DOCSLIB.ORG

The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in Their Social, Economic, and Political Context by Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Directo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in Their Social, Economic, and Political Context by Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Directo The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context By Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Director of Thesis: Dr. Frank Romer Major Department: History Abstract The goal of this thesis is, as the title affirms, to understand the military reforms of Gaius Marius in their broader societal context. In this thesis, after a brief introduction (Chap. I), Chap. II analyzes the Roman manipular army, its formation, policies, and armament. Chapter III examines Roman society, politics, and economics during the second century B.C.E., with emphasis on the concentration of power and wealth, the legislative programs of Ti. And C. Gracchus, and the Italian allies’ growing demand for citizenship. Chap. IV discusses Roman military expansion from the Second Punic War down to 100 B.C.E., focusing on Roman military and foreign policy blunders, missteps, and mistakes in Celtiberian Spain, along with Rome’s servile wars and the problem of the Cimbri and Teutones. Chap. V then contextualizes the life of Gaius Marius and his sense of military strategy, while Chap VI assesses Marius’s military reforms in his lifetime and their immediate aftermath in the time of Sulla. There are four appendices on the ancient literary sources (App. I), Marian consequences in the Late Republic (App. II), the significance of the legionary eagle standard as shown during the early principate (App. III), and a listing of the consular Caecilii Metelli in the second and early first centuries B.C.E. (App. IV). The Marian military reforms changed the army from a semi-professional citizen militia into a more professionalized army made up of extensively trained recruits who served for longer consecutive terms and were personally bound to their commanders. In this way these reforms created an army which could be used against other Roman commanders or the city itself. Military eligibility was no longer exclusive to landowners, and the capite censi had new opportunities for spoils and social and political advancement. Marius’ reforms were not completely novel, but the practices that he introduced he also cause to be established as standard operating procedure. He implemented these reforms in a time of crisis, and subsequently the extraordinary military careers of both Marius and Sulla acted to preserve his measures and to move the army far down the road of professionalization. What I have shown in this thesis is the larger economic, social, and political context which formed the background and provided the incubator in which Marius’ reforms were generated and developed. Once Marius crystalized his ideas and put them in place, the stage was set for Sulla and the new kind of military action that would seal the fate of the Republic. The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of History East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in History By Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 © 2015 Michael Gambino The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context By Michael C. Gambino Approved By: Thesis Director:_________________________________________________________________ F.E. Romer Ph.D. Committee Member:_____________________________________________________________ Anthony Papalas Ph.D. Committee Member:_____________________________________________________________ M. Todd Bennett Ph.D. Committee Member:_____________________________________________________________ John Stevens Ph.D. Chair of the Department of History:_________________________________________________ Gerald J. Prokopowicz Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School:______________________________________________________ Paul J. Gemperline Ph.D. Table of Contents List of Tables…………………………………………...…………………………….….v List of Figures…………………………………………...…………………………....…vi Preface……………………………………………...………………………………..….vii Chapter I. Introduction……………………………………………………………….....1 Chapter II. The Roman Manipular Army ...……………………………………….…19 Chapter III. Roman Society, Politics, and Economics during the 2nd Century……..41 Chapter IV. Roman Military Expansion from 2nd Punic until 100BC .....................64 Chapter V. Biography of Gaius Marius ........................................................................81 Chapter VI. Marian Military Reforms ........................................................................101 Works Cited ……………………………………………………………………...…....136 Appendix I: Marian Consequences in the Late Republic………….…………….....140 Appendix II: The Legionary Eagle Standard during the Principate……………....142 Appendix III: The Caecilii Metelli in the Second and Early First Centuries...…....144 List of Tables Table 3.1 …………………………………………….......……………………………... 51 List of Figures Figure 2.1 ………………………………………………………..……………………... 28 Figure 2.2 ………………………………………………………..………………………29 Figure 2.3 ………………………………………………………..……………………... 29 Figure 2.4 ……………………………………………..………………………………... 34 Figure 6.1………………………………………...……………………………….….... 117 Preface Textual evidence from the Roman period describes the armies of both the preceding and following periods in great detail. The manipular army of the Middle Republic (c. 164) is chronicled by the Greek historian Polybius, whose close association with the commander Scipio Aemilianus helped to grant him crucial insight into his contemporary Roman military practices. The army of Julius Caesar in the Late Republic (c.54) is described in meticulous detail by the general himself in his accounts of both the Gallic and the Civil wars. Between these two accounts of the army, the famous Roman general Gaius Marius is credited with enacting major army reforms between 107 and 101, changing the formation, tactics, and policies of his legions. The exact nature of Marius’ reforms and their role in the professionalization of the army is still unclear because of the patchwork coverage of ancient sources. As a result, all major military changes that occurred in the intermediary period (ca.150- ca.60) are generally attributed to Marius. This thesis will examine and determine the specific reforms and the historical evidence which ties Marius to them so as to determine whether each reform is Marian or not. This thesis explores the military social, economic, and political contexts in which Gaius Marius came to power and enacted his reforms. It analyzes the second century developmental context that spurred on radical army reforms. For both consistency and convenience, I use the Loeb English for Latin and Greek, in addition to preventing any personal biases or interpretations of my own from the evidence or prejudicing the translation. This thesis would not have been possible without the unwavering support of my parents, who never failed to encourage and motivate me; and the understanding and love of my best friend and partner, Rosie, who helped and accommodated me during graduate school and the research and writing of this project. And a special thank you to the faculty at East Carolina University’s Classics and History departments, most of all Professor Frank Romer, whose endless patience, wisdom, and guidance has led me through the long process of completing this project, and whose mentoring has developed me into a better historian, writer, and person Chapter I: Introduction During the final decade of the second century BCE,1 the Roman army underwent a series of major military reforms enacted by the seven-time consul, Gaius Marius. These reforms were aimed at reorganizing the legions in order to increase their flexibility and mobility, as well as to increase the overall number of their fighting force. Marius had instituted these reforms because Rome’s changing military needs at the end of the second century. Throughout the third and second centuries, Rome had come into conflict with several major overseas powers, namely, Carthage and various Greek entities. After several long campaigns the Romans resolved these conflicts through conquest. These victories expanded Rome’s dominion in the Mediterranean, and removed its most aggressive military rivals; in addition these conquests flooded Rome with the spoils of war. However, the Romans also found themselves in control of an overseas empire with all its inherent responsibilities like border security, maintaining order, and suppressing revolts. For the Romans to be able to maintain control over their newly acquired territories, they needed the ability to deal quickly and effectively with threats along their new borders, especially in North Africa and Spain. Also during this period, large armies of new northern invaders, namely, the Teutones and Cimbri, had begun to encroach on Roman territories from the north. Marius’ reforms did not occur in a vacuum. External pressures on the Roman army made reforms desirable, but internal social pressures motivated these changes as well. Marius was a major figure in the emblematic aristocratic conflict between the optimates and populares at Rome for influence and power. Not only was Marius a novus 1 All dates in this thesis are BCE unless otherwise specified. 2 homo, or “new man,” which indicated that he was not born into one of the powerful consular families and that he was the first person in his family to achieve the consulship, and he also was born into a family near Arpinum, a town in Latium. Marius had risen to success by his martial ability and the power of his personality. As a result, through a variety of events Marius became champion of the plebs,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CHRONOLOGY of BIBLICAL CHRISTIANITY by Dr
    THE AGES DIGITAL LIBRARY HISTORY A CHRONOLOGY OF BIBLICAL CHRISTIANITY by Dr. R.C. Wetzel B o o k s F o r Th e A g e s AGES Software • Albany, OR USA Version 1.0 © 1997 2 A CHRONOLOGY OF BIBLICAL CHRISTIANITY Dr. R. C. Wetzel AUTHOR’S APOLOGY The following chronology is an accumulation of research done off and on for the past thirty years. It began with the simple idea of trying to put a date on the major events set forth in the Bible so that a person can get a general birds-eye view of those events in their relation one to another. Then another idea was incorporated of showing “secular” events that happened at the same time as the “Biblical” events, so the reader can associate these events. Sometimes events in the “Biblical” world had an impact on the “secular” world, and vice-versa. 3 By the time I finished Revelation, I was already entering the “AD” period and figured, “Why stop now?” So I continued to follow Christianity in its growth and development, in the same format. This is not intended by any means to be an exhaustive account: who can compile a 6,000 year history of humanity into 200+ pages? Nor will I guarantee the accuracy of the dates used. Even the best authorities disagree on some of the dates of those ancient happenings. But, whether this is used for study or research, or read through as a novel, it will give a discerning person an idea of what it is all about.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10444-0 — Rome and the Third Macedonian War Paul J
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10444-0 — Rome and the Third Macedonian War Paul J. Burton Index More Information Index Abdera, Greek city on the h racian coast, 15n. second year 41 , 60 , 174 political disruption sparked by Roman h ird Macedonian War embassy, 143 second year troubles with Sparta, 13 , 82n. 23 brutalized by Hortensius, 140 Acilius Glabrio, M’. (cos. 191), 44 , 59n. 12 embassy to Rome, 140 Aetolian War s.c. de Abderitis issued, 140 , see also second year Appendix C passim given (unsolicited) strategic advice by Abrupolis, king of the h racian Sapaei, 15n. 41 Flamininus, 42 attacks Macedonia (179), 58 , 81 Syrian and Aetolian Wars Acarnania, Acarnanians, 14 second year deprived of the city of Leucas (167), 177 Battle of h ermopylae, 36 – 37 First Macedonian War recovers some cities in h essaly, 36 Roman operations in (211), 25 Aelius Ligus, P. (cos. 172), 112 politicians exiled to Italy (167), 177 Aemilius Lepidus, M. (ambassador) h ird Macedonian War embassy to Philip V at Abydus (200), 28 , second year 28n. 53 political disruption sparked by Roman Aenus and Maronea, Greek cities on the embassy, 143 h racian coast, 40 , 60 , 140 , 174 two executed by the Athenians (201), 28n. 53 declared free by the senate, 46 – 47 Achaean League, Achaeans, 12 – 13 dispute between Philip V and Rome over, Achaean War (146), 194 44 – 45 , 55 , 86 , 92 , 180 Archon- Callicrates debate (175), 61 , 61n. 29 , embassy to Rome from Maronean exiles (186/ 62n. 30 , 94 – 96 5), 45 congratulated by Rome for resisting Perseus Maronean exiles address senatorial (173), 66 , 117 commission (185), 46 conquest of the Peloponnese, 13 , 82n.
    [Show full text]
  • Brutus, Cassius, Judas, and Cremutius Cordus: How
    BRUTUS, CASSIUS, JUDAS, AND CREMUTIUS CORDUS: HOW SHIFTING PRECEDENTS ALLOWED THE LEX MAIESTATIS TO GROUP WRITERS WITH TRAITORS by Hunter Myers A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. Oxford, Mississippi May 2018 Approved by ______________________________ Advisor: Professor Molly Pasco-Pranger ______________________________ Reader: Professor John Lobur ______________________________ Reader: Professor Steven Skultety © 2018 Hunter Ross Myers ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dr. Pasco-Pranger, For your wise advice and helpful guidance through the thesis process Dr. Lobur & Dr. Skultety, For your time reading my work My parents, Robin Myers and Tracy Myers For your calm nature and encouragement Sally-McDonnell Barksdale Honors College For an incredible undergraduate academic experience iii ABSTRACT In either 103 or 100 B.C., a concept known as Maiestas minuta populi Romani (diminution of the majesty of the Roman people) is invented by Saturninus to accompany charges of perduellio (treason). Just over a century later, this same law is used by Tiberius to criminalize behavior and speech that he found disrespectful. This thesis offers an answer to the question as to how the maiestas law evolved during the late republic and early empire to present the threat that it did to Tiberius’ political enemies. First, the application of Roman precedent in regards to judicial decisions will be examined, as it plays a guiding role in the transformation of the law. Next, I will discuss how the law was invented in the late republic, and increasingly used for autocratic purposes. The bulk of the thesis will focus on maiestas proceedings in Tacitus’ Annales, in which a total of ten men lose their lives.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'zab Valley 2022
    Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M’Zab Valley 2022 13 MAR – 2 APR 2022 Code: 22203 Tour Leaders Tony O’Connor Physical Ratings Explore Ottoman kasbahs, Roman Constantine, Timgad & Djemila, mud-brick trading towns of the Sahara, Moorish Tlemcen, & the secret world of the Berber M'Zab valley. Overview Join archaeologist Tony O'Connor on this fascinating tour which explores Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'Zab Valley. Explore the twisting streets, stairs, and alleys of the Ottoman Kasbah of Algiers and enjoy magnificent views across the city from the French colonial Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique. Wander perfectly preserved streets at the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Roman Djémila and Timgad, empty of visitors and complete with stunning mosaics, full-size temples, triumphal arches, market places, and theatres. At Sétif gaze upon one of the most exquisite mosaics in all of the Roman world – The Triumph of Dionysus. Engage with Numidian Kings at the extraordinary tombs of Medracen and the 'Tomb of the Christian' along with the ambitions of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at their daughter’s former capital of Caesarea/Cherchell. Explore the Roman 'City of Bridges', Constantine, encircled by the dramatic gorge of Wadi Rummel. Wander the atmospheric ruins of the Roman towns of Tipaza and Tiddis: Tipaza overlooks the Mediteranean, while Tiddis perches on a hillside, overlooking the fertile lands of Constantine. Walk the Algerian 'Grand Canyon' at El Ghoufi: a centre of Aures Berber culture, Algerian resistance to French colonial rule, inscriptions left behind by the engineers of Emperor Hadrian himself, and photogenic mud-brick villages clustering along vertiginous rocky ledges.
    [Show full text]
  • “At the Sight of the City Utterly Perishing Amidst the Flames Scipio Burst Into
    Aurelii are one of the three major Human subgroups within western Eramus, and the founders of the mighty (some say “Eternal”) “At the sight of the city utterly perishing Aurelian Empire. They are a sturdy, amidst the flames Scipio burst into tears, conservative group, prone to religious fervor and stood long reflecting on the inevitable and philosophical revelry in equal measure. change which awaits cities, nations, and Adding to this a taste for conquest, and is it dynasties, one and all, as it does every one any wonder the Aurelii spread their of us men. This, he thought, had befallen influence, like a mighty eagle spreading its Ilium, once a powerful city, and the once wings, across the known world? mighty empires of the Assyrians, Medes, Persians, and that of Macedonia lately so splendid. And unintentionally or purposely he quoted---the words perhaps escaping him Aurelii stand a head shorter than most unconsciously--- other humans, but their tightly packed "The day shall be when holy Troy shall forms hold enough muscle for a man twice fall their height. Their physical endurance is And Priam, lord of spears, and Priam's legendary amongst human and elf alike. folk." Only the Brutum are said to be hardier, And on my asking him boldly (for I had and even then most would place money on been his tutor) what he meant by these the immovable Aurelian. words, he did not name Rome distinctly, but Skin color among the Aurelii is quite was evidently fearing for her, from this sight fluid, running from pale to various shades of the mutability of human affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Republic Notes
    Roman Republic Notes Republic to Empire What I have learned? 1. Roman Republic What does this movie franchise have Years: in common with Roman history? ________________________ Rule Similar to? 2. Roman Empire Years: Ruled by _____________________ The Founding of Rome What I have learned? According to legend, the city of Rome was founded What story is told by this picture? by the twin brothers, _____________________ & ________________ 3 Groups who influenced early Rome: 1. 2. 3. The _______________________ were the 1st rulers of the Italian (Apennine) Peninsula. The Etruscans gave Rome 1. 2. The _______________________ were the first to settle in the area that would become Rome. The Latins were _______________________ . The Latins gave Rome 1. The _______________________ built colonies along the Apennine Peninsula. The Greeks gave Rome According to the map, which group originally lived in the area of Rome? 1. 2. 3. Who controlled the island of Sardinia and the tip of Sicily? Roman Religion was a mixture of the _____________________ Religion which gave them What areas did the Etruscans control in the beginning? rites & rituals and the __________________ Religion which gave them their gods. Where would one find the Greek colonies? The Roman Republic What I have learned? A Republic is a __________________________ form Romans chose a republican form of government because they wanted to of government. A prevent any one individual from gaining too much power. Citizens have power through the B guarantee women a voice in government. C limit the power of the emperor. ________________________________________. D preserve their tradition of religious tolerance. In the Republic, there were 2 main social classes: Patricians Plebeians 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Handout Name Yourself Like a Roman (CLAS 160)
    NAME YOURSELF LIKE A ROMAN Choose Your Gender 0 Roman naming conventions differed for men and women, and the Romans didn’t conceive of other options or categories (at least for naming purposes!). For viri (men): Choose Your Praenomen (“first name”) 1 This is your personal name, just like modern American first names: Michael, Jonathan, Jason, etc. The Romans used a very limited number of first names and tended to be very conservative about them, reusing the same small number of names within families. In the Roman Republic, your major options are: Some of these names (Quintus, Sextus, • Appius • Manius • Servius Septimus, etc.) clearly originally referred • Aulus • Marcus • Sextus to birth order: Fifth, Sixth, Seventh. Others are related to important aspects of • Decimus • Numerius • Spurius Roman culture: the name Marcus probably • Gaius • Postumus • Statius comes from the god Mars and Tiberius from the river Tiber. Other are mysterious. • Gnaeus • Publius • Tiberius But over time, these names lost their • Lucius • Quintus • Titus original significance and became hereditary, with sons named after their • Mamercus • Septimus • Vibius father or another male relative. Choose Your Nomen (“family name”) 2 Your second name identifies you by gens: family or clan, much like our modern American last name. While praenomina vary between members of the same family, the nomen is consistent. Some famous nomina include Claudius, Cornelius, Fabius, Flavius, Julius, Junius, and Valerius. Side note: if an enslaved person was freed or a foreigner was granted citizenship, they were technically adopted into the family of their “patron,” and so received his nomen as well. De Boer 2020 OPTIONAL: Choose Your Cognomen (“nickname”) Many Romans had just a praenomen and a nomen, and it was customary and polite to address a 3 person by this combo (as in “hello, Marcus Tullius, how are you today?” “I am well, Gaius Julius, and you?”).
    [Show full text]
  • General Principles
    The Legion in Civitates Bellatorum General Principles While it is perfectly possible to deploy Roman Legionaries in units of several cohorts or detachments, Civitates Bellatorum is designed to allow players to field whole legions as single units. This is particularly appropriate for the Republican period where there are two possible Legion types the ‘Manipular’ (pre-100 BC) and the ‘Cohort’ (post-100 BC) Legion. A single Manipular Legion Unit should have 6, 9 or 12 heavy infantry stands divided into 3 equal lines. The first two (Hastati and Principes) are pilum-armed swordsmen. The third line is made up of spear- armed Triarii. The Triarii should be as many stands as each of the front lines but count as under- strength representing the fact that a Triarii line had 600 men while the Hastati and Principes were 1200 each. From the late 2nd century BC pilum-armed swordsmen could replace the Triarii. Legionary light infantry and cavalry should be deployed as separated units. A Manipular Legion Unit may be used to represent a single legion or even two ‘legions’ (one Roman legion plus their allies), depending on the scale being used. For example, at scale of 1 full strength stand = 1200 men, a Legion unit of 6 stands could represent both the Romans and their allies. At a scale of one stand = 300 men, a 12 stand unit could represent a single Roman Legion without allies. From the late Republic onwards, a Cohort Legion Unit should have 5-10 stands, again depending on the scale being used. For example, with smaller scale figures, such as 6mm and 2mm on 20mm bases, it is practical to have each stand representing a cohort of 400-500 men with each Legion Unit containing 10 stands (or maybe 11 to represent a double-strength First Cohort).
    [Show full text]
  • Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation
    Images of the Past: Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David M. Bond, M.A. Graduate Program in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: Sabra J. Webber, Advisor Johanna Sellman Philip Armstrong Copyrighted by David Bond 2017 Abstract The construction of stories about identity, origins, history and community is central in the process of national identity formation: to mould a national identity – a sense of unity with others belonging to the same nation – it is necessary to have an understanding of oneself as located in a temporally extended narrative which can be remembered and recalled. Amid the “memory boom” of recent decades, “memory” is used to cover a variety of social practices, sometimes at the expense of the nuance and texture of history and politics. The result can be an elision of the ways in which memories are constructed through acts of manipulation and the play of power. This dissertation examines practices and practitioners of nostalgia in a particular context, that of Tunisia and the Mediterranean region during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Using a variety of historical and ethnographical sources I show how multifaceted nostalgia was a feature of the colonial situation in Tunisia notably in the period after the First World War. In the postcolonial period I explore continuities with the colonial period and the uses of nostalgia as a means of contestation when other possibilities are limited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Military Institutions of the Romans [ Epitoma Rei Militaris
    The Military Institutions of the Romans [ Epitoma rei militaris - 390 A.D ] by Flavius Vegetius Renatus [ Translated by Lieutenant John Clarke - 1767 ] Introduction - 1940 Preface to Book I Book I : The Selection and Training of New Levies • The Roman Discipline the Cause of Their Greatness • The Selection of Recruits • The Proper Age for Recruits • Their Size • Signs of Desirable Qualities • The Trades Proper for New Levies • The Military Mark • Initial Training • To Learn to Swim • The Post Exercise • Not to Cut, But to Thrust with the Sword • The Drill Called Armatura • The Use of Missile Weapons • The Use of the Bow • The Sling • The Loaded Javelin • To be Taught to Vault • And To Carry Burdens • The Arms of the Ancients • Entrenched Camps • Evolutions • Monthly Marches • Conclusion Preface to Book II Book II : The Organization of the Legion • The Military Establishment • The Difference between the Legions and Auxiliaries • Causes of Decay of the Legion • The Organization of the Legion</li> • The Officers of the Legion • The Praefect of the Workmen • The Tribune of the Soldiers • Centuries and Ensigns of the Foot • Legionary Troops of Horse • Drawing up a Legion in Order of Battle • Names of Soldiers Inscribed on their Shields • Records and Accounts • Soldier's Deposits • Promotion in the Legion • Legionary Music • The Drilling of the Troops • Machines and Tools of the Legion Preface to Book III Book III : Dispositions for Action • The Number which Should Compose an Army • Means of Preserving it in Health • Care to Provide Forage
    [Show full text]
  • PYRRHUS Imperator Campaign of Italy and Sicily, 279 BCE to 275 BCE
    PYRRHUS IMPERATOR CAMPAIGN OF ITALY AND SICILY, 279 BCE TO 275 BCE Pyrrhus Imperator simulates the campaign of It indicates the maximum number of combat units Pyrrhus 1st king of Epirus in Greece from 279 (4 to 10) that may be commanded by this comman- to 275 BCE. One player commands the eastern der. This is a roman numeral for the Romans and camp: Epirotes, Samnites, Etruscans and Greeks; an Arabic numeral for the others. the other player commands the western camp: • Verso : the commander has been activated this Romans and Carthaginians. The Campanians and season. Mamertines are neutral. •Consuls A and B : The rules are inspired by Optimus Princeps (VV 67, The consuls are called A and B to differentiate them 68, 69), Spartacus Imperator (Hexasim) and Caesar in the game help. They have no activated verso.. Imperator: Britannia (VV 112). Note : A Roman commander cannot command a mercenary CU. 0 - MATeRIeL 0.1 - THe GAMe BOARD 0.2.2 - The combat units (CU) The game board represents a point in Africa but es- A combat unit (CU) represents a unit of 500 to pecially in Magna Graecia, which is the southern 2,000 men or 500 to 1,000 cavaliers part of Italy and Sicily. The small islands are deco- or 10 war elephants or 10 siege wea- rative elements. pons. A CU has a melee value of 0 to The zones may be rural zones (plains are green, 3 and a fire value of 0 to 4. mountains are brown), sea zones (blue), or urban The Roman CU have a symbol: or city zones (squares).
    [Show full text]