EYE ON SCIENCE

Bibliotheca Alexandrina Planetarium Science Center SUMMER 2016 | Year 9, Issue 3

BRILLIANT YOUNG MINDS IN THIS ISSUE...

Planetarium Avicenna; the Prince Science Center 4 of Physicians

Pascal; a Literary 5 Scientist SUMMER 2016 Year 9, Issue 3 Q&A: The Founder 6 of Quantum Theory

Cultural Outreach Sector Chandra and the 7 Secrets of the Stars Educational & Promotional Publications Unit (COPU) Frederick Banting: : 8 Battling Diabetes Youth Maissa Azab Head of Unit Frédéric Joliot: Their 9 A Continuing Scientific Science, Editorial Team Saga Shahenda Ayman Esraa Ali Innovation, and Sara Khattab Top Ten Modern Child 10 Prodigies Entrepreneurship Jailane Salem Moataz Abdelmegid The Early Challenges By: Maissa Azab Sherine Ramadan 12 of Great Minds Basma Fawzy I am a firm believer that age is no boundary for accomplishment. Nourane Khaled Promising Inventions by 13 Just as it is never too late to learn, discover, or create new things, Young Inventors of Today it is never too soon either. In fact, history brims with child prodigies Design that have continued to marvel generation after generation for Curious Inventions by Asma Haggag 14 centuries following their departure from our world. Young Innovators Nevertheless, prodigious performance is not necessarily limited to children with exceptional gifts bestowed upon Publishing Department A Letter to a Young them; phenomenal intelligence and aptitude have often been Language Revision 15 Scientist demonstrated by teenagers and young adults. Yet, inherent Contact Us: qualities of observation and perception are not the only means by [email protected] Young Egyptian Minds which a young person proves to be a genius. Having the desire 16 Shaping Our Future and the drive to wonder, analyze, deduce, and innovate can also SCIplanet be the ingredients of a mastermind. Egyptian Team Wins It is, thus, crucial to not undermine or dampen young SCIplanet_COPU 18 Again at Intel ISEF 2016 enthusiasm and ideas; they can be the source of future comfort and wealth. As a matter of fact, investing in exploring and An Interview With unleashing youth’s hidden talents and capabilities can be the 19 A Young Scientist most rewarding venture. After all, today’s children and teenagers

are the rulers of tomorrow; let us then instill in them the seeds of Forty and Under positive thinking and confidence; let us nourish their constructive 20 Self-Made Billionaires For additional information curiosity and goodwill; let us stand by them and with them.

| WINTER 2014 and reservation, please In this issue, we aim to give youth a boost and give older adults Aristotle and the Legacy a nudge to do the same. From Aristotle to Mark Zuckerberg, we contact: 22 of Logic [email protected] explore examples of young successes in the world of knowledge, | SUMMER 2016 Tel.: +(203) 4839999 science and technology. We highlight eminent Nobel Laureates Ext.: 2350, 2351 who have achieved, or embarked on life-changing discoveries at Fax: +(203) 4820464 a young age. We discuss challenges that sometimes face young www.bibalex.org/psc intellects, curious creations by young inventors, and modern conceptions by young innovators that may shape our tomorrow. Finally, we certainly pay special attention to Egyptian youth, how they think, and where they may lead us someday. 2 We hope to inspire all our readers of all ages. “One, remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. “An experiment is a Two, never give up work; work gives “Everyone is a genius; question that science poses to you meaning and purpose, which life but, if you judge a fish on Nature, and a measurement is empty without. Three, if you are its ability to climb a tree, is the recording of Nature’s lucky enough to find love, remember it will live its whole life answer.” — Max Planck; it is there and do not throw it away.” believing that it is stupid.” read about him on page 6. ― Stephen Hawking — Albert Einstein

“An expert is a person who has made all the mistakes that can be made in “Progress is made a very narrow field.” by trial and failure; ― Niels Bohr the failures are generally a hundred times more numerous than the successes; yet, they are usually QUOTES left unchronicled.” — William Ramsay “Curiosity, the rover BY and the concept, is YOUNG what science is all about; the quest to reveal the unknown.” SCIENTISTS — Ahmed Zewail “Science is the acceptance of what works and the rejection of what does not; that needs more courage than we might think.” —Jacob Bronowski; British mathematician, historian of science, theatre author, poet, and inventor.

“The further the experiment from the theory, the closer it is to the Nobel Prize.” — “Somewhere, something Frédéric Joliot; read about incredible is waiting to be him on page 9. known.” ― Carl Sagan

“The black holes of nature are the most perfect macroscopic objects there “I am not here just to win an “Archimedes’ finding that are in the universe; the only award and go home. I am here the crown was of gold was a elements in their construction to change the world’s view of discovery; but, he invented are our concepts of space women and girls in a scientific the method of determining and time.” — Subrahmanyan community in developing the density of solids. Indeed, Chandrasekhar; read about countries.” — Azza Fayad; read him on page 7. discoverers must generally be about her on page 16. inventors; though inventors are not necessarily discoverers.” — William Ramsay By: Dr. Mohamed Soliman Director, Manuscripts Museum AVICENNA: THE PRINCE OF PHYSICIANS the types of minerals. In the Middle Ages, Arabs depended on this book as one of the most important sources at the time; it was also translated into Latin in 1068. Avicenna’s medical journey began at an early age, he studied medicine at the age of sixteen at the hands of Abu Sahl al-Misihi SCIENCE & CULTURE and Abu Mansur al-Hassan. At seventeen, he gained fame when he succeeded in treating Prince Nuh ibn Mansur al-Samani when all other doctors failed to do so. Years later, he wrote his miracle By: Dr. Shaymaa Elsherif book, The Canon of Medicine, which was translated, among other In Charge of Cultural Programs and Activities books, into Latin. According to Gustave Le Bon in his book, Arab BA Center for Francophone Activities Civilization “These works prevailed as the world’s medical reference for around six centuries”. Briefly, we present Ibn Sina’s most significant contributions to oday, we introduce you to the Muslim polymath who, in his medicine, according to numerous medical scholars in Arab history, Tshort life of fifty–seven years, enriched the human civilization as listed by Dr. Ragheb El-Sergany: “Ibn Sina was the first to with centuries-worth of contribution. According to historical discover the ancylostoma, which he called the round worm…He references, this genius started his scientific career when he was was also the first to describe meningitis, and the first to identify only ten years old, reaching the peak of fame in medicine before the the difference between paralysis caused by internal reason in the age of twenty-two. brain and paralysis resulting from an external cause, in addition to This was Abu Ali al-Hussein ibn Abdullah ibn al-Hassan ibn Sina describing the stroke caused by abundance of blood… Saharf al-Mulk (980-1036), also known as the Prince of Physicians, Moreover, he was the first to identify the difference between al-Shaykh al-Rayees (meaning the Leader), the Arab Galen, and intestinal colic and renal colic… He was also the first to describe the third teacher after Aristotle, the first teacher, and Al-Farabi, the the ways of transmission of some infectious diseases; such as, second teacher. measles and smallpox… Furthermore, he differentiated between At a very young age, Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna, primary and secondary meningitis… and he was also the first to became immersed in religious studies, devouring the books of discuss tonsillectomy”. jurisprudence (Fiqh and Sharia). It is said that he began divulging Ibn Sina also discussed different types of cancer, such as religious interpretation and advice according to the Imam Abu liver cancer, breast cancer, and tumors of the lymph nodes. He Hanifa doctrine when he was just twelve years old, and that he conducted very delicate surgeries, such as the removal of some started to debate senior religious scholars when he was sixteen cancerous tumors in their early stages, tracheotomy, and the years old. At this very early age, Ibn Sina started to study philosophy removal of abscess from the lung cavity. In addition to the treatment and logic, which had a significant impact on his intellectual thoughts. of hemorrhoids through connectivity, he also found an innovative He found his vocation in reasoning, to the extent that he was way to treat anal fistula. accused of atheism; his answer to that charge was “My faith in God Ibn Sina also tackled kidney stones and explained how to is unwavering; if I am considered infidel, so there is no one real extract them, in addition to warnings that must be considered. Muslim on Earth”. He mentioned the cases that need catheter, and described some It is thought by some that Avicenna’s contributions in the field feminine diseases, such as vaginal obstruction, miscarriage, and of philosophy exceed his contributions in the field of medicine; it fibroids; in addition to diseases that can infect women who newly is even said that his books on theology and metaphysics replaced gave birth. Last but not least, Ibn Sina was familiar with dentistry; | SUMMER 2016 Aristotle’s books in philosophy despite their intellectual differences. he was precise and clear in identifying the importance of treating Avicenna did not excel in philosophy and medicine alone; thanks to dental cavities. his fervent intelligence and talent in retaining science, he excelled These were only some of many of Ibn Sina’s contributions to in several other disciplines. humanity. It is peculiar though that Ibn Sina passed away at the Considered a pioneer of geology, Avicenna authored a treatise relatively young age of fifty–seven because of a disease he was entitled “Minerals and their Upper Effects” in his book, Al-Shifa, not able to treat. where he studied a number of geological phenomena and classified 4 Pascal (1623–1662). and French intellectual Blaise thirty-nine. of He was the scientist, writer age young the as creativity, leavingthisworldat significant contributions, well asremarkableliterary had who scientific man a literature, and religious thinking; successfully combinedscience, to anexceptionalgeniuswho thought andawewhenitcomes We have to pause in deep vroe Te acln i considered is Pascaline The everyone. itscostandmakingitavailablefor lower about twentyversionsofitinattempts to following ten years to develop it, producing the throughout worked thus, Pascal, time. very expensivetomanufactureatthe comes to operating it,this machine was family’s name. his from Pascaline” “the name its calculator, deriving the mechanical of version first in1642,whenhe producedthe nineteen, himself. Pascal Pascal’s reallaunchwasattheageof not it, wrote who one the actually thoughtthatPascal’s fatherwas French philosopherandmathematician, its accuracy; Renee Descartes, the eminent amazed everyone who read it because of published aresearchaboutcones,which the challenge. won he and at, exceled and loved he fields learn thetwolanguagesbeside Pascal challengedhisfatherthathewould Nevertheless, Geometry. and Mathematics discourage himfromgettingimmersedin him GreekandLatin,soheattemptedto priority wastoteach however; hisfather’s prodigy sincehewaselevenyearsold; out asamathematicalandgeometrical stood Pascal education. proper a children science; hewas,thus,keentoofferin his eminent judge, who was intellectual and interested an was father Pascal’s success. In ChargeofCulturalProgramsand Activities Despite itsgeniussimplicitywhenit he old, years fifteen was Pascal When Pascal livedashortlife;albeitfullof BA CenterforFrancophone Activities By: Dr. ShaymaaElsherif circulating ideas within the the sanctuary’s by wall. These influenced being year, every where Pascalretreatedforcertainperiods was the convent of Port-Royal Abbey, Paris, Jansen. the workofDutchtheologianCornelius theological movementthatoriginatedfrom his convictionofJansenism,aCatholic took aturntotheextremewhenhedeclared years ofhislifetoreligiousdevotion,which eight last the dedicated Pascal Indeed, life. consciousness, hedecidedtochangehis a resultofanaccident;whenheregained he wasinacomafortwowholeweeksas calledthe“PascalLanguage”. language Unit”; there is also a computer programming Moreover, measurement systemiscalledthe“Pascal machines. lifting the pressureunitininternational weight and hydraulic pressuremachine,dragloads, equally; thislawledtotheinventionof the liquid’s particlesand ineverydirection trapped liquid,thenthispressureaffects all you if that shed additionalverticalpressureona states “Pascal’s which of physics, founder in the Law” also is He him. researches byscientistswhopreceded Triangle is the development of previous the sumoftwonumbersaboveit; represents number each where Triangle”, calculator thatweknowtoday. the foundation for the development of the The theologicalcenterofthemovement In 1645,whenPascalwas31yearsold, Pascal isalsotheinventorof“Pascal’s

PASCAL:A LITERARY SCIENTIST A LITERARY SCIENTIST literary works: contentofPascal’sphilosophical unique directly affectedideas the intellectual and Lettres provinciales Lettres science, andthus,immortalized. then death;yet,celebratedinthe realm of the morningof19 August. until heeventuallytookhislastbreathon unable tomoveatall;hecontinuedsuffer Pascal’s conditionworseneduntilhewas 1662, August In old. years twenty-four just him to use crutches to move since he was as paralysisthatcrippledhislegs,forcing extremities, whichsometimeswentsofar ache, accompaniedwithcrampsinthe a suffered He mixture ofsevereheadacheandstomach cure. or identify not could from adiseasephysiciansofhistime named after him—UniversitéBlaisePascal. is Clermont–Ferrand, birthplace, mentioning worth is that adistinguisheduniversityinPascal’s It world. the around sections language in numerous universities of number day, thesetwoworksaretaughtinFrench Tocome. this infinite to centuries four for them on the researches andliteraryanalysiscentered nor success, Pascal’s death. from scatteredscrapsandpublishedafter Curiously, thesetwoworkswerecompiled Blaise Pascal…defeated by illness Blaise Pascal…defeatedbyillness Pascal suffered formanyyears Pascal neverwitnessedhisworks’ Pensées Poica Letters). (Provincial (Thoughts), and 5 | SUMMER 2016 Q&A: THE FOUNDER OF QUANTUM THEORY A brilliant ninth-grade student once visited my office, to ask some questions “Because of his genius, Max Planck was recognized and that intrigued him while reading Carl Sagan’s Romance of Science. He asked me applauded for his excellence by the scientific community. He about the 20th century’s most momentous then got promoted rapidly and was awarded the professorship THE STORY BEHIND SCIENCE scientific theories, to which I answered: “If you are asking me what would be one of the degree in physics from the University of Berlin not past the 20th century’s greatest achievements, even age of thirty one years” more significant than Einstein’s theory of relativity, the answer would be the quantum while studying the diffusion of hydrogen to ask about the quantum theory itself. theory”. I explained that: “If you are through radium”. I interrupted him again, I replied: “The quantum theory is one of searching for the basis of all modern physical to comment and correct what he said: “His the most momentous scientific theories in sciences related to atomic particles, then experiment was not conducted on radium, human thought. Max Planck founded the you are searching for the quantum theory. If as it had not been discovered yet. It was theory in 1901, but could not even ratify the you are looking for a model scientist, whose conducted on palladium; an element of the concepts included in his theory till Albert impact has surpassed that of eminent platinum group, with the lowest melting Einstein highlighted and put them into physics’ geniuses, then you are looking for point, and resembling platinum chemically. practice in 1905. Einstein developed the the founder of the quantum theory; Max Palladium is extracted from copper and nickel, theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize Planck”. and was named after Pallas, the goddess of in Physics1921 for one of the theory’s The intelligent student pulled out a piece wisdom in ancient Greek mythology”. applications; not for his theory of relativity of paper and said: “I have summarized I then asked him something not many as many thought”. some information about Max Planck that people know about Max Planck: “Do you The student looked surprised, but I I would like you to correct please; may I?” know that this experiment was the only continued: “In fact, the quantum theory I welcomed his request with a smile; he one conducted by Max Planck throughout can be described as an alarming theory. started to read: “Max Planck was born on his life; none before or after, for he was a It includes a range of exotic ideas applied 23 April 1858, in Kiel, Germany. He is the mathematical, rather than an experimental, to everything in the universe, from atoms son of German parents; his father was a scientist”. I tried to test the outstanding to galaxies. The quantum theory dives university law professor. Generally, Planck student’s conjecture and asked a question into the depth of atoms, using high and came from a prominent family, whose implying its answer: “Do you know, or can very smooth mathematics, dealing with its members were judges, senior officials, you guess, how old Max Planck was when components; basic, secondary, or even scholars, and clerics. he received that high degree in physics with hypothetical particles that are difficult to be Planck studied at the Universities honors from the University of Munich?” directly quantified, but their impact could be of Munich and Berlin, where one of his The student responded: “Your question measured. The quantum theory determines teachers was the great physicist Gustav indicates that he was young at the time, the path of these particles; how they unite, Kirchhoff”. At this point, I interrupted him to maybe in his twenties or thirties, for disconnect, and even how they originated ask: “Do you know who Gustav Kirchhoff example?” I praised his guesswork, saying: since the Big Bang”. is?” He thought a little and said: “I have read “Actually, you are right! He was only twenty I concluded: “Max Planck’s quantum his name; I think he is Russian. In fact, I years old”; I then added: “Because of theory is based on three main principles would be grateful if you brief me about him”. his genius, Max Planck was recognized known as the Principles of Quantum

| SUMMER 2016 I, thus, elaborated: “Kirchhoff is a German and applauded for his excellence by the Theory; namely: Quanta, Uncertainty, and physicist, not Russian, born in 1824 and scientific community. He then got promoted the mutual transformation between matter passed away in 1887. He has physical laws rapidly and was awarded the professorship and energy”. I then asked my student named after him in Thermodynamics and degree in physics from the University of to research deeply the concept of these electrical engineering. Please continue”. Berlin not past the age of thirty–one years”. principles, and to come back to visit me if My visitor resumed: “Max Planck received The student was unsatisfied by all this he could not understand any of them. his doctorate for an experiment he conducted information about Max Planck; he started

6 areas withintheoreticalphysicsandastrophysics. throughout his scientific life extensive research that covered many other Nobel the won Prize for the work he did at an early age, Chandrasekhar performed he Although Cambridge. College, Trinity for off set he Presidency at studied degreein1930, inMadras;upongraduatingwithaMaster’s College Chandra on, Later excelled. he where School, schooled by private tutors until 1921, when he enrolled in a Hindu High groundbreaking workinthefieldoflightscattering. Raman, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 after carrying out VenkataChandrasekhara Sir of nephew the was He Lahore. of city the is theyoungestageatwhichNobelPrizewinningworkwasawarded. traveling from India to Britain to begin working on a PhD in Physics. This that he carried out this work when he was just 19 years old, on a ship of the birth, structure, development, and evolution of stars. It is believed the mathematicaltheoryheformulatedtoexplainphysicalprocesses the observatory: theChandraX-rayObservatory. of discoverer prodigy this of universe, Chandra’s name wasbestoweduponNASA’s honor premierX-ray In Chandra. as known better Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan scientist, Indian–American an of work stars, includingblackholes,istheresultofanextensivetheoretical OF THE STARS CHANDRA Born toawell-educatedfamily, asachild,Chandra washome- Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was born on 19 October 1910, in In 1983,ChandrasekharwasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsfor Our current understanding of the evolutionary stages of massive AND THE SECRETS density. shut down and they become whitedwarfs,ortiny objects of enormous themselves. into collapsing eventually Their electronsbecomesotightlypackedthattheirnormalactivityis shrink, to begin they and pull, pressure neededtomaintaintheirsizeagainstowngravitational eventually reach a stage when they are no longer able to generate the radiation. of form the They in energy less release they so convert to left hydrogen less have stars life, their of end the reach they elements. As generated bytheirconversionofhydrogenintoheliumandevenheavier can escapeit. nothing, includingparticlesandelectromagneticradiationsuchaslight, region ofspaceandtimeexhibitingsuchstronggravitationaleffects that a is hole black Finally,a supernova. a after star massive a of collapse of about twice that of the Sun; they can result from the gravitational Universe. With a radius of only about 11–11.5 km, they star; can have a compact mass of type neutron starsarethesmallestanddensestknowntoexistin a is hand, other the on star, neutron A lifetime. output energy total The year may beasmuchthetotaloutputofSunduringitsten-billion Suns. billion ten of brightness the with shine holes. to theeventualunderstandingofsupernovas,neutronstars,andblack contributed calculations These hole. black a becomes and collapse to and becoming a neutron star; an even more massive star continues blowingoffcollapse, itsgaseousenvelopeinasupernovaexplosion, that times 1.44 than more of theSundoesnotformawhitedwarf,butinsteadcontinuesto mass a having star a that proved He limit. atoms arecompressedtoastateofextremelyhighdensity. about thesizeofEarth,andelectronsnucleitheirconstituent of their own gravity. These stars, known as white dwarf stars, contract to influence the under contract and energy lose stars helium, to hydrogen the By time. early 1930s,scientistshadconcludedthat,afterconvertingalloftheir that at evolution stars the of understanding common the Chandrasekhar made in the field of astronomy, one needs to learn about www.physicsoftheuniverse.com www.notablebiographies.com www.britannica.com References motivated “principallybyaquestafter perspectives”. autobiographical essay published with his Nobel lecture, he was strove toacquireknowledgeand understanding; accordingtoan on 21 the August on 1995, at the work age of classic 82. Throughout Chicago in away his passed a Chandra holes. life, black of theory Chandrasekhar mathematical published he 1983, In researcher. retirement from theUniversityofChicagoin1980,butremainedonasapost- Chandrasekhar provedthat,asstarsevolve,theyreleaseenergy A supernovaisanexplosionofamassivesupergiantstar;itmay Chandrasekhar determinedwhatisknownasthe contribution the of significance the about idea an form To hnrska bcm a mrcn iie i 15. e retired He 1953. in citizen American an became Chandrasekhar 7 | SUMMER 2016 A COSMIC POINT OF VIEW DISCOVERDISCOVER LIFE LIFE 8 | SUMMER 2016 The Youngest Nobel Laureates the animal got diabetes. However, if the duct the if However, diabetes. got animal the that ifthepancreaswasremovedfrom adog, and physician Joseph von Mering showed function wasunknown. named theisletsofLangerhans, whose juices, therewereclustersofcells, later medical the pancreatictissuethatproducesdigestive German 1869, student, PaulLangerhans,foundthat,within In damaged. was at thetime,oftenshowedthatpancreas patients whodiedofdiabetes,akillerdisease levels falltoo. levels fall,duringexerciseforexample,insulin is rise in blood glucose; when blood glucose Insulin release istriggeredafterameal,whenthere glucose. extra any store and absorb they need,whilestimulatingtheliver to enough glucosefromthebloodforenergy in the blood,insulinstimulatescellstoabsorb glucose excess is there When blood. the of the pancreas to regulate glucose levels in serious, sometimesdeadly, complications. can damagebloodvessels,leadingtoseveral insulin of insufficiency causes highlevelsofglucoseinthebloodthat or Lack effectively. because theavailableinsulinisnotworking happen duetolackofthehormoneinsulinor could This properly. glucose ingested utilize worldwide; it happens when the body fails to term diseaseaffecting millionsofpeople from orwhatitdid. ever heardofinsulinorknewwhereitcame had one no Banting, Before 32. of age young Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology at the in Canada, is the youngest recipient of the

By:Shahenda Ayman In 1889,physiologistOskarMinkowski Normally, insulin is made by the beta cells Diabetes isthefastestgrowinglong- Frederick Banting,born14November During the19 FREDERICK BANTING: th century, observationsof 1891 Battling Diabetes r Cals et st u t ts hs idea. his test to out set Best, Charles Dr. lack everyone’s of of belief,Banting,alongwithfellow student, spite In skepticism. his who allowed him to use the laboratory despite Macleod, J.J.R. of laboratory the in Toronto, an produce to from thepancreaswithoutbeingharmed. thought cells antidiabetic secretioncouldthenbeextracted The juices. shrink andloseitsabilitytosecretedigestive cause thepancreastodegenerate,makingit would This pancreas. the to nourishment of flow the stop to order in ducts pancreatic the ligate to wanted therefore, He, Langerhans. to the secretions produced by the islets of pancreatic digestivejuicescouldbeharmful glucose. and toproduceasubstancethatregulates two functions;toproducedigestivejuices, seemed thatthepancreasmusthaveatleast It diabetes. no but problems digestive minor to flow the intestinewasligated,dogdeveloped juices pancreatic the which through Banting worked at the University of In 1920,Bantinghadtheideathat managing diabetes. diligence necessaryandinherentburdenof have we now, Until not been able to substantially reduce the diligence. of level this bloodstream—few otherconditionsrequire inthe glucose of hypoglycemia—deficiency attentive remain at alltimestofeelingsthatmightindicate must Patients snack. and in theblood—ortocalculateeachmeal check glycaemia—thepresenceofglucose attention multipletimesperday, whetherto needs still It life. patient’s a of encompassing disaster inNewfoundland. Banting waskilledinFebruary1941,anair out, broke II War World When Institute. Best and research varied subjects at the Banting and study to on went he drug”, “wonder the discovering finally after degrees; honorary of and countlesslivesenhanced. of insulin,resultinginmillionslivessaved production mass for allowed This quantities. cattle, whichwerereadilyavailableingreat success, Banting switched his studies to this on Building treatment. life-saving finally a had diabetes effectiveness; its who showed confirmed patient, human immediate improvementandfurthertesting first their on University atthatpointrenamedit“insulin”. “isletin”, so they could perform larger trials; the to their team and began producing more “isletin” chemist a added term then They extract. the their for coined Best and Banting collie. a The results were stunning, thoughtemporary; into extract the injecting by theory, pancreases, theywerereadytotestthe the secretionsfromdogswithaltered They operatedondogs;oncetheyextracted discovering the“wonderdrug” Parliament. After finally achievement fromtheCanadian of Toronto, andtheLife Annuity Reeve PrizeoftheUniversity degrees; twoofthemwerethe won aseriesofhonorary After hisNobelPrize,Banting britannica.com news-medical.net nobelprize.org References Diabetes remains a disease that is all After hisNobelPrize,Bantingwonaseries In January 1922, they tested their solution spectrum.diabetesjournals.org thefamouspeople.com scienceheroes.com encyclopedia.com spectrum.diabetesjournals.org thefamouspeople.com scienceheroes.com encyclopedia.com hshrs ad lmnm These aluminum. and phosphorus, not ordinarily radioactive; namely, nitrogen, obtained radioactiveisotopesof elements magnesium with alpha particles, and they they bombardedboron,aluminum,and scientific, paths. life-time partnersintheirpersonal,aswell Frédéric gotmarried in1926,becoming and Irène polonium. of rays alpha the on thesis and in1925,shepresentedherdoctoral assistant at the Radium Institute; mother’s her became she 1918, In Sévigné. Collège Curie Irène had prepared for her baccalaureate at the time, that By Irène. daughter, University ofParis,wherehemetMarie’s to MarieCurieattheRadiumInstituteof assistant became he 1925, In 1900. March Nobel laureateinChemistrytothisday. Nobel Prize, which makes him the youngest Joliot Radioactivity. was only35 years old when he received the Artificial of discovery Nobel PrizeinChemistry, in1935,fortheir and IrèneCuriewerejointlyawardedthe Joliot Frédéric history, Repeating Physics. well-renowned 1903NobelPrizewinnersin ofMarieandPierreCurie,the daughter Joliot was the husband of Irène Curie, In thecourseoftheirresearches, Frédéric Joliot was born in Paris, on 19 An esteemed French physicist, Frédéric F the LegionofHonor. of of Medicine;hewasnamedaCommander Academy of Sciences andof the Academy rédéric Joliotwasamemberof the French 28 of aluminum. These elements, not found not elements, These aluminum. of 28 simultaneously theisotopes27ofsiliconand nitrogen, theisotope30ofphosphorus;and successfully producedtheisotope13of and magnesium with alpha particles, they using thebombardmentofboron,aluminum, By Frédéric. and Irène of discovery greatest wasthe producing radioelementsartificially. this uranium; groundbreaking methodtheydevelopedfor of fission causing of instead neutrons alpha particlesforthebombardments, used They atom. the the problemofreleasingenergy an importantsteptowardthesolutionof constituted isotopes radioactive artificial of discovery Their studied. they changes the in production ofneutronsandpositiveelectrons atom asthesenucleibrokedown. means fortheobservationofchangesin these of production unstable atomic nuclei afforded further The organism. the of phosphates, was tracedinthemetabolism course ofradiophosphorus,intheform by the thyroid gland was detected, and the processes; theabsorptionofradioiodine follow chemicalchangesandphysiological to isotopes radioactive artificially–produced discoveries revealedthepossibilityofusing This method was undoubtedly the the also observed Joliot–Curies The Frédéric Joliot: By: Moataz Abdelmegid By: Saga Scientific A Continuing legendary scientific saga. legendary whom became scientists; thus, continuing a a boyandgirl, Pierre andHelene,bothof Joliot, who together with Irène Curie parented The Honor. of craterJoliotisnamedafterFrédéric lunar Legion the of Commander Academy of Medicine; he wasnameda French Academy of Sciences and of the as Chair of Nuclear Physics at the Sorbonne. of his wife in 1956, he took over her position death the Upon 1955. in Manifesto Einstein one of the eleven signatories to the Russell– was Joliot–Curie France. de Collège the at of hisduties,butretainedprofessorship he was purged in 1950 and relieved of most French atomic reactor. A devoted communist, 1948, he oversaw the construction of the first High Commissionerfor Atomic Energy;andin Scientific for Center Research; in1945,hebecameFrance’s first National French the Prize. important discoverytheyreceivedtheNobel very this For electrons. negative or positive a moreorlesslongperiod,byemissionof naturally, decomposespontaneously, with encyclopedia.com chemheritage.org britannica.com nobelprize.org References Frédéric Joliot was a member of the Frédéric Joliot served asthedirectorof 9 | SUMMER 2016 The Youngest Nobel Laureates DISCOVER LIFE TOP Tanishq Abraham 10 Mahmoud Wael

Tanishq Abraham is among the youngest members of Mensa genius society, which he joined when he was four years old. He started Psychologists define a “prodigy” as An Egyptian prodigy, Mahmoud was to show his genius at four months, when he somebody who is on the extreme end of born in January 1999. He memorized the began browsing children’s books and correctly giftedness; someone who is very advanced multiplication table when he was three years answering questions about them. Upon entering in one area, usually not all areas, and years old and his IQ reached 155 points when he Mensa, he scored a high 99.9 percentile on the ahead of his/her peers. Typically, child was just six years old. At the age of eleven, standardized IQ test of Mensa. prodigies emerge in math, language, art, or Mahmoud won the title “World’s Smartest At five years old, Abraham finished the music; some might include chess or even Kid” in the Guinness World Records, having mathematics courses offered by Stanford sports. the highest absolute indicator of IQ among University’s Education Program for Gifted Youth Signs of prodigy-hood can be seen as his peers and being mentally capable of on five levels—kindergarten to 5th grade—in young as two or three years of age; for performming complex arithmetic operations just six months. His prodigious talent became example, Mozart was writing and playing with multi-digits with the same speed as a even more evident at the age of six, as he was symphonies when he was only five years computer. already taking high school and college courses. old. On the other hand, Picasso enjoyed a Mahmoud was the youngest person in the Abraham has maintained a grade point fruitful childhood period of painting brilliant world to take courses of computer network average of 4.0 in all of his college courses pictures; his interest in art was apparent as programing. He met Egyptian scientist and and was one of the youngest to be inducted soon as he could talk. His father was an Nobel Laureate Ahmed Zewail, and is hoping in the Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society. He art professor who discovered young Pablo to become the youngest scientist to win the also publishes essays on NASA’s Lunar painting when he was thirteen. Nobel Prize Science website. At the age of eleven, he In some cases, prodigies are both born was the youngest person to graduate from his and made; they can be born with retentive university in California. memories and a quality of mind that enables Akrit Jaswal them to relate and organize experiences, and they can be made in the sense that they Kim Ung-Young receive opportunities and rewards of special practice, instruction, or training. Historically, there have been many attempts to classify people into intelligence categories, according to their performance on a standardized intelligence test relative to the average performance of others of Jaswal was born on 23 April 1993. He the same age. This is called Intelligence began walking at an early age, talked before Korean Kim Ung-Young’s IQ is 210; born in Quotient (IQ). Lewis Terman, who developed the age of one, and was said to have been 1962, Kim just may be the smartest man alive the original notion of IQ in 1916, proposed reading Shakespeare when he was five. today. At three years old, Kim was a guest this scale for classifying IQ scores points to While most seven-year-olds were playing student of physics at the Hanyang University. be: normal or average intelligence (90–109 around pretending they were doctors, Akrit At four, he was already able to read in several points), superior intelligence (110–119), Jaswal was performing actual surgery. His languages. At five years old, he was already very superior intelligence (120–140), genius love for science and anatomy was noticed able to solve complex calculus problems; or near genius (over 140). by doctors who let him observe surgeries; before he was ten, he was already speaking Here, we introduce you to our selection he was inspired and soon learned all he eight languages. When Kim was seven, he of Top Ten modern science child prodigies could about surgery. At age twelve, he joined was invited by NASA and was able to obtain his from around the world today in no specific the Faculty of Medicine, and by the age of PhD in Physics at the Colorado State University order. seventeen, he was working on his Master’s before he turned fifteen. degree in Applied Chemistry. the historyofcompetition. addition, multiplication,andsquarerootsin the onlyparticipanttohave100%accuracyin was she off, it Totop seconds. 51 minutes 6 on hisPhDinQuantumPhysics. working currently is He Relativity. of Theory that he might one day disprove Einstein’s ten. While workingonhisdegrees,he asserted age at Indianapolis, University– University, Indiana Purdue at enrolled He shaped. question ofwhythemoonsMarsareoddly planetarium, Jacobansweredthepresenter’s forwards andbackwardsatthreeyearsold. wrong doctors when hewasabletorecitethealphabet the proved Jacob activities. read, orbecomeindependentinbasicdaily autism. Doctors said that he might not be able to talk, severe to moderate with diagnosed of tensix-digitnumbersinarecord-breaking root square the solving by place first winning bested She won. she 36 other competitors from 16 countries, which 2010, of Cup participant attheMentalCalculationWorld six; byageeleven,shewastheyoungest She startedmentalcalculationattheageof Jacob Barnett Priyanshi Somani At thesameage,whilevisitinga When hewastwoyearsold,Barnett India. from calculator mental a is Somani

USA. currently is He studying foraPhDinMathematics inthe curriculum. designed the he completedin2011; one yearearlierthan Master ofPhilosophyinMathematics,which of ScienceinMathematicaland designed, double-degreeprogram,Bachelor specially- a in participated He Statistics. in in advancedmathematicscoursesandaB old. He finished his A-levels, maintaining A’s atHongKongUniversity atnineyears enroll Kong Hong and is the youngest person to months. and wasrunningbythetimesheten was eightmonthsold,shestartedwalking, five months old,shestartedspeaking;when just the was Roberts When Wrigley. became Oscar thus, record previously held by a three-year-old boy She, youngest memberofMensa,beatingthe gifted. indeed skeptics before concluding that she was a complex45-minuteIQtestjusttosilence education psychologist, put Roberts through old! Professor Joan Freeman, a specialist IQ was156whenshejusttwoyears March TianBoedihardjo Elise Tan Roberts March Tian Boedihardjowasbornin Einstein’s IQ was 160; Elise Roberts’ thecairopost.youm7.com www.cracked.com www.britannica.com listverse.com References to takeupathird-yeartertiarymodule. becoming theworld’s youngest studentever he enrolledintheSingaporePolytechnic, teens aged sixteen and up. The He following year, school. the chemistryO-levelexam,atestmeantfor Singapore a was onlysevenyearsoldwhenhepassed at alkaloids and when hegaveasciencelectureaboutacid old years six just was old, years fifteen now Ainan CawleyofKualaLumpur, Malaysia, genius. chemistry a create to together come can do. hope withtheamazing,wonderfulthingsthey but keepinmindthattheycanalsogiveyou A master. wonder; theymightmakeyoufeelinadequate, to decades take child prodigy evokes awe, amazement, and not does and enormous talent; one that is simply there, young peoplethroughouttheworld. principles ofpeaceandunderstandingamong Advocates, an organization that promotes He is the founder of International Youthtwelve. of age the at Prize Peace Nobel the children’s rights activist, he was nominated for This Virginia. young mantravelstheglobeasapeaceand of University the from degree youngest personevertoreceiveaMaster’s the was Gregory graduated, he When age. of months; heenrolledinuniversityattenyears memorizing andrecitingbooksatfourteen Ainan Cawley Gregory Smith Gregory Sometimes, therightingredientsjust Being achildprodigymeanshavingan was Smith R. Gregory 1990, in Born By: SherineRamadan www.oddee.com www.therichest.coml bashny.net www.therichest.com 11 | SUMMER 2016 THE EARLY

DOSSIER “I have not failed. I have just found 10,000 ways that will not work.” Thomas Edison

ChallengesChallenges By: Basma Fawzy of Great Great Minds Minds theory proved correct, ensuring that he was definitely ahead of his time. “I must have been born with a strong Some of the greatest minds of all time attraction toward, and possibly even had not been considered great in their youth; an aptitude for, doing things on a small their bright mentalities were not apparent scale.” John Gurdon at an early age and their abilities were John Gurdon, an English biologist who underestimated. Yet, those who were once have come to know. Eventually, he became won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Medicine for considered ordinary or even less, outsmarted an adamant self-learner and a famous man his work in the field of genetics, was told everyone, creating fame for themselves with with ingenious ideas. by his schoolmasters that he was not ideas that stood the test of time. Let us delve “Logic will get you from A to B. smart enough to study the subjects that he deep into the story of famous scientists who Imagination will take you everywhere.” won the prize for later on. He persevered, proved everyone wrong about their abilities Albert Einstein believed in himself, and eventually won the when they were young. One of the most famous physicists of all Nobel Prize. He did not feel discouraged by “I have not failed. I have just found time, Albert Einstein attended elementary the negative comments; he went about his 10,000 ways that will not work.” school in Munich. He struggled with the life, imagining and inventing, and proved Thomas Edison school’s rigid system due to his speech Thomas Edison is the man who lit them wrong. Sir John Gurdon is known for problems; nevertheless, he was good with nuclear transplantation and cloning. our world. He invented the light bulb, the music and mathematics. Many children suffer phonograph, and had another 1000 patents Assumptions about children often turn at an early age because adults regard them out to be wrong. Einstein’s speech problem under his name; because of his ingenuity, as incompetent; Einstein, however, is proof and perseverance, the world is not the did not stop him from great achievement; that incompetency at one thing does not at all John Gurdon reprogrammed mature cells, same anymore. Although he suffered from mean lack of intelligence or talent. “Einstein a hearing impairment, Edison was a man and Edison lit the world. No one ever knows Syndrome” is a term invented to describe which child can be the next Einstein or with undefeated spirit, who had the courage bright children with speech problems who do to try 10,000 ways and still never gave up. Edison; all children deserve a fair chance not start talking before 4 years old. and a huge amount of patience. Never At school, Edison was a hyperactive Einstein was not an ordinary scientist; child and easily distracted; his teacher judge a book by its cover, and never judge a he had a vision that reached beyond his child that early; patience will reveal a child’s found him “difficult” to teach. It was his own world. Recently, one of his theories mother who believed in him. He left school hidden potential. Some bright scientists was tested and found true. After a hundred are born with problems, and thus, need and his mother, a school teacher, became years, scientists have observed “ripples in responsible for his education. Edison was encouragement to fulfill their true potential; the fabric of space-time”; something that all they need is faith. lucky because his mother cared about his Einstein talked about decades ago in his education. He was difficult to teach, but he theories. The equipment at Einstein’s time References was not unintelligent, and it is because of was not sophisticated enough to make such www.biography.com www.ligo.caltech.edu | SUMMER 2016 his mother that he became the Edison we a discovery; however, a century later, his www.telegraph.co.uk www.brainyquote.com “Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination www.nobelprize.org will take you everywhere.”Albert Einstein

12 PROMISING INVENTIONS BY YOUNG By: Sara Khattab carbon dioxide and waste materials. Doshi hopes that his battery, PolluCell, will help reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and work as a low-cost alternative for electricity in developing countries. INVENTORS The PolluCell contains two half-cells: an anode and a cathode. Doshi used aluminum from beverage cans for the anode, which OF TODAY easily loses electrons; and silver from silver-plated copper guitar strings for the cathode, which is more prone to gain electrons. He added carbonated water in the two half-cells and added salt to each half to catalyze the reaction. To speed up the reaction, he attached two copper wires to the terminals of a 9-volt battery and put the end of each wire into the water. This created a cell that converted the carbon dioxide in the water into approximately 800 millivolts of electricity. In 2014, Doshi presented his innovative eco-friendly battery design in the 16th annual Discovery Education 3M Young Scientist Challenge; a youth science and engineering competition for middle school students in the United States of America. Doshi was Nowadays, scientists are occupied with searching for awarded the grand prize of USD 25,000 and was entitled “America’s solutions for environmental issues, diseases, and lack of energy Top Young Scientist”. Winning the competition gave Doshi the resources that our planet needs. We need not worry, as the opportunity to work directly with 3M scientists who mentored him to future generation of young innovators may change the world. develop his idea into an actual prototype. Algae Mobile Early-stage Cancer Detector At the age of thirteen, The death of a family friend Param Jaggi started working as a result of pancreatic cancer with environmental and energy pushed Jack Andraka to find technologies. When he was a way to contribute to the fight learning to drive, he got the idea of against this deadly disease. making use of cars in decreasing Andraka noticed that one of the air pollution. Param built an algae- reasons behind low survival rates based bio-reactor called the “Algae Mobile”, which is inserted into from pancreatic cancer is the lack of early detection and an effective the exhaust pipe on the back side of a car. This device uses algae screening method. to turn carbon dioxide emissions into oxygen while driving the car. At the age of fifteen, he invented a new, potentially life- Since 2009, he built different models of the “Algae Mobile”. saving method for early detection of pancreatic cancer. This test Param introduced his device in many science fairs and is performed using a dip-stick type sensor, similar to diabetic competitions, where he won an award from the Environmental test strips, in addition to filter paper, and a basic instrument for Protection Agency for his environmentally–friendly invention. measuring electrical resistance. This method detects the increase He also won an award at the Intel International Science and of mesothelin, the protein that indicates the presence of cancer Engineering Fair for “Algae Mobile 3”. Only 20 years old, Jaggi is during its early stages. already the Chief Environmental Officer and founder of his own From around 1500 contestants, Andraka won the grand prize at company Ecoviate, which is a research and development company the 2012 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair. Now, he focusing on green technologies. holds an international patent on the device and hopes to bring it to Ocean Energy Probe market within ten years. He also aims at developing this method to After receiving a letter from be able to detect any disease. her friend in Ethiopia talking PolluCell about how there is no access to light and other basic necessities

Determined to help people | SUMMER 2016 in developing countries lacking in her country, Hannah Herbst access to clean energy and was determined to find a solution electricity, Sahil Doshi, the to the global energy crisis. At fourteen-year-old boy from the age of fourteen, she started to work on her low-cost ocean Pittsburg, came up with a battery renewable energy probe. This probe works through ocean tidal that can generate electricity using Continued p. 23 13 DOSSIER Innovations by Young Scientists

By: Nourane Khaled

Since the dawn of time, humans have been inventing and developing new tools and products to facilitate life tasks. The major part in innovations and inventions was by adults; however, some young innovators have made Have you ever seen a field of wheat or rice sport since 2000? American gymnast George significant contribution to this world and their and questioned how they harvested all that Nissen created it when he was 22 years old; work cannot be denied. in the past? Farmers spent days and weeks the idea came to him after watching circus Some of these innovations were very harvesting their crops; then, the American players perform tricks on safety nets. He simple. Have you ever thought, for example, Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical worked on his invention until it became the that the earmuffs you wear in cold days were grain reaper. McCormick had received limited actual trampoline we see nowadays. one day considered an invention? In 1873, school education, but he spent much time in Some youth, however, are not really the fifteen-year-old Chester Greenwood his father’s workshop. In 1831, the 22-year hoping for world peace! In 2011, the 19-year came up with this idea after having suffered -old completed his father’s project within six -old Eric Jacqmain created a powerful device from the cold. He tied a scarf around his weeks, making the world’s first mechanical named the Solar Death Ray. He glued 5,800 head, but it did not help, so he made a frame reaper that cuts, thresh, and bind grains. tiny mirror pieces on a satellite dish, creating out of a wire and added pads of heavy fabric. In 1642, the eighteen-year-old Blaise an extremely intense light ray that can burn Chester worked on perfecting his invention, Pascal invented the first mechanical or melt almost everything. Eric is hoping for using steel bands instead of wires. In 1877, calculator. His device was designed to more; he is willing to make a larger version of he obtained a patent for his invention and replace extensive arithmetic calculations. his device using 32,000 mirror pieces! created the Greenwood’s Ear Protectors This idea came to him after seeing his father, From these people, we have to learn that Factory. Chester’s creativity did not stop a tax supervisor, spending much time on age is just a number and it can never be a there; he obtained around a hundred more them. Pascal actually named his invention barrier to make a contribution in this world. patents during his lifetime. after him “La Pascaline”, the feminine noun Youth are the source of creativity; working Another invention that proves a creative of his own name. on their skills will be the first step towards mind can do miracles, even in case of At the age of sixteen, the American development. Motivate your children, develop disability, is French Louis Braille. Braille was inventor Samuel Colt carved out a wooden them, challenge them, and let them use their in an accident at three years of age, leading prototype that led to his invention of a creative minds for the good of this world. to loss of his sight. Despite his blindness, rotation-type firearm with a six-barrel cylinder, he was very intelligent; he was accepted in later called the Colt revolver. While sailing as the National Institute for Blind Youth in Paris. References a seaman, he was inspired by how the ship’s inventors.about.com There, he was taught to read from heavy wheel worked and followed its mechanism www.britannica.com paper with raised letters. Later, a French in building his prototype. Colt was always www.dailymail.co.uk www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtzRAjW6KO0 | SUMMER 2016 soldier taught him a complex system of dots interested in mechanics, and would often www.google.com/patents/US8409851 and dashes used in war, so Braille got the disassemble items to see how they worked. www.youngscientistchallenge.com idea of creating a new simple system. He In 1836, Samuel Colt received a U.S. patent www.techinsider.io achieved that in 1824, when he was fifteen for a revolver mechanism that enabled a gun years old. Nowadays, the Braille system is to be fired multiple times without reloading. used by blind people all over the world and A really fun and enjoyable invention is the is available in several languages. trampoline. Do you know that it is an Olympic

14 A Letterto a Young

Scientist Most people think of science as an By: Sherine Ramadan uncreative field; in reality, scientists must be very creative. They ask why something happens or what happens, then devise experiments to answer the question. Their creativity allows them to think outside the box and envision things that cannot be seen. They must be ready to give up old ideas when new ones come along. Analytical and critical thinking skills enable scientists to posit hypotheses to be tested, and to interpret experimental results that might not be exactly what was expected, but are significant in that they point to another possibility to be investigated. Moreover, you need to learn from other successful scientists, as Isaac Newton said “If I have seen further than others, it is by Dear Young Scientist, standing upon the shoulders of giants”. On I am writing to you today because I was college, along with a good understanding of the other hand, do not aim to be a version informed that you have chosen science for a mathematics. These basic classes give you of someone else, create the opportunity career. Well, congratulations my dear! a good start toward a career in science. for yourself to be unique according to As you know, science is very important One of the most common characteristics your capabilities, as Neil deGrasse Tyson for our everyday lives, because it is the most of scientists is curiosity. Scientists are always advised “Do what you do best”. reliable way of learning about the universe. curious about the world around them, and Scientists must be able to work as part of The knowledge that scientists gather can then they yearn to learn what makes everything a team or to work independently, depending be used by engineers, doctors, and others. work. You also must be patient in climbing on the need of the project. They must be Most of the technology we use and enjoy the career ladder and to undergo the years able to communicate effectively, both in would not exist had scientific discoveries not of work that might be required to make a writing and in speaking. In fact, not every preceded them; who knows what can you discovery in a scientific field. Furthermore, smart person has these qualities; there are contribute to science in the future? a sense of optimism keeps you performing plenty of smart people who are not geniuses I am sure you are full of ambitions and experiment after experiment, even if most of who make great scientists. beautiful dreams about changing the world them fail. Nobel Prize winner Elizabeth Blackburn to a better place. As Edward O. Wilson Do your best to be a detail-oriented summed it all when she said “Go deep; find said “On this path you have chosen, go person; notice even tiny observations, a good mentor; ask for advice; collaborate; as far as you can. The world needs you, remember, and record them. Alexander focus on the science and do good research; badly. Humanity is now fully into the techno- Fleming provides a famous example of this give a great talk; consider all careers; set scientific age. There is going to be no turning attribute; his great sense of observation led your (family) boundaries and use your time back”, so keep it up and keep going. to the great discovery of penicillin. wisely; explore creative ideas, but know However, being a scientist is not an Being open-minded is crucial for when to stop”. easy task; being a successful scientist successful people in science careers. A Finally, I would like to express my sincere is even harder and rare. It takes a lot of good scientist will accept whatever outcome wishes for a successful career. effort in studying, working, experimenting, his/her work has and not try to force the Yours, | SUMMER 2016 publishing, defending, and hopefully results into a preformed opinion. He/she graduating. As for the qualities of a good also has to have good ethics and will never Senior Scientist scientist, it may vary to some extent give false results or shade an experiment References with different specialties; however, every just to fulfill the expected outcome. Always www.universetoday.com scientist needs to have a good foundation in accept the solutions of others, even when www.mikebrotherton.com www.sciencecareersnow.com science classes throughout high school and they conflict with your own. woman.thenest.com

15 capita. It is estimated that plastic consumption surpasses one million tons per year; however, the biggest issue with this use of plastic is its manufacturing and its life after its initial use. If Egypt were to recycle its plastic, it could be a significant source of revenue. This is what Azza Abdel Hamid Fayad, the then 16-year-

DOSSIER old student, dreamt of accomplishing. In 2012, she was one of 130 competitors at the 23rd European Union Contest for Young Scientists, where she won the European Fusion Development Agreement Award. This gave her the opportunity to spend one week at the Joint European Torus facility at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy in the United Kingdom. There, she presented her project and idea to scientists who helped her by providing assistance and guidance on making her project a reality. What Azza Fayad discovered was a catalyst that can break down the plastic polymers, and turn them into biofuel feedstock; the starting materials that are used in making biofuels. What is innovative about Fayad’s project is not the concept itself, but the catalyst that she used. She proposed the use of aluminosilicate; a catalyst that can break down plastic waste and produce gases, such as methane, propane, and ethane, which can be used as raw stock to produce a high yield of ethanol. What is great about this method is that it is low in cost, and environmentally-friendly. Just as Azza Fayad came up with a way to help reuse plastic, another great young innovator, Mostafa Magdy Al-Sawy, is also Young working on a project that is green and beneficial to Egypt. He has come up with an idea for a smart dam that is an amalgamation of various purposes. Egypt has long been relying on the water from the Nile for life sustenance; this is why it is crucial to preserve this precious and life giving source. Dubbing his invention the “Arab Smart Dam”, what Mostafa Al-Sawy proposes is building a dam that is highly efficient Egyptian in energy consumption, earthquake-proof, as well as a great energy generator. In 2015, Mostafa competed in London with many hopefuls in the “Talented Arabs Championship”, an annual competition that aims to Minds Shaping acknowledge great achievements and innovations made by Arabs in their field of expertise. Thirty countries participated in 2015 when By: Jailane Salem 16-year-old Mostafa Al-Sawy’s innovative design won an award. Our Future His award-winning design is exemplary in its implementation of renewable energy usage; solar panels and wind turbines will be used Success in science does not necessarily mean that you to power the turbines that in turn will produce hydroelectric energy. have to have already studied at university level, or have The dam is proposed to be built in Al-Salloum, and would produce an taken advanced courses, which is the beauty of it. Science estimated 33.1 megawatts of electricity per hour. While the estimated is there for all those who have an inclination to delve cost of building the dam stands at around EGP 28 billion, Al-Sawy into it, and it does not discriminate by age. If you grasp believes that this cost will be returned in just a few months after the scientific ideas, understand the ins and outs of processes, dam starts operation. While he is the scientist behind the project, and have an intelligent curious mind, there are no limits for there is a team helping him on working out the finances of the project. scientific discovery. If this project sees the light, it will have a great impact on helping Egypt rely more and more on renewable energy, which is quite We do not have to go too far to find such young innovators. A few abundant in Egypt, but not put to use as it should. The way of the years back, right here in Alexandria, an aspiring high school student future most definitely lies there; however, the reliance on fossil fuels had a breakthrough regarding the recycling process of plastic. Living is still quite prevalent. One can only hope that more projects like in Egypt, where we consume a vast amount of plastic, encountering those of Azza Fayad and Mostafa Al-Sawy will keep making the mounds of it on almost every street, she was inspired to find an headlines and eventually become a reality on the ground. | SUMMER 2016 environmentally-friendly solution to this imposing problem. Since we While these are valiant individual efforts, there has been a move live in a world threatened by climate change and its fast approaching to create a place that encourages young scientists; in 2014, the effects, any new idea that can lessen our negative impact on Mother Egyptian Young Academy of Sciences was launched. It is part of the Earth should be welcomed with open arms. Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT) In 2012, Egypt’s plastic consumption per capita was 25 kg, which and is aimed at targeting youngsters who wish to make their way is higher than the Middle-Eastern average that stands at 16 kg per into scientific fields.

16 from 11 Arab countries, and the financial awards combined came to a total of USD 20,000. The competition encompassed many interesting projects, such as the top prize winner, Mohamed Ayman Abdel Latif, a 17-year-old student, who invented a way to isolate lung cancer cells in order to stop them from growing and spreading to other organs. The Regional General Manager of Intel in the MENA region, Taha Khalifa, said “It is our priority at Intel to continue fostering development and investing in the power of young Arab scientists, innovators, and leaders. We consider it our duty to support our youth through mentorship, investment in research, innovation and education, in order to allow them to explore all opportunities with innovative approaches”. To the finalists, he had this to say “The Intel Science Competition is a crucial event for the future of young scientists in the Arab world. These finalists represent the best and The (EYAS) includes members from the Global Young Academy the brightest innovators and leaders from our region ... judging by the (GYA), which is comprised of leading young scientists from 58 caliber of the projects presented this week, I am confident that these countries. GYA has a mission to become the voice of young scientists young innovators will make our world a better place”. from all over the world, and to provide them with the platform needed It is clear that many great minds are amongst us in Egypt; their to connect to each other and have interdisciplinary dialogues that will success can only mean great things, not only for our country, but only lead to great innovation. also for humanity. The younger generations have much to offer and What EYAS aims to do is to create an environment where young have current know–how. If only the facilities and opportunities are scientists can communicate and learn from Science, Technology, and easily accessible to them, it is obvious that amazing achievements Innovation (STI) communities, in both Egypt and abroad. It also aims are within their grasp. With the need for sustainable, green scientific to help those interested in participating in conferences, competitions, solutions, it seems that young scientists might just know the answers and workshops, and to enable them to pursue their scientific goals. the world needs. Its members are offered the opportunity to have easier access to research teams, so that collaborations can come about easier. EYAS References inhabitat.com also works on implementing an institutional framework that will allow www.scidev.net young scientists to participate in Egypt’s development. egyptianstreets.com Another place where young aspiring scientists can go to share weekly.ahram.org.eg globalyoungacademy.net their projects and ideas, as well as learn from one another is the Annual Competition in Science and Research “The Intel Science Competition is a crucial event for the future of held by Intel Corporation for students in the Arab young scientists in the Arab world. These finalists represent the best world. In 2015, it took place at the Library of and the brightest innovators and leaders from our region ... judging Alexandria and was met by the caliber of the projects presented this week, I am confident with great success, it gathered 130 students that these young innovators will make our world a better place” | SUMMER 2016

17 DOSSIER 18 | SUMMER 2016 Wins Scientific Researchand Technology (ASRT) andthe U.S.ConsulateGeneral. with IntelEgyptandtheMinistryofEducation,wassponsoredby Academy of participation wasorganizedbytheBA PlanetariumScienceCenter(PSC),incollaboration awards and acquiring the international recognition of scientists from all over the world. Their 2016. The 17 Egyptian students competed honorably in the international fair, winning several Fair (IntelISEF),held8-13MayinPhoenix, Arizona, USA. Fair (IntelBASEF)teamswontopplacesinthe2016InternationalScienceandEngineering solution forourcommunity. reliable a become thus can project The light. to come has (pervaporation) method scientific stable and safe, and operates usingasimple a high flow rate, is mechanically and thermally efficiency,high has of is manufacture, to easy such, this innovative, low-cost project, which is facing Egypt and other countries nowadays. As has become one of the biggest challenges economic roles,andthatthefreshwatercrisis insustaininglife, having vitaland element from thefactthatwaterismostessential forthedesalinationof seawaterarose idea The System”. Pervaporation by “Desalination Engineering categoryfortheirproject Hany NaguibandSamah Ayman, whowon4 Egyptian Team Atef, whowon 4 are Haya Ahmed Mohamed and Madouna success. further provingtheproject’s exceptional astounding, anditstotalcostisquitelow, after conductingseveralexperiments,were results, project’s The nano-magnetite. using aims toovercomethesechallengesthrough in Egypt. Superconductive Hybrid Desalination which isoneofthemostpressingchallenges stemmed from the scarcity of water resources, project the for idea The Desalination”. Hybrid category for their project “Superconductive place in the Earth and Environmental Sciences

IntelISEF In a continuing annual tradition, ten qualified Egyptian projects participated in Intel ISEF Intel in participated projects Egyptian qualified ten tradition, annual continuing a In For thefourthconsecutiveyear, IntelBibliotheca Alexandrina ScienceandEngineering Winning students from Egypt include Maria Two other winning Egyptian students th placeintheEnvironmental th Again at produces biodiesel and oil. As such, we can we such, As oil. and biodiesel produces rice strawgasesoncertainalgaethat can reach1200degrees,andthenpassing using theheatfromburningricestraw, which adevicethatcanevaporatewater,developed project “Making Use of Gray Water”. Yasmine the Environmental Sciences category for her in award place first the won YehiaYasmine 2016 It is worth mentioning that, in 2015, Nobel Laureatesinvariousfieldsofscience. scientists fromallovertheworld,including of millions worth trips totheopportunitymeet dollars; inaddition scientific as well as to win educational grants and scholarships, with theopportunity to compete for the chance students provides It also projects. scientific their ideasandpresentadvanced and share students worldwidetheopportunitytogather 1,750 over offers It students. pre-university Conference Centeron8September2014. the MinistryofEducationheldatNasrCity Sisi, attheScienceFestivalorganizedby from Egyptian President, Abdel Fattah El- They alsoearnedtheMedalofDistinction youths develop 21 innovation, criticalthinking,problemsolving, innovation, focusing onknowledge,research, finalists won the 3 Hoda Mamdouh, who were Intel BASEF 2014 compression ofgases. the otherforproducingenergythrough turbines: two hydroelectricpower,one forgenerating and has It fertilizers. organic and rice straw ashes in manufacturing cement in theFacultyofScienceDamietta,uses diseases thataffect therespiratorysystem. get ridoftheblackcloudthatleadstomany Intel BASEF aims to help 12–18 years old old years 12–18 help to aims BASEF Intel Intel ISEFisthebiggestsciencefairfor In 2014, Sarah Ezzat, MonaElsayed,and In 2014,Sarah The device,whichisapprovedbyexperts rd Grand Award at Intel ISEF. st century skills through

An Interview With A Young Scientist By: Sherine Ramadan

and teamwork. The students’ projects are assessed by university professors, specialized scientists and engineers, as well At the age of seventeen, Sarah Hagras Intel Bibliotheca Alexandrina Science and as professional volunteers. Grand prizes and her team were the first Egyptians to win Engineering Fair (Intel BASEF), where we are determined by using a scale of one- a prize in the world’s largest international pre- won first place in both our category and the hundred points, where points are awarded college science competition Intel International whole competition, which qualified us to for innovative abilities, scientific thinking, Science and Engineering Fair (Intel ISEF) participate in the international competition engineering goals, precision, skills, and that was held in 2013, in the United States of “Intel ISEF” in the United States. There, clarity. The Committee of Judges follows America. SCIplanet magazine has interviewed the competition with the teams from all the necessary international standards in her to know more about her experience. over the world was on fire; that is why we assessing the students’ projects. Could you please introduce yourself to were thrilled to win the fourth place in the It is worth mentioning that the fruitful our readers? Computer Science category. cooperation between BA PSC, Intel Egypt, Well, I am 21 years old, studying What did you learn from the Intel ISEF and the Ministry of Education has resulted in Psychology at the Middle East Technical experience? the geographical expansion of Intel BASEF, University in Turkey. I am very proud to be the I have learnt to follow my dreams and as it now covers all Governorates in Egypt. first Egyptian girl to win a prize in Intel ISEF never lose hope; to open up to new ideas, Alex Fair was the third and last final exhibition contest. work hard, and cooperate with others. in 2016 event. Four winners were from the We would like to know how you chose What do you think are the challenges and Cairo Fair, which included projects from your team? And what was your project about? problems facing young scientists in Egypt? all over Greater Cairo; two other winners Actually, Omar Khaled, Abdel-Rahman Sadly, there are a lot of problems, such as were from the Luxor Fair, which included Mohamed, and I have had the common crowded classrooms, lack of laboratory facilities projects from Upper Egypt and the Red Sea passion for computer science and the availability, funds, and governmental support. Governorate. Consequently, the total number great desire to help children suffering from Who is your scientist role model that of winners from across Egypt amounted to cancer. So, after hard work and a lot of you look up to in your life? ten projects. brainstorming, we came up with the idea Well, I have many; but my favorite is The BA prepares and trains the winning of designing a computer program that can Elizabeth Loftus, the American cognitive teams in order to guarantee that they identify handwriting features of both healthy psychologist and expert in human memory. will attain international rankings. This is and cancer-diagnosed children, in order to What do you enjoy most about studying achieved through providing research skills build a classification model, through which science? development programs; having eminent we can diagnose kids with cancer. We I enjoy every single detail about it; it is just professors from Egyptian universities and called our project “New Screening Method like exploring everything around you in order specialized institutions who care about young for Early Pediatric Cancer Detection through to know how to utilize it. inventors and researchers, to practically and Automated Handwriting Analysis”. Finally, what is your advice to young linguistically review the scientific projects; Well, that is interesting! What are the people who are interested in a science as well as providing the winning projects procedures you followed to apply for the career? with financial and technical support, thus contest? I would like to tell them to believe in their preparing them to win in the international The procedures are very simple and dreams and they will take the lead. Through competition. clear; anyone can apply online through patience and hard work, they are capable of www.isef-eg.com. My team and I first making the world a brighter and better place. participated in the national competition Thanks Sarah for your time. Good luck in your life. DOSSIER Young Entrepreneurial Geniuses

By: Esraa Ali

Becoming a billionaire so young has never been as a website genius, especially after inventing the “Face Mash” program, which became wildly popular, but was later shut down by so easy; not that these young billionaires were Harvard after it was deemed inappropriate. born with a silver spoon in their mouths though. By late 2003, Harvard had been planning to put its own student The Hurun Forty and Under Self-Made Billionaires directory online, which students referred to as “The Facebook”, to link its students together. Zuckerberg, thus, decided to take the task, as 2016 has ranked 39 contemporary self-made he thought he could do it better than they could, and in a week’s time. USD billionaires, whose average age is 35; 28 of Zuckerberg wrote a computer code for his own social networking which in the technology sector. site “The Facebook”, working on it together with his friends Dustin Moskovitz, Chris Hughes, and Eduardo Saverin; they launched it on Since it would be difficult to go through the story behind each of 4 February 2004. Out of a dorm room in Harvard, the group ran the the 39 billionaires, let us discover the story behind the list’s Top Ten site, extending it to reach students in Columbia, Yale, and Stanford that led to their fame and fortunes at young ages. Universities. Fast Facts Facebook maintained an intimacy that is regarded the secret of The list is dominated by five Facebook shareholders; led by its success. By end-2004, the site had one million users of students Mark Zuckerberg with USD 47 billion (earned his first billion by the who created a profile, could look up others’ profiles using a search age of 23); followed by Dustin Moskovitz with USD 10 billion (earned box, and made contact using a poking button. his first billion by the age of 26); Jan Koum, originally of WhatsApp Later, Zuckerberg met Facebook’s first investor, Sean Parker, bought by Facebook, with USD 7.5 billion (made his first billion at who joined the company as its president; he is regarded as the first the age of 37); Eduardo Saverin with USD 5.6 billion (earned his to see potential in the company. In June 2004, Zuckerberg moved first billion by the age of 28), and in the eighth place Sean Parker his company to California, where he met local venture capitalists with USD 3.8 billion (earned his first billion by the age of 31). and attracted millions of dollars of investment. The fifth and sixth places, each with USD 5.5 billion, go to the founders By December 2005, the site started to attract the interest of of Uber Technologies Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp (earned their other companies to advertise with. However, Zuckerberg focused first billion by the ages of 38 and 36, respectively). The only female in on expanding the site and adding more features instead of selling it. the list is in the seventh place with USD 4.3 billion, Elizabeth Holmes of Later on, Zuckerberg and his co-founders looked at funding options blood-testing Theranos (earned her first billion by the age of 30). Last that could help their website grow after realizing its potential as a but not least, the ninth and tenth places, each with USD 3.6 billion, go to social connection tool that allows billions of people worldwide to AirBnb founders Joe Gebbia and Nathan Blecharczyk (earned their first connect quickly and easily. billion by the age of 33 and 31, respectively). To date, Facebook has created tens of billionaires and hundreds of millionaires, and continues to succeed. You may consider its Accidental Billionaires: Facebook history as simple, yet Facebook’s success is remarkable, and a great example of the Internet’s potential for rapid growth, success, and real change. Simple, Personal, Real Time Messaging: WhatsApp

The story of the social-networking website Facebook began when Mark Zuckerberg, Co-founder and CEO, enrolled at Harvard in 2002 to study psychology. Zuckerberg soon gained a reputation they want. Gearing up for a future of driverless cars, the company the cars, driverless continues tobeanoutstandingexampleofdisruptivetechnology.of future a for up Gearing want. they world applying technology to offer people what they want, whenever Do NotGoThere,LiveThere: Airbnb Your DayBelongsto You: Uber including Australia, Egypt,France,UAE,andUSA. Uber serviceisnowavailableinmanycountriesacrosstheworld, to 2010. May in Francisco San proven in launched officially was and hit, a be had Uber later, months few A it. about knowing people service inearly2010New York, usingonlythreecarswithafew be would they Unaware, the headofonemostsuccessfulstartups,duotested Uber. as known be later would what on on thearrivaltimeofcab. can checktheprogressofhis/herrequestandreceivesestimates the customer the confirmed, with is cab a customer once location; the the nearby drivers notifies application The on. turned is GPS simple, idea:tapabutton,getride. yet brilliant, a with up came They the time. right at the in car and a place right finding of issue the solve to ways were of and thinking already issue global a was this realized friends The nightmare. a definitely is by passing taxis no with rain the under luggage with one oftheworld’s busiest cities,withoutyourownvehicle,packed within Travelling conference. a reach to taxi a find to unable were 2008, when Uber co-founders, Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp, Like billion. improving SMStechnologyinafewyears. 19 USD for WhatsApp Facebook, WhatsAppbecamemorethanamessagingapp, acquiring was it announced proposed Facebook Koum a deal to join the Facebook board; ten days later, Facebook 2014, In attention. Facebook’s gaining thus, February 2009,heincorporatedWhatsAppInc.inCalifornia. in up”; “what’s like sounded it because WhatsApp name the chose industry.new whole a He spawn to about was iPhone of Store App started anideaforamobileapplicationwhenherealizedthatthe Yahoo, where they worked before leaving it in 2007. In 2009, Koum Jan bought theircompanyin2014. by co–founded was Koum andBrian WhatsApp afterFacebook Acton, whobothbecamebillionaires service. messaging mobile Initially anapp, Uber haschangedthenatureoflogisticsaround In 2009,GarrettCamppersuaded Travis Kalanicktojoinhim Using amobileapplication,customerscanbookcabwhentheir The storyofUbertakesusbacktoasnowyeveninginParis In justasmallamountoftime,WhatsAppbecamepopular, Jan Koum, who had a knack for computers, met Brian Acton at users,WhatsApp is nowtheworld’sWith onebillion biggest for each need or hurdle faced. Let us turn our ambition into action into and ouractionsintoaccomplishments; iftheycandoit,we. ambition our turn us Let faced. hurdle or need each for on making fortunes, but by the ambition and the solutions they found planning were them of none as money the by not inspired, am I are. unique a had Each billionaires. success storyintermingledwithcriticism untiltheybecamewhat young these of each in Gates Bill Elizabeth Holmes is the world’s youngest self-made female billionaire. No One Has to Say Goodbye Too Soon: Theranos www.airbnb.com www.uber.com www.whatsapp.com www.facebook.com www.hurun.net References The BottomLine possessions, andthisishowitcreatesabondingamongpeople. and exchanging experiences and ideas; it also promotes sharing concept ofsocialrelationshipsamongpeople,notonlybymeeting the promotes Airbnb Hamburg. in opened was office international first its as international went 2011,company In the inception. since well. as travelers long-term In February2010, booking Airbnb announceditsone-millionth catered later it travelers; short-term name wasshortenedto Airbnb.com in2009. in its launched 2008; was August website official website. The their brilliant a Blecharzyk, Nathan programmer, joinedtheduoasthirdco-founder, whodeveloped 2008, February In idea. the about floor. their on sleeping four As theywerewavingtheirguestsgoodbyes,becameexcited had they week a within and website living-room floorandcookingtheirguestsbreakfast. attendees, theycameupwiththeideaofrentingoutairbedsontheir response totheirneedofmoneyandthedemandfromconference In booked. fully were city’shotels the and Francisco San in held be Brian Cheskywerenotabletopaytheirrent;aconferencewas of HurunReport Researcher Chief and Chairman Hoogewerf, Rupert donated.” has inthenextthirtyyears,20%ofwhichhe to createUSD100billion Gates made his first billion by the age of 31, and has since gone on Bill Remember lifetime. their in do could they what think to boggles multitude oftestsatafractionthepricecommerciallabs. made finger, labs the her of prick painless virtually a With blood. of vials drawing than rather stick finger single a using cholesterol high company The house. college a conducted bloodtestsdetectingmedicalconditions,likecancerand of basement the in Theranos on testing. blood to approach new blood testing, with a goal of making cheaper and easier clinical a has company biotech The 2003. in Theranos Holmes earlier. diseases detect to founded Real-Time way Cures,laterchangingthecompany’s nameto a develop to her moved The websiteoriginallyoffered bedandbreakfastspacesto Airbedandbreakfast.com the created Chesky and Gebbia As thetalegoes, Airbnb startedin2007,whenJoeGebbiaand You would have to look really hard not to see Steve Jobs or “If theycanmakethismuchbeforeareevenforty, themind Theranos is now licensed to run in all the USA States; and today, A semesterlater, HolmesdroppedoutofStanford,working At theageof31,ElizabethHolmes’s uncle’s deathfromcancer www.businessinsider.com http://successstory.com/ www.biography.com www.theguardian.com www.theranos.com 21 | SUMMER 2016 Significant scientific contribution has never been restrained to those who start their scientific endeavors as grown adults. In fact, history thrives with scientists who have shaped the world thanks to work they have conducted, or at least started, as teenagers. Had they been disregarded simply because of their age, many things we take for granted today may have not existed. THE STORY BEHIND SCIENCE ARISTOTLE By: Maissa Azab and the Legacy of Logic

In the 3rd century BCE, Aristotle embarked on his life-long, eternally Although Aristotle was not technically a scientist by today’s influential career in his late teens, when he attended Plato’s Academy, definitions, science was among the subjects that he researched at Greek’s premier learning institution, where he studied nearly every length during his time at the Lyceum—a school he founded. Aristotle subject offered at the time. Aristotle proved to be an exemplary believed that knowledge could be obtained through interacting with scholar; he maintained a relationship with Plato, himself a student physical objects. He concluded that objects were made up of a of Socrates, and his academy for two decades. However, because potential that circumstances then manipulated to determine the object’s he had disagreed with some of Plato’s philosophical treatises, when outcome. He also recognized that human interpretation and personal Plato passed away in 347 BCE, Aristotle did not inherit the position of associations played a role in our understanding of those objects. director of the Academy as many imagined he would. Aristotle’s research in the sciences included a study of biology. He A prolific writer and polymath, Aristotle radically transformed attempted, with some error, to classify animals into genera based on most, if not all, areas of knowledge he touched. He wrote as many their similar characteristics. He further classified animals into species as 200 treatises, only 31 of which survive. Unfortunately, these based on those that had red blood and those that did not. The animals works are in the form of lecture notes and draft manuscripts never with red blood were mostly vertebrates, while the “bloodless” animals intended for general readership; they do not demonstrate his reputed were labeled cephalopods. Despite the relative inaccuracy of his polished prose style, which attracted many great followers, including hypothesis, Aristotle’s classification was regarded as the standard the Roman Cicero. Aristotle was the first to classify areas of human system for hundreds of years. knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and In 322 BCE, Aristotle contracted a disease of the digestive organs ethics; some of these classifications are still used today. and passed away. In the century following his passing away, his works As the “Father of Logic”, Aristotle was the first to develop a fell out of use, but were revived during the first century CE; over time, formalized system for reasoning. He observed that the validity of any they came to lay the foundation of more than seven centuries of argument can be determined by its structure rather than its content. philosophy. Aristotle’s influence on Western thought in the humanities Aristotle’s brand of logic dominated this area of thought until the rise and social sciences is largely considered unparalleled, with the of modern propositional logic and predicate logic 2000 years later. exception of his teacher Plato’s contributions, and Plato’s teacher Aristotle’s emphasis on good reasoning, combined with his Socrates before him. The two-millennia-strong academic practice of belief in the scientific method, forms the backdrop for most ofhis interpreting and debating Aristotle’s philosophical works continues to work. For example, in his work on psychology and the soul, Aristotle endure. distinguishes sense perception from reason, which unifies and With his vast knowledge of subject material, Aristotle completed

| SUMMER 2016 interprets the sense perceptions and is the source of all knowledge. encyclopedias of information, covering biology, ethics, logic, One of the main focuses of Aristotle’s philosophy was his metaphysics, music, physics, poetry, politics, rhetoric, theater, and systematic concept of logic; his objective was to come up with a zoology; paving the way for many scientists and philosophers to universal process of reasoning that would allow man to learn every follow in his footsteps to this day in time. conceivable thing about reality. The initial process involved describing References objects based on their characteristics, states of being, and actions. In blogs.scientificamerican.com his philosophical treatises, he discussed how Man might next obtain www.biography.com information about objects through deduction and inference. www.iep.utm.edu prezi.com 22 PROMISING INVENTIONS PROMISING INVENTORS BY YOUNG halcyonincubator.org www.oddee.com www.mnn.com www.nbcnews.com References Scientist Challenge. in theDiscovery Education 3M Young a presented model of his house illuminated by GFP Nikita light. green of flashes lightintheenvironment andemitting blue from energy absorbing by works in it jellyfish; present naturally is GFP windows. into Protein (GFP)withmagneticgelembedded lighting and through combiningGreenFluorescent glass efficient create to a way developed USA, Georgia, from Rafikov electricity, theeleven-year-oldNikita theFuture House of developed indevelopingcountries. Energy Probesothatitcaneventuallybe planning is She 3M. to keep working to improvetheOcean from mentor a with Challenge grandprizeandwaspaired 2015 Discovery Education3M Young Scientist the won Herbst devices. medical or could beusedtopowerdesalinationpumps three car batteries in about an hour, which it could produce enough electricity to charge but Hannahaimsatscalingtheprobeupso enough electricitytolightsomeLEDbulbs, turning oceantidesintousablepower. Probe viaapulleysysteminside,eventually the hydroelectricgeneratorattopof bottom of the probe, which in turn powers energy, whichdrivesthepropellerat Aiming tolighthouseswithoutusing Her designwasabletoproducejust OF TODAY • • • 10:30, 11:30, 12:30,13:30,14:30,15:30 Sunday–Thursday: Guided Tours Schedule Saturday: Sunday–Thursday: Opening Hours Visitors INFO History ofScience Museum History • • Visitors INFO holders. Museum Tours arefreeforticket Museum entryfeesareEGP 2.- For non-audienceofthePlanetarium, all Planetariumshowstickets. Museum entryfeesareincludedin at any time without prior notification. the righttocancelorchangeshows reasons, thePlanetariummaintains Kindly note that, for technical www.bibalex.org/psc officialwebsite: Center’s and fees,pleaseconsultthe For thePlanetariumdailyschedule 45 min.LiveShowbythePSC VISITORS INFO VISITORS Alexandria, TheCradleof 22 min.Full-domeShow 35 min.Full-domeShow 33 min.Full-domeShow 30 min.Full-domeShow 35 min.Full-domeShow 25 min.Full-domeShow 24min. Full-domeShow 19min. Full-domeShow Stars ofthePharaohs Resident Astronomer Available Shows Mystery oftheNile Planetarium 35 min.IMAXShow 45 min.IMAXShow Enlightened mind The Life ofTrees Seven Wonders Cosmic Voyage Oasis inSpace Kaluoka’hina The Mission Stars Show Astronomy 12:00-16:00 9:30-16:00 Tuesday:

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10:00, 11:00 9:30- 12:30 12:00-16:00 9:30-16:00 14:00 Thursday:

23 | SUMMER 2016 How To Be A

Be Patient in Climbing the Scientist Career Ladder

Out of the

Think

Box

in FourSteps

Be Optimistic

in Performing

Experiments

Your

Be Curious

Be a Detail-

Oriented Person/

Check out the “A Letter to a Young Scientist” article, page 15. Illustrated by: Mohamed Khamis