DOCSLIB.ORG

Historical Dictionary of World War II France Historical Dictionaries of French History

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Historical Dictionary of World War II France Historical Dictionaries of French History Historical Dictionary of World War II France Historical Dictionaries of French History Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 1789–1799 Samuel F. Scott and Barry Rothaus, editors Historical Dictionary of Napoleonic France, 1799–1815 Owen Connelly, editor Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire Edgar Leon Newman, editor Historical Dictionary of the French Second Empire, 1852–1870 William E. Echard, editor Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870–1940 Patrick H. Hutton, editor-in-chief Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1946–1991 Wayne Northcutt, editor-in-chief Historical Dictionary of World War II France The Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 Edited by BERTRAM M. GORDON Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Historical dictionary of World War II France : the Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 / edited by Bertram M. Gordon. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–29421–6 (alk. paper) 1. France—History—German occupation, 1940–1945—Dictionaries. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Underground movements—France— Dictionaries. 3. World War, 1939–1945—France—Colonies— Dictionaries. I. Gordon, Bertram M., 1943– . DC397.H58 1998 940.53'44—dc21 97–18190 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright ᭧ 1998 by Bertram M. Gordon All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97–18190 ISBN: 0–313–29421–6 First published in 1998 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Printed in the United States of America TM The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 FOR SUZANNE Contents Contributors ix Preface xiii Abbreviations xxv Maps xxvii The Dictionary 1 Chronology 375 General Bibliography 383 Index 399 Contributors Alya Aglan, Institut d’E´ tudes Politiques, Paris E´ ric Amyot, McGill University, Montreal Claire Andrieu, Institut d’E´ tudes Politiques and Universite´ de Paris I David R. Applebaum, Rowan University, New Jersey Seth D. Armus, State University of New York at Stony Brook Philip C. F. Bankwitz, Trinity College, Connecticut Diane de Bellescize, Universite´ de Droit d’E´ conomie et de Sciences Sociales de Paris—IFP, Paris Michael L. Berkvam, Indiana University Jean-Pierre Bertin-Maghit, Universite´ Michel de Montaigne, Bordeaux, France Konrad Bieber, State University of New York at Stony Brook Cynthia S. Bisson, Belmont University, Tennessee Joel Blatt, University of Connecticut at Stamford Isabel Boussard, Centre d’E´ tude de la Vie Politique Franc¸aise, Fondation Na- tionale des Sciences Politiques, Paris Nathan Bracher, Texas A&M University Deborah D. Buffton, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Michael Jabara Carley, Aid to Scholarly Publications Programme, Ottawa Stephen K. Chenault, University of Arkansas Patrick John Michael Coggins, University of Saskatchewan Asher Cohen, Strochlitz Institute of Holocaust Studies, University of Haifa, Is- rael Oscar L. Cole-Arnal, Waterloo Lutheran Seminary, Waterloo, Ontario Miche`le C. Cone, New York City Martyn Cornick, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom Richard F. Crane, Greensboro College, North Carolina Venita Datta, Wellesley College, Massachusetts Laurent Ditmann, Spelman College Nicole Dombrowski, Princeton University M. Patricia Dougherty, Dominican College of San Rafael, California x CONTRIBUTORS Laurent Douzou, Universite´ Lyon II, France Donna Evleth, Paris Carole Fink, The Ohio State University Sarah Fishman, University of Houston Willard Allen Fletcher, University of Delaware Hilary Footitt, University of Westminster, London Wolfgang Freund, University of the Saarland, Germany Julius W. Friend, George Washington University James Friguglietti, Montana State University-Billings Norman J. W. Goda, Ohio University Milton Goldin, Tarrytown, New York Richard J. Golsan, Texas A&M University Bertram M. Gordon, Mills College, California Claire Gorrara, School of European Studies, University of Wales College of Cardiff, United Kingdom Irene V. Guenther, University of Houston and Houston Community College Martine Guyot-Bender, Hamilton College, New York W. Scott Haine, Holy Names College, California W. D. Halls, University of Oxford Martha Hanna, University of Colorado C. James Haug, Mississippi State University Melanie Hawthorne, Texas A&M University John Hellman, McGill University, Montreal Lynn A. Higgins, Dartmouth College Roland L. Higgins, Keene State College Stanley Hoffmann, Center for European Studies, Harvard University William A. Hoisington, Jr., University of Illinois at Chicago H. Haywood Hunt, Shukutoku University, Mizuhodai Campus, Japan Paul F. Jankowski, Brandeis University, Massachusetts Eric T. Jennings, University of Toronto Nicole T. Jordan, University of Illinois at Chicago Steven Kale, Washington State University Bernd Kasten, Schwerin, Germany Claire Keith, Marist College, New York Michael Kelly, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Van Kelly, University of Kansas William R. Keylor, Boston University Megan Koreman, Texas Tech University Kenneth Krauss, College of Saint Rose, Albany, New York Michel Lacroix, McGill University, Montreal Christophe Lamiot, Rutgers University Fred H. Lawson, Mills College, California Charles Leclerc de Hauteclocque, Mesnil-Guillaume, France Ge´rard Le Marec, Meudon-la-Foreˆt, France CONTRIBUTORS xi Ronald MacKinnon, State University of New York at Stony Brook Michael R. Marrus, University of Toronto Stefan Martens, Deutsches Historisches Institut/Institut Historique Allemand, Paris Paul Mazgaj, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Brian A. McKenzie, State University of New York at Stony Brook Chantal Morelle, Fondation Charles de Gaulle, Paris Kim Munholland, University of Minnesota Elizabeth H. Murphrey, Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, North Carolina Francis J. Murphy, Boston College Colin W. Nettelbeck, University of Melbourne, Australia Robert O. Paxton, Columbia University Suzanne Perkins, Institute for Historical Study, California Guillaume Piketty, Institut d’E´ tudes Politiques, Paris Alexis Rinckenbach, Centre des Archives d’Outre-mer, Aix-en-Provence, France Christian Roy, Concordia University, Montreal Odile Rudelle, (Directeur de recherche au) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Donna F. Ryan, Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. Gise`le Sapiro, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Samir Saul, Universite´ de Montre´al Andrew W. H. Shennan, Wellesley College, Massachusetts John C. Simmonds, University of Derby, United Kingdom Guillaume de Syon, Albright College, Pennsylvania Anne-Ce´cile Tizon-Germe, Archives de´partementales du Loiret, France Bernard Tricot, Fondation Charles de Gaulle, Paris Steven Ungar, University of Iowa Dominique Veillon, Institut d’Histoire du Temps Pre´sent, Paris Richard C. Vinen, King’s College, University of London Fabrice Virgili, Universite´ de Toulouse Le Mirail Margaret C. Weitz, Suffolk University, Boston R. Wesley White, University of South Carolina Andrew A. Workman, Mills College, California John Wright, Coventry University, United Kingdom Robert D. Zaretsky, University of Houston, Texas Preface The Historical Dictionary of World War II France: The Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 is the last in the Greenwood series of historical dic- tionaries of France from the 1789 Revolution to the Fifth Republic. These his- torical dictionaries offer comprehensive reference sources for students and scholars, specialists and nonspecialists alike, interested in the rich history of France since the 1789 Revolution. The Historical Dictionary of World War II France is designed to be the reference of first recourse for those with questions regarding the Occupation, Vichy, the French Resistance, in short, a broad range of topics related to France and the Second World War. It can also serve as a bibliographic guide for those who would like to know more about the period. Summarizing the wartime period in any form poses a challenge due to the sheer quantity of relevant published material. More than 50 years after the events covered in this book, the literature is immense. Memoirs have been published about the wartime years, scholars have researched them, symposia have been devoted to them, and collaboration and resistance have been debated on both sides of the Atlantic. The French bibliography series published by the Biblio- the`que Nationale (France’s national library), which annually lists all the books published in the French language, shows 376 titles for France during World War II in 1992 and 431 in 1993. The Bibliographie Annuelle de l’Histoire de France, which lists both books and articles, shows 761 titles in 1994 alone. Although proportionately, the largest number of books on World War II France was pub- lished shortly after the liberation and the end of the war, in 1945 and 1946, the late 1980s and 1990s saw an upswing as, with the passing of the wartime gen- eration, the French and others debated those events of half a century earlier. The trial of former Vichy milice (Militia) officer Paul Touvier in 1992 and his subsequent conviction on appeal, in 1994, of crimes against humanity, as well as the June 1993
Load more

Recommended publications
  • French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 Elana
    The Cultivation of Friendship: French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 Elana Passman A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History Chapel Hill 2008 Approved by: Dr. Donald M. Reid Dr. Christopher R. Browning Dr. Konrad H. Jarausch Dr. Alice Kaplan Dr. Lloyd Kramer Dr. Jay M. Smith ©2008 Elana Passman ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT ELANA PASSMAN The Cultivation of Friendship: French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 (under the direction of Donald M. Reid) Through a series of case studies of French-German friendship societies, this dissertation investigates the ways in which activists in France and Germany battled the dominant strains of nationalism to overcome their traditional antagonism. It asks how the Germans and the French recast their relationship as “hereditary enemies” to enable them to become partners at the heart of today’s Europe. Looking to the transformative power of civic activism, it examines how journalists, intellectuals, students, industrialists, and priests developed associations and lobbying groups to reconfigure the French-German dynamic through cultural exchanges, bilingual or binational journals, conferences, lectures, exhibits, and charitable ventures. As a study of transnational cultural relations, this dissertation focuses on individual mediators along with the networks and institutions they developed; it also explores the history of the idea of cooperation. Attempts at rapprochement in the interwar period proved remarkably resilient in the face of the prevalent nationalist spirit. While failing to override hostilities and sustain peace, the campaign for cooperation adopted a new face in the misguided shape of collaborationism during the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Truth': Representations of Intercultural 'Translations'
    eScholarship California Italian Studies Title Sleights of Hand: Black Skin and Curzio Malaparte's La pelle Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0xr9d2gm Journal California Italian Studies, 3(1) Author Escolar, Marisa Publication Date 2012 DOI 10.5070/C331012084 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Sleights of Hand: Black Fingers and Curzio Malaparte’s La pelle Marisa Escolar La pelle [1949], written towards the end of Curzio Malaparte’s rather colorful political career,1 has long been used as a litmus test for its author, helping critics confirm their belief in a range of divergent and often contradictory interpretations. At one end of the spectrum is the view that he was an unscrupulous “chameleon” who distorted the reality of the Allies’ Liberation of Italy to suit his own interests.2 At the other is the claim that he was a true artist whose representations of the horrors of war absorb historical details into what is a consummately literary work.3 In other words, La pelle has been read either as a vulgar deformation or a poetic transcendence of the historical moment it purports to represent.4 And yet Malaparte’s narrative of the myriad social transformations following the Armistice actually combines concrete historical events (the Allies’ arrival in Naples and in Rome, the eruption of Vesuvius on March 22, 1944, and the battle of 1 Malaparte, born Kurt Erich Suckert, joined the Partito Nazionale Fascista in September 1922 and resigned in January, 1931 just before moving to France. Upon his return to Italy in October 1931, he was expelled from the party (despite having already left it) and sentenced to political exile on Lipari for five years of which he served less than two (Martellini Opere scelte xcii-xciv).
    [Show full text]
  • Coup D'etat Events, 1946-2012
    COUP D’ÉTAT EVENTS, 1946-2015 CODEBOOK Monty G. Marshall and Donna Ramsey Marshall Center for Systemic Peace May 11, 2016 Overview: This data list compiles basic descriptive information on all coups d’état occurring in countries reaching a population greater than 500,000 during the period 1946-2015. For purposes of this compilation, a coup d’état is defined as a forceful seizure of executive authority and office by a dissident/opposition faction within the country’s ruling or political elites that results in a substantial change in the executive leadership and the policies of the prior regime (although not necessarily in the nature of regime authority or mode of governance). Social revolutions, victories by oppositional forces in civil wars, and popular uprisings, while they may lead to substantial changes in central authority, are not considered coups d’état. Voluntary transfers of executive authority or transfers of office due to the death or incapacitance of a ruling executive are, likewise, not considered coups d’état. The forcible ouster of a regime accomplished by, or with the crucial support of, invading foreign forces is not here considered a coup d’état. The dataset includes four types of coup events: successful coups, attempted (failed) coups, coup plots, and alleged coup plots. In order for a coup to be considered “successful” effective authority must be exercised by new executive for at least one month. We are confident that the list of successful coups is comprehensive. Our confidence in the comprehensiveness of the coup lists diminishes across the remaining three categories: good coverage (reporting) of attempted coups and more questionable quality of coverage/reporting of coup plots (“discovered” and alleged).
    [Show full text]
  • LE PASSANT DU MATIN © 1989, Éditions Jean-Claude Lattès JEAN-LUC GENDRY
    LE PASSANT DU MATIN © 1989, éditions Jean-Claude Lattès JEAN-LUC GENDRY LE PASSANT DU MATIN CHAPITRE 1 Le lieutenant lui avait dit : « Si votre moto ne peut pas sui- vre, on ne pourra pas vous attendre. Le peloton n'a plus les moyens de traîner. » Depuis deux jours, il traînait en queue de peloton, avec des ratés interminables, des soubresauts, des reprises inattendues qui lui donnaient un fol espoir. Les autres rigolaient sous leurs lunettes et leurs casques. Cette amitié née sous les bombes des stukas et les balles traçantes des mitrail- leuses, cette fraternité des vingt-six hommes au combat, dans la poussière des routes, l'odeur chaude des champs de blé, la fraîcheur des nuits à la belle étoile se dissolvaient bêtement sous l'ironie facile de ceux dont les machines tournaient rond. Il n'y a rien à faire avec les Français, la rigolade leur tient lieu d'habillage. Ils font les mariolles. La plus grande déroute de leur histoire. La plus fantastique défaite jamais subie par une armée, donnée encore un mois plus tôt pour la première du monde. Et ils rient encore. Pour la première fois depuis un an, il les détesta et se détesta de les critiquer. Son moteur ne mar- chait plus que sur trois pattes. L'écart sur les derniers s'agran- dissait à vue d'œil. Ils lui avaient dit : « Tu nous rejoindras au prochain cantonnement. Direction Saumur, Bordeaux, Saint- Jean-de-Luz. » Ils auraient aussi bien dit : Périgueux, Cahors et Montauban. Qu'est-ce qu'ils en savaient ? Il n'y avait plus d'ordres.
    [Show full text]
  • LE RASSEMBLEMENT DES GAUCHES REPUBLICAINES ET SES COMPOSANTES Article Extrait De La Revue Recherches Contemporaines, N° 5, 1998-1999
    LE RASSEMBLEMENT DES GAUCHES REPUBLICAINES ET SES COMPOSANTES Article extrait de la revue Recherches contemporaines, n° 5, 1998-1999 Le Rassemblement comme rassemblement Éric DUHAMEL De toutes les formations politiques, le RGR est probablement celle qui a le moins retenu l’attention des historiens. Les histoires générales de la 4e République se contentent de le qualifier de cartel électoral quand il n’est pas purement et simplement assimilé au Parti radical1. Or, le RGR, sans avoir été un parti politique stricto sensu, a été beaucoup plus qu’un cartel électoral ; en fait une confédération de forces politiques comparable à l’UDF. Mais si l’UDF, à l’origine cartel électoral, s’est transformée en "groupement politique"2, le RGR, ainsi que nous le verrons, a été pensé d’emblée comme une formule originale de regroupement de forces politiques. A ce titre, le RGR a joué un rôle et remplit une fonction non négligeable durant la 4e République. En outre, il constitue un type d’organisation dont la connaissance peut utilement enrichir les études sur les associations partisanes. Le lecteur ne trouvera pas dans les lignes qui suivent une étude exhaustive de cette formation mais, à l’occasion de la publication des notes politiques de Pierre de Léotard dans ce numéro de Recherches contemporaines, une brève présentation. L’histoire du RGR est celle de ses paradoxes. Le moindre n’a-t-il pas été de voir associés dans une même formation radicaux et manifestants du 6 février 1934, survivants de Vichy et résistants parmi les plus authentiques ? Que ce Rassemblement ait eu une influence certaine au Parlement, quand bien même ses principales composantes sont sorties discréditées de la seconde guerre mondiale, à l’exception 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The London School of Economics and Political Science the New
    The London School of Economics and Political Science The New Industrial Order: Vichy, Steel, and the Origins of the Monnet Plan, 1940-1946 Luc-André Brunet A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, July 2014 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 87,402 words. 2 Abstract Following the Fall of France in 1940, the nation’s industry was fundamentally reorganised under the Vichy regime. This thesis traces the history of the keystones of this New Industrial Order, the Organisation Committees, by focusing on the organisation of the French steel industry between the end of the Third Republic in 1940 and the establishment of the Fourth Republic in 1946. It challenges traditional views by showing that the Committees were created largely to facilitate economic collaboration with Nazi Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • La Complainte Du Partisan Youtube
    La Complainte Du Partisan Youtube Niger-Congo Milton plagiarises no seizer kick-offs somewhither after Dwight chaptalizing coincidentally, quite conservableincurvate. Owing Butler Austin still bastinadoes exuding very his unpatriotically butcher bitingly. while Flipper remains psychiatric and packaged. Retral and Experience the same investigatory spirit eventually work with this song was shifting and learn more reliable, tomorrow its own musical du partisan you The same title, including information battle playing keyboards. Sounds that at the time were of the moment, now sound dated and detract from the vocals rather than enhance them. This notice must be, do not subject field is synonymous with. In north carolina press. In a musical paradigm was better, la complainte du partisan youtube. Joseph rouget de la complainte du partisan perth get this list, la complainte du partisan youtube. Joan of Arc and the fire about to consume her, whole and alive, burned at the stake for heresy. The King has trusted you to assemble a party of heroes in order to stop them, reclaim the firestones and save the kingdom. Petersburg during this website uses cookies to feel that song should look at sing studios here at number, la complainte du partisan youtube. It all drhguy videos, or forgotten about. They drove that background music scores, la complainte du partisan youtube. The international successful in jakarta, la complainte du partisan youtube. Please choose your username under which you would like all your comments to show up. There would make sure to produce over two sets render emoji or, la complainte du partisan youtube. Sacred music videos und liedtexten kostenlos auf songtexte.
    [Show full text]
  • 1,000 Films to See Before You Die Published in the Guardian, June 2007
    1,000 Films to See Before You Die Published in The Guardian, June 2007 http://film.guardian.co.uk/1000films/0,,2108487,00.html Ace in the Hole (Billy Wilder, 1951) Prescient satire on news manipulation, with Kirk Douglas as a washed-up hack making the most of a story that falls into his lap. One of Wilder's nastiest, most cynical efforts, who can say he wasn't actually soft-pedalling? He certainly thought it was the best film he'd ever made. Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (Tom Shadyac, 1994) A goofy detective turns town upside-down in search of a missing dolphin - any old plot would have done for oven-ready megastar Jim Carrey. A ski-jump hairdo, a zillion impersonations, making his bum "talk" - Ace Ventura showcases Jim Carrey's near-rapturous gifts for physical comedy long before he became encumbered by notions of serious acting. An Actor's Revenge (Kon Ichikawa, 1963) Prolific Japanese director Ichikawa scored a bulls-eye with this beautifully stylized potboiler that took its cues from traditional Kabuki theatre. It's all ballasted by a terrific double performance from Kazuo Hasegawa both as the female-impersonator who has sworn vengeance for the death of his parents, and the raucous thief who helps him. The Addiction (Abel Ferrara, 1995) Ferrara's comic-horror vision of modern urban vampires is an underrated masterpiece, full- throatedly bizarre and offensive. The vampire takes blood from the innocent mortal and creates another vampire, condemned to an eternity of addiction and despair. Ferrara's mob movie The Funeral, released at the same time, had a similar vision of violence and humiliation.
    [Show full text]
  • OBJ Datastream
    Wallace, Andrew 2019 History Thesis Title: The Eldest Daughter of the Church: France, the Vatican, and the Memory of the Great War Advisor: Chris Waters Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No The Eldest Daughter of the Church France, the Vatican, and the Memory of the Great War By Andrew E. Wallace Chris Waters, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in History WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts April 15, 2019 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iii Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1, Weapons of Peace: Debates in the Chamber of Deputies ........................... 19 Chapter 2, The Common Father and His Faithful: Catholics Respond .......................... 46 Chapter 3, Voila l’Ennemi! The Popular Press and the Reprise..................................... 70 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 95 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 101 Acknowledgements The original idea for this thesis came from two classes I took in the spring semester of 2018 in Paris, which
    [Show full text]
  • 'Le Chant Des Partisans' (Song of the Partisans), Sung by Anna Marly, Was One of the Most Important and Frequently Performed
    http://holocaustmusic.ort.org/resistance-and-exile/french-resistance/le-chant-des-partisans/ ‘Le Chant des partisans’ (Song of the partisans), sung by Anna Marly, was one of the most important and frequently performed songs in the French Resistance. It became a symbol of France’s stand against the Nazis, and also played a functional role in several resistance movements in France and abroad. Born in Russia during the October Revolution of 1917, Marly escaped with her mother shortly after her first birthday. She led a remarkably varied life, including living in Menton, working as a ballet dancer in Monte Carlo and studying with Prokofiev, before moving in 1934 to Paris where she worked in the cabarets. After the fall of France in 1940, Marly fled to London, where she made contact with the Free French forces. Emmanuel d’Astier, a prominent Resistance leader, heard Marly singing an old Russian air and had the idea of adding resistance lyrics. While taking refuge in d’Astier’s house, journalist Joseph Kessel and his nephew Maurice Druon carried out this task and the song was first broadcast on Radio-Londres, the French Resistance radio station broadcast from London, in 1943. Its popularity soared from here: the radio presenter André Gillois liked the song so much that he made it the theme tune for the BBC. In France, since the national anthem ‘La Marseillaise’ (The song of Marseille) was banned by the Nazis, ‘Le Chant des partisans’ was used instead as the official ersatz national anthem by the Free French Forces, and after the war it became a temporary national anthem for France.
    [Show full text]
  • Résumés Français Des Différentes
    Résumés.qxp 15/05/2012 14:29 Page 1 Maurrassisme et littérature Résumés Martin Motte Mistral-Maurras : les enjeux d’une filiation Charles Maurras fut-il le fils spirituel de Frédéric Mistral ou détourna-t-il l’héritage du grand poète provençal ? La question ne peut être directement tranchée par comparaison de leurs idées politiques, celles de Mistral ayant été très fluctuantes. Le détour par la littérature s’avère en revanche plus fructueux, puisque c’est sur ce terrain-là qu’ils se sont rencontrés. Pour Maurras, la poésie de Mistral était l’antidote au nihilisme romantique et, de façon analogue mais sur un plan collectif, une forme d’action civique. L’engagement du jeune Mistral au sein du Félibrige se fit sous ces auspices, mais il se rendit vite compte que les hiérarques du mouvement étaient trop proches de la République jacobine pour ne pas trahir le rêve de Mistral ; aussi se convertit- il au monarchisme, persuadé que seul un roi pourrait restaurer les libertés régionales. En somme, Maurras pensait accomplir le mistralisme par les voies du politique. Mais il ne put jamais rallier Mistral à ses vues, car de nombreuses questions les divisaient – et d’abord le fait que le poète abhorrait la politique. Leurs désaccords sur des enjeux annexes masquent toutefois une grande proximité quant à la façon d’articuler littérature et engagement civique, qu’ils avaient tendance à rapprocher jusqu’à les confondre. Cela explique que confrontés à des cir- constances tragiques, la révolte des vignerons languedociens pour Mistral, le 6 février 1934 pour Maurras, l’un et l’autre se soient repliés sur l’écriture.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/26/2021 06:48:04PM Via Free Access
    journal of jesuit studies 5 (2018) 54-70 brill.com/jjs Father Włodzimierz Ledóchowski (1866–1942): Driving Force behind Papal Anti-Communism during the Interwar Period Philippe Chenaux Pontifical Lateran University [email protected] Abstract Włodzimierz Ledóchowski, superior general of the Society of Jesus, wielded great in- fluence in the battle against Communism. His belief that there was a link of some degree between Jews and Communism, his work to establish a secretariat in Rome to counter atheistic Communism, and his influence in the development of the papal encyclical, Divini redemptoris, are explored in this article. Convinced that the Russian Revolution was a satanic force out to eradicate Christian society, Ledóchowski made it his life’s work to expose the lies and threats of Bolshevism, culminating in his pen- ultimate Congregation (in 1938) where the superior general discussed techniques that could be used to combat the spread of Communism. Keywords Communism – Bolshevism – anti-Semitism – Jesuit superior general – Włodzimierz Ledóchowski – Divini redemptoris Father Włodzimierz Ledóchowski (1866–1942), elected twenty-sixth supe- rior general of the Jesuits on February 11, 1915, was undoubtedly a key, and controversial, figure in the modern history of the Society of Jesus.1 He was 1 As no true biography exists, please refer to Giacomo Martina’s biographical notes: “Ledóchowski (Wlodimir), général de la Compagnie de Jésus (1866–1942),” in Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, ed. Roger Aubert and Luc Courtois, Fascicule 180: Le Couëdic-Le Hunsec (Paris: Letouzey & Ané, 2010), 54–62, and biographical information by © chenaux, 2018 | doi 10.1163/22141332-00501004 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC license at the time of publication.
    [Show full text]