Second EAGE Workshop on Assessment of Landslide Hazards and impact on communities

8-11 September, 2020, Kyiv, Ukraine

KYIV -2020

PREFACE ...... 3 GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...... 4 Point 1: LYSA MOUNTAIN ……………………………………………………………… 9 Point 2: GLYNKA LAKE ……………………………………………………….………... 11 Point 3: BATIY MOUNTAIN …………………………………………………….….…. 13 Point 4: ZAMKOVA MOUNTAIN ……………………….……………….…….……. 14 Point 5: Rzhyschiv site ……………………………………………………………….… 15 Grebeni site ...... 16 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………….. 19

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“A person who does not know the fundamentals of geology is similar to a blind man. Walking around a city or a village, he does not understand much of what appears before his eyes. He will only perceive the external forms, but not the essence of phenomena. He will see, but he will not understand”. V.A. Obruchev

PREFACE

Ukraine is characterized by active natural hazards processes within different structural and tectonic and landscape-climatic zones (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4)

Figure 1. Distribution of landslides in Ukraine: a) Distribution of landslides in Ukraine (National Report.., 2013); b) Landslides in Carpathian region; c) Landslides in Kyiv; d) Landslides in Rzhyshchiv (Kyiv region); e) Landslides in Odessa region

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Landslides are the major natural hazard in the Ukraine. Increasing resilience against landslide hazard is a top priority for the Ukrainian government and national environmental agencies due to the high damages to people and infrastructure caused by these processes. Over 23000 landslides were recorded by 2019 in Ukraine. It is important for the community to be informed of potential geohazards that may affect their wellbeing. A better understanding of the spatial distribution of natural hazards will help guide environmental protection policies in Ukraine. Current emergency information can be used by the local authorities for the management based on the principles of sustainable development, promote their ability to make fast managerial decisions as to protection of the general public from geohazards, and help to generally minimize harmful effects on the environment and public health. For the protection of ecological environment, we should be able to control or minimise catastrophic impact of natural hazards processes. Detecting landslides, as well as monitoring their activity using integrated techniques is needed in order to provide maps, risk assessment and forecasting of geohazardous events in Ukraine. Authorities of the country need scientifically based recommendations that would be incorporated into the regions’ infrastructure risk management.

GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

One of the regions of active development of landslides in Ukraine is Kyiv, where the mass movement processes have significant impact on people’s livelihoods and infrastructure. Many houses have been destroyed and a number of roads and railways have been damaged due to activation of landslides. These landslide processes occur on slopes of different structure and morphology. The determining causes include lithologic and stratigraphic 4 conditions, the hydrogeological regime, structural and textural peculiarities of rocks and the geomorphology of the slopes. The second category of factors includes dynamic processes that change the state of the slopes, erosion, tectonic regime of the area, and the anthropogenic impact. A database of landslides within the Kyiv city has been developed based on long-term observations of more than 120 landslides and landslide-prone areas (Fig.1). These landslide investigations were driven by the need to document the existence of landslide phenomena in Kyiv and Kyiv region and investigate the types, distribution, morphology and dynamics of landslides in relation to morphological and geological characteristics. This field trip takes efforts forward by combining different geological and geophysical methods to advance the current understanding of landslide phenomena and contributing towards a better informed assessment of landslide hazard and risk. We will observe the landslide activity within five sites: Lysa Mountain (Kyiv, Holosiivskyi district), Batiy Mountain (Kyiv, Solomenskyi district), Zamkova Mountain (Kyiv, Podilskyi district), Glynka lake (Kyiv, Pecherskyi district) and Rzhyschiv and Grebeni sites in Kagarlyckyi district of Kyiv region. These sites are different from lithological and geomorphological points of view. One of the regions of active development of landslides in Ukraine is Kyiv, where the mass movement processes have significant impact on the infrastructure. Many houses have been destroyed and a number of roads and railways have been damaged due to activation of landslides. Landslides disrupt sustainable development of this region and cause many accidents. It is therefore of utmost importance to better understand the potential of these geohazards and assess future possible risks. A database of landslides within the Kyiv region has been developed based on long- term observations of more than 120 landslides and landslide-prone areas (Fig. 1). These research were carried out to know the distribution of landslide phenomena in Kyiv and Kyiv region and investigate the types, distribution, morphology and dynamics of

5 landslides in relation to morphological and geological characteristics. Tectonically, the Kyiv area is located within the Bila Tserkva (Fastovsky) block on the northern slope of the Ukrainian shield (Fig. 2). The general tectonic scheme is showing on Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. The crystalline basement has a series of faults of the submeridional, sub-latitudinal, northeast, and north-west direction. The most active are regional structures with a difference in the indicators of total amplitudes of movements up to 60 m. The largest zone is part of the Kyiv fault, which corresponds to significant indicators of average velocity gradient of neotectonic movements (more than 0.01 (cm/km)/ths. years).

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Figure 2. Tectonic zoning of Ukraine

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Figure 3. Tectonic scheme of Bila Tserkva block, Ukrainian Shield 1 – Ukrainian Shield, 2 – slope of the Ukrainian shield (0°15'), 3 – slope of the Ukrainian shield (0°45'), 4 – uplift, 5 – upper/lower block, 6 – fault zone, 7 – major faults I order, 8 - major faults II order, 9 – regional faults, 10 – local faults, (Number of faults in the circles: 1 – Kyivsky, 2- Vorzelsky, 3 - Boyarsky, 4 – Dannytsky, 5 – Nemyrivsky, 6 - Bortnytsky, 7 – Glevasky, 8 – Vitachivsky, 9 – Irpinsky, 10 - Plesetsky, 11 – Krasylivsky, 12 – Rudnyansky, 13 – Fastivsky, 13 – Motovylivsky), 11 – reverse faults.

The area belongs to the glacial area of the northeastern periglacial subregion. There are deposits of the Paleogene, Neogene

8 and Quaternary systems. The hydrogeological conditions of the slopes are associated with aquifers in the upper, middle Neopleistocene alluvial sediments, in the Middle-Lower Neopleistocene and Eopleistocene alluvial and lake sediments, in the Middle Neopleistocene aquatic-glacial, lacustrine-glacial loams, Lower Neopleistocene Eolian-Deluvial loams, in Mezhigirsky- Bereksky and Novopetrivsky sediments, Eocene sediments. Lithological, stratigraphic, geomorphological and hydrogeological conditions in conjunction with the hydrometeorological factor determine the intensive development of landslide processes.

Figure 4. Distribution of landslides within Kyiv region, Ukraine

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POINT 1 Site “Lysa Mountain” Coordinates: 50.395000, 30.548056 Location: Kyiv, Holosiivskyi district, Vydubychi metro station

The study area is located in Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv. The geological section consists of the horizontal layers of Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary deposits (Fig. 5)

Figure 5. Geological section, Kyiv region

The activation of the major part of landslides on the Lysa Mountain occured in 2013, 6 – 7th of April (Fig. 6). In 2013-2014 on the slopes of Lysa Mountain (Stolychne Highway) 200-400 m³ of soils has been removed. There is a railway track at a distance of 4.0 m from the slope of the mountain. Now the slope is in a relatively stable state. We can see a steep surface on the undisturbed ground at the upper edge of the landslide, caused by movement of the displaced material away from the undisturbed ground. It is the visible part of the surface of rupture of this landslide.

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Figure 6. Landslide (April, 2013, Lysa Mountain, Kyiv)

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POINT 2 Site “Glynka Lake” Coordinate: 50.409917, 30.529528 Location: Kyiv, Holosiivskyi district, Lybidska metro station

The Glynka site is located in the city center with potentially a great impact on the houses and nearby infrastructures. Glynka Lake is one of the most landslide hazards area in the Kyiv. Glynka Lake in the Lybidska metro station area was formed as an abandoned quarry. Landslide is located close to the nearest building on Academician Filatov street. Here the Paleogene rocks are presented by Eocene-Oligocene sediments of the Kharkivska series (P2-3 hr). The Neogene system is represented by sediments of Poltavska series (P3 -N1 pl), Quaternary deposits are presented by sandy loamy rocks. Glynka Lake is a flooded quarry, in the right side of which deposits of the Kharkivska series are exposed; they are blue-green clay silts (Obukhivska Suite,

P2 ob), in which a weak zone is formed, and green striped sands with interlayers of clays (Mezhygirska Suite, P3 mž). Upper we can observe the sand silts of the Berek (P3 br) Suite of Oligocene. These formations are covered by Miocene deposits of quartz sands, siltstones and white loose fine sands of the Novopetrivska Suite

(N1np) (Fig. 7, 8). The main factors contributing to the development of landslides within this site are the following: i) the steep slope, ii) suffosion phenomenon caused by the groundwater outflow to the surface of the slope, and iii) erosion of the low part of the slope due to the changing water level in the lake. There is a real threat of damage of the heating and water supply systems, as landslide processes are constantly spreading towards Akademika Filatova Street and Mendeleeva Street. Further, new cracks were observed along the slope closer to Mendeleev Street that may suggest the initiation of new displacement in the near future.

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b) Figure 7. Landslide in the lake Glynka: a) – 2013, b) – 2019 Monitoring of landslide activity for the local predictions using geological and geophysical methods has been carried out within the landslide site Glynka Lake (Fig. 8).

Figure 8. a) Aerial photograph of the Glynka Lake site with its location in the Kyiv region. The yellow lines in the photograph indicate the location of the Electrical Resistivity tomograms shown in b) 13

POINT 3 Site “BATIY MOUNTAIN” Coordinate: 50.431083, 30.500013 Location: Kyiv, Solomenskyi district, Vokzalna metro station

In April 2013, on the territory of the Solomenskyi district in Kyiv big landslide occurred. It was caused by heavy snows. There was a landslide of three parts: on landslide-prone slopes on the Locomotivna and Krasnodonska streets; the Providnytska and Radisna streets, the Providnytska and Hromadska streets (Fig. 9). Addition of water from snow melt added weight to this slope. Since water is heavier than air, this increased the weight of the soil. The slope material became saturated with water, vibrations caused liquefaction. Water reduced the friction along a sliding surface. Water had the ability to change the angle of repose. Slope saturation by water is a primary cause of this landslide.

Figure 9. Landslide, Batiy Mountain, Kyiv

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POINT 4 Site “ZAMKOVA MOUNTAIN” Coordinate: 50.459861, 30.513556 Location: Kyiv, Podilskyi district, Kontraktova Ploscha metro station

Zamkova Mountain is located in the Podilskу district of Kyiv. It belongs to a slightly elevated forest accumulative-denudation structural-genetic type of relief of the late Neogene - Quaternary period. The absolute elevation of the watershed surface is 80 m. There are loess-like loams with light gray and gray light loamy soils in the section; it caused the erosional activity (Fig. 10).

Figure 10. Landslide on Zamkova Mountain

Landslide processes within Zamkova Mountain are caused by a complicated geological structure, interlayering of water-permeable, water-saturated and water-resistant sediments. This slide was a downslope movement of rock mass occurring on surfaces of rupture. The recent activation of gravitational processes in the landslide-prone zone is caused by the massive development of the slopes of the main plateau, which leads to the processes of sliding of the mass under the influence of undercutting, disturbed drainage, and excessive load on the slope.

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POINT 5 Sites “RZHYSCHIV” and “GREBENI” Coordinates: 50.019267 , 30.991611 Location: Kagarlitskyi distrist, Kyiv region The Rzhyschiv and Grebeni sites are in a rural area, located near Kaniv reservoir and characterized by specific lithological and geomorphological features.

Rzhyschiv site

According to the peculiarities of the geological structure of the slope within the Kyiv region, it is possible to distinguish areas that have significant differences in the development of the landslide processes. In the lower part of the slope there is a layer of marls of

Eocene deposits (Kyivska Suite (P2kv)). The layer of marls is quite unbearable in capacity and has plicative dislocations in the form of local uplifts (5-7 m). The most elevated parts are in the Rzhyshchiv area. The geological structure is characterized by an incomplete section. Within this area there area deposits of brown clays and sands of the Paleogene-Neogene age. The deposits of the loess series are on the sands of the Berekska (P3br) and Mezhyhirska (P3mž) Suite. Frontal landslides are formed. The surface of rupture is in lower part of the slope, it is located on the clay siltstones of the

Obukhivska Suite (P2ob), clays and marls of the Kyivska Suite (Fig. 11, 12).

Figure 11. Landslide site “Rzhyschiv”, Kyiv region 16

Figure 12. Electrical Resistivity tomogram for the Rzhyshchiv site and its location

Grebeni Site

The Grebeni Slide, located south-east of Grebeny village. The study area is represented by horizontal layers of Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary deposits. Lithological, stratigraphic, geomorphological and hydrogeological conditions in combination with hydrometeorological factors determine the potential development of landslides. The landslides formation in this location is closely related to the groundwater regime of the

aquifer in the sands of the Mezhygirska Suite (P3 mž), the intensity of saturation of the slope by surface waters and precipitation. The system of landslides in this area is complex and multi-phase (Bespalova, 2004). A system of landslides of the combined cascade structure is formed here. In the lower part of the slope there are main scarps with the signs of groundwater drainage. In the system of landslides formed as a result of sliding of loess strata along the marls of Kyiv suite and siltstones of the

Obukhivska Suite (P2 ob), the main and a significant part of 17 subordinate landslides are clearly distinguished. The secondary displacement has been occurred due to the different amount of water content of each section of the slope (Fig. 13).

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Figure 13. Landslide site “Grebeni”, Kyiv region

The ER tomogram for the landslide site Grebeni (Fig. 14b) with high differentiation of specific electrical resistivity was created along the line profile shown in Fig. 14a.

Figure 14. a) Location of the Electrical Resistivity tomogram shown in b) Grebeni site, Kyiv Region

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