæði í risum. Þetta leiðir til einfaldrar lýsingar á hættinum, sem ARIN- BJARNARKVIÐA fylgir vel. III Endurgerður texti Í þriðja huta ritgerðarinnar er grundvöllur lagður að nýrri útgáfu á texta ARIN- BJARNARKVIÐU. Fyrst lýsi ég þeim ritstjórnarreglum sem ég nota. Meðal annars reyni ég ekki að endurgera málstig 10. aldar nema þar sem hátturinn krefst þess. Ég leitast við að gefa sem raunsannasta mynd af texta kvæðisins eins og hann er varðveittur á blaðsíðu 99v og ég ræði mörg álitamál í athuga- semdum og orðskýringum við kvæðið. Við útgáfuna hef ég gagn af textanum í ÍB 169 4to, af nýjum lestri með fjölrásarmyndum og af bragreglum kviðu- háttar. viii Acknowledgments I thank Dr. Bill Christens-Barry, who provided me with the computer pro- grams that I used to produce the multispectral images of page 99v in Chapter 11. I also thank two linguists at the Árni Magnússon Institute, Haukur Þor- geirsson and Aðalsteinn Hákonarson for improving the quality of my thesis by our discussions and numerous comments on early drafts. I am, however, the only one responsible for all flaws in the thesis. I am proud and grateful for having had Professor Kristján Árnason as my supervisor and the best experts available in my doctoral committee in the field of Old Norse linguistics and philology: Guðvarður Már Gunnlaugsson, Jón Axel Harðarson, and Þórhallur Eyþórsson. I received a two-year grant from The University of Iceland Research Fund (2015–2017) for my doctoral study. I dedicate this thesis to my grandfather Benedikt Gíslason frá Hofteigi. Content Abstract .......................................................................................................... iii Ágrip ................................................................................................................ v Samantekt ...................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................... ix Content ........................................................................................................... ix Some editorial symbols and conventions .................................................... xvii List of abbreviations.....................................................................................xviii Introduction and the three strands of this thesis ............................................ 1 Part I Textual Preservation ................................................................... 7 1 Paper copies and the publication history of ARINBJARNARKVIÐA ................... 9 1.1 AM 146 fol: 88v–90r (146) ................................................................12 1.2 Torfæi Num XIII 4to: 275–279 (XIII) ..................................................14
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