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H-Diplo ESSAY 242
H-Diplo ESSAY 242 Essay Series on Learning the Scholar’s Craft: Reflections of Historians and International Relations Scholars 9 June 2020 A Mid-Atlantic Identity1 https://hdiplo.org/to/E242 Series Editor: Diane Labrosse | Production Editor: George Fujii Essay by Robert O. Paxton, Columbia University, Emeritus smallish town in the Virginia Appalachians might seem impossibly remote from France. Even so, France was actively present in my home town in the 1930s and 1940s. Lexington is a college town. Two professors of French A were frequent dinner guests of my parents. My piano teacher and church choir director, another frequent dinner guest, had studied in Nadia Boulanger’s famous summer course at Fontainebleau. A Catalan painter, Pierre Daura, had met a Virginia girl at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris and married her. Exiled from Franco’s Spain, the Dauras made their home at St.-Cirque-la Popie in the département of the Lot. When war broke out in 1939, they resettled in the countryside near Lexington. My father, a lawyer, helped Pierre Daura with his citizenship papers. The Dauras were joined for a while by their brother-in-law, the better-known French painter Jean Hélion. I still have the copy of Hélion’s memoirs that he inscribed to my mother. The isolated local intelligentsia of my parents’ generation in American small towns valued France as an indispensable link to the cultivated outside world. That is probably less true in today’s multicultural climate. The two world wars made France still more salient for my parents’ generation and for my own as well. -
1940 Commandés À Plusieurs Chantiers Navals Néerlandais, Seuls Quatre Exemplaires (T-61 À T-64) Doivent Être Poursuivis, Les Autres Seront Annulés
Appendice 1 Ordre de bataille de l’Armée Rouge sur le front au 1er juin 1943 (forces principales) (pour les deux Fronts Baltes – les indications pour les autres Fronts ne sont entièrement valables qu’à partir du 1er juillet) 1er Front de la Baltique (M.M. Popov) Du sud de Parnu (Estonie) au sud de Võru (Estonie). – 1ère Armée (A.V. Kourkine) – 4e Armée (N.I. Gusev) – 7e Armée (A.N. Krutikov) – 42e Armée (V.I. Morozov) – 12e Corps Blindé (V.V. Butkov) – 15e Corps Blindé (F.N. Rudkin) Aviation subordonnée : 13e Armée Aérienne (S.D. Rybalchenko) 2e Front de la Baltique (K.A. Meretskov) Du sud de Pskov (Russie) au nord de Vitebsk (Biélorussie). – 27e Armée (N.E. Berzarine) – 34e Armée (A.I. Lopatine) – 39e Armée (A.I. Zigin) – 55e Armée (V.P. Smiridov) – 13e Corps Blindé (B.S. Bakharov) – 14e Corps Blindé (I.F. Kirichenko) – 101e Brigade Blindée lourde Aviation subordonnée : 14e Armée Aérienne (I.P. Zhuravlev) 1er Front de Biélorussie (A.I. Eremenko) De Vitebsk (Biélorussie) à Orsha (Biélorussie) – 20e Armée (P.A. Kourouchkine) – 1ère Armée de la Garde (I.M. Chistiakov) – 3e Armée de la Garde (I.G. Zakharkine) – 63e Armée (V.I. Kuznetsov) – 18e Corps Blindé (A.S. Burdeiny) Aviation subordonnée : 2e Armée Aérienne (N.F. Naumenko) 2e Front de Biélorussie (I.S. Koniev) D’Orsha (Biélorussie) à Gomel (Biélorussie). – 2e Armée de la Garde (L.A. Govorov) – 29e Armée (I.M. Managrov) – 15e Armée (I.I. Fediouninski) – 54e Armée (S.V. Roginski) – 3e Armée de Choc (M.A. Purkayev) – 7e Corps Blindé (A.G. -
YOUR ENGINES! Accelerating Into the Future with Forsyth Tech’S New Transportation Technology Center
Vol. 5, No. 1 } Winter 2012 Tech Quarterly The Magazine of Forsyth Technical Community College STA RT YOUR ENGINES! Accelerating into the future with Forsyth Tech’s new Transportation Technology Center IN THIS ISSUE: BACK TO WORK Creating New Career Paths CHILDREN WHO SURVIVED The Town that Defied the Holocaust THE LEGO CHALLENGE May the Best Bot Win Table of Contents If it has wheels, Forsyth Tech’s students can work on it. p. 01 From the President On the Move I The transportation technology programs, which have been a part of Dr. Gary M. Green the college since its earliest days, now have a home worthy of their mission. The new Transportation Technology Center brings all the automotive programs together and provides a fitting venue for the high-tech training programs that now equip Sometimes I look in the mirror and I think, students for careers in the transportation industry, from race car t’s the American way. No project too small: ‘You know, Mobility – from covered wagons technology to collision repair to heavy equipment. Starting from this Students painted I beautiful new center, Forsyth Tech’s students are ready to hit the road. this vintage toy car. to railroads to the Interstate highway you’ve come system – has created the dynamic so- Not only are you a mom ciety we live in today. It has formed our and a wife, economy and our self-image. This year Contents 6 Tech Quarterly so far. Forsyth Tech has placed itself squarely in the forefront of that tradition with the opening of our new Transportation Technology Center. -
LES FORMATIONS POLITIQUES EN MOSELLE (21 Octobre 1945-17 Juin 1951)
LES FORMATIONS POLITIQUES EN MOSELLE (21 octobre 1945-17 juin 1951) Il n'est pas possible d'écrire l'histoire politique d'un départe ment « sans faire aux élections une place centrale dans l'analyse de ses composantes »<1>. L'objet principal de notre article est de distin guer les principales tendances politiques qui se dessinent en Moselle pendant les années de reconstruction économique et politique qui suivent la Libération(2). Pour atteindre cet objectif, une analyse détaillée et systémati que des consultations électorales nous semble tout à fait appropriée, l'élection étant « un révélateur de l'opinion et de ses mouvements »(3). Nous allons tenter de mettre en lumière et de déterminer les causes de l'évolution des courants politiques et de la relative permanence de leur distribution à la surface du département de la Moselle. A l'instar de beaucoup de chercheurs, nous pensons que les superstructures (l'idéologie, le politique, le culturel, ...) ne sont pas déterminées exclusivement et mécaniquement par les infrastructures. Comme l'ont écrit les auteurs de l'ouvrage intitulé « Pour une histoire politique », nous distinguons « une diversité de secteurs, le culturel, l'économique, le social, le politique, qui s'influencent mutuellement et inégalement selon les conjonctures, tout en ayant chacun sa vie autonome et ses dynamismes propres »<4> . Cadre de l'étude :le département Le cadre de notre étude est le département de la Moselle dont la configuration, née du traité de Francfort de 1871, a été maintenue en 1919. La Moselle se caractérise par une législation particulière dénommée « statut local », par deux annexions allemandes (1870- 1918, 1940-1944) et par la persistance du bilinguisme et du fait dialectal germanique qui la distinguent de la Lorraine nancéienne. -
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MENU Policy Analysis / Articles & Op-Eds Operation Torch and the Birth of American Middle East Policy, 75 Years On by Robert Satloff Oct 9, 2017 Also available in Arabic ABOUT THE AUTHORS Robert Satloff Robert Satloff is executive director of The Washington Institute, a post he assumed in January 1993. Articles & Testimony In a radical rethinking of the origins of U.S. Middle East policy, Robert Satloff suggests that two key ideas guiding Washington's actions in the region for the past three-quarters of a century were born in the bargain U.S. leaders made with Vichy French officers after Allied troops landed in North Africa during World War II. "THE JEWS WILL HAVE TO WAIT" n November 8, 1942, a full year-and-a-half before the Allies invaded Normandy, about 110,000 American O and British troops invaded North Africa. They had set out in more than 850 ships from U.S. and British ports, sailed for up to 4,500 miles through treacherous Atlantic waters teeming with Nazi U-boats, and, once at their destination, put ashore in three landing zones spread across more than 900 miles of coastline, from south of Casablanca to east of Algiers. This was Operation Torch, America's first offensive operation in the European theater of war and, until Operation Overlord's Normandy landings, the greatest amphibious attack in history. Today, it is all but forgotten. And yet, aside from rivaling Overlord in terms of its enormity, complexity, and peril, Torch was also vastly consequential, for it helped to determine the future course and ultimately successful conclusion of the war. -
Chronicle of the 39Th Regiment
1 Edition 1 Edition Chronicle of the 39 Infantry Regiment From Normandy to the Elbe Chronicle of the 39th Infantry Regiment from Normandy to the Elbe June 1943 – May 1945 Edited by Richard B. Kann Jr. December 31, 2009 1 Edition CHRONICLE OF THE NINTH DIVISION’S 39 INFANTRY REGIMENT FROM NORMANDY TO THE ELBE - 2 - 1 Edition CHRONICLE OF THE NINTH DIVISION’S 39 INFANTRY REGIMENT FROM NORMANDY TO THE ELBE Chronicle of the 39th Infantry Regiment from Normandy to the Elbe First Published in 2010 Last Edit: May 8, 2021 Copyright by Richard B. Kann Jr. Additional material copyright of named contributors. All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. - 3 - 1 Edition CHRONICLE OF THE NINTH DIVISION’S 39 INFANTRY REGIMENT FROM NORMANDY TO THE ELBE - 4 - 1 Edition CHRONICLE OF THE NINTH DIVISION’S 39 INFANTRY REGIMENT FROM NORMANDY TO THE ELBE TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 5 ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS ................................................................................................................... 7 FORWARD .................................................................................................................................................... 9 THE 9TH INFANTRY DIVISION ............................................................................................................. -
(Wilmington, NC). 1940-05-27
It Was Her Home Evacuate U.S. Citizens from Giraud Salutes His Welcoming Committee Will Ireland The liner President Roosevelt is being prepared for dash to Galway, Ireland, to bring back to th ! -) * States Americans still stranded in war-torn Europe. Men are shown carrying blankets aboard r as she. is. readied for tiie voyage from New York. The ship can accommodate 1,000 passenger.-,. m this Belgian woman hopelessly searcnmg France's Rest on Them Finding aged leadsuy her Hopes ruins of her war-shattered home, this British Tommy p away to a place of temporary safety, C. P„ Radiophoto Mustachioed Genera] Henri Giraud (second from right), captured French commander of the Ninth French a in In first World War Giraud, then a ,vas Overton Crown Army, salutes a Nazi officer on his arrival Germany. captain, Earning captured by Germans but later escaped and rejoined French forces. Double-quick Order Spurs Navy Yards (NEA Radiophoto) First photograph of Gen. Maxine Weygand since his appointment as Allied Generalissimo shows him with France’s war-time leaders as they met in Paris to confer with President Lebrun. Lwt to and are: Gen. Weygand; Paul Baudoin, War Committee Secretary-general; Premier Paul fUynaud Marshal Henri Petain, new Vice-premier. Ceferino Garcia, Filipino middleweight, dusts his. tights on the canvas; who out ofl where he was sent by Ken Overlin, dancing ex-gob fights America Looks to tne Air Washington, D. C. The knockdown came in first round of their title boutj Young in New York. After fourteen more rounds of weaving, bobbing, and; in> light punching, Overlin was given the title, which is not recognized N. -
The Evolution of Strategic Thinking in World War I: a Case Study of the Second Battle of the Marne
Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 13, ISSUE 4, Summer 2011 Studies The Evolution of Strategic Thinking in World War I: A Case Study of the Second Battle of the Marne Michael S. Neiberg1 In his often-cited but infrequently read classic, On War, Carl von Clausewitz famously observed that war is an extension of politics by other means. Exactly what that now ubiquitous phrase means remains a topic of considerable scholarly debate. Generally speaking, however, a consensus has emerged that Clausewitz was urging policy makers to tie their use of military force to the political ends they wished to achieve. By keeping ends and means in harmony, political leaders can mitigate risk and avoid dangers like the phenomenon we now call mission creep.2 This consensus also cites nineteenth-century Prussia as a model for how to achieve Clausewitz’s vision; Otto von Bismarck, the wily Prussian/German chancellor, kept his war aims limited to the abilities of the Prussian army while taking great care not to involve his state in a long war that he feared it might not win.3 He therefore had an appropriate understanding of 1 I’d like to thank David Bercuson, Holger Herwig, Nancy Pearson Mackie, and Russ Benneweis for their assistance and hospitality in Calgary. 2 The literature on Clausewitz is extensive and deep. At the risk of omitting many fine works, see, for starters, Antulio Echevarria, Clausewitz and Contemporary War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), Michael Howard, Clausewitz (Oxford, 1983), and John Lynn, Battle: A History of Combat and Culture (New York, 2003), chapter 6. -
Youth, Race, and Envisioning the Postwar World, 1940-1960
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO FRANCE BETWEEN EUROPE AND AFRICA: YOUTH, RACE, AND ENVISIONING THE POSTWAR WORLD, 1940-1960 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY EMILY MARKER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2016 For My Parents TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures iv Abbreviations v Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The Civilizational Moment: Postwar Empire and United Europe 37 Chapter 2 Rebuilding France, Europe and Empire: Wartime Planning for Education Reform from London to Brazzaville, 1940-1944 80 Chapter 3 The Culturalization of Christianity in Postwar Youth and Education Policy, 1944-1950 124 Chapter 4 Youth, Education, and the Making of Postwar Racial Common Sense, 1944-1950 175 Chapter 5 Encountering Difference in “Eurafrica”: Francophone African Students in France in the 1950s 217 Chapter 6 Global Horizons with Civilizational Boundaries: Cold War Youth Politics, Third Worldism, and Islam Noir, 1945-1960 276 Epilogue 310 Bibliography 323 iii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 Reprinted Photograph of a March at the Congress of European Youth, 1953 2 Fig. 2 Reprinted Photograph of a Dinner at the Congress of European Youth, 1953 2 Fig. 3 Map of the European Economic Community in 1957 6 Fig. 4 Original Photograph of African Student Summer Program, 1960 11 Fig. 5 Reprinted Photograph of a Scouts de France Ceremony in Ziguinchor, 1958 108 Fig. 6 Reprinted Photograph of the Preparatory Session of the College of Europe, 1949 152 Fig. 7 Title Page of “De Jeunes Africains Parlent,” 1957 233 Fig. -
Red Army Operations in Theory and Practice, 1936-1942
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2014-09-30 Ten Principles of Soviet Operational Art: Red Army Operations in Theory and Practice, 1936-1942 Brisson, Kevin Brisson, K. (2014). Ten Principles of Soviet Operational Art: Red Army Operations in Theory and Practice, 1936-1942 (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27996 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/1872 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Ten Principles of Soviet Operational Art: Red Army Operations in Theory and Practice, 1936-1942 by Kevin M. Brisson A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES CENTRE FOR MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2014 ©Kevin M. Brisson 2014 2 Abstract Over the course of the Great Patriotic War, fought from 22 June, 1941 to 9 May, 1945, there was a dramatic transformation in the way the Red Army conducted battle. From an army on the cusp of annihilation to one that quickly recovered to vanquish the invading forces of Nazi Germany, this resurgence can be traced in part to its mastery of operational art. -
Les Indésirables. L'histoire Oubliée Des Espagnols En Pays Charentais
ALAIN LÉGER LES INDÉSIRABLES L’histoire oubliée des Espagnols en pays charentais 1re édition, Le Croît vif, Paris, novembre 2000 Format 15,6 x 24 cm Édition revue, corrigée et augmentée Mise en ligne : 18 octobre 2020. Dernière modification : 28 mars 2021 www.entreprises-coloniales.fr © Alain LÉGER, 2020-2021 [email protected] Table des matières PREMIÈRE PARTIE 1936 - 1938 I - Premières vagues 6 II - Georges et Jérôme 19 III- International 21 IV - Indésirables 25 DEUXIÈME PARTIE : Janvier-août 1939 V - La retirada 31 VI - La dispersion 37 VII- La Combe-aux-Loups 40 VIII - Une hospitalité oubliée 45 IX - Privilégiés 49 X - L’hospice-la-vertu 54 XI - Un trou à Argelès 56 XII - « En prison » 61 TROISIÈME PARTIE : La drôle de guerre XIII - D’un château l’autre 67 XIV - Les oubliés de l’aérodrome 87 XV - Le pire des camps 92 QUATRIÈME PARTIE : L’Occupation XVI - La débâcle 96 XVII - Le piège 101 XVIII - Le beau Danube bleu 111 XIX - W.H. - W.L. 114 XX - Barbarossa 122 XXI - Haut les cœurs ! 132 XXII - Que d’os ! 138 XXIII - La route de l’Espagne 146 XXIV - Spanisch Gut ! 151 XXV - Maquis 162 XXVI - Fumanchu 172 CINQUIÈME PARTIE : L’après-guerre XXVII - Trop maigre 184 XXVIII - Les rouges et les noirs 193 XXIX - Travaux 199 XXX - Paco-le-Simple 201 XXXI - Partir 205 XXXII - Autres temps… 208 XXXIII -La famille Hernández 211 XXXIV - Retours 213 XXXV - Le foyer 216 XXXVI - Fortian 222 XXXVII - Le pire des racismes ? 223 XXXVIII - J’ai brûlé ma vie 225 ADDENDUM (2010) Les réfugiés espagnols en Charente 233 ANNEXES 1 - Ruelle 1939 : hébergement des réfugiés espagnols par des particuliers 249 2 - Liste des réfugiés S.E.RE. -
諾曼第戰役期間德國防衛作戰之探討∗ 0 陳郴 中央研究院歐美研究所 E-Mail: [email protected]
《歐美研究》第三十二卷第三期 (民國九十一年九月),499-566 © 中央研究院歐美研究所 ∗ 諾曼第戰役期間德國防衛作戰之探討 0 陳郴 中央研究院歐美研究所 E-Mail: [email protected] 摘 要 在一九四三年德黑蘭會議上,美英蘇三國決定了對德國占 領下的西歐實施登陸作戰。此項人類歷史上最大規模的兩棲登 陸作戰,始於一九四四年六月六日 (D-Day) 盟軍攻擊登陸法國 諾曼第海岸。 儘管憑藉著先期戰場經營所構築的工事與陣地,德軍卻未 能擊退盟軍登陸並阻止其向內陸突破。德軍防衛作戰無法有效 遏阻盟軍攻勢的主要原因在於裝甲預備隊部署分散,未能在盟 軍登陸的關鍵時刻發揮決定性影響。此外,居於絕對劣勢的 海、空軍兵力、指揮系統混淆與缺乏彈性的作戰指導,均決定 德國防衛作戰最後失敗的命運。 諾曼第之役不僅象徵著德國在西歐戰場上的失敗,更暴露 出德軍的西部防線已瀕臨崩潰邊緣,巨大的戰爭耗損更使得德 國在各戰場的作戰難以為繼,而逐步邁向敗亡之途。 關鍵詞:德黑蘭會議、兩棲登陸作戰、裝甲預備隊、作戰指 導 ∗ 本文為國科會贊助之專題計畫 (NSC 89-2411-H-001-083) 部分研究成果。 投稿日期:民國九十年七月二十三日;接受刊登日期:民國九十一年四月九日。 責任校對:陳雪美、林鈺婷 500 歐美研究 壹、前言 一九四四年是第二次世界大戰末期具有重大意義的一年,對希 特勒 (Adolf Hitler) 統治下的德國而言,一九四四年也是對戰爭勝負 具有決定性的一年。此時德國在軍事上已陷於困境,大西洋潛艦作 戰業已完全失敗,不論在大西洋或是歐洲大陸,盟軍已掌握絕對制 空權並日以繼夜的轟炸德國工業設施與城市。東線戰場方面,德軍 由於蘇聯日漸強大的反攻而損失重大並被迫向邊境節節撤退,南方 義大利戰場更因為義大利政府於一九四三年九月投降並脫離軸心 陣營而使戰況陷入膠著 (Salewski, 1995: 8-9; Padfield, 1999: 388-389)。來自各線戰場的壓力,迫使德國儘可能的運用有限的資 源加強防衛僅存的西部戰線,以防止盟軍自西歐登陸入侵,造成德 國三面受困的絕境。因此西線防衛的成敗對希特勒政權的繼絕存亡 實具有關鍵性的影響。 事實上,為回應史達林(Josef Stalin)的要求── 開闢歐洲第二戰 場,以減輕蘇聯在東線單獨對抗德軍之壓力,英、美於一九四三年 「卡薩布蘭加」會議 (Casablanca Conference, Jan. 14-25) 中,就開始 討論開闢西歐第二戰場的可能性。歷經同年五月 (11-26)「三叉戟」 會議 (Trident Conference) 與八月 (17-24)「魁北克」會議 (Quebec Conference),於一九四三年底「德黑蘭」會議 (Tehran Conference, Nov. 28-Dec. 1) 中,美、英、蘇確立次年五月,對德軍占領下法國 發動陸海空三棲突擊的「大君主作戰」(Operation Overlord),同時 蘇軍並配合從東線發動攻勢,共同夾擊德軍 (Hillgruber, 1977: 332-350; Boog, Krebs, & Vogel, 2001: 502-506)。 1 根據盟軍作戰計畫 將先使用 3 個空降師進行突擊作戰,以掩 1 Brown (1976: 541-542, 604-605); Hastings (1984: 46). 有關人造港口另詳見 Hartcup (1977). 負責指揮登陸作戰的為盟軍歐洲戰場最高指揮官艾森豪 (Dwight 諾曼第戰役期間德國防衛作戰之探討 501 護諾曼第登陸地區側翼,接著第一梯隊攻擊兵力的 4 個軍,共 6 個 師分別於法國諾曼第海岸地區 5 處灘岸登陸。2 俟登陸成功並突破 德軍海岸防線後,則分兵朝東向瑟堡 (Cherbourg) 及不列塔尼 (Brit- tany) 半島方向進攻,以取得各海港及機場作為後續作戰的補給根據 地。當前述目標完成之後,再使用左翼英國第二軍團在康城 (Caen) 地區中作威脅性的突破,以吸引德軍預備隊。一旦牽制住德軍主力 於康城地區之後,美國第一軍團和後續登陸的第三軍團,即在西面 右翼上實行突破,一直向南推進到羅亞爾河 (Loire)上,以攫取足夠 的作戰空間。最後全部作戰正面以康城為樞軸而逆時鐘旋轉,使右 翼美軍向東轉進達到塞納河 (Seine) 上直趨巴黎,最終目標是朝向德 國重工業中心魯爾 (Ruhr) 地區進攻,以求徹底摧毀德國賴以進行戰 爭的神經中樞,為結束歐洲戰事奠定勝基。 本文主要利用戰時德國國防軍總部戰爭日誌 (Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, 以下簡稱 KTB/OKW)、聯邦檔案 館軍事檔案 (Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv)、希特勒作戰訓令以及歷史 D.