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Investigating focus marking in Luganda and Lingala Jenneke van der Wal, Harvard University While it is admittedly difficult to investigate information structure in an unfamiliar language, in this talk I hope to show that there are some manageable diagnostics for focus that can be applied in elicitation. Based on data from Luganda and Lingala I show why the discoveries about focus marking in Bantu languages are crucial for understanding both the synchronic analysis and the diachronic development of focus. For Luganda I discuss the presence vs. absence of the augment (e.g. o-mu-ntu vs. _-mu-ntu ‘person’), arguing that the absence indicates not just underspecified focus but exclusivity (1). For Lingala I show the use of two focus markers nde and moto (2), showing how the latter has grammaticalised from a cleft construction in an unexpected way. (1) a. Y-a-gúla e-bí-tábó. [Luganda] 1SM-PAST-buy 8A-8PX-books 'He bought books.' b. Y-a-gúla bi-tábó. 1SM-PAST-buy 8PX-books 'He bought books.' (2) a. Mwána moto azalí na ndáko. [Lingala] child MOTO ASG.be.PRF in.the house ‘It is the child who is in the house.’ b. Mwána ndé azalí na ndáko. child FOC ASG.be.PRF in.the house ‘It is rather the child who is in the house.’ References Hyman, Larry M. and Francis X. Katamba. 1993. The augment in Luganda: syntax or pragmatics? In Mchombo, S. (eds.), Theoretical aspects of Bantu grammar, 209-256. Stanford: CSLI. Mukash Kalel, Timothee. 2004. Questions spéciales de linguistique générale: Syntaxe des langues bantu. Kinshasa: Centre de Recherches pédagogiques. van der Wal, Jenneke and Jacky Maniacky. 2015. How 'person' got into focus: grammaticalisation of clefts in Lingala and Kikongo areas. Linguistics 53 (1). 1-52. van der Wal, Jenneke. 2016. diagnosing focus. Studies in Language 40 (2). 259-301. van der Wal, Jenneke and Saudah Namyalo. 2017. The interaction of two focus marking strategies in Luganda. In Payne, d., S. Pacchiariotti and M. Bosire (eds.), Diversity in African languages, 355-377. Language Science Press .

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