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Study on Lessons for Ocean Energy Development Study on Lessons for Ocean Energy Development Final Report April – 2017 Study on Lessons for Ocean Energy Development EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Research & Innovation Directorate G – Energy Unit G.3 – Renewable Energy Sources Contact: Dr. Ir. Matthijs SOEDE E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels 2 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Study on Lessons for Ocean Energy Development Final Report Directorate-General for Research & Innovation Study on Lessons for Energy Development 2017 EUR 27984 EN Study on Lessons for Ocean Energy Development EUROPE DIRECT is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you) LEGAL NOTICE This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 Pdf KI-NA-27-984-EN-N ISBN 978-92-79-59747-3 ISSN 1831-9424 DOI 10.2777/389418 © European Union, 2017 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. 4 Study on Lessons for Ocean Energy Development ABSTRACT Europe has a significant ocean energy resource which could contribute to the decarbonisation of the energy system and create a new industry with export opportunities worldwide. Despite advancements in the last two decades, tapping into this resource has turned out to be a challenge. This study has reviewed failures, lessons learnt and good practices in wave and tidal technology. This review revealed a consolidation in tidal and a fragmentation in the wave segment. The main conclusion of the study is that root causes and barriers to development are diverse and interrelated. They call for an integrated approach, involving all stakeholders. Change of behaviour towards embracing good practices and learning from past experiences is urgent. There is a need for a ‘covenant’ between the industry and public sector, which should (1) coordinate technology development; (2) promote certification, performance guarantees, standardisation and accreditation; (3) align framework conditions and support activities; (4) base technology development support on a staged approach; and (5) build and use an OET Monitoring Framework applying performance criteria on both technological and non- technological readiness. The study recommends to apply such a framework to define phased ‘ex ante conditionality’ for future funding, resulting in a more efficient support to wave and tidal energy. i Study on Lessons for Ocean Energy Development RÉSUMÉ L'Europe dispose d'une importante ressource énergétique océanique qui pourrait contribuer à la décarbonisation du système énergétique et créer une nouvelle industrie avec des opportunités d'exportation dans le monde entier. Malgré les progrès réalisés au cours des deux dernières décennies, l'utilisation de cette ressource s'est révélée être un défi. Cette étude a examiné les échecs, les enseignements et les bonnes pratiques en matière de technologie houlomotrices et marémotrices. Cette revue a révélé une consolidation dans le domaine des énergies marémotrices et une fragmentation dans les énergies houlomotrices. La principale conclusion de l'étude est que les causes profondes et les obstacles au développement sont diversifiés et interdépendants. Ils demandent une approche intégrée impliquant toutes les parties prenantes. Un changement de comportement prenant en compte les bonnes pratiques et l'apprentissage des expériences passées est urgent. Il faut une «convention» entre l'industrie et le secteur public, qui devrait (1) coordonner le développement technologique; (2) promouvoir la certification, les garanties de performance, la normalisation et l’homologation; (3) aligner les conditions cadres et les activités de soutien; (4) soutenir le développement technologique fondé sur une approche progressive ; (5) construire et utiliser un « Tableau de Bord » des technologies de l’énergie océanique en utilisant des critères de performance liés à la maturité technologique et sectorielle. L'étude recommande d'appliquer un tel cadre pour définir une «conditionnalité ex ante» progressive pour les futurs financements, ce qui entraînera un soutien plus efficient à l'énergie houlomotrice et marémotrice. “The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein.” ii Study on Lessons for Ocean Energy Development EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (I) Objectives of the study Europe has an identified ocean energy resource in the range of 1000-1500 TWh of wave energy and around 150 TWh of tidal energy annually.1 This represents the largest known untapped resource that can contribute to a sustainable energy supply. However, tapping into this resource has turned out to be a challenge. Despite dedicated development efforts in both tidal and wave energy, over at least two decades, as well as substantial progress in various domains, technological and non-technological progress in the sector has been slower than initially expected a decade ago. Against this background, the objective of this study is to point to failures and good practices/lessons learnt in Ocean Energy technology development in Europe in relation to tidal and wave energy.2 The focus has been on both technological and non-technological (finance, IPR, business operation or other) issues and barriers to cooperation. Based on the collected information, the aim has been to in a structured way identify the most important key issues for further development of the sector. (II) Methodology and approach The research commenced with extensive desk research, including a factual description of the state of play of ocean energy technologies. The key technological characteristics have been explained, and a chronology of technology development has been developed. An overview of supply chain characteristics has also been provided. As ocean energy technology developments have been concentrated in several Member States, country-specific experiences have been investigated, based both on desk research and interviews. During the subsequent field investigations, a total of 57 stakeholders have been consulted (mostly in the form of semi-structured interviews) on the critical barriers in ocean energy technology development, including aspects of sectoral cooperation and knowledge sharing. The interviews have been balanced between wave and tidal, with transversal/general issues as a third category. Overall, 2/3 of the interviews have been held with the business sector, mostly with developers and industry/manufacturers. About 1/4 of interviews were conducted with the public sector and 1 out of 7 were held with academic stakeholders. Analysis of the survey results was carried out using the qualitative data analysis tool Atlas.ti. This analysis has been complemented by a project-based analysis of successes and failures, and has resulted in a critical and systematic review of the lessons learnt. The prospective research component, including the section on promoting innovation, collaboration and knowledge building, has been based on 4 focus groups held in Dublin (Ireland), Paris (France), Bilbao (Spain) and Lisbon (Portugal), supplemented by targeted interviews and attendance at industry events. The section about the tool for monitoring OET development is based on expert judgment and team analysis. The draft final report has been presented and discussed in a validation workshop, held at DG Research and Innovation in January 2017. The comments received during and after the workshop have been integrated in this final report. (III) Main findings of the study State of play of the sector The Ocean energy sector is relatively young and is still emerging. It has benefited from EU support (about € 200 m. over the past 30 years3) and has since innovated and moved forward, although at different speeds. The sector remains promising, especially when niche markets (e.g. islands, remote locations) and export potential are considered. The main report presents a chronological overview of developments in the sector. In tidal energy, significant convergence has taken place. The amount of transfers of components, staff and technologies/components indicate that a certain degree of knowledge transfer occurred in the tidal sector. Initially, wave energy technology appeared to mature more quickly than tidal. It attempted to reach higher technological readiness levels and managed to involve large industrial players early 1 Ocean energy is understood by us as a set of distinct technologies including wave and tidal energy, salient gradient and OTEC. In some countries (e.g. France), ocean energy also includes (floating) offshore wind, however that is not the case in our definition. This study exclusively focuses on tidal and wave energy. 2 Other forms of Ocean Energy technology, notably OTEC and salient gradient power lie outside the scope of this study. 3 In the framework programmes and Horizon 2020
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