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PDF (Volume 1) Durham E-Theses Peace-time routine in the Roman army Davies, R. W. How to cite: Davies, R. W. (1967) Peace-time routine in the Roman army, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8075/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk P.Wo MVIES PEACE-TIME ROUTINE IN THE ROMAN ARMY VOLUME I PhoT. Thesis 1967 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged CONTENTS Contents i Figures ii Preface in Abbreviations v Is Introduction 1 lit Guard Duties 20 lilt Training and Eseroises 41 IV: Manoeuvres 154 V» Administration and Paperwork 182 VI* Parades and Inspections 256 VIIs Supplies 307 VIIIi Food 359 IXt Paramilitary Duties 436 Xi Other Duties 521 XIt Individual Tuties 563 XIIs Off-Duty 599 XIIIi Epilogue 615 Corrigenda and Addenda 624 Contents 625 -I- FIGURE S 1 P.Dura 82.ai.1-13 204 2 CLA 711 212 3 CLA 7I.A 215 > 4 CLA 9 218 5 P.Dura lOO.xxxviii.11-27 235 6 BOU 696 238 7 CLA 219 -.V 239 8 BGU 1564 319 * 9 P.Aroh. 107 374 10 Table 384 11 ILS 5795 548 12 CLA 7V.I-XIV 587 13 OLA 7V.XV-XXXII 588 } 14 Analysis of CLA ?V 589 15 Analysis of P.Dura 100 and 101 591 PREFACE This thesis represents the results of two years full time study as a State Research Student in the Department of Archaeology, Durham University, from 1963 to 1965* I also spent as much time as my lecturing commitments would permit in 1965 and 1966 m finishing the draft version* Bo works published after 1st January, 1967» have been consulted in this study, and I started to type the final version on that date* All the translations from Latin and Greek in this thesis are my own* I have used the convention •*• to show a lacuna in the original souroe and * * . to indioate where I have omitted part of the document* I have converted dates in the Roman and Egyptian calendars to the equivalent English ones* I have omitted titles of rank* such as vir clarissimus* and also the full nomenclature of Emperors, in my translations, as it is virtually impossible to obtain apt modern equivalents. The notes will be found at the end of each chapter. Host paragraphs have a number at the end, which refers to the number in the notes. Where a paragraph ends in a quotation in single spacing* the number has been given immediately before the quotation, to avoid confusion* In the notes under any given number, a key word in the text is quoted and the reference given after a dash. -lii- Cross-references are given to the number in the notes, not to the page in the text* I have tended to use standard abbreviations or Tones tha't .tfo.ll''"be easily reoognisable for Latin and Greek texts, epigraphy, papyri, batraoa, and journals. However, for certain works on military and also general topics, to which reference has been frequontly made, I have employed my own abbreviations, which t are.explained below* Where a number is given in brackets after a page reference, it refers,to the atem on that page with that i number* < ' / — 1 I There now remains the pleasant task of acknowledging the assistance most willingly given by various people* I wish to thank ])r* J«C* Mann and Dr. B. Dobson and other members of the sominars in the Archaeology Department for discussion on various topics put ' " ' - - ( forward in this thesis, whioh were first propounded to them. I should also,like to thank Prof* J.F. Gilliam for discussion on * -i — i several points^ vhioh are now incorporated in this thesis or in articles in the press to which reference is made. To my supervisor - >» Prof. E. Birley go my 1thanks for'all his kind help and advice over the years and for reading the draft version of this thesis. Finally, but by no means least, I am indebted to my wife, Janet, for her help in reading the draft, correcting spelling mistakes, improving the- English, and also the onerous task of proof-reading the final version. \' • * Leeds* H.W.D. t ABBREVIATIONS 1. Military Cagnat - R. Cagnat, L'Armee roaaine d'Afnque (seoond edition). Cheesman, Ausilia - G.L. Cneesman, The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army. Domaszewski, Religion - A. von Domaszewski, Die Religion dee rOmischen Feerea. Form - II reolutamento delle legioni da Augusto a Diooleaiano. Lesquior — J. Lesquier, L'Armee romaine d'Egypte d*Auguste a Diocletien. Mariohal, Occupation - R. Manohal, L*Occupation romaine de la Basse Egyptet le statut des auxilia. Parker, Legions - H.M.D. Parker, Roman Legions. Passer mi, legio - A. Passerim, article in Eiz. epigr. sv legio. Rangordnung - A. von Domaszewski, Die Rangoranung des rOmisohen 'e-_-t Heeres. RBRS - E. Birley, Roman Britain and thq Roman Army. BIN - C. G. Starr, Roman Imperial Navy. Richmond, RLC - I.A. Richmond, 'Roman Legionaries at Corbridge, their Supply-base, Temples and Religious Cults' m AA4, XXI. 127-224. TATC - I.A* Richmond, 'Trajan's Army on Trajan's Column' in Papers of the BritiBh School at Rome, XIII.1-40. 2* General ABR - J.H.C.' Toynbee, Art in Britain under the Romans. BR - M.G. Jarrett and B. Bobeon (editors). Britain and Rome. Caprine - C. Cdprino et al., La colonna di Marco Aurelio. Cichorius - C. Cichonus, Die Reliefs der Traianesftule. Curie. HewBtead - J. Curie, A Roman Frontier Post and Its Peoples The Fort of flewstead in the Parish of Melrose. DPP - C.B. Welles, R.O. Fink, J.F. Gilliam, The Excavations at Bura-Europos. Final Report V, Part I.s The Parchments and Esperiandieu, Beoueil - E. Esperi&n&u, Reoueil general dee bas-reliefs de la Gaule romaine. FPRB - P. Salway, The Frontier People of Roman Britain. HB - I.A. Richmond (revising J. Collingwood Bruoe), Handbook to the Roman Wall.(twelfth edition). Limesfflhrer - W. Sohleiermaoher, Per Limesfflhrer fttr Autofahrer und Wanderer. PetrikovitB,- rBmisohe Bheinland - H. von Petrikovits, Das rQnueohe t Rheinlandt ArohSologische Forschungen seit 1945* Pflaum, Carrieres - H.-G. Pflaum, Lea carriores procuratoriennes equestres sous le haut-empire romain. Pflaum - Procurateurs - H.-G. Pflaum, Les proourateurs equestres sous le haut-empire romain. RCAM - Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments. -VI- Report I [etc] - The Excavations at Dura-Buropos,.Preliminary Report of the First [etc] Season of Work. BFtf - V.E. Hash-Williams, The Roman Frontier in Sales. RHU - E. Birley, Research on Hadrian's Wall. RHgB " I.A. Richmond (editor), Roman and Hative in North Britain. RR - I.A. Richmond, The Romans in Redesdale', in Northumberland County Historyt XV. RWS2 - G. MaoEonald, The Roman Wall in Scotland (second edition). N.B. Several works have been ascribed to Caesar to facilitate referenced Aristides means the oration £t£ PJ1M HW To facilitate reference the epitomes of Dio have been ascribed to Bio. Vegetius refers to the Bpitooa Rei Militaris. -vii- Anstides, 72a: KAip«j etfTS-tV, ocrt«j «d Ke»i TOUT* I irfrve^Care t«u Josephus, B.J.,3»104> on the results of military disciplines c » * > «A/j €-V T€ €tpy/| KOtpoV f»\W. Aristides, 88, on Roman military organisation. -Vlll- PEACE-TIME ROUTINE IN THE ROMAN ARMY i CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION I 1- -2- Many scholars of various nationaliiaeB^have'-stiadaefihthee separate parts of the Roman armed forces and different military aspects and have produoed learned hooks and papers on these topics. Some have studied the organisation and relative seniority of various JJCOs and specialisxs, others the armies of provinces, such as Egypt, Africa, and Germany} others have investigated the background of officers and soldiers, promotion and transfer, the pay, savings, and superannuation, the religious life, recruitment, discharge; some have studied the equipment of the troops, others piotorial representations of the army. However, no one as yet seems to have studied in any detail what the army did when it was not engaged in fighting. There were many times when a soldier must have joined his legion or auxiliary cohort or ala and seen little if any warfare during his quarter of a century in the armed forces; the history of Britain, for example, in the second century is very turbulent, but literature, epigraphy, and archaeology show little evidence for large scale fighting after the Severan reorganisation. This thesis is an attempt to illustrate some of the numerous routine duties that the various units would be engaged upon in time of peace.^ The units of the Roman army that have been studied in this thesis are the legions and the auxiliary cohortes and alae. The fleets have not been studied because they are an entirely separate arm of the military forces. The numeri and the ounei have been ignored because they appear to have had lower standards of living and to have been an inferior grade of troop to the legionaries and auxiliaries; furthermore, there is very little evidence for them, let alone for their routine.
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