Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, 1880-1995 Patrick Manning Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521642558 - Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, 1880-1995 Patrick Manning Index More information

Index

ABAKO (Association des Bakongo) 119, airlines 121, 219 148 Aja-Ewe 171 Abd al-Qadir 10, 97 Al-Azhar University 98, 168 Abe 64 Algeria 2, 13, 59, 69, 93, 97, 128, Abidjan 39, 115, 117–19, 167, 183, 210, 134, 145–6, 170, 177, 192–3, 208, 215, 218, 220 225 ABIR (Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Algiers 10 Company) 45 All-Africa People’s Congress 148 ACCT (Agence de Coope´ration Culturelle Alladian 38 et Technique) 187 Alsace 10, 60 ADEMA (Mali) 198–9 Amharic language 2–3 Abomey 14, 173 amicales 81–2, 137 absolutism 84–5, 194 Amin, Samir 123 Addis Ababa 156 Anglophone (English-speaking) Africa 1, Adjovi, Jean 80, 85 3, 22, 56, 58, 87, 111, 134, 159, 162, administration 19–20, 80, 85, 141–2, 152, 182, 187, 189, 206, 227 191, 203, 217, 221 Angola 4, 93, 119, 156, 157, 194, 201 Afghanistan 194 Angoulvant, Gabriel 64 African and Malagasy Common ‘‘anneé blanche’’ 192, 206 Organization (OCAM) 122 Antilles see West Indies African and Malagasay Union (UAM) Antwerp 88 122 Anversoise 45 African culture 90–3, 180, 182, 205–9, Arabia, Saudi 207–8 213 Arabic language 2, 91, 98, 105, 141, 164, African Cup 175 169, 185 African enterprise 15 Arabic-speaking Africa 1, 3, 22, 56, 87, African Forestry Enterprises Company 134, 162 (CEFA) 50 Archinard, Louis 63, 72 African Medical School, Dakar 100 Argentina 197 African Socialism 141, 153 Armstrong, Louis 172 African sovereignty 14 art 21, 91, 108–9, 173–4 Afrikaans 2 Arusha 203 Afro-Asiatic languages 41–2 assimilation 12, 58, 60, 81, 91, 223 Afropop 223 association 15, 61, 92, 187 agriculture 5, 7, 113–15, 181 AUPELF (Association des Universite´s Ahidjo, Ahmadou 154, 177, 225 Partiellement ou Entie`rement de Ahmadu ibn Umar Tal 63 Langue Française) 187–90 Ahmadu, Shaikh 72, 94 Aupiais, Fr Francis 106 aid 124–5, 156–7 Austria 11 AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency authenticity 151, 189, 224–5 Syndrome) 186, 205, 216 autonomy 15, 224

Index 237 Bacongo 217 Bhely-Queńum, Olympe 177 Bagasora, Theóneste 203–4 Biafra 157 Bagirmi 12, 25, 35, 68 Bismarck, Otto von 10, 62 Bakary, Djibo 146 Biya, Paul 154, 197, 225 Bakongo 41, 81, 119–20, 137, 218 Black, Yondo 197 balance of forces 16 Black Girl 175 Balandier, Georges 176 Black Star Line 80 balkanization 145 Bobangi 26, 43 Ballets africains de Guineé 173 Bodson, captain 65 Bamako 28, 117, 140, 185, 198–9 Boganda, Barthe´lemy 163 Bamba Ahmadu 97, 101, 109 Boisson, Pierre 135–7 Bambote´, Makombo 171 Bokassa, Jean Bedel (Bokassa I) 159 Bamileke 146 Boma 16, 20, 67, 76, 80, 99, 172 Bamum 105 Bonaparte, Louis (Napoleon III, 1852–70) Banamba 28 10 bananas 15, 37, 142, 215 Bongo, Omar 195, 206, 224–5 Bangui 117, 173, 185, 189, 218 Bordeaux 102, 107 Bangala 41, 63 Borghero, Fr 14 Banque Africaine de Bruxelles 50 Borno 27, 64 Banque Commerciale Africaine 50 bourgeoisie 89, 128–9, 152 Banque de lAfrique Occidentale 50, 53 Bourguiba, Habib 182, 187 Bantu languages 41–2, 102 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros 201 Barbados 30 Bozo 38 Bariba 62 Brazil 12, 27, 171, 172, 209 Baoudoin I 148 Brazilians 14–15 Batouala 47, 107 Brazza, Pierre Savorgnan de 15–16, 61, bauxite 142 68–9 BDS (Bloc De´mocratique Seńe´galais) Brazzaville 16, 20, 31, 38–9, 49, 63, 68, 73, 141 75, 78, 81, 117, 122, 124, 135, 140, 146, beans 7, 37 157, 166, 185, 199, 217–18 Be´die´, Henri Konan 225 Brazzaville Conference 138 Behanzin (1889–94) 24, 71 Bretton Woods Conference 120 Bel, Mbilia 205–6, 224 Brevie´36 Belgian Congo 4, 17, 20, 31, 34–5, 49, 50, Britain 1, 10, 14, 20, 63, 66, 134–7, 145, 52, 53–4, 66, 76, 77, 82, 84, 96, 98, 170, 187 104–5, 112, 114–15, 119, 135, 138, 139, British South Africa Company 44 147, 163–6, 172, 216 Brussels 9, 88, 148 Belgium 1, 8–9, 11, 16, 28, 30, 53, 57, 59, Brussels Conference (1889) 28 65–6, 76–7, 82, 87–9, 112, 122–3, 130, Buduma 38 135, 138–9, 147–50, 156, 163 Bujumbura 73, 163, 185 Bemba 40 Bula Matari 17 Benedictines 40 Burkina Faso 53, 126, 157, 170, 191, Benin, Bight of 164 196–7, 220; see also Upper Volta Beńin, Republic of 4, 14, 26, 41, 93, 190, Burgundy 9, 89 198–9, 206, 209, 225–6; see also Burundi 2, 4, 7, 37, 93, 129–30, 147, 152, Dahomey and People’s Republic of 180, 182, 186, 188, 191, 196–7, 201–5, Beńin 218; see also Ruanda-Urundi Beńin, People’s Republic of and Republic Bwiti 171 of 126–7, 156–7, 164, 167, 170–1, 173, 184–5, 188, 189, 191–8, 208 Cabinda 157 Benin Kingdom (Nigeria) 164 Cairo 168 Berlin Conference (1884–85) 28 Cameroon 1, 2, 7–8, 20, 26, 30, 37–8, 47, Berlin Wall 190 49, 66, 82, 98, 99, 105, 108, 110, Beti, Mongo 177 114–15, 117, 122, 128, 136, 139, 141–3, beverages 48, 117 145–6, 151–2, 154–5, 157, 163, 165,

238 Index

Cameroon (cont.) Clemenceau, Georges 67 170, 175, 194–7, 205, 211, 223, 225; see CNID (Mali) 198 also Kamerun cocoa 114–15, 128 Campaore´, Blaise 191, 197 Cocody 220 Camus, Albert 176 CODESRIA (Council for Development of Canada 59, 87, 156, 188 Economic and Social Research in Candomble´ 209 Africa) 206 capitalism 21, 54–6, 190, 193, 198, 207, coffee 25, 114, 211 222 Cold War 180, 190, 201, 214, 223 Casablanca 136 Collinet, Georges 223 Casablanca group 156 Colonial School (Paris) 85 Catholic church 77, 88–9, 166, 168–9, 207, Colonial University (Antwerp) 77 222 commandant de cercle 57, 85 bishops 193, 198, 207–8 Communes, Four (Dakar, Goreé, Rufisque, missions 14, 76, 93–5, 168 St.-Louis) 69, 78 Catholics 9, 11, 14, 86, 88, 98, 106, 168, Communist Party of Dahomey 192 204, 208, 217 Communist Party of France 81, 89, 128, Catholic party (Belgium) 11, 138 135, 140–1, 143 CCCI (Compagnie du Congo pour le communists 11, 81, 138 Commerce et l’Industrie) 44 Comoros 2 Ceddo 175 CONAKAT (Confederation of Tribal Central African Empire 111, 134, 159; see Associations of Katanga) 148 also Central African Republic Conakry 117, 185, 218 Central African Republic 26, 94, 113, 122, concessionary companies 44–7 163, 170–1, 173, 189, 195–6, 199; see Congo, Democratic Republic of 4, also Ubangi-Shari 148–51, 164, 188 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 149 Congo, People’s Republic of (or Ce´saire, Aime´ 108, 176 Congo-Brazzaville) 4, 26, 41, 93, 113, CFA (Colonies françaises d’Afrique; after 117, 119, 125–6, 151, 156, 165–6, 169, 1960, Communaute´ financie`re africaine) 184, 194, 196–9, 208, 218, 225; see also francs 123, 184, 218 French Congo, Middle Congo CFAO (Compagnie française d’Afrique Congo, French, see French Congo occidentale) 44, 121 Congo Independent State 4, 11, 17, 28, 30, CGT (Confe´de´ration Geńe´rale du Travail) 44–5, 53, 61–3, 65, 67–71, 93, 99; see 139 also Belgian Congo, Zaire, Democratic Chad 1, 8, 26, 35, 47, 83, 111, 122, 133, Republic of Congo 135, 155, 157, 170, 186, 196–7, 200–1, Congo–Ocean railroad 31, 78 208 Congo Reform Association 45 Chad, lake 5, 38, 64, 94 Conrad, Joseph 30, 45 Charlemagne 8 constitutional accommodation 225 Chibinda Ilunga 9 Conte´, Lansina 191 chiefs 83, 116, 143 copper 40, 49 China 30, 123, 155–6, 222, 224 Coppolani 61 Chokwe 12, 26 corruption 20, 125, 174, 181, 183, 188, Chre´tien, Jean-Pierre 202 195, 202, 206, 209, 221 Christianity 37, 60, 93, 100–2, 164, 207–9, Coˆte d’Ivoire, see Ivory Coast 222 Cotonco 49 citizenship 13, 59–60, 62, 78–80, 139–40, Cotonou 185, 192–3, 198 146, 160, 191, 193 cotton 31, 49, 114, 115 civil society 180–1, 193, 195–7, 199, 222, Coulibaly, Ouezzin 143 227 Council of Presidents 134, 151 classes, social 21, 42–3, 84, 116, 128–30, Council of the Entente 147 152–3, 213, 224; see also bourgeoisie, CPP (Convention People’s party) 148 peasantry, petty bourgeoisie, wage creole languages 189–90 workers Crown Domain 45, 70

Index 239 Cuba 12, 172 Dumont, Rene´ 185 Customs Union of Central African States, see UDEAC Eboue´, Fe´lix 49, 107, 136–8 Ebrie´lagoon 220 Dahomey, colony and republic of 26, ecology 4–8, 21, 22, 25, 113, 131, 186 30–1, 33–5, 47, 62–3, 66, 68, 79–80, 83, Economic Community of West African 96, 102, 104, 106, 147, 151, 162; see States (ECOWAS) 123, 158 also Beńin ecumenical associations 200, 207–8 Dahomey, kingdom of 14, 61, 68, 71, 73, ecumenism 223 83, 91, 107 education 98–100, 114, 144, 162, 164–8, Dakar 14, 20, 30, 38–9, 59, 69, 73–4, 104, 181–3, 187–90, 216, 221 117, 119, 123, 124, 136, 140, 145, 161, Egypt 12, 56, 62, 170, 177, 208 167, 176, 184, 187–8, 192, 206, 208, elections 110, 116, 124–5, 130, 139–41, 215, 218–20 143, 151, 181, 191–9, 203, 209, 217, D’Almeida, Casimir 137 222, 226 Dan 64 Elisabethville 96, 119, 151; see also dance 173, 205, 223, 227 Lubumbashi dar al-Islam 13 Emitai 175 Dar al-Kuti 27, 68, 94 Equatorial Guinea 2 D’Arboussier, Gabriel 140 Estates General 193–4 Dark Child 177 Ethiopia 2, 134 debt 125–6, 132, 158, 183–4, 188, 209 ethnic cleansing 226 Deby, Idriss 197, 200 ethnic groups 41–3, 129–30, 180, 182, De Gaulle, Charles 135–6, 138, 146, 211, 195–6, 199, 202–3, 213–14 220 Ethnographic Museum (Museé de Defferre, Gaston 145 l’Homme), Paris 91, 104 Delafosse, Maurice 91 European Economic Community (Common Delavignette, Robert 85 Market) 122, 158, 191 democracy 20, 58, 78, 84, 133, 139, 159, e´volue´s 60, 62, 70, 130 188, 191–2, 196, 209, 225 Ewe 143, 165, 171 Denard, Bob 150 exports 33, 34, 48–50, 114–15, 121–3, 181, Denau, Xavier 186 184, 213 Depression 50, 82 Eyadema, Gnassingbe´ 196, 200 De Souza, Isidore 193, 198 Dia, Mamadou 100, 141, 153 Faidherbe, Louis 12–14, 39, 60 Diagne, Blaise 66–7, 72, 79, 109, 146 family 21, 36, 37, 115–16, 208, 211, 214, Diagne, Pathe´ 178 216, 226 Diallo, Demba 198 Fang 15, 100, 105, 170, 173 diamonds 40 Fanon, Frantz 128–9, 177 Dien Bien Phu 145 Farnana, Mfumu Paul Panda 82, 100 Dinguiray 13 Fashoda 63 Diola 175 Ferry, Jules 10, 16 Diop, Alioune 176 FESPACO 175 Diop, Cheikh Anta 177 FIDES (Fonds d’Ivestissement pour le Diouf, Abdou 158–9, 191–2, 225 De´veloppement Economique et Social) Diouf, Galandou 78 123, 141 direct rule 58 films 175, 188, 205–7 Djibouti 2, 63, 104 firewood 21, 34, 119, 215–16 Dodds, Gen. Alfred 68, 72 fishing 33, 127, 131 Dogon 100, 105 Flemish (Dutch) language 8, 88–9, 165 Doguicimi 107 Flemish (Flemings) 8, 11, 59, 89 Dossou, Robert 193 FLN (National Liberation Front, Algeria) Douala 61, 82, 117, 119, 184, 197 145, 192 drought 111, 113, 131, 157, 185–6 Fon 41, 100 dual economy 55 Force publique 42, 63, 66, 149

240 Index

forced labor 45, 49, 110, 115–16 Fulbe 92 Ford Foundation 206 fundamentalism 223 forest 4–5, 7, 12, 21, 33–4, 113, 131 Futa Jallon 5, 72, 94 FORMINIERE 40 Futa Toro 13 France 8–10, 13, 15–16, 54, 57, 59, 63–4, 65, 75, 81–2, 87, 120, 122, 123–4, Gabon 15, 50, 68, 75, 93, 95, 97, 104, 113, 133–9, 145–7, 150, 180, 182, 184, 116, 126, 136, 155, 170, 194–6, 225 187–8, 190, 192–3, 195–6, 202, 204–5, Gaiser, G. L. 44 208, 218, 222–3 Gallieni, Joseph 63 colonization 59 Gambetta, León 10 Constituent Assembly 139–40 Gambia 165, 192 empires 10, 12 Gambia river 5 Ministry of Colonies 60, 73, 140 garbage 184, 211–13 Ministry of Cooperation 125, 156, 187 Garvey, Marcus 80, 102 National Assembly 13, 16, 78–9, 110, Gbagbo, Laurent 196, 222 135, 141–2, 145–6 Gbaya 129 Popular Front 11 gelede 104 republics 10–11, 13, 138, 146 German East Africa 20 revolutions 10, 27, 88–9, 188, 192–3 Germany 10, 11, 25, 59, 65–6, 76, 82, 110, Franck, Louis 77 123, 134–6, 160, 197 Franco, see Luambo Makiadi Ghana 145, 153, 158, 160, 187, 220; see François I (1515–47) 8 also Gold Coast francophone culture 87–90, 182, 213 Gide, Andre´ 47, 107–8, 176 francophone movement (francophonie) Girls’Normal School, Ru fisque 100 186–90, 222–4 Glele (1858–89) 14, 71, 83 Franco-Prussian War (1870) 15 Glele, Justin Aho 83 Free French 135–8 God’s Bits of Wood 175 free trade 14, 227 gold 40, 49–50 French Academy 162, 190 Gold Coast 30, 56, 165; see also Ghana French Community 146 Goma 204–5 French Congo 4, 45, 47, 68–70, 75, 81, Goreé 14, 59, 219 136, 165; see also Congo, People’s Goudiaby and N’Gom 218 Republic of Gouro 34 French Equatorial Africa (Afrique Goutchili 72 Equatoriale Française) 20, 28, 31, 45, government enterprise 52–3, 125, 183 51, 52, 62, 66, 75–6, 78, 81, 99, 107, Gramsci, Antonio 193 114, 122, 136, 138, 140, 145–6, 158, Great Lakes Railway Company (CFL) 44 160, 163, 176 Griaule, Marcel 102, 104 government general 75, 145 groundnuts, see peanuts Grand Council 145 Guadeloupe 59, 163 French language 2, 3, 14, 22–3, 41, 82, guest workers 157 88–90, 99, 102, 105, 141, 162, 164–7, Gue`ye, Lamine 125, 139–41 175, 178, 182, 185, 187–90, 205–7, 210, Guiana, French 59, 136, 163 223 Guinea 4, 7, 14, 30, 37, 47, 49, 63, 94, 104, French Union 139–40 110–11, 127, 141–3, 146, 151–3, 156, French West Africa (Afrique Occidentale 160, 165, 170, 173, 186, 191, 196, Française) 20, 28, 51–2, 62, 65–6, 68, 205–6, 218 73, 76, 82, 99, 114, 122, 125, 136–8, Guine´-Bissau 156 140, 142, 145–7, 158, 160, 163, 165, 218 government general 73, 75, 78–9, 136, Habre´, Hisse`ne 154–5, 197, 200 145 Habsburg 89, 188, 194 Grand Council 140, 145 Habyarimana, Juveńal 202–4, 225 Frobenius, Leo 103 Haiti 10, 27 Frolinat (National Liberation Front, Chad) Harris, William Wade 96, 169 154 Hausa 42–3, 94, 129, 165, 189

Index 241 Haussman, baron 39 Jahn, Jahnheinz 109 Hazoume´, Paul 107–8 Japan 110, 123, 222 health conditions 35–6, 112–13, 181, 183, Jenne 34, 98, 168 186, 208, 214, 216, 219 Jeune Afrique 174–5, 205–6, 224 Heart of Darkness 45 John XXIII, Pope 168 Hendrix, Jimi 172 John Paul II, Pope 168, 208, 222 High Council 193, 198 journalism 174–5 highlands 4, 8, 12, 201 Juula 43, 94, 143 Ho Chi Minh 139 Houphouet-Boigny, Fe´lix 83, 116, 128, Kagame´, Alexis 102 140, 142–3, 145, 147, 173, 184, 195–7, Kagame´, Paul 203 219–22, 225 Kajoor 14, 71, 97 Hountondji, Paulin 168, 177 Kambanda, Jean 203 Huguenots 87 Kamerun 65, 93; see also Cameroon Hunkanrin, Louis 79, 83, 137 Kamogue´, Colonel 154 Hutu 130, 144, 159, 201–5, 225–6 Kananga 117 Kanda Bongo Man 205 Ile de Petit-Bassam 220 Kante´, Cheick Oumar 206 Iloo I 15–16, 71 Kanuri 129 immatricule´s 60, 70, 82 Kaoze, Stefane 96 imperial glory 17 Kasai 40, 150 imports 33, 48, 120–1, 123, 185, 212 Kasai river 7, 35, 63 impunity 209 Kasai Company 44 incorporation 17, 51, 132 Kasavubu, Joseph 120, 148–50 independence 20, 110, 133, 139, 143–7, Katanga 40, 65, 148–50; see also Shaba 153–4, 181–3, 186, 190–1, 194, 215, Katanga Companie (CK) 44 218, 220, 221, 227 Katanga Special Committee (CSK) 40 indigeńat 70, 81, 84 Kayes 30 India 155 Keita, Fode´ba 173 indirect rule 58 Keita, Modibo 147, 153 Indochina, French 59, 139 Ke´re´kou, Mathieu 151, 193, 198, Indominable Lions 197 226 Indoubill 189 Keynes, John Maynard 125 industry 114–15, 119–20, 128 Khomeini, Ayatollah 170 influenza 35 Kidjo, Angelique 206 Interahamwe 203–4, 226 Kigali 185, 202, 204 International African Association 17, 62, Kikongo language 105, 165, 217 67 Kilo 40 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 111, Kimbangu, Simon 96, 101, 109 126, 158, 183–4, 191, 222–3 Kimbanguist church 169, 208, 218 investment 50, 120–1, 123–4, 183, 208 Kinshasa 30, 38, 112, 114, 117, 151, 167, IOM (Overseas Independents) 141, 145 184, 186, 188–9, 199, 205–6, 214–18, Iran 170, 194, 208 224; see also Leopoldville Iraq 197, 201, 205 Kintambo 217 iron 33, 142, 212 Kinarwanda language 165 Israel 156 Kirundi language 165 Islam 12–13, 37, 94, 98–102, 164, 169–70, Kisangani 117, 151; see also Stanleyville 207–9, 222–3, 225 Kiswahili language 2–3, 16, 105, 165, 189, Italy 25, 110, 160, 197, 205 207; see also Swahili ivory 11, 16, 26 Kivu 4, 7 Ivory Coast (Coˆte d’Ivoire) 1, 4, 14, 30, Kivu, Lake 7 34–5, 37–8, 47, 49–50, 63–4, 81–3, 93, Kodjo, Edem 200, 206 96, 112–13, 115–16, 123, 126–8, 139, Koffigoh, Joseph 199–200 141, 145–7, 151, 155, 169–70, 173, 181, kola 44 183, 189, 194–5, 197, 220, 222 Konare´, Alpha Oumar 198–9, 225

242 Index

Kongo 101, 104 Lome´ 73, 117, 124, 142, 185 Koran, see Qur’an Lorraine 10, 60 Kota 104 Louis XIV (1643–1715) 8, 84, 87 Koumassi 220 Louisiana 59 Kouyate´, Tiemoko Garan 81, 100 Lovanium University 167 Kuba 35, 42, 43, 105, 173 Lower Congo–Katanga Railway Company Kunta 94, 97 (BCK) 40 Kuwait 197, 201, 205 Lualaba river 7, 16, 65 Kwango river 7, 63 Luba 42, 77, 102, 129, 189 Kwilu river 26 Lubumbashi 119, 167, 184, 195; see also Elisabethville La Baule 202 Lulua 42, 129 labor aristocracy 128 Luluabourg 119; see also Kananga Lagos 176, 220 Lumumba, Patrice 148–50 Lalou, Marie 169 Lunda 9 Lambare´ne´ 15, 95 Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) Africa Lat Dior 71, 97 1, 58, 111 Latin 165, 168 Luther, Martin 89 Latin Quarter of West Africa 162 Luxembourg 89 Lavigerie, Cardinal 27, 93 law 57, 60, 62, 69–70, 78, 82–3, 139, 142, Madagascar 139, 196, 200, 207–8; see also 152, 184, 197, 201 Malagasay Republic customary 69, 83, 152 Mademba Sy 72 Muslim 69, 98, 170, 208 Mademba, Abdel Kader 72 Laye, Camara 177 madrasas 168 League of Nations 20, 66, 76, 82 maize 7, 33, 37, 220 Lebou 43 Makandza 41 Leclerc, Charles 136–7 Makoko Treaty 15–16, 61 Le Herisse´, Auguste 91 Malagasay Republic 3, 156; see also Le Messager 197 Madagascar Leopold I (1835–65) 11 malaria 35, 181, 216 Leopold II (1865–1909) 11, 16–17, 28, 60, Malebo Pool 15, 29, 214 62, 65–6, 104, 149 Mali 4, 9, 147, 151, 156, 160, 164, 170, Leopold III (1934–51) 135 175, 177, 185, 194, 196–200, 207–8, Leopoldville 20, 38, 73, 76, 78, 80, 119, 220, 225; see also Sudan, 148–50, 163, 166–7, 172, 214–17; see Upper-Senegal-Niger also Kinshasa Mali Federation 147 Les Continents 102 mallam 98 Lever Brothers 49; see also Unilever Malloum, Fe´liz 154 liberal party (Belgium) 11, 138, 144 Mande 91, 164 Liberia 1, 96, 191, 194, 201 Mandingo 41, 165 liberty villages 28 Mangbetu 35 Libreville 15, 68–9, 117 manioc 7, 33, 37, 114, 215–16, 218 Libya 154–7, 170, 208 maquis 205, 210 Lie`ge 88 marabouts 97–8, 109, 127, 153 lineages 36 Maraka 37, 53, 72 Lingala language 23, 42, 99, 105, 165, 189, Maran, Rene´ 47, 107 205, 207, 214, 217, 224 Marchand, Colonel 63, 68–9 Lisbon 58 marriage 97, 216 literature 105–8, 176–7, 188–90, 206, Marshall Plan 120, 124 223–4, 227 Martinique 59, 108, 163 Livingstone, David 16 Marxism-Leninism 192, 198 Loango 68 Masina 12, 94, 97 loi cadre 20, 145, 163 Matadi 30, 78 Lomami river 7, 65 Matswa, Andre´ 81–2, 137, 218

Index 243 Mauritania 1, 61, 79, 97, 99, 117, 157, 164, MRP (Popular Republican Movement, 170, 180, 185–6, 192, 196, 199, 219 France) 140–1 Mauritius 188 Msiri 12, 65 Mazrui, Ali 207 Mudimbe, Valentin 168, 177 M’Ba, Leon 225 Muhammad 13, 96, 101 Mbembe, Achille 221 multi-party government 182, 191–3, 195, Mbuji-Mayi 117, 184 198, 203 Mecca 13, 208 music 21, 172, 188–9, 205–7, 223–4, 227 Medina (Arabia) 39 Muslims 86, 93–5, 154, 170, 207–9 Medina (Dakar) 219 Muntu 109 Medine 13 Mwanga, Kabaka 168 mercenaries 150 Mwindo 9 merchants 47–8, 116 merchant principality 16 Namibia 7, 194 Mers-el-Kebir 135 Napoleon Bonaparte 10, 27, 88 Mexico 13 Napoleonic Code 69, 134, 152 Micombero, Michel 130 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 170 Midiohouan, Guy Ossito 190, 224 national conferences 182, 187, 190, military 192–200, 207–9, 224 coups 181, 186, 191, 197–8, 202–4 nationalism 80, 133, 160, 163 governments 20, 120, 130, 133, 151, Native Courts 83 153–4, 191, 198, 201–2, 204 Ndadaye, Melchior 202–3 militias 182, 202–4, 226 Ndi, John Fru 197 millet 4, 13, 37 N’Diaye, Joseph 219 Milongo, Andre´ 198 Ndjamena 154, 185, 200 mining 40 ne´gritude 108, 161–2 Mission to Kala 177 neocolonialism 20, 111, 153, 155, 161, 182, missionaries 207 189 Christian 14, 93–6, 98–9, 208 Netherlands 9, 54, 89 Muslim 94–8 New Koumassi 220 Mitterrand, Franc¸ois 159, 196, 202, newspapers 181, 183, 189, 192, 194, 200, 222–3 205 MNC (Congolese National Movement) Ngoye, Achille 206 148 Ngouabi, Marien 122 Mobutu Sese Soko (Joseph Desire´Mobutu) Niamey 185, 194 149–51, 154, 156, 164, 175 184, 188, Niane, D. T. 9, 177 195, 199–200, 217, 219, 224–5 Niger 36, 38, 42, 75, 99, 141, 143, 146, modes of production 55 165, 170, 194–6, 199, 207, 224–5 Mogho Naba 143 Niger river 3, 5, 13, 28, 30, 34, 38, 72, 91, Mollet, Guy 145 94, 97, 115 money 11, 39, 43–4, 53–4, 85, 120, 126, Niger-Congo languages 41 153, 184, 212, 216, 218, 220, 223 Nigeria 1, 56, 75, 93, 111, 123, 137, 147, Monga, Celestin 197 154, 158, 164–5, 185 Mongo 77 Nile river 5, 63–4 Monoprix 121 Nilo-Saharan languages 41 Monrovia group 156 nimba 104 Morel, E.D. 45 Njawe, Pius 197 Morocco 2, 65, 145, 157, 170, 208 Nkimbo, Ernest 198 mortality 21, 216, 221 Nkrumah, Kwame 81, 148, 160, 187 Mossi 72–3, 116, 143, 164 Northwest Cameroon company 47 Moto 40 Northern Rhodesia 40 Moule´ro, Franc¸ois 96 northern savanna (sudan) 4–5, 12 Mourides 48, 97, 153 Nouakchott 117, 185 Moutet, Marius 83 Nouvelle Anvers 99 Mozambique 156 Nshasa 214

244 Index

Ntampo 214 Philip the Good (1419–67) 9 Ntaryamina, Cyprien 203–4 philosophy 21, 102–3, 193, 227 Nyanga 9, 41 Picasso 91, 103–4 Nyerere, Julius 187 Place de l’Inde´pendance 219 Plateau 219, 220 OAU (Organization of African Unity) Plato 193 151, 156–8, 160 Poincare´, Henri 80 Ogotemmeli 102 Pointe Noire 31,78, 117, 185 Ogowe river 3, 7, 15 Poland 135 Ogun 171 political parties 130, 140–8, 151, 154, oil (petroleum) 121, 158, 183–4 192–3, 195–7, 199, 222 okoume´ 113 polygyny 37 Olomide, Koffi 205–6, 224 Pompidou, Georges 187 Olympics 156–7 Ponty, William, normal school (Dakar) OPEC (Organization of Petroleum 79, 81, 83, 99 Exporting Countries) 158 Popular Front 83 Organization of the Islamic Conference population growth 35, 113, 212, 215, 216 208 population size 1, 4, 184–5, 187, 215, 217, originaires 78–9 219 orisha 171 Porto-Novo 35, 39, 51, 79 ORSTOM (Office of Overseas Scientific and Portugal 1, 156 Technical Research) 124, 141 Portuguese language 14, 41 Ouagadougou 34, 39, 73, 117, 143, 175, postal systems 29 185 Poto-Poto 39, 217 Ouattara, Alassane 196 Pre´sence africaine 176–7 Oueddeye, Goukouni 154 prices 50, 183, 195 Ouidah 14–15, 34, 72, 193 Princesse Mandapu 171 Ousmane, Amadou 181 Prisunic 121 Ousmane, Mahamane 224 Private Domain 45, 68, 79 Protestants 9, 15, 86, 96, 98, 101, 169, 208, pacification 64–5 222 Padmore, George 81 Protestant missions 77, 93–5, 169, 217 palm kernels 26, 49, 114 palm oil 12, 25–6, 44, 49, 114, 218 Qadiriyya 97, 207 palm wine 218 Qayrawan 98 pan-Africanism 23, 33, 160, 174, 191, Quakers 27 193–4, 224 Quebec 182, 187–8 Paris 39, 107, 174, 176, 187–8, 206, 223–4 Queńum, Marc Tovalou, see Kojo Commune 10 Tovalou-Houeńou Parmehutu 130, 204 Queńum, Joseph Tovalou 24, 72, 80, 102; Paul VI, Pope 168 see also Tovalou-Houeńou Paysannats indige`nes 115 Qur’an 96, 98, 170 PDG (Democratic Party of Guinea) 142 Qur’anic schools 95, 98, 167, 170, 185, PDCI (Democratic Party of Ivory Coast) 212 142–3, 173, 196 peanuts 2, 21, 25–6, 48, 114–15 Rabeh ibn Abdullah 12, 27, 64, 68, 72 peasantry 21, 48, 115, 117, 128, 150, 153, radio 20, 173, 179, 188, 193–4, 203–5, 223, 184–5, 191, 224; see also classes 226 Pende 62 Radio-Te´le´vision Libre Mille Collines Perpetua 177 203–4 Persian Gulf War 190 railroads 13–14, 30, 31, 48, 71, 75, 77–8, Pe´tain, Philippe 135 127, 217, 219–20 petty bourgeoisie 21, 39, 128–9, 152–3, Ratsiraka, Didier 200, 208 189; see also classes RDA (Rassemblement de´mocratique Piedmont Savoy 15 africain) 140–3, 145

Index 245 Reagan, Ronald 154 savanna; see northern savanna, southern Re´gis, Victor 14–15 savanna Remember Ruben 177 Schlieffen Plan 65 Renaud School 99 Schoelcher, Victor 27 republicans 10, 79, 88, 136 School for Chiefs’Sons 167 religion 86, 100–3, 108–9, 168–71, Schweitzer, Albert 95 207–9, 221–2, 227; see also ‘‘second economy’’ 127, 205 Christianity, Catholics, Muslims, ‘‘second independence’’ 150 Protestants Segou 168 Return to my Native Land 108 Sembe`ne, Ousmane 128, 175 Reunion 3, 59 Senegal 5, 12–14, 30, 38, 41, 44–5, 59, 60, Resistance 135, 138 63, 66–7, 78–9, 81, 93, 97, 113, 115, Rhodes, Cecil 40 141, 143, 145, 151, 153–4, 158, 161, Rhodesia 156; see also Zimbabwe 165, 167, 170, 174–6, 180, 182, 187, rice 7, 37, 115, 117, 215 189, 191–2, 194, 196, 200, 207–8, 218, rinderpest 36 225–6 roads 17, 30, 215, 217 General Council 78 Rochereau, see Tabu Ley Senegal River 3, 5, 13, 30, 94 Rome 15 Senghor, Lamine 81 Round Table (Brussels) 148 Senghor, Leopold Sedar 100, 108, 140–1, Royal Niger Company 44 145, 147, 153, 158, 161–2, 176, 182, Rufisque 14, 59 187, 190, 219, 225 Ruanda-Urundi 20, 61, 66, 76, 84–5, 139, Senufo 173 142, 144, 160, 162; see also Rwanda settlers, European 76, 128 and Burundi Shaba 163; see also Katanga rubber 44–5, 47–9, 68 Shari River 3, 5, 69 Rwagasore, Prince Louis 130 Sierra Leone 80 Rwanda 1, 4, 7, 9, 20, 37, 93, 100, 130, Sikasso 71 144, 147, 152, 163, 165, 180, 182, 186, simbas 150 188, 191, 196–7, 201–5, 225–6; see also Slave House (Maison des Esclaves) 219 Ruanda-Urundi slave trade 11, 14–16, 21, 25, 44, 186, 219 Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) 197, slavery 11, 14, 25, 26–9, 48, 90, 93, 202–3 213–14, 227 Rweej 9 abolition 29 Ryckmans, Pierre 84, 135 sleeping sickness 35–6, 112 SMA Fathers of Lyon 14, 93 SCOA (Socie´te´ commerciale de l’Ouest smallpox 113 africain) 44, 121 socialist parties in Africa 141, 180, 187 Sagbaju 73 Socialist party of Belgium 11, 89, 138, 144 Sahara Desert 5, 13, 26 Socialist Party of France 89, 140, 141, 153 Sahel 5, 12, 19, 113, 181, 186 socialism 84 Saibou, Ali 194, 199 Socie´te´ Africaine de Culture 176 St.-Domingue 27, 59; see also Haiti Socie´te´Geńe´rale 1, 40, 121 St.-Germain-en-Laye 29 Soglo, Nice´phore 193, 198, 209, 226 St.-Louis 12–14, 39, 59, 78 Sokoto Caliphate 12, 26, 97 salt 11, 33 Soleillet, Paul 13 Salvation Army 217 Somalia 2, 201, 205 Sangha-Ubangi Company 47 sorghum 37 Sango 189, 207 Soumbedioune 161, 219 Sankara, Thomas 126, 164, 191 South Africa 1, 40, 75, 156, 159 Santerıá 209 South Cameroon Company 47 Sara 154 southern savanna 4, 12 Sarraut, Albert 77 Soviet Union 123, 133–4, 138, 144, 155–6, Sartre, Jean-Paul 176 190–1, 194, 201, 204 Sassou-Nguesso, Denis 198 Soyinka, Wole 161

246 Index

Spain 11, 89 142, 145, 151, 163, 165, 170–1, 182, Stanley, Henry Morton 15–17, 29, 61, 65, 195–7, 199–200, 208 214 Tokolor state 13, 63 Stanley Pool, see Malebo Pool Tombalbaye, François 154 Stanleyville 148, 150; see also Kisangani Toure´, Amadou Tumamy 198 Star, Rigo 205–6, 224 Toure´, Ahmed Se´kou 142, 146–7, 153, state capitalism 222 160, 173, 186, 191, 199 steamships 17, 29 Toure´, Samori 24, 27, 63, 71, 142 strikes 127–8, 192, 195, 197, 198 Tovalou-Houeńou, Kojo Marc 80–1, 85, structural adjustment programs 183, 185, 100, 102, 107, 109 223–5 trade unions 81, 127–8, 138, 142, 185, sudan (northern savanna) 4–5 191–2, 198 Central Sudan 5, 27 transnational firms 121, 131, 184, 222 Eastern Sudan 5 transportation 20, 29–31, 115, 119; see Western Sudan 5, 13, 24, 26 also automobiles, railroads, roads, Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and Sudan steamships, trucks Republic) 63, 111, 147, 154, 197, Traore´, Mariam 198 200–1 Traore´, Moussa 198–200, 208 Sudan (French) 4, 31, 49, 75, 81, 115, 120, Travels in the Congo 47, 107 137, 141, 143, 147, 164–5, 175; see also Treichville 39, 220 Mali, Upper-Senegal-Niger tribalism 130, 201 sufi orders 96–7, 101, 207 trucks 31, 212 Sultanates Company 47 Tshiluba language 105, 165 Sundiata 9, 117 Tshombe, Moise 148–50 Swahili 9, 117 Tuareg 42, 225 Swahili language; see Kiswahili Tunisia 2, 98, 145, 170, 174, 182, 187 Switzerland 87, 188 tutelage 14, 61, 182, 222–3 Syndicat Agricole Africain 139 Tutsi 130, 144, 201–4, 226

Tabu Ley (Rochereau) 3, 172, 205–6, 224 Ubangi river 7, 35, 63 Tadjo, Ve´ronique 206 Ubangi-Shari 31, 47, 49, 75, 107, 136, 163; Tall, Mountaga 198 see also Central African Republic Tamatave 200 UDEAC (Union douanie`re des Etats de Tanganyika 66 l’Afrique centrals) 122, 158 Tanganyika, Lake 7, 16, 66, 150 Uele 40 Tangier 65 Uganda 63, 111, 168, 197, 202–3 Tanzania 2, 187, 202–5, 221 UGTAN (Union geńe´rale des travailleurs taxes 51–2, 55, 70–1, 75–6, 123–6, 205, 210 d’Afrique noire) 153 telegraph 29–30 Ujiji 16 Tempels, Placied 102 Um Nyobe, Ruben 143, 177 Tetela 63 Umar, al-hajj 13–14, 20, 63, 94, 97 Tevoedjre, Albert 137, 193, 198 UNAZA (National University of Zaire) textiles 11, 16, 25, 43, 89, 211, 215 167 Thiaroye 138 unemployment 215, 220 Tibesti 154 UNESCO 206, 219 Tidjani-Serpos, Noureíni 206 Unilever 44 Tienanmen 188, 190 Union Minie`re du Haut-Katanga (UMHK) Tijani, shaykh al- 97 40, 66, 115, 119, 149, 150 Tijaniyya 97, 207–8 United Africa Company 44, 121 timber 50, 114, 131 United Nations 112, 138–9, 142, 144–5, Timbuktu 5, 13, 34, 94, 98, 168 147, 149–50, 155–6, 158, 196–7, 201–5, Tio 15, 31, 61 222 Tippu Tip 16, 26, 65 United States of America 115, 122, 133–4, tirailleurs seńe´galais 63, 67, 79, 137 149–50, 154–6, 190, 196–7, 204–6, 209, Togo 4, 20–1, 30, 33, 49, 76, 93, 98, 126, 221–3

Index 247 universities 103, 167, 186, 188, 192–5, 206, Wilhelm, Kaiser 65 208, 218, 221 Williams, Robert 40 UPC (Union of Cameroonian Peoples) Wolof 23, 41, 101, 175 143, 146, 154, 177 World Bank 183–5, 193, 196, 198, 222–5 Upper Congo Company 47 World Council of Churches 169 Upper Ogowe Company 47, 50 World Cup 197, 205 Upper-Senegal-Niger 4, 75; see also World Festival of African Arts and Culture Sudan, French 21, 161, 176 Upper Volta 34, 72, 75, 82, 116, 126, 128, World War I 11, 19, 47, 65–7, 76–7, 141, 143, 147, 164, 175; see also 79–80, 120, 135 Burkina Faso World War II 53, 73, 81, 110, 116, 121, Uwilingiyimana, Agathe 203–4, 225 134–9 Wretched of the Earth 177 Vatican II 168 Versailles 200 yams 7, 37 Vichy 73, 114, 135–8 Yaounde´73, 117, 124, 142, 184, 211–13 Viet Minh 139, 145 Yamoussoukro 220, 222 Vili 43 yellow fever 35 vodoun 171, 209 Yoruba 94, 165, 171, 173, 189, 206 Voice of America 223 Youlou, Fulbert 169 Von Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul 66 Yugoslavia 201 Vollenhoven, Joost van 67 Zaire 1, 4, 8–9, 21, 23, 26, 42, 56, 93, 110, Wade, Abdoulaye 192 113, 117, 126–7, 129, 144, 151–2, wage workers 21, 39, 55, 89, 119, 127–8, 154–6, 158, 162, 164–5, 167–9, 172–3, 153, 224 175–6, 182, 184, 188–9, 194–6, wages 127 199–202, 205–6, 208, 215–18, 221; see Wahhabis 207–8 also Congo Independent State, Belgian Walkden 44 Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo Walloons 9, 11, 59, 89 Zaire river 3–4, 7, 16, 26, 30, 41, 45, 49, water 21, 34, 119, 184, 205, 216–17, 63–5, 68, 93, 131, 165, 200, 217 219–20 Zambia 4, 44; see also Northern Rhodesia water hyacinth 131 Zande 68 Wamba-dia-Wamba, Ernest 221 Zanzibar 17, 65 West Indies 27, 87, 157, 160, 171, 176 Zerma 129 White Fathers 27, 93 Zimbabwe 44, 111