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Ad Pirum (Hrušica) in Claustra Alpium Iuliarum Vestnik XXVI AD PIRUM (HrušicA) IN CLAUSTRA ALPIUM IULIARUM Peter Kos Vestnik XXVI AD PIRUM (HrušicA) IN CLAUSTRA ALPIUM IULIARUM Peter Kos Ad Pirum (Hrušica) in Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 5 Izdajatelj – partner projekta Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije Peter Kos: AD PIRUM (HRUŠICA) IN CLAUSTRA ALPIUM IULIARUM Vsebina Za izdajatelja: Jelka Pirkovič Uvod 7 Urednica zbirke: Zgodovina raziskovanj 7 Biserka Ribnikar Vasle Urednik: Obrambni sistem Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 13 Peter Kos Redaktor: Umestitev zapornega sistema Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 14 Marko Stokin Recenzija: Arhitektura zapor 15 Janka Istenič Zaporni zidovi 20 Jezikovni pregled: Kamniti oporniki 21 Alenka Kobler Stolpi 22 Oblikovanje: Vratni stolpi 25 Nuit, d. o. o. V zaporne zidove vgrajene manjše trdnjave 26 Naslovnica: Tloris cisterne v sondah XX in XXII (Arhiv AONMS) Trdnjava na Lanišču 26 Trdnjava pod Brstom pri Martinj Hribu 27 Ljubljana, 2014 Kronološka vprašanja gradnje zapornega sistema 32 Funkcija zapornega sistema Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 35 Publikacija je sofinancirana v okviru Programa čezmejnega sodelovanja Slovenija-Italija 2007–2013 iz sred¬stev Evropskega sklada za regionalni razvoj in iz nacionalnih sredstev. Zgodovinski viri 37 Vsebina publikacije ne odraža nujno uradnega stališča Evropske unije. Hrušica 41 Za vsebino publikacije je odgovoren izključno avtor. Hrušica v antičnih virih 41 © ZVKDS in Peter Kos, 2014. Vse pravice pridržane. Trdnjava 42 Brez pisnega dovoljenja založnika in avtorja je prepovedano reproduciranje, distribuiranje, javna priobčitev, predelava ali druga uporaba tega avtorskega Obzidje s stolpi 44 dela ali njegovih delov v kakršnem koli obsegu ali postopku, vključno s fotokopiranjem, tiskanjem ali shranitvijo v elektronski obliki. Južni del obzidja 44 Vzhodni del obzidja 46 Severni del obzidja 51 Zahodni del obzidja 51 Prečni zid v notranjosti trdnjave 52 Zahodni stolp prečnega zidu 53 Vzhodni stolp prečnega zidu – prehod v zgornji del trdnjave 54 Srednji stolp prečnega zidu 55 Severovzhodni stolp na vrhu trdnjave 55 Jugozahodni stolp trdnjave 56 Vzhodni vhod v trdnjavo 57 CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Zahodni vhod v trdnjavo 59 Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana Način zidave 59 904(497.4Hrušica)”652”(0.034.2) Notranjost trdnjave 60 623.1(37)(0.034.2) Zgornji del trdnjave 60 KOS, Peter, 1950- Spodnji del trdnjave – južni del 61 Ad Pirum (Hrušica) in Claustra Alpium Iuliarum [Elektronski vir] / Peter Kos. - El. knjiga. - Ljubljana : Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Spodnji del trdnjave – severni del 70 Slovenije, 2014. - (Vestnik / Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije ; 26) Cisterna 84 ISBN 978-961-6902-67-0 (pdf) Novčne najdbe 88 Drobno arheološko gradivo 97 273068032 6 Ad Pirum (Hrušica) in Claustra Alpium Iuliarum Ad Pirum (Hrušica) in Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 7 Zaporni zidovi severno in južno od trdnjave 102 lege vrh prelaza najpomembnejšo vlogo odigrala v času najmanj Severozahodni zaporni zid 102 Uvod treh državljanskih vojn v drugi polovici 4. stoletja. Trdnjava je Jugozahodni in jugovzhodni zaporni zid 103 bila postavljena na izjemno pomembni rimski državni cesti, Najkrajša (čeprav danes ne najhitrejša) cestna povezava med Vratni stolp na cesti jugovzhodno pod trdnjavo 104 ki je povezovala Italijo z vzhodom, in je bila tudi zadnji branik Ljubljano in Ajdovščino vodi z Vrhnike preko Logatca, Kalc in Zaključek jugovzhodnega zapornega zidu na Velikem Bršljanovcu 107 severovzhodne meje rimske Italije. Sprehod po okolici trdnjave Podkraja do Cola. Na najvišjem mestu (870 m nadmorske višine), Vratni stolp in zaporni zidovi na cesti jugozahodno pod trdnjavo 109 pokaže, da se tudi na njenem severnem in južnem delu od kjer se cesta po vzponu iz smeri Kalc na sedlu za nekaj deset obzidja vlečejo linije ostankov zidov. Trdnjava je bila namreč le del metrov zravna in nato hitro prevesi proti Podkraju in Colu, je Rekonstrukcija trdnjave Ad Pirum 112 široko zasnovanega in logistično zahtevnega projekta obrambe mogoče na obeh straneh opaziti zidane strukture, ki oklepajo vzhodne meje poznorimske Italije, zapornega sistema kamnitih tudi cesto in širše območje prelaza. Hrušica v srednjem in novem veku 117 zidov, stolpov in trdnjav, ki se je s presledki vlekel od Kvarnerskega Cerkev sv. Jedrti 118 zaliva do Posočja in ga je poznorimski zgodovinar Amijan Poštna postaja in plemiški dvorec 119 Marcelin (Ammianus Marcellinus) imenoval Claustra Alpium Iuliarum.1 Ob obravnavi trdnjave Ad Pirum je zato neizogibno, da Seznam literature 121 nekaj prostora posvetimo tudi omenjenim antičnim obrambnim strukturam, ki predstavljajo enega največjih podvigov rimskih Seznam ilustracij 127 strategov in gradbenikov v tem delu Evrope. Tako delno konservirani ostanki rimske trdnjave na Hrušici kot tudi drugi deli poznorimskega obrambnega sistema na današnjem slovenskem ozemlju so žal veliko premalo umeščeni v zavest širše javnosti in zato po krivici zapostavljen oziroma zanemarjen potencial kulturnega turizma. Prav oživljanju rimske trdnjave na Hrušici, ozaveščanju javnosti o njenem širšem pomenu ter predstavitvi tega kulturnega spomenika je bil namenjen projekt Narodnega muzeja Slovenije, ki je bil umeščen v širši strateški projekt Arheološki parki severnega Jadrana (PArSJAd). Ta je bil sofinanciran v okviru Programa čezmejnega sodelovanja Slovenija-Italija 2007–2013 iz sredstev Evropskega sklada za regionalni razvoj in iz proračuna Slika 1. Položaj Hrušice med Oglejem in Ljubljano (osnova: StepMap) Republike Slovenije. Tudi ta monografija je eden od rezultatov omenjenega projekta. Ti zidovi predstavljajo nekdanje mogočno obzidje rimske trdnjave Ad Pirum iz 4. stoletja, ki je zaradi pomembne strateške 1 Amm. Marc. 31. 11. 3. Slika 2. Satelitski posnetek širšega območja Hrušice (trdnjava je v sredini) še danes kaže negostoljubno neposeljeno in razgibano pokrajino (vir: Google Earth) 8 Ad Pirum (Hrušica) in Claustra Alpium Iuliarum Ad Pirum (Hrušica) in Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 9 Za prijazno pomoč pri pripravi knjige se najlepše zahvaljujem v njej podrobno opisal.4 Rimski stolp je bil zanj drugotnega Poloni Bitenc, Heleni Bras Kernel in Barbari Jerin (Arheološki pomena, saj v 17. stoletju utrdba na Hrušici še ni bila predmet oddelek Narodnega muzeja Slovenije) ter Juretu Kusetiču. Hvala znanstvenega zanimanja. tudi Almi Bavdek (Notranjski muzej, Postojna) za ljubeznivo posredovanje dokumentacije. Besedilo je ljubeznivo prebrala in kritično komentirala Janka Istenič (Arheološki oddelek Narodnega muzeja Slovenije), za kar sem ji iskreno hvaležen. Slika 9. Doprsni kip Pietra Kandlerja (1804–1872) v parku Muzio de Tommasini v Trstu Kandler je tedaj trdnjavo na Hrušici izmeril. Po njegovi zelo Slika 3. Pogled na hrušiški prelaz s trdnjavo (v sredini) s Streliškega vrha (foto: Peter Kos) Slika 5. Poštna postaja na Hrušici. Na spodnji levi strani bakroreza so pred cerkvijo sv. Slika 7. Načrt Hrušice Petra Hitzingerja iz leta 1854 (Hitzinger 1854, Beilage) shematični in netočni skici je leta 1863 avstrijski slikar Alberto Jedrti vidni ostanki stolpa ob vhodu v rimsko trdnjavo (Valvasor 1689, 260, slika 31). Istočasno se je z zapornim sistemom raziskovalno ukvarjal Rieger (1834–1905) narisal prvo tlorisno upodobitev trdnjave tudi pravnik in zgodovinar Pietro Kandler (1804–1872) iz Trsta. Ad Pirum (slika 10), ki s svojo shematičnostjo sicer ne podaja Zgodovina raziskovanj Šele v sredini 19. stoletja so ostanki rimskih zidov, stolpov Napisal je številne članke, v katerih je prišel do podobnih realne slike na terenu.7 in utrdb vzbudili zanimanje Petra Hitzingerja (1812–1867), zaključkov kot Hitzinger. Rimski zid je pričel raziskovati leta Markantno obzidje trdnjave Ad Pirum na Hrušici je v preteklosti župnika v Podlipi pri Vrhniki. Ugotovil je, da gre za organiziran 1842, ko so ob gradnji železnice porušili del zidu nad Vrhniko. naredilo velik vtis na popotnike, ki so potovali iz Logatca proti Colu sistem zapor, in ga povezal s kasno antiko. O zidu je napisal številne članke, raziskovalno pa se je povezal in Ajdovščini.2 Teolog in zgodovinar Janez Ludvik Schönleben tudi s Hitzingerjem.6 (1618–1681) je v svojem najpomembnejšem zgodovinskem Hitzinger je popisal in skiciral zapore med Vrhniko in Ljubljano, 3 delu obzidje povezal s trdnjavo Ad Pirum in jo lociral na Hrušico. med drugim tudi zidove na Hrušici.5 Slika 10. Načrt trdnjave Ad Pirum, kot jo je leta 1863 upodobil A. Rieger (Scussa, Kandler 1863) Rieger je tloris objavil v monografiji, v kateri je Kandler opisal tudi trdnjavo na Hrušici8 ter objavil načrt rimskih obrambnih zidov med Vipavsko dolino in Reko, na katerega je med Reko in Ajdovščino zmotno umestil tudi tako imenovani »notranji zid« (slika 11). Slika 4. Izsek iz Schönlebnovega zemljevida Kranjske v rimskem obdobju. Trdnjava Ad Pirum je označena na njegovi sredini, precej pod njeno dejansko lego (Schönleben 1681). Trideset let kasneje je v sistem zapor in v širši geografski kontekst hrušiško trdnjavo umestil direktor Kranjskega 9 Janez Vajkard Valvasor (1641–1693) je na bakrorezu upodobil deželnega muzeja v Ljubljani Alfons Müllner (1840–1918). poštno postajo in ob njej ležečo cerkvico sv. Jedrti, pred Sprožil je pobudo, da bi sistematično raziskali zaporni sistem. cerkvijo pa se lepo vidi del rimskega stolpa, ki je branil vhod v Topografsko je obdelal območje Hrušice in vrhniški del 10 trdnjavo. Valvasorja je zanimala poštna postaja, saj je življenje zapornega sistema, ki ga je poimenoval »rimski limes«. Slika 6. Peter Hitzinger (1812–1867) Slika 8. Načrt Hrušice Petra Hitzingerja iz leta 1861 (Hitzinger 1861)
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