THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO FRANCE BETWEEN EUROPE AND AFRICA: YOUTH, RACE, AND ENVISIONING THE POSTWAR WORLD, 1940-1960 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY EMILY MARKER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2016 For My Parents TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures iv Abbreviations v Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The Civilizational Moment: Postwar Empire and United Europe 37 Chapter 2 Rebuilding France, Europe and Empire: Wartime Planning for Education Reform from London to Brazzaville, 1940-1944 80 Chapter 3 The Culturalization of Christianity in Postwar Youth and Education Policy, 1944-1950 124 Chapter 4 Youth, Education, and the Making of Postwar Racial Common Sense, 1944-1950 175 Chapter 5 Encountering Difference in “Eurafrica”: Francophone African Students in France in the 1950s 217 Chapter 6 Global Horizons with Civilizational Boundaries: Cold War Youth Politics, Third Worldism, and Islam Noir, 1945-1960 276 Epilogue 310 Bibliography 323 iii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 Reprinted Photograph of a March at the Congress of European Youth, 1953 2 Fig. 2 Reprinted Photograph of a Dinner at the Congress of European Youth, 1953 2 Fig. 3 Map of the European Economic Community in 1957 6 Fig. 4 Original Photograph of African Student Summer Program, 1960 11 Fig. 5 Reprinted Photograph of a Scouts de France Ceremony in Ziguinchor, 1958 108 Fig. 6 Reprinted Photograph of the Preparatory Session of the College of Europe, 1949 152 Fig. 7 Title Page of “De Jeunes Africains Parlent,” 1957 233 Fig. 8 Logo Detail of the World Federation of Democratic Youth, 1955 289 iv ABBREVIATIONS AEF French Equatorial Africa AHC Archives de l’Histoire Contemporaine, Sciences Po, Paris AHUE Archives Historiques de l’Union Européenne, Florence AMAE Archives Diplomatiques, La Courneuve AMEAN Association Musulmane des Étudiants d’Afrique Noire AN Archives Nationales, Paris ANOM Archives Nationales d’Outre-Mer, Aix-en-Provence ANS Archives Nationales du Sénégal, Dakar AOF French West Africa BNF Bibliothèque Nationale de France CAC Centre des Archives Contemporaines, Fontainebleau CAME Conference of Allied Ministers of Education CFLN French Committee for National Liberation CNR French National Resistance Council ECHR European Court of Human Rights ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EDC European Defense Community EEC European Economic Community EU European Union EYC European Youth Campaign FEANF Fédération des Étudiants d’Afrique Noire Française FIDES Fonds d’Investissement pour le Développement Économique et Social FNC French National Committee GPRF Provisional Government of the French Republic IHED Institut des Hautes Études de Dakar IUS International Union of Students MEN French Ministry of National Education MFOM Ministry of Overseas France RJDA Rassemblement des Jeunesses Démocratiques Africaines UEF Union of European Federalists UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization WAY World Association of Youth WFDY World Federation of Democratic Youth v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the culmination of a long intellectual journey that has been supported by so many people. It began at New York University, where, as an undergraduate, I first developed my passion for French history, the history of colonialism, and the study of the difference and equality. Seminars with Manu Goswami, Emmanuelle Saada, and Stéphane Gerson back in 2002-2003 continue to inform my way of thinking about the past and my way of seeing the world. I might never have found my way to graduate school without the encouragement of Thomas Bender, who took me on as a young research assistant, and above all, without the incredible mentorship of Tony Judt, who, as my undergraduate thesis advisor, pushed me to think expansively, take risks, and stand up for my ideas. Though intimidating and exacting at times, Tony was always sweet, caring, and invested in me and my work. When I headed to the University of Chicago to begin graduate school a few years after college, I took it for granted that he would be there to continue to push me along the way, and that one day I’d return to New York and we’d open a new chapter in our intellectual fellowship. He is dearly missed. I have been terribly lucky to find that kind of extraordinary mentorship twice. I came to Chicago to work with Leora Auslander, who has been a dedicated advisor, teacher, colleague, and friend. She was so patient and supportive with me as I dabbled in this and that. She gave me the time and the space to find my own way, even as our regular exchanges kept me grounded in something real, a core set of themes and concerns that we share, that has anchored every seemingly tangential project I have undertaken in my winding graduate career and that ultimately led to me to this dissertation. Leora has always helped me make sense of the chaos. As a scholar, vi a teacher, a mentor, and a human being, she is my role model of what it means to excel in this profession. I am indebted to my committee for their rigorous feedback, without which this dissertation would not have come together. Jan Goldstein is such an incredibly careful reader, and I am so grateful for the close relationship we have developed over the years. My deep engagement with modern French intellectual history is a product of my relationship with her, and that engagement has helped keep my work grounded as I’ve attempted to write a thesis about France from transnational and global perspectives. Emily Lynn Osborn’s enthusiasm and moral support kept me focused and determined throughout the writing process. Without the influence of her warm and utterly human way of doing history, this dissertation certainly would have been less interesting. Mark Bradley’s work had a tremendous impact on my conceptualization of this project from the outset, and his thorough and thoughtful comments have sharpened both the analysis and the quality of the writing in this thesis from cover to cover. At Chicago, I found an intellectual community of faculty and students who challenged and nurtured me in just the right proportion. So many Chicago people have helped me develop the understandings of European, African and transnational history, race and racism, empire, religion and secularism, and interdisciplinary research that inform this thesis. I am so fortunate to have had the opportunity to take classes, study for exams, teach, or attend workshops with Ralph Austen, Paul Cheney, Michael Dawson, Adom Getachew, Michael Geyer, Eleonor Gilburd, Faith Hillis, Tom Holt, Rachel Jean-Baptiste, Robert Morrissey, Stephan Palmié, Moishe Postone, Jennifer Pitts, Martin Riesebrodt, Julie Saville, Bill Sewell, Tara Zahra, and Malika Zeghal. I am especially grateful for the camaraderie and intellectual companionship of Emily Lord Fransee, Michael Kozakowski, Celeste Day Moore, Eleanor Rivera, and Jake P. Smith, as vii well as Jacob Betz, Ollie Cussen, Chris Dingwall, Madeleine Elfenbein, Charles Fawell, Janette Gayle, Elisa Jones, Amanda Michelle Jones, Ari Joskowicz, Sam Lebovic, Ainsley LeSure, Liam Mannix, Sarah Miller-Davenport, Katya Motyl, Tessa Murphy, Charlotte Robertson, Diana Lynn Schwartz, Guo-Quan Seng, Peter Simons, Lauren Stokes, and Erika Vauss. Thanks also to all the participants of the many workshops, in both Chicago and Paris, where I have presented the research in this dissertation: the Transnational Approaches to Modern Europe Workshop; the Interdisciplinary Approaches to France and the Francophone World Workshop; the Post-45 Workshop; and the Graduate Workshop at the University of Chicago Center in Paris. This research has been made possible by many grants and institutions. I would like to thank the Georges Lurcy Educational Charitable Trust and the Social Science Research Council’s International Dissertation Research Fellowship program for financial support that enabled me to spend two full years in France, Senegal, Italy and Belgium. Additional research trips were supported by the Department of History, the Graduate Student Council, and the Social Sciences Division at the University of Chicago. I was able to turn all of that research into a viable piece of writing thanks to a Dissertation Completion Fellowship at Chicago’s Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture. Personal thanks to Dara Epison, Tracye Matthews and Sarah Tuohey, without whom the CSRPC would surely cease to function. My research would not have progressed as it did, and certainly would have been less fun, without the community of fellow travelers I met in archives and workshops in France and Senegal. Exchanges over drinks with Alice Conklin, Naomi Davidson, Muriam Haleh Davis, Flavio Eichmann, Elizabeth Foster, Rachel Kantrowitz, Stephanie Maher, Terrence Peterson, and Erin Pettigrew have developed into lasting relationships that continue to shape my work and broaden my horizons. Conversations with Carole Reynaud Paligot, Laura Lee Downs and viii Michelle Zancarini-Fournel while I was in the field helped me refine earlier formulations of this project. And I give special thanks to Sébastien Greppo, Director of Chicago’s Paris Center, for his limitless generosity and unwavering support. This research has benefitted from the input of an ever-widening network of colleagues and friends who gather every year for the meetings of the Western Society for French History, the Society for French Historical Studies, the African Studies Association, and the Council on European Studies. Thanks again to Alice Conklin, as well as to Kate Burlingham, Darcie Fontaine, Eric O’Connor, Roxanne Panchasi, Keith Rathbone, Sandrine Sanos, Aline Sierp, and Jenny Wüstenberg for inviting me to present my work with them. Thanks also to Oriane Calligaro, Barbara Cooper, Andrew Daily, Jennifer Dixon, Suzanne Kaufman, Daniel Lee, and Emmanuelle Sibeud for their thoughtful comments on that work. Finally I would like to thank friends and family who have loved and supported me. My dear parents, Jim and Marjorie Marker, and my grandmothers, Anna Pearl Getman and Gertrude Marker, have all fostered my love of learning, my self-confidence, my values and worldview.