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Home , 168 BC, 197 BC, 205 BC, 219 BC, 221 BC, Andriscus

Philip V and Perseus: The Twilight of Antigonid

Philip V of Macedonia was a shrewd and effective leader. He proved even more adept than his predecessors at dealing with the Greek city-states, Illyrian invasions, and the other traditional concerns of his kingdom. Unfortunately for him, he was forced to deal with a completely new threat, for which he was unprepared—the rising power of . Philip V and his son and successor Perseus failed in their conflicts with Rome, and ultimately allowed Macedonia to be conquered by the Romans. Since the wars they fought against Rome were recorded by Roman historians, they are known as the .

Early Life and Reign of Philip V

Philip V was the son of Demetrius II, who died in battle when Philip was nine years old. Since the army and nobility were hesitant to trust the kingdom to a child, they made Antigonas Doson regent, and then king. Antigonas honored Philip’s position, and when Antigonas died in 221 BC, Philip ascended smoothly to the throne at the age of seventeen. As the young king of Macedonia, Philip V was eager to prove his abilities. He defeated the Dardians in battle. When hostilities broke out between the two major leagues of Greek cities—the Achaean League and —he sided with Aratus and the Achaean League. Thanks to Philip’s intervention, the Achaeans achieved major victories against the Aetolians, and Aratus became one of Philip’s advisors.

First Macedonian War (214–205 BC)

In 219 BC, Demetrius of Pharos, the king of , fled to Philip’s court after being expelled by the Romans. He became another close advisor of Philip and suggested he take Illyria from the Romans. With ’s invasion of and defeat of several Roman armies, it seemed like the perfect opportunity. Philip made an alliance with Hannibal, and plotted not only to take Illyria from Rome, but also to eventually invade Italy and annex it for Macedonia. Philip made peace with the Aetolians and readied for war against Rome. The Romans panicked when they learned of the alliance between Philip and Hannibal. But Philip failed to take Illyria after two attacks by sea. He was eventually able to capture Illyria by a land invasion. In the meantime, however, the Romans established an alliance against Philip with the Aetolian League and with the city of (on the Aegean coast in Minor). At first, with the help of Roman and Pergamese troops, the Aetolians achieved some successes, but when these allies had to depart Philip defeated the Aetolians and forced them to make a peace favorable to him. Still, this war kept him occupied at home and prevented any attempts to support Hannibal in Italy. In the end, the Romans made peace with Philip, granting him Illyria in order to keep him out of the way during their counteroffensive in Africa against Hannibal. It was one of the very few times the Romans made territorial concessions to an enemy. http://www.saylor.org/hist301/#3.3.3

The Saylor Foundation Saylor.org Page 1 of 3 With peace concluded with Rome, Philip turned to strengthening his position in the Aegean. He attacked Ptolemaic domains in Asia Minor. Pergamon and feared that Philip was consolidating a position to attack them, so they sent continual complaints to Rome about Philip’s aggression and growing power. When Philip made ready to attack , which had also declared war on him, Rome sent him an ultimatum that if he attacked any Greek city Rome would respond. Rome had recently emerged victorious from the and was now in a position to fight. It styled itself as the protector of the liberty of the Greek city-states, though it seems to have really wanted to get revenge on Philip.

Second Macedonian War (200–197 BC)

The Roman commander sent against Philip was Titus Quinctius Flamininus, a lover of Greek culture. He demanded that Philip not only refrain from attacking Greek cities, but that he remove all Macedonian garrisons from , thus removing Macedonian political control from the region. Philip refused and the war continued. At the decisive in 197 BC, Flaminius’s Roman veterans, experienced from fighting the tough troops of Hannibal, outmaneuvered Philip’s Macedonian , attacking it from the flank and demonstrating the advantage of Roman tactics. Philip sued for peace, and the Romans required him to remove all his garrisons from Greece, disband his navy, pay a huge war indemnity, and send his youngest son Demetrius to Rome as a hostage. At the in Greece that year, Flaminius declared the liberation of the by the Romans.

Philip’s Later Life and the Accession of Perseus

Philip now changed tactics. He decided to take a friendly stance toward Rome. He helped the Romans fight the recalcitrant Spartans and the . In exchange, the Romans cancelled his war indemnity and returned his son to him. He attempted to consolidate his kingdom by building infrastructure, issuing new currency, and exploiting wealth from mines. Pergamon and other states continued to complain to Rome about Philip, and Philip soon decided that the Romans would not cease their interventions until the Macedonian kingdom was destroyed. His son Demetrius had adopted pro-Roman views from his time as a hostage there, and now Flaminius encouraged Demetrius to try to succeed his father over his older brother Perseus, who was hostile toward the Romans. In response, Perseus convinced Philip that Demetrius was plotting on behalf of Rome, and Philip executed Demetrius for treason. Just one year later, in 179 BC, Philip died.

Perseus, the (171–168 BC), and the Fall of Macedonia

With Demetrius and Philip dead, Perseus easily ascended the throne of Macedonia. The Romans knew Perseus was opposed to them, and when Pergamon again asked for Roman assistance against Macedonia, Rome declared war. Perseus http://www.saylor.org/hist301/#3.3.3

The Saylor Foundation Saylor.org Page 2 of 3 was initially successful. He defeated the Romans in the first battle and blocked further Roman attempts at invading Macedonia. In 168 BC, however, the Lucius Aemilius Paullus crossed into Macedonia and engaged Perseus at the Battle of . While the was initially dominated by the heavy , they eventually lured them onto uneven terrain and cut them to pieces. The victory was decisive. Perseus was captured and taken back to Rome, where he was paraded in chains at Paullus’s triumph. Around 300,000 were enslaved, and Macedonian lands were taken and distributed to the Roman troops. Several of the most prominent anti-Roman Macedonians were executed. Macedonia itself was divided into four client republics with governments based on that of Rome. The was overthrown and Rome asserted control of Macedonia. To ensure the Achaean League’s submission the Romans forced them to send hostages to Rome (the future great historian was one of these hostages). Still, Roman rule was widely unpopular. In 148 BC, a man named claimed to be Perseus’s son and led the Macedonians in rebellion. The Romans crushed this rebellion in the . The Macedonian republics were dissolved, and Rome turned Macedonia into a . Two years later, in 146 BC, the Achaean League rebelled. The Romans crushed this rebellion and razed to the ground in revenge. The Macedonian era was over, and now Rome was the ruler of the Greek peninsula.

Summary

 Philip V became king of Macedonia in 221 BC at the age of seventeen. He immediately proved himself against the kingdom’s main opponents.  Philip decided to try to take Illyria from the Romans and allied with Hannibal the Carthaginian against Rome. Though the Romans allied with his Aetolian enemies, Philip still succeeded in occupying Illyria.  After the end of the Second Punic War, the Romans entered into a new war against Philip, purportedly at the behest of Pergamon and Rhodes. In 197 BC, Titus Quinctius Flamininus inflicted a decisive defeat on Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae. Philip was forced to make a humiliating peace, which included removing all Macedonian garrisons in Greece.  Philip became a reluctant ally of Rome, but eventually executed his pro-Roman son and allowed his anti-Roman son Perseus to succeed him.  Perseus sought to throw off Roman control and won some initial victories in his war against the Romans, but he was crushed at the in 168 BC. He was brought to Rome as a prisoner, and the Antigonid kingdom was destroyed.  Macedonia was divided into four republics under the control of Rome, but after a Macedonian rebellion in 148 BC, Macedonia was annexed by Rome as a province.

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