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The Standardisation of the Ndebele Language Through Dictionary

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The Standardisation of the Ndebele Language Through Dictionary Th e Standardisation of the Ndebele Language Th rough Dictionary-making Samukele Hadebe A dissertation submitted in partial fulfi lment of the requirements for the doctor of philosophy degree at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Zimbabwe in collaboration with the Faculty of Arts of the University of Oslo. December 2002 Isinciphiso Indinganiso Yolimi Lwesindebele Edalwe Yikulotshwa Kwezichazamazwi Ngu Samukele Hadebe Iyunivesithi Ye Oslo/ Iyunivesithi Ye Zimbabwe Umbhalo wokucubungula lo wethulelwe ukugcwalisa ingxenye yendingeko zesiqu so- budokotela kwezemibhalo eHlangothini Lwezifundo Zemibhalo eYunivesithi yeZim- babwe ihlanganyelana loHlangothi Lwezifundo Zemibhalo lwe Yunivesithi yeOslo Umsebenzi lo uqhutshelwe emayunivesithi amabili eyeZimbabwe lapho okuqoqwe kho- na ulwazi leye Oslo lapho umsebenzi lo olotshelwe khona njalo ngaqhuba lezifundo kho- na. Indleko zemali yokufunda zahlawulwa ngoncedo lwemali eyavela kwabe Norwegian Education Loan Fund, ethiwa yiQuota Programme. Olunye njalo usekelo lwemali lwa- vela kuNUFU yona eyayisipha imali kuALLEX Project, egoqela abeUZ leUiO. Abaqeqetshi : uSkhwicamfundo Lars S. Vikør (UiO) uSkhwicamfundo Herbert Chimhundu (UZ) Mpalakazi 2002 ISINGENISO Umsebenzi owasungulwa yiALLEX Project wokwakha ikhophasi yesiNdebele loku- lotshwa kwezichazamazwi waguqula kakhulu isimo sokucubungula mayelana ngolimi lwesiNdebele. Njengomunye walabo abasungula umsebenzi wokwakha ikhophasi lo- kuqoqa amabala okuloba isichazamazwi sakuqala sesiNdebele esigxile esiNdebeleni kuphela, kwaba lezinto ezithile ezananzelelekayo ngolimi ezazingananzelelwe man- dulo. Ekulobeni isichazamazwi sakuqala, kwavela imibuzo lengxaki ezafanela ukuxa- kululwa andubana umsebenzi wokulotshwa kwesichazamazwi uqhubeke. Eminye yale imibuzo yayiphathelene lokukhulunywa lokulotshwa kwesiNdebele. Ngenxa yembali yabantu lolimi, bakhona abathi isiNdebele yisiZulu kumbe lulimi olusasiZulu kanti bakhona abathi isiNdebele sizimele sodwa. Banengi abakhuluma isiNdebele abak- holwa ukuthi yisiZulu njalo isifi so sabo yikuthi isiNdebele sincike esiZulwini sin- gehluki kangako. Inkinga ke yikubana ikhophasi yesiNdebele iveza ukuthi isiNdebele sikhulunywa ngendlela engafani lesiZulu loba nje umehluko phakathi kwalezizindimi umncane kakhulu. Futhi nxa isichazamazwi sigxile kukhophasi kutsho ukubana ulimi lwesiNdebele alusekuncika esiZulwini. Pho azakuvuma na amaNdebele ukuthi ulimi lwabo lungasondezwa esiZulwini? Manengi amagama amatsha angena esiNdebeleni nsukuzonke njengakuzozonke indimi nje. Inkinga isuka ibe sekuthini yiwaphi amabala asemukelekile ukuthi asey- isiNdebele ngakho asengangena esichazamazwini sesiNdebele? Ngubani olawula ukuthi ibala selingavunyelwa esiNdebeleni? Abalobi besichazamazwi bangazifakela amabala abasuthisayo bona kodwa nxa engasuthisi abanini bolimi kulengozi yokuthi basiphike isichazamazwi bathi asivezi ulimi lwabo qho. Besekuthi amanye ala ama- bala sekusobala ukuthi awasavikeki asengenile olimini, kodwa akulandlela eqondi- leyo yokuwapela. Abalobi besichazamazwi bawafaka bawathini amabala angelazipele eziqondileyo. Vele udubo lwezipele luvamile esiNdebeleni ngoba phela labo okumele baqondise ngezipele sekukade balibala ngomlandu wabo. Kulamabala ikakhulu ama- bizongxube alotshwa kwesinye isikhathi ehlukaniswe kanti kwesinye isikhathi ahlan- ganiswe. Isichazamazwi njengogwalo oluqondisa ngezipele, lulotshwa luthiweni kula- mabala angelandlela eyodwa yokulotshwa? Ukuchaza amabala esiNdebele ngaso isiNdebele kuphela kwakungumthwalo onzima ngoba kungazange kwenziwe mandulo. Kwadingeka ukubana kubunjwe ama- themu okuchaza ezinye ingatsha zokucutshungulwa kolimi. Konke lokhu akulula ngoba akusimsebenzi womlobi kodwa owabaphathi bezemfundo abayibo abalawula ukuthi ulimi kalusetshenziswe ngale indlela njalo lulotshwe ngale indlela. Abalobi besichazamazwi sakuqala sesiNdebele bazithola belengxaki ezithile eza- zingumgoqo ekulotshweni kwesichazamazwi. Njengokuba umlandu wabo wawuyi- kuloba isichazamazwi, laba balobi babumba amacebo okumelana lalezi izingxaki lemibuzo. Ekwenzeni lokho abakwenzayo, abalobi besichazamazwi baphathisa eku- 7 Th e Standardisation of the Ndebele Language Th rough Dictionary-making bumbeni indinganiso yolimi lwesiNdebele. Ngiyagcizelela ukubana abalobi besicha- zamazwi abakwenzanga ngentando yabo kumbe ngenjongo yabo, kodwa ekuphutsheni isichazamazwi sabo, esadindwa ngesihloko esithi Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele (2001) – ngamafi tshane ISN, kwasekubunjwe indinganiso yolimi lwesiNdebele kwezezipele, amabala amatsha, ukwehlukaniswa kwamabala, amathemu, njalo njalo. Umbhalo lo wokucubungula ugxile kugwalo ISN, njalo lokhu kucubungula bekungeze kwaqhuts- hwa ngendlela okwaqhutshwa ngayo alubana lolugwalo lungadindwanga. Kodwa in- dinganiso yolimi lwesiNdebele ayilani lalokhu, ibingaqhubeka ngezinye indlela loba is- ichazamazwi lesi besingalotshwanga. Kodwa njengoba sesilotshiwe akusenzeki ukuthi kungaxoxwa kwelizayo ngendinganiso yolimi lwesiNdebele kutshiywe i-ISN. INJONGO Njengokuba sekuchaziwe mandulo, abahleli beISN baloba belenjongo zabo ezinge- lani lendinganiso yolimi. Futhi abahleli bayakuchaza ekwethuleni isichazamazwi sabo ukuthi kwakuyinjongo yabo ukuchaza ulimi njengoba lunjalo hatshi njengalokhu okumele lube yikho. Kulo umsebenzi wokucubungula ngifumanise ukuthi akwenzeki ukuthi isichazamazwi sichaze nje ulimi njengoba lunjalo kungekho kunquma ukuthi lufanele lume ngaloluhlobo. Zikhona-ke izinto ezithile olimini lwesiNdebele ezaguquka ngenxa yokulotshwa kwesichazamazwi sakuqala esingolimi lwesiNdebele kuphela. Inguquko le isekulots- hweni kolimi, izipele lokwehlukaniswa kwamabala. Enye inguquko ikuwo amabala olimi lwesiNdebele jikelele kanye lamathemu abunjwayo olimini. Injongo yalo um- sebenzi kwakuyikuveza ukuthi nguquko bani kuzipele, ekwahlukaniseni amabala, uluhlu lwamabala olimini lamathemu eyadalwa yikulotshwa kwesichazamazwi. Ku- buye njalo kuhlolwe le inguquko iphathisa kanganani kundinganiso yolimi lwesiN- debele. Njengoba isiNdebele sifundiswa kanye lesiZulu kodwa akekho okhuluma isiZulu qho, enye injongo idinga umahluko phakathi kwesiZulu lesiNdebele ongabe udalwe yikwethulwa kwamabala kuISN. UKULONDA ULWAZI Mibili imithombo yolwazi ebemqoka kulo umsebenzi. Owakuqala yikhophasi yesiN- debele eyiyona eyaqoqwa kuqala kungakalotshwa izichazamazwi. Owesibili yiso Isic- hazamazwi SesiNdebele. Ikhophasi yesiNdebele yaqoqwa ukuze isetshenziswe njengesisekelo esiqotho se- simo solimi njengokusetshenziswa kwalo ngabalukhulumayo. Ngalokho, ikhophasi iveza izinto ezinengi ngolimi lwesiNdebele kodwa okuqakathekileyo yikuthi ulimi lwesiNdebele lukhulunywa ngendlela ezehlukileyo kusiya ngendawo langesikhulumi. Lokhu kuqakathekile ngoba bakhona abanengi ababesithi isiNdebele sikhulunywa ngokufanayo yonke indawo. Lokhu kwehluka kwendlela yokukhuluma isiNdebele kusiya ngendawo oku- vezwa yikhophasi kudala inkinga ekulotshweni kwezichazamazwi. Lapha sisitsho izichazamazwi ezincike olimini njengokusetshenziswa kwalo ngabantu. Inkinga iba sekuthini isichazamazwi kumele sigoqele kuphela indlela yinye yokukhuluma ulimi. Umbuzo omkhulu yikubana leyo ndlela yiphi njalo ikhethwa njani futhi ngubani. 8 Indinganiso yolimi lwesindebele edalwe yikulotshwa kwezichazamazwi Ekukhangeleni i-ISN injongo yikuhlola ukubana amabala aqoqiweyo lengcazelo lokupelwa kwawo kuyaveza na ukwehlukana kwendlela isiNdebele esikhulunywa ngayo. Kuvele kuyinjayelo ukubana izichazamazwi zipha iziqondiso mayelana lendlela amabala okumele ethulwe ngayo kanye lengcazelo yamabala. Kungalokhu abacubun- guli sebakunanzelela ukuthi abantu abanengi nxa besebenzisa izichazamazwi bayabe bedinga izipele eziqondileyo kuthi inani elilandela leli ngelidinga ingcazelo yamabala. Lezizinto zombili yizo eziqakathekiswa ngabasebenzisa izichazamazwi loba nje kule- zinto ezinengi ezilusizo kusichazamazwi ngasinye. Ngokuhlola amabala akusichazamazwi eqathaniswa lokukukhophasi kuyenelise- ka ukubana kuchazwe indlela yokukhuluma isiNdebele emqoka kulesosichazamazwi. Leyondlela yokukhuluma eyiyo egoqelwe yisichazamazwi isingathathwa njengendlela ekhuthazwayo ukuba bonke abafunda ulimi bafunde yona laba bhalayo balobe ngayo leyo ndlela. Ngalokho kukhomba ukubana lezozindlela zokukhuluma ulimi ezingek- ho kusichazamazwi azisamelanga zisetshenziswe ekulobeni. Nxa singapha umzekeliso ngamabala okweboleka athi ‘iyembe’ lelithi ‘isheti’. Womabili la amabala ayasetshen- ziswa ngabantu kodwa bakhona abangafuniyo ukubana elinye ibala lisetshenziswe. Ngakho isichazamazwi singakhetha ukusebenzisa ibala elithi ‘iyembe’ kodwa kulahl- we elithi ‘isheti’ kutsho ukuthi abasebenzisa ulimi bakhuthazwa ukulahla ibala elithi ‘isheti’ kanti labalobi kuya kube sekumele bangalisebenzisi lelobala ekulobeni kwabo. Kuyafana ke lekupelweni kwamabala lokwehlukaniswa kwawo ekulobeni. Zinengi indlela ibala elilodwa elingapelwa ngazo kanti futhi lingalotshwa ngendlela ezitshiyeneyo. Kodwa izichazamazwi azivamanga ukugoqela zonke indlela zokupela ibala, zimane zithathe ibe nye. Leyo esikhethwe ukusetshenziswa kusichazamazwi se- kuyiyona ndlela ekhuthazwayo. Kunjalo lakungcazelo zamabala. Ulwazi lonke lolu seluqoqiwe kwasekudingeka injulalwazi ezachaza indinganiso yolimi lwesiNdebele. Akulula ke ukuthola injulalwazi egoqela zonke inhlangothi za- lokhu kucubungula ngoba phela lapha kuhlolisiswa ngezokulotshwa kolimi, ukubunjwa kwamathemu lokuma kolimi. Konke lokhu kuhluzwa ngaphansi kwezolwazi ngezicha- zamazwi lendinganiso zendimi. Ngalokho ke akukho indlela eyodwa esingathi isets- henzisiwe kodwa kucatshunwe lapha lalapho ukuze kwakhiwe into ebonakalayo. Ku- catshunwe
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