A Római Birodalom Határai Frontiers of the Roman Empire David J

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A Római Birodalom Határai Frontiers of the Roman Empire David J A RÓMAI BIRODALOM HATÁRAI FRONTIERS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE DAVID J. BREEZE – SONJA JILEK - ANDREAS THIEL A RÓMAI LIMES MAGYARORSZÁGON THE ROMAN LIMES IN HUNGARY VISY ZSOLT Támogató: CENTRAL EUROPE PROGRAM PTE Régészet Tanszék Pécs, 2009. Előlap/Front cover: erődkapu cserépmodellje Intercisából/Clay model of a gate of a fort from Intercisa Hátlap/Back cover: Az Antoninus Falról (Skócia, UK) származó felirat, amelyik a limes egy szakaszának a megépítéséről tájékoztat/An inscription from the Antonine Wall (Scotland, UK) recording the construction of a section of the frontier Copyright © by Historic Scotland, UK; Deutsche Limeskommission, Germany, Pécsi Tudományegyetem Régészet Tanszék Kiadó/edited by Zsolt Visy Fordítás/translation by Zsuzsa Katona Győr Nyelvhelyességi szempontból ellenőrizte: Dr. Fülep Ferencné és Fülep Zsófia Szerkesztés/designed by Krisztián Kolozsvári A 2. javított kiadás a Central Europe Program, Danube Limes pályázatának keretében valósult meg Nyomda/printed by Bornus 2009 Nyomda, Pécs Pécs 2009 ISBN 978-963-642-234-9 Tartalom CONTENTS A Római Birodalom határai ����������������������������� 5 Frontiers of the Roman Empire ����������������������� 5 A római limes Magyarországon ��������������������� 35 The Roman limes in Hungary ����������������������� 35 Szakirodalmi tájékoztató ������������������������������� 79 Further Reading ������������������������������������������� 79 A képek forrása . 82 Illustration acknowledgments . 82 Rövidítések . 83 Abbreviations ����������������������������������������������� 83 A RÓMAI Birodalom The limes of the LIMESE ROMAN EMPIRE David J. Breeze – S. Jilek – A. Thiel David J. Breeze – S. Jilek – A. Thiel Előszó Introduction Világunk ma számtalan kihívást tartogat szá- Today´s world offers many challenges. Roman munkra. A római határvidék egyetlen államot vett frontiers defined a single state, albeit one which körül, amely azonban ma már nem létezik. Ha- no longer exists. Their remains are now spread gyatéka ma Európa, a Közel-Kelet és Észak-Afrika across our countries in Europe, the Middle East több országában található. Közös jellegzetességei and North Africa. Not surprisingly, our knowl- miatt a római határvidéket mégis úgy kell kezel- edge of the archaeological resource varies from nünk mintha egyetlen műemlék volna. Talán nem country to country. Yet, the common features of meglepő, hogy a régészeti leletekről szerzett is- Roman frontiers demand that they are treated as mereteink országról országra változnak. A római a single monument. Roman frontiers are the joy határvidék igazi csemege a kulturális turizmus of the aficionado of cultural tourism – here is one szerelmeseinek, mert adva van egy nagyszerű great cultural route running right round the Ro- kulturális útvonal, amely mintegy körüljárja a Ró- man empire, offering not just different sites but a mai Birodalmat, és nem csak különböző régésze- wide range of landscape and scenery. 1. A Római Birodalom térképe a 2. század közepén, Antoninus Pius (Kr. u. 138–161) császársága idején. 1. Map of the Roman empire in the mid-second century under the Emperor Antoninus Pius (AD 138–161) 5 3. Constantinopolis (Törökország) falai. 1453-ban került török fennhatóság alá. Ez a Római Birodalom végét jelentette. 3. The walls of Constantinople (Turkey). It was in 1453 that they fell to the Turks and the Roman empire came to an end 2. A Gasr-Bishr-i (Jordánia) katonai tábor erődítményei és saroktornya. 2. Fortifications and corner tower at the fort of Gasr Bishr (Jordan) 5. A kínai nagy fal 1987 óta a világörökség része. 5. The Great Wall of China, World Heritage Site since 1987 4. Marcus Aurelius (Alec Guiness) beszédet mond katonáinak Anthony Mann filmjében. (The fall of the Roman Empire,[1964]) 4. Marcus Aurelius (Alec Guinness) addressing the soldiers in 6. Katonai dokumentumok a Han korszakból (Kína). Anthony Manns “The Fall of the Roman Empire” (1964) 6. Military documents of the Han period (China) 6 ti lelőhelyekkel ismertet meg, hanem az azokat Protection is a complex issue in the face of our körülvevő változatos tájjal is. modern society and its demands. Archaeological investigation is an increasingly complex operation Modern társadalmunk elvárásaira és igényeire requiring more resources. Access to existing in- is tekintettel levő műemlékvédelem megvaló- formation can be difficult owing to the range of sítása bonyolult feladat. A régészeti kutatások is languages and styles of documentation. Visitors egyre szerteágazóbbak és egyre több forrást igé- have high expectations, fuelled by television and nyelnek. A dokumentumok nyelve és stílusa je- other media presentations. To create and manage lentősen különbözik, ezért még a rendelkezésre a single large monument such as the “Frontiers álló adatokhoz is nehéz hozzáférni. A televízió és of the Roman Empire” demands a management más hírközlési szervek műsorainak köszönhető- philosophy in which the whole frontier complex en a látogatók elvárásai igen nagyok. Egy olyan is treated holistically while local traditions and hatalmas műemlék, mint a Római Birodalom practices are respected: This is a considerable határterületei létrehozásához és menedzselésé- challenge as well as a great opportunity for inter- hez olyan menedzsment filozófiát kell kialakítani, national co-operation. amely egységként tudja kezelni a teljes határvidé- ket, de közben a helyi szokásokat és gyakorlatot It is clear that the protection and enhancement is tiszteletben tartja. Ez meglehetősen nagy kihí- of our common heritage requires much energy vás, de ugyanakkor nemzetközi együttműködé- and tolerance, between and among the scien- sek kialakításának nagyszerű lehetősége is. tific community and administrators, at every level from the local to the international. Az is magától értetődik, hogy egyetemes örök- ségünk védelme helyi és nemzetközi szinten is sok energiát és türelmet ígényel a tudósoktól és tisztviselőktől egyaránt. 7 7. Titus császár diadalíve a Forum Romanumon (Olaszország). 8. Volubilis római város (Marokkó). 7. The Arch of Titus at the Forum Romanum in Rome (Italy) 8. The Roman city of Volubilis (Morocco) 9. Elefánt sisakot viselő római katonákat ábrázoló dombormű, Tell el-Herr (Egyiptom). 9. Relief with soldiers wearing elephant helmets, Tell el-Herr (Egypt) 11. A palmyrai Barathes feleségének sírköve South Shields- ből (Nagy-Britannia). Az alsó feliraton palmyrai nyelven ez olvasható: „Regina, Barathes felszabadítottja”. 10. Tradicionális pannoniai ruhát viselő polgárok sírköve 11. The tombstone of Regina, wife of Barathes of Palmyra, Aquincumból (Magyarország). from South Shields (UK): The lower inscription reads in 10. Tombstone of civilians from Aquincum (Hungary) wearing Palmyrene: “Regina, the freedwoman of Barathes, alas” the local Pannonian dress 8 A Római Birodalom egyetemes Common cultural heritage kulturális öröksége of the Roman empire A Római Birodalom határvidéke a Földközi- Roman frontiers are part of a common herit- tengert körülvevő országok egyetemes hagyaté- age of the countries circling the Mediterranean kának része, amelyen egymást követő generációk Sea. Successive generations have built on that nőttek fel, és amelyek egyben alakították is azt. heritage and modified it thus helping to create Ennek következtében ez az örökség modern our modern world. Today, our world appears to világunk létrehozásában is szerepet játszott. Ma be diverse, divided by language, religion and tra- olyan változó világban élünk, amelyet különböző ditions. Yet, our heritage is more common than vallások, nyelvek és hagyományok osztanak meg. we sometimes appreciate. Much knowledge of Örökségünk mégis egyetemesebb annál, mint va- the ancient world has come to us through the laha is gondoltuk volna. Az arab országok a Késő Arab world, the real inheritors of the late Roman Római Birodalom igazi örökösei, közvetítésükkel empire. sok ismeretet szereztünk az ókori világról. How the Romans managed to rule their enor- Ahogy a rómaiak képesek voltak hatalmas orszá- mous empire with a relatively small professional gukat egy viszonylag kicsi hadsereggel irányítani, az army is a spectacular statement of power and a a hatalom és a folyamatos elbűvölés képességének constant fascination. The Romans were not only magával ragadó megnyilvánulása. A rómaiak nem experts in the use of power – and force – but csak a hatalom és az erő gyakorlásának szakértői also in portraying a strong image about them- voltak, de megvolt az a képességük is, hogy igen selves. Indeed, that image was so strong that it határozott arculatot alakítsanak ki saját magukról. still excites our imagination today. Great literature Ez az arculat olyan jellegzetes, hogy egészen nap- and fantastic films demonstrate our continuing jainkig megmozgatja képzeletünket. Nagyszerű fascination with that image. irodalmi alkotások és lenyűgöző filmek bizonyítják szakadatlan nagyrabecsülésünket. The Roman empire The Roman state, in one form or another, sur- A Római Birodalom vived for over 2000 years. Its empire was one A római állam több mint 2000 évig állt fenn of the greatest states which the world has seen, valamilyen formában. A Római Birodalom a föld close only to China in its size and longevity. In- valaha létezett legnagyobb államainak egyike, ki- deed, our knowledge of the administrative ar- terjedésében és hosszú létében is csak Kínához rangements of the Chinese empire, which have hasonlítható. A Kínai Birodalom közigazgatásáról survived in better condition and more detail than többet tudunk, mint a Róma Birodaloméról, mert those for the Roman empire, aids
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