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Algerian War of Independence - France Joint Crisis: Algerian War of Independence - France JHUMUNC 2017 1 Joint Crisis: Algerian War of Independence - France Topic A: The Grand Ensemble and the Algerian War Topic B: Domestic Challenges and the Challenge to French Identity Overview committee and its legislative board, the The French-Algerian War occurred Algerian cabinet. between 1954-1962, spanning the Fourth and Fifth Republics of France. The war was Parliamentary Procedure not limited to conflict between French For this committee, we will follow colonial authorities and Algerian standard parliamentary procedure. We will nationalists, but also involved civil divide on remain in moderated caucus, unless a the Algerian front between populations of motion for an unmoderated caucus is different cultural backgrounds, religions, motioned and approved. Standard voting and ideologies toward the future of the state. procedure will be observed, and any This committee opens in 1955 and serves as differences regarding procedures will be the managerial body of the French subject to the decision of the chair and dais government, the French Cabinet, with Rene staff. Gustav Coty as the director, who will be represented by the chair. Delegates are responsible for evaluating domestic and Delegate Biographies foreign challenges simultaneously. Part of Maurice Bougrès-Maunoury the committee will revolve around growing Maunoury played an important role resistance in the French colony of Algeria, as the leader in the French Resistance, a while another segment will address the movement to interfere with the Nazi internal challenges faced by the French occupation of France. Following the end of government, which affect the future World War II, Borges served as minister for structure of the government and all of several different seats including defense, France. Take into consideration the interior, public works, and finance1. historical context of the committee; outlooks of the mid-twentieth century do not necessarily match those of the twenty-first Edgar Faure century. Through crisis updates, notes and Faure was a member of the French directives, delegates can attempt to further Resistance and a known French Radical, but their own ‘political careers’ within the was the leader of the more conservative committee as the government faces domestic wing in his party. In 1955, he served as issues that are in need of restructuring. The decisions of this dynamic committee will 1 “Maurice Bourges-Maunoury.” Orlando directly affect the corresponding crisis Sentinel. Orlando Sentinel, 13 Feb. 1993. Web. 11 July 2016. 2 Prime Minister to France for a short period the war in Indochina7. In 1954, he became of time2. Following the Constantine the prime minister to France and ended Massacre, in which Algerian guerilla French involvement in Indochina. fighters went around to European houses and murdered men, women, and children, François Mitterrand Faure made an unpopular decision to deploy Following World War II, Mitterrand more military forces to Algeria. became significantly involved in the Jacque Soustelle political arena of France. By 1950, he had become the Overseas Minister of France, Anthropologist and politician, Jacque where he frequently denied the colonial Soustelle, began as a strong leftist. He was lobby8. As a direct response to the war, in one of the first to stand behind Charles de 1955, Mitterrand famously stated “Algeria is Gaulle’s forces following the fall of France France.” By 1956 he gained the role of to Germany and joined the Free French Justice Minister, expressing support for the forces3. He later became the director of application of Martial Law in Algeria9. intelligence operations in Algiers. He was later appointed governor-general of Algeria in 19554. Though many feared his liberal Alain Savary education background, Soustelle favored Alain Savary was a French politician integration among Algerians and the French5 born in Algiers, Algeria and was well known for his policies as Education minister that drastically changed the French education Pierre Mendes-France system10. Savary joined the Resistance and Pierre Mendes-France was a notable leftist socialist politician in the French post war later served under Charles de Gaulle’s era. After serving in the Free French air government in postwar France. However, he force, Mendes-France joined Charles de later joined the Socialist Party as minister of Gaulle’s ministry6. Though his policies were Moroccan and Tunisian affairs, only to leave unpopular, he gained popularity in France as a sign of protest following the hijacking once again as a critic against the of an airplane carrying an Algerian government’s policies, most notably against nationalist leader11. His opposition to French 2 “Edgar Faure, 79, Dies in France; Twice a Postwar Prime Minister.” New York Times. New 7 The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. York Times, 31 Mar. 1988. Web. 11 July 2016. “Pierre Mendes-France.” Encyclopedia 3 Cook, Joan. "Jacques Soustelle, Leader in Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Fight For a French Algeria, Dies at 78." New Web. 11 July 2016. York Times. New York Times, 9 Aug. 1990. 8 “Entretiens inédits François Mitterrand – Web. 11 July 2016. Marguerite Duras” éd. Sonores Frémeaux & 4 The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. Associés, 2007. "Jacques Soustelle." Encyclopedia Britannica 9 “Les guillotines de Mitterrand – Le Point.” Le Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 11 Point.FR. 7 December 2014. July 2016. 10 AP. “Alain Savary, 69, French Official Who 5 Ibid. Set Off Protests Over Schools.” New York 6 Waggoner, Walter. “Mendes-France, Who Times. New York Times, 18 Feb. 1988. Web. 11 Lead France Out of Indochina, is Dead at 75.” July 2016. New York Times. New York Times, 19 Oct. 11 The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 1982. Web. 11 July 2016. “Alain Savary.” Encyclopedia Britannica 3 colonialism, especially in Algeria, lead him played a notable role in forming the Fourth to officially leave the Socialist party in Republic in France, but resigned his post as 1958. president when his request for a strong presidential power was unpopular16. A Guy Mollet nationalist, de Gaulle successfully A member of the Socialist party, strengthened France in its place in the Guy Mollet served as Prime Minister from international community and also went on to 1956-1957. However, his leadership was short lived due to his inability to address the grant independence to Algeria, though the Algerian rebellion12. Mollet, in his attempt decision was controversial, not least in the to deal with Algerian insurgents, sent French light of de Gaulle’s 1958 declaration "Vive conscript to Algeria and failed to negotiate l'Algérie française !" (lit. "Long live French with Algerian rebels. Mollet’s failure to deal Algeria!") with the rebellion in addition to blaming Egypt for supplying aid to the rebels Raoul Albin Louis Salan resulted in Mollet’s decision to join Britain Raoul Albin Louis Salan was a in its occupation of the Suez Canal13. French general, founder of the Secret Army Organization (OAS), and sought to 17 Paul Aussaresses overthrow de Gaulle . The OAS, under Ausaresses was a senior French Salan’s leadership, was a right-wing terrorist officer who fought during World War II, the organization that worked to maintain French First Indochina War, and the Algerian control over Algeria and campaign against War14. However, forty years following the de Gaulle’s rule over both France and Algerian War, Ausaresses opened up about Algeria. Though he was one of the generals the torture, executions, and other inhumane who supported de Gaulle’s return to power tactics he used against Algerian guerilla in the Fifth Republic, he quickly changed his fighters. Ausaresses, working under Jacques stance and attempted a military coup when Massu, was the main executioner15. de Gaulle became more supportive of giving Algeria its independence18. Charles de Gualle Charles de Gaulle was the general of Jacques Émile Massu the Free French forces during the Jacques Emile Massu, a well known Resistance. In the postwar era, Gaulle French general, fought to liberate Paris in World War II, and also fought in the Suez crisis, the wars in Indo-China, and in Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 11 19 July 2016. Algeria . Though a highly decorated 12 The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Guy Mollet." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 16 Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970).” BBC. BBC, Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 11 July n.d. Web. 11 July 2016. 2016. 17 Krebs, Albin. “LED ALGERIA PLOT.” The 13 Ibid. New York Times. The New York Times, 03 July 14 "French General Paul Aussaresses Who 1984. Web. 11 July 2016. Admitted Torture Dies at 95." The Guardian. 18 Ibid. 15 Martin, Douglas. “Paul Aussaresses, 95, Who 19 Kaufman, Michael T. “Jacques Massu, 94, Tortured Algerians, Dies.” New York Times. General Wo Led Battle of Algiers.” The New New York Times, 4 Dec. 2013. Web. 11 July York Times. The New York Times, 30 Oct. 2016. 2002. Web. 11 July 2016. 4 officer, he is most notorious for his left the air force in 1960 and had a deep leadership in Algeria. Military commander hatred for General de Gaulle.26 After during the Algeria’s fight for independence, General de Gaulle agreed to negotiate Massu turned to harsh measures and torture independence in Algeria, Jouhaud joined tactics to fight rebel insurgents. These three other generals in a coup to seize tactics proved to be successful in reducing power.27 After the coup failed in five days and almost eliminating terrorism
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