Historical Dictionary of World War II France Historical Dictionaries of French History Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 1789–1799 Samuel F. Scott and Barry Rothaus, editors Historical Dictionary of Napoleonic France, 1799–1815 Owen Connelly, editor Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire Edgar Leon Newman, editor Historical Dictionary of the French Second Empire, 1852–1870 William E. Echard, editor Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870–1940 Patrick H. Hutton, editor-in-chief Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1946–1991 Wayne Northcutt, editor-in-chief Historical Dictionary of World War II France The Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 Edited by BERTRAM M. GORDON Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Historical dictionary of World War II France : the Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 / edited by Bertram M. Gordon. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–29421–6 (alk. paper) 1. France—History—German occupation, 1940–1945—Dictionaries. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Underground movements—France— Dictionaries. 3. World War, 1939–1945—France—Colonies— Dictionaries. I. Gordon, Bertram M., 1943– . DC397.H58 1998 940.53'44—dc21 97–18190 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright ᭧ 1998 by Bertram M. Gordon All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97–18190 ISBN: 0–313–29421–6 First published in 1998 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Printed in the United States of America TM The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 FOR SUZANNE Contents Contributors ix Preface xiii Abbreviations xxv Maps xxvii The Dictionary 1 Chronology 375 General Bibliography 383 Index 399 Contributors Alya Aglan, Institut d’E´ tudes Politiques, Paris E´ ric Amyot, McGill University, Montreal Claire Andrieu, Institut d’E´ tudes Politiques and Universite´ de Paris I David R. Applebaum, Rowan University, New Jersey Seth D. Armus, State University of New York at Stony Brook Philip C. F. Bankwitz, Trinity College, Connecticut Diane de Bellescize, Universite´ de Droit d’E´ conomie et de Sciences Sociales de Paris—IFP, Paris Michael L. Berkvam, Indiana University Jean-Pierre Bertin-Maghit, Universite´ Michel de Montaigne, Bordeaux, France Konrad Bieber, State University of New York at Stony Brook Cynthia S. Bisson, Belmont University, Tennessee Joel Blatt, University of Connecticut at Stamford Isabel Boussard, Centre d’E´ tude de la Vie Politique Franc¸aise, Fondation Na- tionale des Sciences Politiques, Paris Nathan Bracher, Texas A&M University Deborah D. Buffton, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Michael Jabara Carley, Aid to Scholarly Publications Programme, Ottawa Stephen K. Chenault, University of Arkansas Patrick John Michael Coggins, University of Saskatchewan Asher Cohen, Strochlitz Institute of Holocaust Studies, University of Haifa, Is- rael Oscar L. Cole-Arnal, Waterloo Lutheran Seminary, Waterloo, Ontario Miche`le C. Cone, New York City Martyn Cornick, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom Richard F. Crane, Greensboro College, North Carolina Venita Datta, Wellesley College, Massachusetts Laurent Ditmann, Spelman College Nicole Dombrowski, Princeton University M. Patricia Dougherty, Dominican College of San Rafael, California x CONTRIBUTORS Laurent Douzou, Universite´ Lyon II, France Donna Evleth, Paris Carole Fink, The Ohio State University Sarah Fishman, University of Houston Willard Allen Fletcher, University of Delaware Hilary Footitt, University of Westminster, London Wolfgang Freund, University of the Saarland, Germany Julius W. Friend, George Washington University James Friguglietti, Montana State University-Billings Norman J. W. Goda, Ohio University Milton Goldin, Tarrytown, New York Richard J. Golsan, Texas A&M University Bertram M. Gordon, Mills College, California Claire Gorrara, School of European Studies, University of Wales College of Cardiff, United Kingdom Irene V. Guenther, University of Houston and Houston Community College Martine Guyot-Bender, Hamilton College, New York W. Scott Haine, Holy Names College, California W. D. Halls, University of Oxford Martha Hanna, University of Colorado C. James Haug, Mississippi State University Melanie Hawthorne, Texas A&M University John Hellman, McGill University, Montreal Lynn A. Higgins, Dartmouth College Roland L. Higgins, Keene State College Stanley Hoffmann, Center for European Studies, Harvard University William A. Hoisington, Jr., University of Illinois at Chicago H. Haywood Hunt, Shukutoku University, Mizuhodai Campus, Japan Paul F. Jankowski, Brandeis University, Massachusetts Eric T. Jennings, University of Toronto Nicole T. Jordan, University of Illinois at Chicago Steven Kale, Washington State University Bernd Kasten, Schwerin, Germany Claire Keith, Marist College, New York Michael Kelly, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Van Kelly, University of Kansas William R. Keylor, Boston University Megan Koreman, Texas Tech University Kenneth Krauss, College of Saint Rose, Albany, New York Michel Lacroix, McGill University, Montreal Christophe Lamiot, Rutgers University Fred H. Lawson, Mills College, California Charles Leclerc de Hauteclocque, Mesnil-Guillaume, France Ge´rard Le Marec, Meudon-la-Foreˆt, France CONTRIBUTORS xi Ronald MacKinnon, State University of New York at Stony Brook Michael R. Marrus, University of Toronto Stefan Martens, Deutsches Historisches Institut/Institut Historique Allemand, Paris Paul Mazgaj, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Brian A. McKenzie, State University of New York at Stony Brook Chantal Morelle, Fondation Charles de Gaulle, Paris Kim Munholland, University of Minnesota Elizabeth H. Murphrey, Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, North Carolina Francis J. Murphy, Boston College Colin W. Nettelbeck, University of Melbourne, Australia Robert O. Paxton, Columbia University Suzanne Perkins, Institute for Historical Study, California Guillaume Piketty, Institut d’E´ tudes Politiques, Paris Alexis Rinckenbach, Centre des Archives d’Outre-mer, Aix-en-Provence, France Christian Roy, Concordia University, Montreal Odile Rudelle, (Directeur de recherche au) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Donna F. Ryan, Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. Gise`le Sapiro, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Samir Saul, Universite´ de Montre´al Andrew W. H. Shennan, Wellesley College, Massachusetts John C. Simmonds, University of Derby, United Kingdom Guillaume de Syon, Albright College, Pennsylvania Anne-Ce´cile Tizon-Germe, Archives de´partementales du Loiret, France Bernard Tricot, Fondation Charles de Gaulle, Paris Steven Ungar, University of Iowa Dominique Veillon, Institut d’Histoire du Temps Pre´sent, Paris Richard C. Vinen, King’s College, University of London Fabrice Virgili, Universite´ de Toulouse Le Mirail Margaret C. Weitz, Suffolk University, Boston R. Wesley White, University of South Carolina Andrew A. Workman, Mills College, California John Wright, Coventry University, United Kingdom Robert D. Zaretsky, University of Houston, Texas Preface The Historical Dictionary of World War II France: The Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 is the last in the Greenwood series of historical dic- tionaries of France from the 1789 Revolution to the Fifth Republic. These his- torical dictionaries offer comprehensive reference sources for students and scholars, specialists and nonspecialists alike, interested in the rich history of France since the 1789 Revolution. The Historical Dictionary of World War II France is designed to be the reference of first recourse for those with questions regarding the Occupation, Vichy, the French Resistance, in short, a broad range of topics related to France and the Second World War. It can also serve as a bibliographic guide for those who would like to know more about the period. Summarizing the wartime period in any form poses a challenge due to the sheer quantity of relevant published material. More than 50 years after the events covered in this book, the literature is immense. Memoirs have been published about the wartime years, scholars have researched them, symposia have been devoted to them, and collaboration and resistance have been debated on both sides of the Atlantic. The French bibliography series published by the Biblio- the`que Nationale (France’s national library), which annually lists all the books published in the French language, shows 376 titles for France during World War II in 1992 and 431 in 1993. The Bibliographie Annuelle de l’Histoire de France, which lists both books and articles, shows 761 titles in 1994 alone. Although proportionately, the largest number of books on World War II France was pub- lished shortly after the liberation and the end of the war, in 1945 and 1946, the late 1980s and 1990s saw an upswing as, with the passing of the wartime gen- eration, the French and others debated those events of half a century earlier. The trial of former Vichy milice (Militia) officer Paul Touvier in 1992 and his subsequent conviction on appeal, in 1994, of crimes against humanity, as well as the June 1993