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Forming Wh-Questions in Shona: a Comparative Bantu Perspective Jason Zentz Yale University, [email protected]

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Forming Wh-Questions in Shona: a Comparative Bantu Perspective Jason Zentz Yale University, Jason.Zentz@Yale.Edu Yale University EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale Linguistics Graduate Dissertations Department of Linguistics Spring 5-2016 Forming Wh-Questions in Shona: A Comparative Bantu Perspective Jason Zentz Yale University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ling_graduate Part of the Syntax Commons Recommended Citation Zentz, Jason, "Forming Wh-Questions in Shona: A Comparative Bantu Perspective" (2016). Linguistics Graduate Dissertations. 2. http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ling_graduate/2 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Linguistics at EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics Graduate Dissertations by an authorized administrator of EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Forming Wh-Questions in Shona: A Comparative Bantu Perspective Jason Arik Zentz 2016 Bantu languages, which are spoken throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa, permit wh- questions to be constructed in multiple ways, including wh-in-situ, full wh-movement, and partial wh-movement. Shona, a Bantu language spoken by about 13 million people in Zimbabwe and Mozambique, allows all three of these types. In this dissertation, I conduct the first in-depth examination of Shona wh-questions, drawing on fifty hours of elicitation with a native speaker consultant to explore the derivational relationships among these strategies. Wh-in-situ questions have received a wide variety of treatments in the syntactic lit- erature, ranging from covert or disguised movement to postsyntactic binding of the wh- phrase by a silent question operator. In Bantu languages, wh-in-situ questions are often taken to be derived via a non-movement relation (e.g., Carstens 2005 for Kilega, Diercks 2010 for Lubukusu, Muriungi 2003 for Kîîtharaka, Sabel 2000 for Kikuyu and Duala, Sabel & Zeller 2006 for Zulu, Schneider-Zioga 2007 for Kinande), but alternatives have rarely been considered. I demonstrate how movement-based analyses that have been proposed for wh-in-situ in non-Bantu languages make the wrong predictions for Shona wh-in-situ, which lacks word order permutation, extraction marking, island effects, and intervention effects. These properties provide support for the traditional Bantuist view that therela- tion between the pronunciation site of an in-situ wh-phrase and its scopal position in the left periphery is not movement; I claim that in Shona it is unselective binding. Many Bantu languages, including Shona, prohibit wh-phrases from appearing in the canonical preverbal subject position. Wasike (2007) demonstrates that this restriction ap- plies to topicalized non-subjects as well as preverbal subjects. I replicate these results for Shona and argue that they cast doubt on Sabel & Zeller’s (2006) attempt to characterize the ban with an appeal to improper movement. I argue instead that restrictions on the distribution of wh-in-situ in Bantu are tied to restrictions on the domain for focus licens- ing. This claim is further bolstered by an examination of crosslinguistic variation within Bantu with respect to whether the ban on in-situ preverbal wh-subjects applies in embed- ded clauses. I observe a previously unnoticed generalization: languages that universally ban in-situ preverbal wh-subjects (like Zulu) have immediately after the verb (IAV) focus effects; languages that do allow in-situ preverbal wh-subjects in embedded clauses (like Shona, Lubukusu, and Kîîtharaka) also lack IAV effects. Full wh-movement in Shona gives rise to questions that bear a certain similarity to En- glish wh-questions. However, using a range of diagnostics including extraction marking, island effects, reconstruction effects, and the distribution of temporal modifiers, Iargue that what appears to be full wh-movement in Shona actually has a cleft structure: the wh-phrase moves to become the head of a relative clause, which is selected by a copula in the matrix clause. Just as in wh-in-situ, an ex-situ wh-phrase is pronounced lower than its scopal position, and the relation between these two positions is established via unselec- tive binding. Additional evidence for this proposal comes from the sensitivity of partial wh-movement to island boundaries below but not above the pronunciation site of the wh- phrase, a pattern that has been predicted by previous analyses (e.g., Abels 2012a, Sabel 2000, Sabel & Zeller 2006) but for which empirical support has been lacking until now. I therefore unify full and partial wh-movement under a single analysis for cleft-based wh- ex-situ that involves a step of relativization (independently needed for relative clauses) and a step of unselective binding (independently needed for wh-in-situ). Forming Wh-Questions in Shona: A Comparative Bantu Perspective A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Yale University in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Jason Arik Zentz Dissertation Directors: Robert Frank & Raffaella Zanuttini May 2016 Copyright © 2016 by Jason Arik Zentz All rights reserved. Contents List of Figures x List of Tables xi List of Abbreviations xii List of Bantu Languages xv Acknowledgments xviii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Wh-question formation strategies ....................... 2 1.2 The Bantu language family ........................... 4 1.3 An introduction to Shona ............................ 6 1.3.1 General background .......................... 6 1.3.2 Source of data .............................. 8 1.3.3 Phonology ................................ 10 1.3.4 Orthography .............................. 13 1.3.5 Morphosyntax ............................. 13 1.3.5.1 Noun classes ......................... 13 1.3.5.2 The verbal complex ..................... 15 1.3.5.3 Sentence structure ...................... 17 iii Contents 1.3.5.4 Wh-questions ........................ 18 1.4 Analytical preliminaries ............................. 21 1.4.1 The morphosyntax of the verbal complex ............... 21 1.4.2 Derivational operations ........................ 22 1.5 Preview of the dissertation ........................... 23 2 Wh-in-situ 25 2.1 Introduction ................................... 25 2.1.1 What is wh-in-situ? ........................... 25 2.1.2 The basic picture of Bantu wh-in-situ ................. 26 2.1.3 Theoretical issues at stake ....................... 31 2.1.4 Roadmap ................................ 32 2.2 Relating the scopal and pronunciation positions ............... 32 2.2.1 Unselective binding ........................... 33 2.2.2 Disguised movement .......................... 36 2.2.2.1 Explanation and predictions ................ 36 2.2.2.2 Evaluation: Postverbal word order ............. 39 2.2.3 Lower copy spell-out .......................... 45 2.2.3.1 Explanation and predictions ................ 45 2.2.3.2 Evaluation: Extraction marking .............. 46 2.2.4 Covert movement ............................ 48 2.2.4.1 Explanation and predictions ................ 48 2.2.4.2 Evaluation: Island sensitivity ................ 51 2.2.5 Computation of alternatives ...................... 62 2.2.5.1 Explanation and predictions ................ 62 2.2.5.2 Evaluation: Intervention effects .............. 63 2.2.6 Summary ................................ 70 2.3 Accounting for restrictions on the distribution of in-situ wh-phrases .... 71 iv Contents 2.3.1 The ban on in-situ preverbal wh-subjects ............... 72 2.3.1.1 The basic facts ........................ 72 2.3.1.2 Apparent island sensitivity within preverbal subjects .. 75 2.3.1.3 Variation in the availability of embedded preverbal wh- subjects. ........................... 80 2.3.1.4 Summary ........................... 84 2.3.2 Focus licensing ............................. 85 2.3.2.1 Wh-in-situ as focus-in-situ ................. 85 2.3.2.2 The information structure status of the preverbal position 92 2.3.2.3 IAV and embedded preverbal wh-subjects ......... 99 2.3.2.4 Integrating information structure with movement vs. non- movement analyses ..................... 102 2.3.2.5 Summary ........................... 104 2.3.3 Improper movement .......................... 104 2.3.3.1 Explanation. ......................... 105 2.3.3.2 Theoretical evaluation: Improper movement and free riders. ............................. 105 2.3.3.3 Empirical evaluation: Wh-phrases within topicalized non- subjects. ........................... 106 2.3.4 Anti-locality ............................... 112 2.3.5 Summary ................................ 113 2.4 Outstanding issues ............................... 113 2.4.1 Wh-phrases in the complement of the preverbal subject ...... 113 2.4.2 Other analyses of wh-in-situ ...................... 117 2.5 Conclusion .................................... 117 3 Full wh-movement 119 3.1 Introduction ................................... 119 v Contents 3.1.1 What is full wh-movement? ...................... 119 3.1.2 The basic picture of Bantu full wh-movement ............ 120 3.1.3 Theoretical issues at stake ....................... 122 3.1.4 Roadmap ................................ 123 3.2 Apparent full wh-movement: Shona wh-ex-situ via clefting ......... 123 3.2.1 The basics of Shona wh-ex-situ .................... 124 3.2.1.1 Left-edge wh-phrases .................... 124 3.2.1.2 Right-edge wh-phrases ................... 127 3.2.2 Island sensitivity ...........................
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