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Ção Técnica Da Energia Das Ondas Em Portugal

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Ção Técnica Da Energia Das Ondas Em Portugal Avaliação Técnica da Energia das Ondas em Portugal Renato César de Melo Veloso Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores Júri Presidente: Prof. Maria Eduarda de Sampaio Pinto de Almeida Pedro Orientador : Prof. Rui Manuel Gameiro Castro Vogal : Prof. Cristina Inês Camus Outubro 2014 i Agradecimentos Ao atingir um objectivo que estabelecemos para nós próprios, principalmente algo que temos dificuldade em dar por terminado, e fazemos uma retrospectiva do caminho que percorremos, verificamos que esse percurso foi feito por nós mas não foi feito de forma solitária. Se assim fosse, talvez nem o tivéssemos iniciado ou se o iniciássemos, talvez não o tivéssemos finalizado. Desta forma quero agradecer ao professor Rui Manuel Gameiro Castro, a oportunidade que me concedeu para a realização desta dissertação, bem como toda a sua disponibilidade, supervisão, apoio e sentido crítico que me permitiram concluir esta etapa académica. A todos os meus amigos, pelas longas horas de conversa e boa disposição ao longo dos anos, que tornaram este percurso bem mais agradável, divertido e enriquecedor a todos os níveis e sem os quais não teria sido a mesma coisa. Um agradecimento muito especial à minha família a quem sou grato por toda a confiança, paciência, carinho, compreensão, incentivo, esforço e apoio prestado ao longo dos anos, por me permitirem manter sempre este objectivo presente e sem os quais não teria conseguido. E por fim, um agradecimento especial à Alexandra, por mais do que aquilo que eu possa colocar por palavras. Peço desculpa a todos, os que de alguma forma me auxiliaram neste percurso e não mencionei, mas que de forma alguma foram esquecidos. A todos, o meu muito obrigado! ii Abstract The ocean waves have a high potential to become a reference among the renewable energies with economic viability. In recent years this source of energy has led to a growing interest from the scientific community, resulting in studies and technological developments on the issue arising more and more frequently and with greater detail. However, despite this growth, there remains some difficulty in the perception by the general public of this potential as well, some work to do by the governments and the industry to push this technology to the front lines. In this sense, this paper aims to bring light to this "new" form of energy by assessing and characterizing the marine resource, presenting to the most used methods for extraction of wave energy, understand how they work in general and one of them (Oscilating Water Column - OWC) in particular, quantify the energy that we can harness through the OWC system and model it in MATLAB/Simulink® environment. Keywords: oscillating water column, wave energy, Wells turbine, doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) iii Resumo As ondas do mar têm um elevado potencial para se tornarem um recurso energético renovável de referência e com viabilidade económica. Nos últimos anos esta fonte de energia tem suscitado um crescente interesse por parte da comunidade científica e levado a que estudos e desenvolvimentos tecnológicos sobre a matéria surjam cada vez com mais frequência e com maior detalhe. Todavia, apesar deste crescimento, persiste alguma dificuldade de perceção pelo público em geral deste potencial. Nesse sentido, este trabalho pretende dar a conhecer esta "nova" forma de energia, os métodos mais usados para explora-la, compreender como funcionam e quantificar a energia que podemos aproveitar através deles. Numa primeira fase este trabalho avalia e caracteriza o recurso marítimo, seguindo-se a apresentação dos diferentes métodos de extração da energia das ondas, princípios de funcionamento e mecanismos de Power Take-Off (PTO) utilizados. De seguida a enfâse vai para o sistema de coluna de água oscilante (CAO), explorando de forma mais detalhada os aspetos técnicos relevantes, analisando a capacidade de produção de um sistema destes ao longo de um ano e como ferramenta auxiliar, para compreender melhor a dinâmica de funcionamento deste sistema, socorre-se a uma simulação do mesmo em ambiente MATLAB®/Simulink®. Esta modelação/simulação tem também como objetivo compreender o impacto da utilização de um sistema de controlo de velocidade do grupo turbina-gerador na produção energia comparativamente a um sistema sem controlo de velocidade. Palavras-chave: coluna de água oscilante, energia das ondas, turbina de Wells, máquina de indução duplamente alimentada (MIDA) . iv Índice Agradecimentos .................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. iii Resumo.................................................................................................................................................. iv Índice ...................................................................................................................................................... v Lista de Figuras .................................................................................................................................. viii Lista de Tabelas .................................................................................................................................... xi Lista de Acrónimos ............................................................................................................................. xii Lista de Símbolos ............................................................................................................................... xiii 1. Introdução ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Energia Marítima ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Recurso Energético Marítimo ................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Distribuição do Recurso Energético Marítimo ....................................................................... 2 1.4. Vantagens da Energia das Ondas ......................................................................................... 4 1.5. Projectos de Sistemas de Aproveitamento da Energia das Ondas ...................................... 4 1.6. Objetivos ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.7. Estrutura do Trabalho ............................................................................................................ 8 2. Aproveitamento da Energia das Ondas ...................................................................................... 9 2.1. Ondas .................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Teoria Linear das Ondas ..................................................................................................... 10 2.3. Espectros de Ondas ............................................................................................................. 11 2.4. Efeito da Profundidade da Água ......................................................................................... 14 2.5. Resposta dos WECs ........................................................................................................... 15 2.6. Tipos de WECs .................................................................................................................... 16 2.6.1. Coluna de Água Oscilante (CAO) ........................................................................... 16 2.6.2. Pelamis ................................................................................................................... 19 2.6.3. Wave Dragon .......................................................................................................... 21 2.6.4. WaveRoller ............................................................................................................. 23 2.6.5. AquaBuOY .............................................................................................................. 24 2.6.6. Archimedes Wave Swing (AWS) ............................................................................ 27 2.7. Diagramas Unifilares Simplificados dos WECs ................................................................... 28 v 2.8. Desafios ............................................................................................................................... 30 2.9. Revisão da Literatura .......................................................................................................... 30 3. Componentes De Um Sistema CAO .......................................................................................... 32 3.1. Câmara Pneumática ............................................................................................................ 32 3.2. Turbina ................................................................................................................................. 34 3.2.1. Turbina de Wells ..................................................................................................... 34 3.2.2. Forças que Actuam na Turbina de Wells ............................................................... 35 3.2.3. Curvas de Performance da
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