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British, French, Belgian and Portuguese Models of Colonial Rule and Economic Development in Africa

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British, French, Belgian and Portuguese Models of Colonial Rule and Economic Development in Africa Annals of Global History Volume 1, Issue 1, 2019, PP 37-47 British, French, Belgian and Portuguese Models of Colonial Rule and Economic Development in Africa Ngozi Caleb Kamalu, Ph.D Fayetteville State University, Department of Government & History, 1200 Murchison Road, Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301, USA *Corresponding Author: Ngozi Caleb Kamalu, Ph.D, Fayetteville State University, Department of Government & History, 1200 Murchison Road, Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301, USA, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Although the goals of the colonial powers of controlling the human and material resources of Africa were alike, their means of achieving those colonial goals and interests were different by virtue of their different approaches in social control, economic development and political integration. Despite achieving independence, many African countries still suffer from the remnants of colonialism in the form of neocolonialism – economic, social, language and cultural dependencies. Other contemporary conflicts African countries face in the post-colonial era include border disputes, disparate and unequal patterns of economic development, cultural and language differences resulting from colonial histories and experiences. This paper sets to narrate the history and evolution of European presence in Africa; analyze different and competing types or styles of colonial rules as well as patterns of development adopted by different European powers in their respective colonies in Africa; examine the British, French, Belgian and Portuguese types of rule in Africa and identify some of the major reasons why each colonial power adopted its own distinct form of policy. Keywords: Berlin Conference, Race and Scramble for Africa, Partition of Africa, Bakassi Peninsula, Industrial Revolution, Slave Coast, Triangular Trade, Warrant Chiefs, Indirect Rule, Assimilation, Emancipation, Brazaville Conference, Poll Tax, Paternalism, Sabon Gari, Colonialism, Compulsory/ Forced labor. INTRODUCTION introduced their nationals to work as District officers (DOs) who governed through “Warrant Between the 16th and early 19th century, the Chiefs” in Eastern Nigeria. Also, the colonial focus of European trade was slave trade. This powers had the urge to establish new markets resulted in the “triangular” or “Trans-Atlantic” for finished surplus goods and mineral slave trade in which slaves were purchased in resources; and in return secured sources of raw West Africa, shipped to the cotton fields and materials such as timber, gold, rubber, cocoa, coal mines in America. The produced cotton and copper, nickel and palm oil. other goods were then shipped back to Europe, then converted into textiles and shipped back to There was also the economic reason on the part Africa to be used for exchange for more slaves. of the colonial states to provide the protection to The arduous journey called the “middle the national multinationals companies that passage” claimed many African lives. With the operated in Africa. In Nigeria and Ghana, inception of the Industrial revolution in Europe Britain provided security and protection, as well between 1840 and 1870, the need for slave labor as comparative advantage in overseas trade to its waned. The industrial revolution introduced parent company the British Royal Niger technology - machine tools, steam-powered Company. The fight to control the African railways, boats and ships. resources and exclude other competitors was so intense among the colonial powers that it was The colonial powers then sought strong dubbed the “scramble” and “Partition” of footholds in order to introduce colonial-style Africa. governments; resettle and employ indigenous populations displaced by the industrial The “cut throat” completion among European revolution. For example, the British government States including Britain, France, Germany, Annals of Global History V1 ● I1 ● 2019 37 British, French, Belgian and Portuguese Models of Colonial Rule and Economic Development in Africa Spain, Italy, Portugal and Belgium resulted in African Coastal countries and contiguous areas the convening of the Berlin Conference (1884 - of Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone dubbed the 85) by then German Chancellor Bismarck. The “slave Coast”. It was not until March 25, 1807 conference presented the framework for that the British efforts in Parliament, designed to dividing up Africa among European nations. abolish the slave trade came to fruition with the The criteria used were that any country that first passage of the Slave Trade Act. established presence and a form of government in any part would take control and possession of EUROPEAN SCRAMBLE AND PARTITION OF that area. As a result, almost every European AFRICA nation had territorial possession (colonies) in Often referred to as the “race for Africa,” the parts of Africa. Each colonial power not only European powers fought and struggled among influenced the culture, language and education themselves for the primary purpose of of its possession, it also introduced its type of establishing their territorial claims and controls rule/ government, social control, economic of Africa‟s huge mineral resources. The development and political integration. The resource promise of Africa was informed by the European presence has lingering effects in accounts of early European explorers of the 18th contemporary Africa. It is the root cause of Century, such as David Livingstone who sailed conflict among African States over international along River Zambezi; Mongo Park who borders. For example, the Nigeria-Cameroonian explored The River Niger and the hinterland. conflict over Bakassi Peninsular and the The explorers thus opened a trail for the Ethiopia-Somalia conflict over the Ogaden presence of Christian missionaries who (1977-78).The purposes of this paper are to: preached the bible, converted Africans to Trace the history and evolution of European Christianity, condemned some aspects of presence in Africa traditional African worship, practices and customs and introduced western- style Analyze different types of colonial rules education. Their struggles at some time became adopted by different European powers in chaotic, unhealthy and out of control to the their colonies in Africa extent of warranting some level of control. Examine the British, French, Belgian and Hence the Berlin Colonial conference of 1884- Portuguese types of colonial rule in Africa. 85 was necessitated at the invitation of Otto Von Identify some of the reasons why each Bismarck, the then Chancellor of Germany. colonial power adopted its own distinct form of policy The goal of the conference was to lay down the Identify factors responsible for variations in framework and conditions by which the development patterns in Africa scramble for African territories and resources were to be enforced. As reflected in the treaty, EUROPEAN CONQUEST AND AFRICAN the European powers agreed that any power SLAVE TRADE claiming any piece of African territory must first The African slave trade is attributed to the occupy the said territory, establish a working history of European conquest and rule of Africa. government in it and then inform its This opened the gate for the colonial powers to competitors. It was strictly based on the exploit Africa‟s human and mineral resources. principles espoused by the agreement that During the 15th and 16th Century the main focus encouraged European powers – Britain, of European trade was the slave trade in which Portugal, Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, and the Portuguese and the Dutch were major Spain to partition the continent into their participants. Hence, the “triangular” trade in possessions, develop colonial rules, declared the which the European powers purchased African major international waterways, such as Rivers slaves in West Africa and shipped them as Niger and Zaire free to all transportation as well human cargo to Europe and America to work in as abolish slavery in states occupied by each the cotton fields and coal mines. The produced colonial power. It is worth noting that this cotton was then shipped back to Europe where it exercise was both foreign and an imposition on was converted into raw material for textiles the African continent as no African chiefs were which subsequently was shipped to Africa to either invited or in attendance. It was at the serve as exchange goods for more slave labor. conclusion of the meeting that agents of the This long and arduous journey called the European colonial powers began to stream into “middle passage” claimed many West African Africa to lay the ground work for an orderly lives. Most of these slaves hailed from the West transition into boundary demarcation and the 38 Annals of Global History V1 ● I1 ● 2019 British, French, Belgian and Portuguese Models of Colonial Rule and Economic Development in Africa declaration of colonial possessions (colonies) designed to covert Africans in the territories to for each participating power. The only territories French citizens; the policy of self- government that survived the colonial exercise were the by the British which replaced traditional African territories of Liberia and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) chiefs with “headmen” and in some cases,, respectively. “warrant” chiefs constructed in a way capable of promoting self-rule by Africans while at the Soon, a new contour or map of Africa was same time appointing some indigenous Africans introduced, with each colonial European power as state officials doing the British bidding. establishing its
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