Historical Review on the Patterns of Open Innovation at the National Level: the Case of the Roman Period
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Ad Pirum (Hrušica) in Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
Vestnik XXVI AD PIRUM (HrušicA) IN CLAUSTRA ALPIUM IULIARUM Peter Kos Vestnik XXVI AD PIRUM (HrušicA) IN CLAUSTRA ALPIUM IULIARUM Peter Kos Ad Pirum (Hrušica) in Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 5 Izdajatelj – partner projekta Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije Peter Kos: AD PIRUM (HRUŠICA) IN CLAUSTRA ALPIUM IULIARUM Vsebina Za izdajatelja: Jelka Pirkovič Uvod 7 Urednica zbirke: Zgodovina raziskovanj 7 Biserka Ribnikar Vasle Urednik: Obrambni sistem Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 13 Peter Kos Redaktor: Umestitev zapornega sistema Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 14 Marko Stokin Recenzija: Arhitektura zapor 15 Janka Istenič Zaporni zidovi 20 Jezikovni pregled: Kamniti oporniki 21 Alenka Kobler Stolpi 22 Oblikovanje: Vratni stolpi 25 Nuit, d. o. o. V zaporne zidove vgrajene manjše trdnjave 26 Naslovnica: Tloris cisterne v sondah XX in XXII (Arhiv AONMS) Trdnjava na Lanišču 26 Trdnjava pod Brstom pri Martinj Hribu 27 Ljubljana, 2014 Kronološka vprašanja gradnje zapornega sistema 32 Funkcija zapornega sistema Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 35 Publikacija je sofinancirana v okviru Programa čezmejnega sodelovanja Slovenija-Italija 2007–2013 iz sred¬stev Evropskega sklada za regionalni razvoj in iz nacionalnih sredstev. Zgodovinski viri 37 Vsebina publikacije ne odraža nujno uradnega stališča Evropske unije. Hrušica 41 Za vsebino publikacije je odgovoren izključno avtor. Hrušica v antičnih virih 41 © ZVKDS in Peter Kos, 2014. Vse pravice pridržane. Trdnjava 42 Brez pisnega dovoljenja založnika in avtorja je prepovedano reproduciranje, distribuiranje, javna priobčitev, -
Hungarian Archaeology E-Journal • 2018 Spring
HUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY E-JOURNAL • 2018 SPRING www.hungarianarchaeology.hu PLUMBATA, THE ROMAN-STYLE DARTS. A Late Antique Weapon from Annamatia TAMÁS KESZI1 It is possible to view an unusual object in the display showing Roman military equipment at the permanent exhibit of the Intecisa Museum, a special weapon of the army in Late Antiquity, the plumbata.2 The meaning of the Latin word is ‘leaden’, but if the construction and use of the implement is taken into account it could be called a dart in English. With this ca. 50 cm long, hand-thrown weapon the heavy infantry could have begun to disrupt the diployment of the enemy from a distance. WRITTEN SOURCES The name and description of the projectile weapon called a plumbata in Latin is known from numerous sources from Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. (VERMAAT 2015) (Fig. 1) Fig. 1: Depiction of a plumbata tribolata and mamillata. The lead weight is missing from the latter (Source: http:// rekostwargames.blogspot.hu/2016/11/roman-unit-menapii-seniores.html, date of download: 19 April 2018) According to Flavius Vegetius Renatus, who lived in the Late Imperial period, the expert soldiers of two legions in Illyricum used the plumbata, and so they were called Mattiobarbuli (I 17. II 15. 16. 23. III 14. IV 21. 44.). The emperors Diocletian (284–305) and Maximian (286–305) honored the two units with the title Jovian and Herculean for their prowess. From Vegetius’s description it seems that the two units used the plumbata prior to Diocletian coming to power, but it is perhaps only after this, in the last decades of the 3rd century, that its use spread to the other units of the empire as well. -
10 Deadliest World Events in Human History by Simon Rickards, January 3, 2013
10 Deadliest World Events In Human History by Simon Rickards, January 3, 2013 • • • Throughout human history, there have been many world events that have seen a multitude of deaths and widespread destruction. The ten entries on this list are ranked according to the number of deaths. While some of the events spanned just a few years, others occurred over centuries. Since these death toll estimates are always highly disputed, I have made it a rule to use the highest respectable estimate in every case. I have also chosen to focus this list on ‘man-made’ events – natural disasters have not been included. 10 Atlantic Slave Trade DeathD Toll Estimate: 15 Million The Atlantic (or Trans-Atlantic) slave trade began roughly in the 16th century, reaching its peak in the 17th century until finally being all but abolished in the 19th Century. The main driving force behind this trade was the need for European empires to establish themselves in the New World. European and American settlers therefore began to use mainly West African slaves to fill the vast labor needs on plantations. Estimates vary on the amount of slaves who died, but it is said that for every ten slaves taken on a ship, fourf would perish from causes related to mistreatment. 9 Late Yuan Warfare & Transition to Ming Dynasty DeathD Toll Estimate: 30 Million The Yuan dynasty was founded by Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, around 1260. Yuan literally translates as ‘Great is the Heavenly and Primal’, though there proved to be nothing either great or heavenly about it. -
Roman Warfare and Fortification
Roman Warfare and Fortification Oxford Handbooks Online Roman Warfare and Fortification Gwyn Davies The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World Edited by John Peter Oleson Print Publication Date: Dec 2009 Subject: Classical Studies, Ancient Roman History, Material Culture Studies Online Publication Date: Sep 2012 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734856.013.0028 Abstract and Keywords This article concentrates on the role of technology in improving the operational capabilities of the Roman state. It reviews the organizational and weapon system developments that enabled Roman armies to engage their enemies with confidence in the field, alongside the evolution of fortification schemes that enabled economies of force, which were essential to imperial security. Roman weapons and equipment include the spear, sword, missiles, artillery, shields, helmets, and body armor. Although the Roman army was often on the attack and made use of complex siege technology, it was also highly skilled in the preparation of defensive fortifications. The Romans diligently applied themselves to the arts of war. Their successful mastery of battlefield techniques and their adoption, where appropriate, of equipment and technologies first introduced by their opponents allowed Roman armies to sustain the state over several hundreds of years of challenge and change. Keywords: Roman armies, Roman warfare, Roman fortification, spear, sword, missiles, artillery, shields, helmets, body armor Warfare and the Romans A message relayed to the Roman people by Romulus after his translation to the heavens, stands as an unambiguous endorsement of Roman military prowess. “Tell the Romans that it is the gods' will that my Rome shall be the capital of the world; therefore let them cultivate the arts of war and let them know and teach their children that no human force can resist Roman arms” (Livy 1.16.7). -
Barbarian Invasion
The Representation of the Roman Army c.363-425AD in Rome: Total War: Barbarian Invasion Daniel McDevitt Senior Sophister Trinity College Dublin Word Count: 11,539 McDevitt i Acknowledgments An enormous thank you to Dr. Hazel Dodge for all her help with this paper, for not laughing too much when I suggested the idea of analyzing a video game, and for her speedy and timely responses to my many frantic emails. A thank you to my mom and grandmom for encouraging me to pursue my education and supporting me in my moving to a foreign country for university. A thank you to my muse who inspires me to be a better person and has supported me in my many moments of selfdoubt. And finally a thank you to my father for always giving me the motivation to succeed. McDevitt ii Table of Contents Abbreviations………………………………………………………….pg iii Introduction…………………………………………………………….pg 1 Chapter 1: Military Unit Types and Titles …………………….…....pg 4 Chapter 2: Army Recruitment, Training, and Upkeep………….. pg 21 Chapter 3: Arms and Armor ……………………………………….pg 36 Conclusion………………………………………………………….. pg 49 Appendix ………………………………………………………….... pg 51 Bibliography……………………………………………………...…. pg 65 McDevitt iii Abbreviations Amm. Ammianus Marcellinus Barbarian Invasion Rome: Total War: Barbarian Invasion C.Th. C odex Theodosianus Not. Dig. N otitia Dignitatum Veg. Vegetius Zos. Zosimus McDevitt 1 Introduction The working objective of this dissertation is to examine the manner in which the video game R ome: Total War: Barbarian Invasion represents the realities of the Roman army between 363 and 425 AD. Before getting into format and layout, a few notes first on the relevance of the objective of this paper, the time period under study, and the video game itself. -
Raffaele D'amato
STUDIA I MATERIAŁY – STUDIES AND MATERIALS Acta Militaria Mediaevalia VII Kraków – Rzeszów – Sanok 2011, s. 7-48 Raffaele D’Amato Σιδηροράβδιον, βαρδούκιον, ματζούκιον, κορύνη: THE WAR-MACE OF BYZANTIUM, 9th-15th C. AD. NEW EVIDENCE FROM THE BALKANS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE WORLD MUSEUM OF MAN, FLORIDA Abstract: R. D’Amato 2011, Σιδηροράβδιον, βαρδούκιον, ματζούκιον, κορύνη: The war-mace of Byzantium, the 9th-15th c. AD. New evidences from the Balkans in the collection of the World Museum of Man, Florida, AMM VII: 7-48 Analyzing the collection of war-maces from the Balkans kept in the World Museum of Man and Prehistory located in Central Florida, U.S.A., this article presents a fine array of 30 Byzantine era mace heads of iron and bronze, said to have come from battlefield areas of the eastern Balkans along the Danube River Valley. The number as well as the diverse shapes and characteristics of these specimens, in comparison with already existing specimens and with the images of the war-mace in the East-Roman art, could allow for the first time an attempt of classification of the war-mace used at Byzantium between the 9th and the 15th c. AD. Keywords: Byzantium, mace, typology, cavalry, infantry The World Museum of Man and Prehistory areas of the eastern Balkans along the Danube (www.WorldMuseumofMan.org), located in Central River Valley. The number as well as the diverse Florida, U.S.A., was founded and is currently shapes and characteristics of these specimens, in directed by Mr. John McNamara1 who, out of comparison with already existing specimens and his great love and passion for ancient cultures with the images of the war-mace in the East-Roman and civilizations, decided some years ago to art, could allow for the first time an attempt of establish a private Museum2 of paleontological classification of the war-mace used at Byzantium and archaeological artefacts from private collections between the 9th and the 15th c. -
Ad Pirum (Hrušica): Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
Vestnik XXVI / I AD PIRUM (HRUŠICA): CLAUSTRA ALPIUM IULIARUM Peter Kos Vestnik XXVI / I AD PIRUM (HRUŠICA): CLAUSTRA ALPIUM IULIARUM Peter Kos Ad Pirum (Hrušica) e Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 5 Partner attuatore: Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije / Pubblicazione a cura dell’Istituto per la Tutela dei Beni Culturali della Slovenia Peter Kos: AD PIRUM (HRUŠICA) E I CLAUSTRA ALPIUM IULIARUM Indice Per l’Istituto: Jelka Pirkovič Introduzione 7 Curatrice della collana: Storia delle indagini 7 Biserka Ribnikar Vasle A cura di: Il sistema difensivo dei Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 13 Peter Kos Redazione: L’ubicazione del sistema dei Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 14 Marko Stokin Recensione: L’architettura dei claustra 15 Janka Istenič Le muraglie di sbarramento 20 Traduzione in italiano: Gli elementi di sostegno in muratura 21 »NoVa« Riccardo Bertoni Le torri 22 Revisione della versione italiana: Le torri d’accesso 25 Katharina Zanier I fortini inclusi nelle muraglie di sbarramento 26 Progetto grafico: Il fortino di Lanišče 26 Nuit d.o.o. Il fortino sotto il Brst presso Martinj hrib 27 In copertina: Pianta della cisterna nei saggi di scavo XX e XXII (Archivio AONMS) Le questioni cronologiche legate alla costruzione del sistema dei claustra 32 La funzione del sistema dei Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 35 Ljubljana, 2014 Le fonti storiche 37 Pubblicazione finanziata nell’ambito del Programma per la Cooperazione Transfrontaliera Italia-Slovenia 2007-2013 dal Fondo europeo di sviluppo regionale e dai fondi nazionali. Hrušica 41 I contenuti della pubblicazione non rispecchiano necessariamente la posizione ufficiale dell’Unione europea. Responsabile dei contenuti della pubblicazione è da considerarsi esclusivamente l’Autore. -
Codex Martialis: Weapons of the Ancient World
Cod ex Mart ial is Weapo ns o f t he An cie nt Wor ld : Par t 2 Arm or a nd M issile Weapo ns Codex Martialis : Weapons of the A ncient World Par t II : Ar mo r an d Mi ss il e We ap on s 1 188.6.65.233 Cod ex Mart ial is Weapo ns o f t he An cie nt Wor ld : Par t 2 Arm or a nd M issile Weapo ns Codex Martialis: Weapons of the Ancient World Part 2 , Ar mor an d Missile Weapo ns Versi on 1 .6 4 Codex Ma rtia lis Copyr ig ht 2 00 8, 2 0 09 , 20 1 0, 2 01 1, 20 1 2,20 13 J ean He nri Cha nd ler 0Credits Codex Ma rtia lis W eapons of th e An ci ent Wo rld : Jean He nri Chandler Art ists: Jean He nri Cha nd ler , Reyna rd R ochon , Ram on Esteve z Proofr ead ers: Mi chael Cur l Special Thanks to: Fabri ce C og not of De Tail le et d 'Esto c for ad vice , suppor t and sporad ic fa ct-che cki ng Ian P lum b for h osting th e Co de x Martia lis we bsite an d co n tinu in g to prov id e a dvice an d suppo rt wit ho ut which I nev e r w oul d have publish ed anyt hi ng i ndepe nd ent ly. -
Graves, Crypts and Parthian Weapons Excavated from the Gravesites of Vestemin
HISTORIA I ŚWIAT, nr 7 (2018) ISSN 2299 - 2464 Gholamreza KARAMIAN (Central Branch,Tehran Azad University, Iran) Kaveh FARROKH (Langara College, Vancouver, Canada) Mohammad Fallah KIAPI (ICHTO Mazandaran, Iran) Hossein Nemati LOJANDI (ICHTO Mazandaran, Iran) Graves, Crypts and Parthian Weapons excavated from the Gravesites of Vestemin Keywords: Parthian Weapons, Vestemin, Iran, Crypts, Graves, military equipment Introduction This article describes a series of finds of Parthian military items in the graves and crypts of Vestemin in northern Iran. These findings are especially significant as they provide an array of discoveries of military equipment: swords, daggers, spearheads, arrowheads, armor and a possible helmet. This study obliges a revision of Winkelman’s observation that “few finds of weapons have been made inside Iran” with respect to Parthian military equipment. In an overall sense, these findings may prove to be as significant to the domain of Parthian military studies as the well-known site of Dura Europos. The excavations have also discovered a coin of Philip the Arab or his son from the early Sasanian era which has assisted the authors’ dating of the Vestemin site. The site of Vestemin is not exclusively a burial venue as the site also has defense works as well as a fortress dated the later Parthian era c. 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE). The military architecture of Vestemin will be analyzed in a forthcoming study by the authors. Archaeological conditions, geographical and the environmental characteristics of Letsar village of Vestemin Even as historical sources pertaining to Mazandaran during the Parthian era have been scant at best, excavations across the region’s hills, gravesites, and fortresses have revealed a significant cultural and archaeological presence. -
Vegetius on the Roman Navy: Translation and Commentary
VEGETIUS ON THE ROMAN NAVY: TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY, BOOK FOUR, 31 - 46 by PAUL DANIEL EMANUELE B.A., University of British Columbia, 1969 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Classics We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November, 1974 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that publication, in part or in whole, or the copying of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. PAUL DANIEL EMANUELE Department of Classics The University of British Columbia Vancouver V6TiW5, Canada Date i I ABSTRACT This thesis is made up of three parts. The first discusses by way of introduction the unresolved questions concerning Flavius Vegetius Renatus and his Epitoma Rei Militarise reviewing the arguments and evidence which have been brought to bear on such fundamental issues as the proper spelling of the author's name, his station in life, the place in which he lived and wrote, his floruit-date and the identity of the emperor to whom he dedicated his work. Since there exists no external evidence which might aid in the solution of any of these problems, the arguments put forward have been based upon clues found within the text. -
JRMES Consolidated Index 1 To
JOURNAL OF ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT STUDIES Dedicated to the Study of the Weapons, Armour, and Military Fittings of the Armies and Enemies of Rome and Byzantium Consolidated Index Volumes 1 (1990) to 11 (2000) Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies http://www.jrmes.org JRMES Editor M.C. Bishop, Braemar, Kirkgate, Chirnside, Duns, Berwickshire, TD11 3XL, Scotland email: [email protected] Index Compiler M.C. Bishop Editorial Board Mr P. Connolly, 22 Spring Street, Spalding, PE11 2XW, England Dr J.C.N. Coulston, School of Greek, Latin & Ancient History, University of St Andrews, St Salvators College, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AL, Scotland Dr C. van Driel-Murray, IPP, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands Notes for contributors and page templates for JRMES are available from the editor and the JRMES Web page Shorter notes, bibliographical information, and general news about the Roman Military Equipment Conference are published twice a year (summer and winter) in Arma, Newsletter of the Roman Military Equipment Conference. This is available from M.C. Bishop at the above address for an annual subscription of £5.00. Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studiesis edited by M.C. Bishop and published by The Armatura Press ©2003 M.C. Bishop Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studiesis available from Oxbow Books, Park End Place, Oxford, OX1 1HN, UK (Phone: +44-1865-241249; Fax: +44-1865-794449; Email: [email protected]) (Website: http://www.oxbowbooks.com/) and The David Brown Book Company PO Box 511, Oakville, CT 06779, -
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Guus Besuijen • Guus Besuijen A STUDY OF THE ROMAN SETTLEMENT AT AARDENBURG AND ITS METAL FINDS Beneath the surface of Aardenburg, a small town in the south-western part of the Netherlands, lie the remains of a Roman settlement that is presumed to have been named Rodanum. Extensive archaeological •RODANVM• excavations from the late 1950’s to the late 1980’s revealed that the Roman settlement was similar in size or even larger than the modern community at this location. Its centre was formed by a large castellum- type fortification wall that enclosed several large stone buildings. The settlement was connected to the sea by a natural watercourse that de- fined its economic and logistical importance in the region. Rodanum’s military function was to secure the regional coast against attacks by Germanic tribes via the North Sea, which occurred around AD 175. It continued to be inhabited until the late third century or the begin- ning of the fourth century, after which the settlement was deserted until the early Middle Ages. The first part of this study provides an overview of Aardenburg du ring the Roman period, in which its economic and military functions within the region are explored. In particular, the military and civilian character of the town is discussed. The second part contains a study of the metal objects and aims to present significant additional infor- mation. This part concludes with a critical review of the current state of research at this site. Sidestone •RODANVM• ISBN 978-90-8890-016-7 A STUDY OF THE ROMAN SETTLEMENT Sidestone Press RODANVM ISBN: 978-90-8890-016-7 AT AARDENBURG AND ITS METAL FINDS Bestelnummer: SSP36650001 • 69351647 9 789088 900167 This is an Open Access publication.