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CEBUANO PHONETICS AND ORTHOGRAPHY1
EXORDIUM
The Cebuano language, also known as Sinugbuanon, is one of the major languages in the Philippines. It is spoken by more than 20,000,000 people,2 not only Cebu, but in Bohol, Negros Oriental, western parts of Leyte, some areas in Samar, Negros Occidental, Palawan, Biliran islands, southern part of Masbate, and in the regions of Mindanao as well. Though classified as dialect of the Bisayan or Visayan Language (also called Binisaya) along with Hiligaynon and Waray languages, but it is spoken nationwide and heard otherwhere.
Cebuano belongs to the Western or Indonesian subgroup of the Austronesian family of languages, formerly known as the Malayo Polynesian family of languages, one of the world’s largest language groups.
Its derivation is from Cebu or Sugbu. Sugbu means "to wade" through the waters in the bayou or "suba." It is said that the early settlers in Cebu lived near the bayou and were known as "Taga Suba" or "Suban on"; hence, the name Sugbuanon.
Sinugbuanon refers to the language; Sugbuanon adverts to its native or inhabitant. Both are alluded to as Cebuano.
ALPHABET
During the pre Hispanic colonization, the Cebuano language had only three vowels, namely: a, i, and u.3 With the adoption of some Spanish, English, and other foreign words, it expanded to five to include e and o.4 In current usance, there are five (5) vowels: a, e, i, o, and u along with fifteen (15) consonants: b, k, d, g, h, l, m, n, ng, p, r, s, t, w, and y.
Graphemes: A a B b K k D d E e G g H h I i L l M m Phonemes: [ a ] [ b ] [ k ] [ d ] [ ε ] [ g ] [ h ] [ i ] [ l ] [ m ]
N n Ng ng O o P p R r S s T t U u W w Y y [ n ] [ ŋ ] [ o ] [ p ] [ r ] [ s ] [ t ] [ u ] [ w ] [ y ]
There are foreign words, however, that are unavoidably used in the language, especially those without appropriate transliteration. For this reason, foreign letters may be utilized, such as: Cc, Ff, Jj, Ññ, Qq, Vv, Xx, and Zz,5 but not forming integral parts of the native alphabet. In the counting or numbering of letters, these shall be added to the original or native alphabet.6
ORGANS OF SPEECH
The organs of speech in Cebuano are the tongue, glottis, palate, lips, and nose.
The letters sounded through: 1. The lips are B, P, and M (Ba, Pa, ug Ma). 2. The palate are L and R (La ug Ra). 3. The tongue and the palate are D, T, and N. (Da, Ta, ug Na). 4. The glottis are K, G, and Y (Ka, Ga, ug Ya). 5. The teeth is S (Sa). 6. The glottis with blowing of air is H (Ha). 7. The glottis and the nose is Ng (Nga). 8. The closed lips, then opened, is W (Wa).
Sound 1. Vowels: [ a ] is pronounced with unrounded open front similar to English “far.” [ ε ] is pronounced with unrounded open mid front similar to English “red.” [ i ] is pronounced with unrounded close front similar to English “tin.” [ o ] is pronounced with rounded close mid back similar to English “morning.” [ u ] is pronounced with unrounded close back similar to English “flu.”
2. Consonants: Patterned after the Spanish rudiments of abakada, all consonants are singly pronounced with “ a” at the end. Thus, they are sounded ba, ka, da, etc., except "ng" which is pronounced as "nang" or "ning."
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ACCENTUATION
Diacritical marks The Cebuano language has four (4) kinds of actual or diacritical marks. Writing and reading Cebuano shall be premised on the entire context. Owing to some technical constraints, diacritical marks may be used conditionally—when writing results to confusion.
1. Acute accent [ ´ ] slanted forward and placed above the vowel given with stress. báhaw bása (read) dápit (invite) húlbot múmho pínggan sugílon tingáli
2. Grave accent [ ] – slanted backward and placed above the vowel given with stress. batò dapìt (place) gubòt lumàd lusòt magày putòs sigày
3. Circumflex accent [ ˆ ] – formed like an arrowhead and placed above the vowel of the syllable given with stress. basâ (wet) bahô bugtô hagâ lugtî putî subô tahô
4. Prolonged accent or macron [ ‾ ] – used especially on syncoped and apocoped words, such as: malala mala kulo ku pulong pung napulo napu sulog sug ulo u
STRESSES
There are five (5) stresses of pronunciation in the Cebuano language. 1.Penultimate stress placed on the penultimate syllable. alampat bayani binuhat kalipay lamian magbabaol panganti talidhay
2. Penultimate with glottal end – placed on the penultimate syllable with glottal end. bathala bahakhak baligho balikhaw bugto pangagho panghayhay yakmo
3. End stress (panumoy) – placed at the end or on the last syllable of the word. baliko buhis buhok kulong ligis palit sinukod tulod
4. End stress with glottal end – placed at the end or on the last syllable with glottal end. bati bugha bugti kasuko luha salapi suka tungha
5. Double stress with glottal end on both syllables or on the second or third and last syllable – placed on two syllables or at the second or third syllable and on the last syllable. batabata kipikipi latalata mumo pipi suso taluto tikitiki
ORTHOGRAPHY
Cebuano orthography is guided by the legal provision that "…whenever it shall be indispensable to form new words, these shall be taken principally from the classical languages, such as Greek and Latin, especially for scientific, literary and technical uses. Foreign words thus newly formed shall be assimilated to the Philippine phonetics and orthography…."7 Cebuano has several loan words which are directly taken from another language with little or no translation.8 Paronymous words,9 however, have slight deviation, or even different, from their original and intended meaning and import. It even has faux amis or false friends where pair or pairs of words in two languages or dialects (or letters in two alphabets) look and/or sound similar but differ in meaning.10
FALSE FRIENDS
Cebuano (coconut wine) tuba English (wind instrument) Cebuano (oil) lana Spanish (wool) Cebuano (bolo) guna Sanskrit (character) Cebuano (bird) langgam Tagalog (ant) Cebuano (understand) sabot Hiligaynon (pubic hair)
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Cebuano (squat) pungko Negros Oriental (sit down) Cebuano (ensconce; hide) luklok Kapamgpangan (sit down)
A. Vowels – A
1. A is sounded with unrounded open front similar to English “far.” a. Used in all native words having an "a" sound: abaga adlaw alampat andam bakhaw balak balabag bathala dalaga dalan lagkaw lantaka latagaw mananap mantaga panday salanga tagay tanaman tagana
b. Spanish derivatives: alarma akata alpombra amiga animal aparador apostol armadura artista atleta atras bakasyon bakuna balanse balbakuwa balda baldosa banda lata salida
c. English assimilations: abnormal abnormal alibi alibay apply aplay apprentice aprentis driver drayber flashlight plaslayt high school hayiskul janitor dyanitor lighter layter nightclub naytklab satellite satelayt time out taym awot
E
2. E is pronounced with unrounded open mid front similar to English “red.” a. There are few native words in the Cebuano language spelled with "e" or where "e" is used in the last syllable. babaye baye bebe (duckling) kiye dayeg parayeg pangadye sikwate
b. It is also retained in some foreign words. alegre alambre almagre almanake antena arte bakante balde bendahe bentaha bentana berde bote kalambre kalibre kamote karne katre kerubin kotse ensayo entero esmalte esmeril gabinete higante ignorante imperdible imposible interes lente letse menor papel pensar permanente peste petate presidente rebelde recibo rematse reseta responsable ribete sastre sereno solemne temprano tigre timbre torpe
c. It is also used in some Spanish words with English equivalents that begin with "s." (Cf. Vowels 3 i, infra, for exceptions.) escuadra squad eskuwadra espada sword espada especial special espesyal espera sphere espera espiritu spirit espiritu estomago stomach estomago estrofa strophe estropa estudiante student estudyante extraño stranger estranyo
d. The letter is likewise retained in Spanish words with English assimilation. defensa defense depensa economia economy ekonomiya
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ejercisio exercise ehersisyo eleccion election eleksiyon elefante elephant elepante elegante elegant elegante elemento element elemento energia energy enerhiya exacto exact eksakto experimento experiment eksperimento experto expert eksperto extra extra ekstra
e. If the Spanish word uses "i" but with English equivalent in "e," the latter may be used. actriz actress aktres amnistia amnesty amnestiya dimitir demit demitir dirigir direct direhir
f. In folk etymology, "i" in Spanish may be change to "e." tijera teheras ingeniero enhinyero
g. It is likewise used to substitute English phonemes with: 1) long "a" (ā), but followed by letter "y," as in "ey," in Cebuano. ballet baley cake keyk chololate tsokoleyt date deyt gate geyt late leyt
2) open or unaccented "a," schwa, etc. candy kendi coordinator koordinetor major medyor manager manedyer
h. It is likewise used as first letter in postfixes to mean doer, performer, etc. as in –"era(o)" for Spanish derivatives. (Cf. I j, infra) baka bakero bangko bangkero baston bastonero basura basurero bodega bodegero kaha kahera kamino kaminero karpinteriya karpintero karta kartero kosina kosinera kostura kosturera dinamita dinamitero enhinyeriya enhinyero hardin hardinero lata latero mahika mahikero mensahe mensahero mina minero misyon misyonero musika musikero pasahe pasahero plata platero puerto portero relo relohero salamangka salamangkero sapatos sapatero tambor tambolero toro torero tubo tubero usura usurero
i. It is also used to substitute "ie" (without continuous gliding sound in Cebuano) in borrowed words. adviento adbento consciencia konsensiya incienso insenso independient independente paciencia pasensiya pensamiento pensamento sentimiento sentimento serpiente serpente
j. It is also used to subsitute "ue" (without continuous gliding sound) in borrowed words. (Cf. Consonants 2, c.) bodeguero bodegero bouquet buke higuera igera morgue morge sigue sige tourniquet turnike
k. It is also used to substitute "ui" (without continuous gliding sound) in borrowed words. (Cf. Consonants 2, d.) quimica kemika quimico kemiko
I
3. I is pronounced with unrounded close front similar to English “tin.” a. With some few words as exceptions (cf. E 2 a, supra), all native words with "i" sound are spelled with "i."
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bililhon bingkil binignit bitiis buhis kitiw haligi hingpit intawon iwit itik ligid ngilit nipis piliik pingis pislit sinipit titip yagpis b. Spanish derivatives. brindis brindis hebilla bilya libre libre libro libro linimento linimento mitad mitad peligro peligro tisis tisis vicita bisita victima biktima c. English derivatives. believe bilib building bilding biscuit biskwit chemistry kemistri Christmas tree Krismas tri sandwich sanwits
d. In folk etymology, "e" in Spanish may be changed to "i." anteojo antiyohos bandeja bandiha bandera bandira barrena barina bellaco bilyako betun biton candela kandila cabeza kabisa cajeta kahita caldera kaldira carreton kariton cebolla sibuyas cerrado sirado cerrar sira chismes tismis chiste tistis cohete kuwitis dedal didal descanso diskanso descarrilar diskaril desconfiado diskompiyado descuido diskuwido echar itsa embudo imbudo empacho impatso enano inano en punto impunto en vez imbis es muy poco ispoko moy espejo ispiho espeso ispiso flete plite hechura hitsura herramienta hiraminta imprenta imprinta manteca mantika mantel mantil mantener mantinil memester mistil perder pildi petaca pitaka preso piniriso quevedo kibido salvaje salbahis serrucho sirutso servir silbi servidora silbidora tantear tantiya tendera tindera tenedor tinidor teja tisa timonel timonil tomate tamatis velar bilar vesti bisti
e. It is also used in hybrid words (Spanish with English equivalents) to replace "e," patterned after folk etymology and based on English spelling which is more prevalent than Spanish. acordeon accordion akordiyon campeon champion kampiyon capellan chaplain kapilyan cometer commit komitir cuarentena quarantine kuwarentinas derecho direct diretso desarma disarm dis arma descarga discharge; unload diskarga descarte discard; evade diskarte descontento discontent diskontento descortesia discourtesy diskortesiya descubrir discover diskobre descuento discount diskuwento desgracia disgrace disgrasya designio/diseño design desinyo desmayo dismay dismayo
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despachar dispatch dispatsar gravedad gravity grabidad mezcla mixture miskla ordenanza ordinance ordinansa relevo relief relibo seña sign sinyas señal signal sinyal someter submit sumitir
f. While "e" is used in some Spanish words with English spelling equivalent beginning in "s" (cf. Vowels 2 a, supra), in folk etymology and as variants, "e" is replaced with "i" on, but not limited to, the following: escala scale; stopover iskala escandalo scandal iskandalo escapular scapular iskapular o iskapularyo escriba scribe iskriba escritura script iskritura escrutinio scrutiny; canvassing iskutinyo escultura sculpture iskultura espacio space ispasyo esperma sperm isperma espia spy ispiya espiral spiral ispiral esqui skiing iski estaca stake istaka estacion station istasyon o istasyonan estadio stadium istadyu o istadyum estadista statesman istadista estadistica statistics istadistika estado state istado estaño stannum; tin istanyo estante shelf istante estar stay istar estatico static istatiko estatuwa statue istatuwa estencil stencil istensil estilo style istilo estrategia strategy istratehiya estricto strict istrikto estructura structure istruktura estupido stupid istupido g. "I" is used in English phonemes that begin with "s." schedule iskedyul scholar iskolar score iskor scout iskawot scramble iskrambol scrap iskrap small ismol smuggler ismagler snatcher isnatser snob isnab snorkel isnorkel sport isport spot ispat spring ispring squatter iskuwater standby istambay
h. It is also used to substitute borrowed English words with double "e" (ee). jamboree dyambori jeep dyip jeepney dyipni referee reperi teenager tin edyer
i. It is also used to substitute foreign words ending in "y." allergy alerdyi sexy seksi sorry sori X ray Iksri
j. It is likewise used as first letter in postfixes to mean doer, performer, etc. as in –"ira(o)" for native words. (Cf. E h, supra.) butang butangiro kaingin kaingiro hambog hambogiro hantak hantakiro lab as lab asira libak libakira sabong sabongiro supak supakiro
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k. It is also used as first letter in postfixes to mean doer, performer, etc. as in – "ista" for foreign words. agrikultura agrikulturista agronomiya agronomista arte artista baho bahista basketbol basketbolista kapital kapitalista kolumna kolumnista komentaryo komentarista komunismo komunista kongreso kongresista kontrabando kontrabandista drama dramatista ekonomiya ekonomista gitara gitarista lingguwistika lingguwista makina makinista masahe masahista moda modista partido partidista pinal pinalista piyano piyanista retrato retratista siklo siklista tenis tenista turismo turista welga welgista
l. It is also used to substitute borrowed words having "ea" (without continuous gliding sound). boxeador boksidor
m. It is also used to substitute borrowed words having "ei" (without continuous gliding sound). proteina protina
n. It is likewise used to substitute borrowed words having "ie" (without continuous gliding sound in Cebuano). herramienta hiraminta pliego piligo rienda rinda riesgo risgo tienda tindahan tinieblas tiniblas
o. It is also used to subsitute borrowed words having “ue,” “ui,” or “uie” (without continuous gliding sound). 1) ue banquete bangkite franqueo prangkiyo guerra gira guerrilla girilya higuera igira queja kiha saqueo sakiyo trueque trukis
2) ui11 aguila agila guia giya guillotina gilotina guisado gisado guisante gisantes guisar gisal guitarra gitara jeringuilla heringgilya
3) uie quiebrar kibra
p. If the root of the borrowed word is agglutinatively nativized to form some other words or meaning, "e" may be changed to "i." base basihan bayle baylihan bigote bigotilyo kamote kamotihan kape kapihan debate debatihonon edad pangidaron higante higanting... masahe masahian paryente kaparyentihan pirme pirmiha puwerte puwerting... sige sigiha tental maninital
O
4. O is pronounced with rounded close mid back similar to English “morning.” a. O is used when it is at the ending syllable. abo bag o bukog kibol kulong dulot gusok hulog idro lubog lukot luog mug ot nukos pulo pusod sulod sungsong tikod tugbong
b. "O" is retained in repeated syllables or words that are solidemes to form comparison, repeated action, or to convey some other meaning, etc. baho bahobaho dako dakodako
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hubo hubohubo hubog huboghubog liko likoliko likod likodlikod pito pitopito putol putolputol sulog sulogsulog tulog tulogtulog
c. "O" is retained in native words with affixes: bungtod kabungtoran buot kabuotan kahoy kakahoyan ligo kaligoanan lungsod kalungsoran luoy maluluy on pusod kinapusoran sugo sulugoon tinuod matinuoron tuno tinunoan
d. Also in foreign words with the same phonemic sound. abono aporo balota bosina bodega bola bolkan bolitas bolsa bomba (bomb) botante boto (vote) komosta kosina kota (quota) koto (limit) dosena grado merkado misteryo modelo obra ostiya parola pobre polis politika pondo porma regalo robot sobre solitaryo toga tomar tonto toril tornilyo torno (lathe) torpedo torta tostado trono tropa
e. In folk etymology, "u" and "uo" in foreign words may be changed to "o." cartulina kartolina defectuoso depektoso
f. "O" is used to change "u" in Spanish with English assimilation spelled with "o." comun common komon patrulla patrol patrolya
U
5. U is pronounced with unrounded close back similar to English “flu”. a. "U" is used when it is the beginning of an "o" sound syllable. bituon buang bughat bungtod buot kutat kuto dugho gugma haruhay hinuon hungot lahutay lungis mug ot puasa salumsom tunhay tumong umog utanon utingkay utong yungit
b. "U" is used in repeated syllables on native words. buhat magbubuhat buhis magbubuhis kuot mangunguot hukngay maghuhukngay hukom maghuhukom luoy maluluy on pamuo mamumuo puhonan magpupuhonan pulong mamumulong sulat magsusulat tudlo magtutudlo tugway manunugway tuon magtutuon tupi manunupi
c. "U" is used in apocopes with macron or prolonged vowel sound. (Cf. Apocope, infra.) bulong bung kulong kung dulog dug dulot dut gulot gut hulog hug pulong pung sulod sud sulog sug sulong sung tulod tud tulog tug
d. It may be used as variant of some native words with "o" monophthongal ending. balud gayud kalibutan katapusan hinaut matud paglaum palihug panahum panghimaraut patalinghug tagum
e. "U" is retained in the last syllable of some foreign words.
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abakus album asul baul (chest, trunk) birtud bonus kawkus kolum korum espiritu isyu memorandum menu radyu (radius) radyum (radium) reperendum rostrum segun simposyum tahur tipus tribu ultimatum
f. In some paronymous words, "o" is changed to "u." barbacoa balbakuwa borrego burigo bozal busal colchon kutson corazonada kursonada horma hulma hormiga hulmigas horno hudno ojal uhalis polvera pulbera polvora pulbora polvo pulbos posta pusta toalla tualya
g. In blend or portmanteau (also telescope) words (from Spanish and English) with "o" sound, "u" is used instead of "o" based on English spelling which is more prominent than Spanish. acuario aquarium akwaryum auditorio auditorium awditoryum boletin bulletin buletin bomba pump bumba boton button butones brocha brush brutsa cacto cactus kaktus chofer chauffer tsuper cola glue kula colocho curly hair kulot corriente current kuryente cortina curtain kurtina cruz crux (cross) krus droga drug druga fondo fund pundo mostaza mustard mustasa polea pulley puleya someter submit sumitir soportar support suporta sorpresa surprise surprisa sospecha suspect suspetsa sostener sustain sustener tetano tetanus tetanus tifus typhus tipus trompeta trumpet trumpeta
h. "U" is likewise used to substitute double "o" (oo) in foreign words: bazooka basuka boomerang bumerang booster buster classroom klasrum football putbol high school hayiskul pool pul school iskul scooter iskuter
U and O
6. U and O – these vowels were once allophones. Traditional spelling, however, places "u" at the beginning, and "o" at the end, of the syllable.12 a. The phonemic sequence of “u” and “o” is used in words when adjacently placed in the same order. alimuot baguod bituon kabuot kaguol kahimuot kaluoy guod huong luog matuod nuog panimuot puol suod suol tinuod tuok tuod tuon
b. The same order is used in words with similar sound syllables but with consonant or consonants in between. buhong butong bus ok kulon kumot dukot gutom hubog hulog hutoy lugod lusok
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puso putos subol sulog sulop tukmod tukog tusok
c. The sequence of “u” and “o” is used on repeated syllables but that of a root. bukbok bunbon kutkot dukdok dutdot gulgol hulhol hushos luklok lumlom ngutngot nusnos pukpok pulpol punpon sulsol sumsom tuktok tugtog tungtong
d. The same sequence of “u” and “o” is used on repeated words for repeated action, names of plants, insects, or animals, imitated actions or things, or state of mediocrity. These are solidemes; thus, hyphen is not used. buot buotbuot kuot kuotkuot duog duogduog hubo hubohubo hubog huboghubog hugot hugothugot humok humokhumok lukso luksolukso pugong pugongpugong pungko pungkopungko putol putolputol tulog tulogtulog tuyok tuyoktuyok udto udtoudto
N.B.: Hyphen may only be used in originally hyphenated roots or when reading results to confusion. (See Punctuation on separate paper.) hut ong hut onghut ong hut ong hut ong lut od lut odlut od lut od lut od mug ot mug otmug ot mug ot mug ot pug ok pug okpug ok pug ok pug ok sul ong sul ongsul ong sul ong sul ong ulhos ulhosulhos ulhos ulhos
e. The same sequence is used on repeated words with two or more syllables to form some other words, usually noun. balungbalong (shanty) bukubuko (back) bukungbukong (kneecap) dakudako (foreman) habuhabo (drizzle) luyuluyo (assistant) pakupako (latisimus dorsis) palupalo (washbat) bahugbahog (battle) lamuklamok (brawl)
f. The same sequence in some adopted foreign words. argumento artikulo asunto behikulo bulto busto krudo disgusto husto instrumento insulto menudo multo pulido pulpito punto puro puwerto rumbo seguro sustento tarugo titulo turno (shift) ungwento uso usurero yugo
B. CONSONANTS 1. Cebuano has 15 native consonants. a. B bakhaw baguod bagyo bahaw baligho balikhaw bantay bathaluman bidli bihag binhi bitang bitik bituon bukhad bugas buhilaman bulak bulan buntag
b. K – kaang kabang kabaw kalimot kalipay kamalig karaan kasakit kasingkasing kibag kilat kilumkilom kino kitiw kitoy kiyuom kulipas kulong kuyamad kuyog
Note: There is no double consonant in Cebuano native words that start with "k" and "w" (kw) or "k" and "y" (ky). (Cf. Consonants l, infra.) kwarta kuwarta kwakdop kuwakdop kwaknit kuwaknit kwanggol kuwanggol
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kyampaw kiyampaw kyugpos kiyugpos
"kw" and "ky" may be found, however, in the interior of the word. bikwang bukwas bukway lakwatsa likwad sakwat salikwaot salikway sikwa takway tikwang tokwa bakya bukya hikyad pakyaw sakyanan takyan takyap tikyop c. D – dako dagkot dagnay dagsa dalit damgo dapaw dayag dayandayan didto dinhi diwa diwanag dubok dukot dugay dughan dulog dumpol duot Note: D is used in alternation of "b" in the aphesis of: usab sab sad d. G – gabii gabok gahot galing gambalay ganti gibang gilaw gimok ginit gintang giok gisi guba gubot gugma gumaran gumonhap gunting gutom e. H – habak habog hakot halandomon hamog hamugaway handurawan hangin hilam os hilom hilos hinay hitak hukdong hulagway hulat hulaw humot hunaw huyuhoy f. L laag labhag lagos lamas lapyahan laraw laway layag libaong likod ligoy limod litok lubok lugod luha lumad lumoy lunsay lupyak g. M maayo magtutudlo mahal malala malumo mamala manalagna manggad mangla manulonda mata mingaw minghoy mithi mitna molupyo mugna mulo mumho mutya h. N – Adjoining "n" and "g" in the following examples are two separate consonants. nahot nasod natad nati nigo nihit nipis niwang nukos nunot nuog nusnos ngabil ngalan ngilit ngulob bangaw hungot langit singot i. NG [ŋ] 13 is a part of Alibata14 (Cf. 2 r, infra.) 1) interior of the word followed by a consonant: bangkaw bungkag bungtod kangho hanggaw hangyo hingkod lingkit lingkod lungsod manghod mangloy pang os pinangga pinggan pungko sangko singhag tangkal tingkoy
2) end of the word: abang amping atang baling bungsod butong kabang dalilang gibang labong lagingling lamang nangnang pandong pasunding sundang
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tagning taming tinughong tugbang j. P – pakal pagaw pagbati palad pamanit panday pangahas pangandoy pastilan payag pinangko pinangga pingis pitik pukas puhon putak putol putos puyo k. R rabanit rakrak rawraw birok burot kurat kuraw kurit kurong garas harong hurot larot parok parat purong sarok tarong taroy turok
NOTE: In affixation, "R" substitutes "D" in the native language to form some other meaning. (See Affixation, infra.) baid bairan balod baloron banggod banggoran bukid kabukiran bulad bularan bungtod kabungtoran kagid kagiron kagod kagoran kilid kiliran kudkod kudkoran gaod gaoran halad halaran hangtod kahangtoran laktod laktoranan ladlad ladlaran lawod kalawran lingkod lingkoranan luod luoran manggad kamanggaran manghod kinamanghoran pahid pahiran tadtad tadtaran tahod katahoran tubod tuboran l. S saad sabaw sabod salag salampati salibot salimuang salingkapaw salingsing samtang sapang sibay sigay sigpit subad subok sukod sud ip suhol sulog
Note: There is no double consonant in Cebuano native words that begin with "s" and "w" (sw) and "s" and "y" (sy); swapang suwapang switik suwitik syatong siyatong syumoy siyumoy
"sw" and "sy" may be found, however, in the intetior of the word. buswak kasway giswid huswa laswa liswi busyad masyaw m. T tab ang takos takulahaw tagad talaw talidhay tapak tikang tikod timbang tim os tinguha tipaka tubos tukaw tukmod tugbong tuhay tulilik tumong n. W wagas wagtang wahing wait wala walingwalling walis walog walwag wanang wandog wangwang wani wasay wati wayawaya wayway wikwik witik wiwi
Note: In alternation of letters in some native words, "w" is used instead of "l,"15 which is prominent in spoken words. alom awom along awong alot awot balo bawo balok bawok balod bawod
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balon bawon balos bawos bula buwa bulak buwak bulakaw buwakaw bulad buwad bulag buwag bulan buwan bulang buwang bulanting buwanting bulasot buwasot bulaw buwaw kahibalo kahibawo kalo kawo kalos kawos kalot kawot kulaknit kuwaknit kulang kuwang kulintas kuwintas dalo dawo dula duwa dulang duwang dulaw duwaw galong gawong gula guwa gulang guwang halo hawo halob hawob halok hawok hulabon huwabon hulam huwam hulat huwat hulaw huwaw ilalom ilawom lalom lawom magulang maguwang pahulay pahuway palo pawo palong pawong palos pawos palot pawot panimalos panimawos panulay panuway pula puwa pulak puwak pulaw puwaw salo sawo salod sawod salog sawog salom sawom salop sawop salot sawot salumsom sawumsom singgalong singgawong sula suwa sulat suwat sulaw suwaw tagalog tagawog talong tawong tigulang tiguwang tinula tinuwa tula tuwa tulandos tuwandos tungkalo tungkawo ulag uwag ulang uwang ulan uwan ulat uwat ulaw uwaw walo wawo
It even results to deletion together with the vowel preceding it. dalugdog dawugdog dugdog dalunggan dawunggan dunggan salugsog sawugsog sugsog talumtom tawumtom tumtom taluto tawuto tuto o. Y yabag yabo yaka yakmo yagaw yagpis yagubyob yahat yamog yampungad yangungo yarok yawyaw yaya yayong yukbo yuko yugyog yungit yuta
Substitution: 1) Y substitutes "ing" in contraction. (See Contraction, infra.) ako ing akoy aduna ing adunay ikaw ing ikay kamo ing kamoy kita ing kitay gani ing ganiy lamang ing lamay lang ing lay mao ing maoy sila ing silay siya ing siyay wala ing walay
2) Y also substitutes the conjunctive particle "ka" when the numerical adjective preceding it ends in vowel. duha ka ligid nga karwahe duhay ligid nga karwahe pito ka ang ang nga hagdanan pitoy ang ang nga hagdanan tulo ka andana nga edipisyo tuloy andana nga edipisyo walo ka tiil nga insekto waloy tiil nga insekto
2. Cebuano consonants may be used to substitute foreign consonants.
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a. B for P and V – 1) P: tapon tabon
2) V: activista aktibista agresivo agresibo atrevido atrebido a ver aber aviva abiba aviso abiso conserva konserba devoto deboto favor pabor grava graba grave grabe lava laba lavandera labandera lavavo lababo levadura lebadura oliva oliba pavo pabo pavon pabon privado pribado revalida rebalida vaho baho (smell) vajo baho (bass) vale bale vampira bampira vandalo bandalo vapor bapor vaso baso ventana bentana ventilador bentilador ventosa bentosa verja berha viaje biyahe victima biktima vino bino visita bisita vista bista vivo bibo volcan bolkan b. K for C, CH, and G – 1) C: abanico abaniko acrobata akrobata acusado akusado alcabala alkabala arca arka arco arko articulo artikulo atracar atraka barco barko bistec bistek botica botika calavera kalabera calculo kalkulo calidad kalidad calmado kalma camarin kamarin camote kamote campana kampana candado kandado cantidad kantidad capote kapote capsula kapsula caracol karakol carambola karambola carcel karsel carnaval karnabal carne karne caspa kaspa castigo kastigo catecismo katesismo claro klaro clase klase clima klima clinica klinika cobra kobra cobrador kobrador cobre kobre cocina kosina codigo kodigo colecta kolekta colector kolektor colera kolera colocar kolokar color kolor combinar kombinar comedor komedor cometa kometa comite komite comparar komparar compas kompas completo kompleto complot komplot compositor kompositor compra kompra comprador komprador compromiso kompromiso comunidad komunidad conductor konduktor consentir konsentir consagrar konsagrar consorte konsorte consulta konsulta consumidor konsumidor consumo konsumo contador kontador contento kontento contra kontra contrario kontraryo contrato kontrato corbata korbata cordero kordero costumbre kostumbre credo kredo crema krema crisis krisis cristal kristal cuna kuna cura kura
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curso kurso cutis kutis delicado delikado dictador diktador dictar diktar discurso diskurso discutir diskutir eclipse eklipse educado edukado elector elektor electronico elektroniko escopeta eskopeta etnico etniko hipocrita hipokrita insecto insekto lacra lakra laico layko manuscrito manuskrito marca marka marco marko mascada maskada mascara maskara matricula matrikula mecanico mekaniko mecanismo mekanismo monarca monarka peluca peluka perico periko periodico peryodiko pico piko placa plaka politica politika proclamar proklamar producto produkto proyecto proyekto publico publiko romantico romantiko rosca roska saco sako sacramento sakramento sacristan sakristan sepulcro sepulkro simpatico simpatiko sindicato sindikato surco surko taco tako tacon takon tecla tekla tocador tokador tocar tokar tocayo tokayo triciclo trisiklo tuerca tuwerka vacante bakante
2) CH: parchar parka
3) G: esgrima eskrima c. K+E for QUE almanaque almanake ataque atake banquero bangkero banqueta bangketa bloque bloke chaqueta tsaketa dique dike empaque empake etiqueta etiketa musiquero musikero paquete pakete parque parke plaque plake querubin kerubin queso keso quinque kingke raqueta raketa repique repike tanque tangke torniquete tornikete d. K+I for QUI alquilar alkila alquitran alkitran arquitectura arkitektura barquillo barkilyos boquilla bokilya caqui kaki conquistador kongkistador croquis krokis equipo ekipo esquina eskina franquicia prangkisya jerarquia herarkiya liquidar likidar liquido likido maniqui manikin mantiquilla mantikilya maquina makina maquinista makinista mosquitero moskitero pasquin paskin quilate kilates quimono kimono quincena kinsena quinque kingke quinto kinto requisito rekisito saquito sakito (sachet) taquilla takilya e. K+S for CC and X 1) CC: accidente aksidente accion aksiyon colleccion koleksiyon construccion konstruksiyon
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diccionario diksiyonaryo eleccion eleksiyon infeccion impeksiyon inspeccion inspeksiyon inyeccion ineksiyon leccion leksiyon seccion seksiyon seleccion seleksiyon
2) X: exacto eksakto examine eksamin excursion ekskursiyon exception eksepsiyon excomunion ekskomunyon experto eksperto explosion explosyon explosivo eksplosibo expresion ekspresyon extension ekstensiyon extra ekstra oxigeno oksiheno sexto seksto texto teksto f. K+UWA for CUA (Cf. Diphthongs 2, t) cuaderno kuwaderno cuadra kuwadra cuadrado kuwadrado cuadro kuwadro cuarenta kuwarenta cuaresma kuwaresma cuarentena kuwarentinas cuartel kuwartel cuarto kuwarto cuarzo kuwarso g. K+UWE for CUE (Cf. Diphthongs 2, u) cuello kuwelyo cuenta kuwenta cuerdas kuwerdas cuero kuwero cuerpo kuwerpo cuestion kuwestiyon
h. K+WI for CUI and QUI – when the letters are found at the beginning or in the interior of the word. biscuit biskwit circuito sirkwito cuidadoso kwidawo sequins sekwins i. K+YA for QUIA parroquia parokya parroquiano parokyano reliquia relikyas j. D for R horno hudno tibor tibod k. D+Y for GY and J for English phonemes. allergy alerdyi jacket dyaket jackpot dyakpat janitor dyanitor jeep dyip jet dyet magic madyik mah jong madyong l. G for J forcejar porseger m. H for G and J 1). G: agencia ahensiya agente ahente digito dihito gelatina helatina general heneral genio henyo gigante higante gimnasta himnasta gimnastica himnastika ginebra hinebra inteligente intelihente imagen imahen ligero lihero liturgia liturhiya logica lohika magistrado mahistrado mariguana marihuwana original orihinal pagina pahina regimen rehimen registro rehistro region rehiyon religion relihiyon virgen birhen
2). J: aguja aguha ajo ahos bagaje bagahe bajada bahada baraja baraha bruja bruha caja kaha concejo/consejo konseho
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conejo koneho crucifijo krusipiho dibujo dibuho ejemplo ehemplo ejercicio ehersisyo embajada embahada embajador embahador faja paha garaje garahe herejia erehiya jamon hamon jaula hawla jefe hepe jinete hinete juego huygo junta hunta jurado hurado jurar hurar justicia hustisya justo husto juzgado husgado lenguaje lengguwahe lija liha lujo luho manejo maneho masaje masahe mensaje mensahe mensajero mensahero mojon mohon pasaje pasahe potaje potahe sabotaje sabotahe tarjeta tarheta trabajador trabahador traje trahe vendaje bendahe viaje biyahe voltaje boltahe
Spanish words with silent phonemes shall likewise be in Cebuano. H: alhaja alahas habano abano habilidad abilidad habla abla hacha atsa hacienda asyenda hasta asta hectarea ektarya heredero eredero hereje erehes herejia erehiya herencia erensiya higo igos higuera igera hijo iho himno imno historia istorya hospicio ospisyo hospital ospital hostia ostiya hotel otel huracan urakan
J: reloj relo
Note: Letter "J," with English pronunciation as "jar,"16 is prevalent in Bohol, southern parts of Leyte, Surigao, etc. ajaw banjo baje jagajaga jahat jamajama jamo jubo maajo panjo sija tajaw n. L for D pared paril vidrio bildo o. L for LL in English alleluia aleluya allergy alerdyi basketball basketbol baseball besbol football putbol volleyball balibol p. L for N in Spanish – cincel silsil navaja labaha q. L for R in Spanish abrir abli almibar anibal arpa alpa asar asal azucar asukal barba balbas batir batil carburo kalburo casar kasal confesar kompisal cordon koldon cuerdas kuldas enamorar amoral fardo paldo fiar piyal franela planela guisar gisal horma hulma hormiga hulmigas mantener mantinil memester mistil perder pildi
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servidora silbidora servilleta silbilyeta servir silbi tajar tahal tambor tambol tasar tasal tentar tental r. L+Y for L and LL in Spanish – 1) L dolar dolyar
2) LL amarillo amarilyo apellido apelyido argolla argolya ballena balyena barandilla barandilya baratillo baratilyo billar bilyar bombilla bombilya botella botelya cabilla kabilya calle kalye callo kalyo campanilla kampanilya capellan kapilyan capilla kapilya casilla kasilyas cepillar sepilya cepillo sepilyo cigarillo sigarilyo cosinilla kosinilya cuchillo kutsilyo cuello kuwelyo detalle detalye doncella donselya empella empelya fallar palyar folleto polyeto gatillo gatilyo lamparilla lamparilya mantiquilla mantikilya martillo martilyo medalla medalya medallon medalyon pantalla pantalya pillo pilyo relleno relyeno repollo repolyo rollo rolyo semilla semilya sillon silyon taller talyer tornillo tornilyo vainilla banilya varilla barilya s. M for N and NM in Spanish – 1) N: conferencia komperensiya confesar kompisal confianza kompiyansa conforme komporme convencion kombensiyon convenio kombenyo convento kombento convicto kombikto convida kombida convite kombite infierno impiyerno invalido imbalido invencion imbensiyon investigacion imbestigasyon invierno imbiyerno invitacion imbitasyon panfleto pampleto sinfonia simponiya
2) NM: inmaculada imakulada inmemorial imemoryal inmigracion imigrasyon inmigrante imigrante inmoral imoral inmueble imuwebles
t. NG for N [ŋ] in Spanish It is a ligature or digraph consonant when used in the interior of the word followed by a consonant. aŋcla angkla aŋgel anghel baŋcarrota bangkarota baŋco bangko baŋqueta bangketa baŋquillo bangkiyo baŋquite bangkite blaŋco blangko broŋquitis brongkitis ciŋco singko coŋclusion kongklusyon coŋcreto kongkreto coŋcurso kongkurso coŋgregacion kongregasyon coŋgreso kongreso eŋcanto engkanto eŋcargado engkargado eŋcuentro engkuwentro espoŋja espongha fraŋca prangka fraŋquicia prangkisya gaŋgrena ganggrena guachinaŋgo guwatsinanggo iŋgrato inggrato iŋgreso inggreso loŋganiza longganisa maŋco mangko maŋgo manggo
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maŋguera manggera moŋja mongha moŋje monghe nuŋca nungka palaŋca plangka palaŋgana palanggana saŋgra sanggra traŋca trangka u. N+W for Ñ buñuelo bunwelos castañuelas kastanwelas v. N+Y for Ñ and NEA 1) Ñ añil anyil año anyo araña aranya baño banyo bañera banyera campaña kampanya cañon kanyon cañuto kanyuto cariño karinyo castañetas kastanyetas compañero kompanyero contraseña kontrasinyas daños danyos diseño desinyo ermitaño ermitanyo estaño istanyo monseñor monsenyor muñeca munyeka piña pinya puñal punyal puño punyos riñon rinyon seña sinyas señal sinyal
Exceptions: a) If the letter "ñ" in Spanish is followed by a dipthong, as in "compañia," "i" is placed in between "n" and "y," as in "kompaniya."
b) Names of persons, places, or phenomena shall not be altered. Caña Sto. Niño La Niña Osmeña
2) NEA linea linya w. P for F bufete bupete cafe kape cifrar sipra desfalco despalko elefante elepante fabrica pabrika fabula pabula faja paha falda palda fallar palyar falta palta familia pamilya fanatico panatiko fantasma pantasma farola parola favor pabor favorito paborito fecha petsa fiesta piyesta fino pino firma pirma firme pirme flauta plawta flema plema flete plite florera plorera fogon pogon forma porma formal pormal formalidad pormalidad forzoso porsoso fosforo posporo frasco prasko freno preno fresco presko frito prito fritada pritada fuerte puwerte funda punda fusil pusil grifo gripo nafta napta oficina opisina oficio opisyo plataforma plataporma profesion propesyon profesor propesor profeta propeta rifa ripa tarifa taripa tifus tipus uniforme uniporme x. R for D almidon almirol convida kombira jugador sugarol pedazo piraso y. R for L calzada karsada calzones karsones
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calzoncillos karsonsilyo facistol pasistor salsa sarsa z. R for RR aburrido aburido almorranas almoranas arras aras arrastre arastre arreglar areglar arrenda arenda barra bara barracks baraks barrena barina barreta barita barricada barikada barril baril carrera karera carretilla karetilya carreton kariton carro karo carroza karosa cerrar sira cerrado sirado cerradura siradura corral koral correa koreya corregir korehir correo koreyo corresponsal koresponsal corriente kuryente garrafa garapa garrafon garapon garrapata garapata garrote garote gorra gora gorrion goryon herramienta hiraminta parrafo parapo parroco paroko pizarra pisara tarro taro terraza terasa territorio teritoryo terrorista terorista aa. S for C, CH, J, SC, X, and Z 1) C: acero asero acido asido arancel aransel bicicleta bisikleta bocina bosina bronce bronse cacerola caserola carcel karsel cedula sedula celda selda celoso seloso cementerio sementeryo cemento semento centenario sentenaryo centro sentro ceramica seramika cerveza serbesa cetro setro ciclo siklo cilindro silindro cimborio simboryo cinturon sinturon circo sirko circulo sirkulo cirugia siruhiya cirujano siruhano cocina kosina concilio konsilyo decidido desidido decidir desidir docena dosena inocente inosente medicina medisina motorciclo motorsiklo once onse proceso proseso quince kinse receta reseta torcer torse triciclo trisiklo
2) CH: chayote sayote chile sili chubasco subasko conchabo konsabo ganchillo gansilyo gancho ganso
3) J: jabon sabon jugador sugarol jugar sugal
4) SC: ascenso asenso disciplina disiplina discipulo disipulo escena esena piscina pisina plebiscito plebisito
5) X: extraño estranyo explicar esplikar Xerox seroks xylophone silopon
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6) Z: abraza abrasa actriz aktres ajedrez ahedres alianza alyansa alza alsa azoge asoge azul asul azufre asupre bagazo bagaso barniz barnis bazar basar braza brasa brazo braso buzo buso buzon buson calabaza kalabasa calabozo kalaboso caliz kalis capataz kapatas cobranza kobransa cruz krus cruzada krusada fianza piyansa gamuza gamusa izar isa juez huwes juzgado husgado lanzar lansar lapiz lapis loza losa matriz matris onza onsa poliza polisa (policy) pozo poso punzon punson raza rasa razon rason retazo retaso taza tasa trozo troso zapato sapatos zero sero zona sona zurcir sursi
7) There are several borrowed words, however, where "s" is added to the last open syllable: acera aseras acolito kolitos ajo ahos alhaja alahas anteojo antiyohos arete aretes arma armas barquillo barkilyos bolita bolitas borla borlas bota botas boton butones buena buynas casilla kasilyas cebolla sibuyas ceremonia seremonyas chinela tsinelas chiste tistis cinta sintas cita citas cuarentena kuwarentinas ficha pitsas fruta prutas galleta galyetas garbanzo garbansos guayaba bayabas guante guwantes guisante gisantes hereje erehes hoja ohas hora oras igual igwales lechuga letsugas liga ligas maceta masetas mal malas manga manggas manzana mansanas manzanita mansanitas maraca marakas media medyas medio medyos mejora mehoras mueble muwebles ojal uhalis parra paras pasa pasas patata patatas perla perlas pildora pildoras porra poras pulga pulgas pulsera pulseras puño punyos quilate kilates rabano rabanos rayo rayos reja rehas salvaje salbahis sandalia sandalyas sardina sardinas seña sinyas signo signos sopa sopas tachuela suylas termo termos testigo testigos tijera teheras tiza tisas tomate tamatis tortilla tortilyas trampa trampas trueque trukis uva ubas vispera bisperas zapato sapatos
8) There are likewise borrowed Spanish words, however, where "s" is omitted in the last open syllable. (Cf. Aphesis, infra.)
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abrebotellas ablibotelya abrelatas ablilata antiparras antipara calzoncillos karsonsilyo fondillos pondiyo paracaidas parakayda patillas patilya salvavidas salbabida
bb. S for Cebuano assimilation of English words. sandwich sanwits switch swits
cc. T for CH chiste tistis
dd. T for LL banquillo bangkito estampilla istampita palillo palito platillo platito
ee. T+S for CH archidiocesis artsidiyosesis bizcocho biskotso brocha brutsa capricho kapritso chaleco tsaliko champurrado tsampurado chapa tsapa charol tsarol cheque tseke chicharron tsitsaron chico tsiko chismes tsismis chismosa tsismosa chocolate tsokolate chofer tsuper chorizo tsoriso chupar tsupa chupon tsupon coche kotse cosecha kosetsa colchon kutson cuchara kutsara cuchillo kutsilyo echar itsa escabeche eskabetse fecha petsa hacha atsa lancha lantsa leche letse macho matso machete matsete mancha mantsa marcha martsa pecho petso pichel pitsel plancha plantsa provechar probetsar puchero putsero rancho rantso remache rematse sospecha suspetsa tacha tatsa
ff. W for D acerado aserawo atrasado atrasawo cuidado kwidawo muskulado muskulawo niquelado nikelawo desentunado sentunawo
gg. W for H – cohete kuwitis
hh. Y for LL banquillo bangkiyo caballo kabayo caldillo kaldiyo cebolla sibuyas fondillos pondiyo llamar yamar llano yano llanta yantas llave yawe molinillo buloniyo quisquilloso asyoso sencillo sensiyo silla siya tablilla tabliya
DIPHTHONGS
Diphthong is the complex monosyllabic sound made by continuous gliding from one position to another, as "aw" in bahaw, "ay" in balay, etc. In the use of foreign diphthongs, however, it involves epenthesis which requires the insertion of "w," "y," etc. in between, and the change of "ao" to "aw," etc.17
1. Cebuano diphthongs: a. AW bahaw bugaw kilaw kutaw gimaw hamabaw hulaw labaw lawgaw lugaw mingaw pulaw
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sabaw silaw tiyabaw tugaw
b. IW agiw alasiwsiw baliw baliwliw batiwtiw bigiw kiriw kitiw kulisiw iliw lagtiw lingiw paksiw piliw pitiw taliwtiw
c. AY balay bugay kapay kutay hulagway humay lukay lugway malaw ay panagway punay pusgay subay sugkay tugway tulay
d. OY antuhoy bakhoy balanghoy kahoy kutoy guroy hoy huboy hutoy mananoy mangloy pahoy siloy sunoy taghoy tuboy
e. UY buyboy buy od kuykoy huy ang huyhoy luy a luyloy puypoy saguysoy suyla tuybo tuyhad tuy od tuytoy uy uylap
2. Spanish diphthongs: a. AW for AO, AU 1) AO: bacalao bakalaw cacao kakaw badjao badyaw
2) AU: auto awto automatico awtomatiko causa kawsa flauta plawta jaula hawla pausa pawsa
b. AY for AE, AI, EI 1) AE: aeroplano ayroplano aerosol ayrosol
2) AI: baile bayle caida kayda fraile prayle paracaidas parakayda traidor traydor
3) EI: aceite asayte reina rayna
c. EYA for EA asamblea asembleya azotea asoteya beato beyato empleado empleyado idea ideya teatro teyatro
d. EYO for EO ateo ateyo ideologia ideyolohiya mausoleo musoleyo museo museyo panteon panteyon teologia teyolohiya teologo teyologo teoria teyoriya torneo torneyo trofeo tropeyo
e. EYU for EU eucalipto eyukalipto Eucaristia Eyukaristiya eunuco eyunuko reuma reyuma
f. IYA for IA when "i" is separately sounded from "a," as in "iya." (Cf. YA, infra.)
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academia akademiya amnistia amnestiya analogia analohiya anatomia anatomiya anomalia anomaliya averia aberiya bahia bahiya barberia barberiya bateria bateriya Biblia Bibliya biografia biyograpiya biologia biyolohiya caligrafia kaligrapiya caloria kaloriya categoria kategoriya cirugia siruhiya confianza kompiyansa cortesia kortesiya destileria destileriya diacono diyakono dialogo diyalogo diamante diyamante diametro diyametro diana diyana dinastia dinastiya disenteria disenteriya economia ekonomiya energia enerhiya estrategia istratehiya filosofia pilosopiya galeria galeriya garantia garantiya guardia guwardiya herejia erehiya idolatria idolatriya industria industriya ingenieria enhinyeriya litania litaniya liturgia liturhiya loteria loteriya mayoria mayoriya melodia melodiya minoria minoriya molestia molestiya monarquia monarkiya ortografia ortograpiya profecia propesiya psicologia sikolohiya psiquiatria sikiyatriya punteria punteriya simpatia simpatiya sinfonia simponiya taquigrafia takigrapiya tecnologia teknolohiya terminologia terminolohiya tesoreria tesoreriya
g. IYE for IE – (Cf. YE, infra.) abierto abiyerto ciencia siyensiya cientifico siyentipiko cliente kliyente concierto konsiyerto dieta diyeta fiesta piyesta gobierno gobiyerno infierno impiyerno miembro miyembro mientras miyentras nieve niyebe pier piyer pieza piyesa por ciento porsiyento siempre siyempre tiempo tiyempo
h. IYO for IO when "i" is separately sounded from "o," as in "iyo." (Cf. YO, infra.) adios adiyos avio abiyo batio batiyo Dios Diyos cambio kambiyo colegio kolehiyo elogio elohiyo indigestion indihestiyon limpio limpiyo nervioso nerbiyoso privilegio pribilehiyo proverbio proberbiyo religioso relihiyoso soberbio soberbiyo tiovivo tiyobibo vacio basiyo
i. IYO for UIO guion giyon quiosco kiyosko
j. IYU for IU ciudad siyudad viuda biyuda k. OWA for OA proa prowa l. OWI for OI oido owido tiroides tirowides (thyroid gland)
m. SIYA (CIA, TIA). When “cia” or “tia” in foreign words (Latin and Spanish) is preceded by a consonant. alcancia alkansiya ambulancia ambulansiya comerciante komersiyante competencia kompetensiya conferencia komperensiya diferencia diperensiya
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distancia distansiya emergencia emerhensiya evidencia ebidensiya experiencia eksperiyensiya ganancia ganansiya ignorantia ignoransiya importancia importansiya indulgentia indulhensiya licencia lisensiya poenetentia penitensiya presencia presensiya provincia probinsiya referencia reperensiya residencia residensiya resistencia resistensiya sentencia sentensiya sustancia sustansiya vagancia bagansiya n. SYA (CIA, SIA) When “cia” or “sia” in foreign words is preceded by a vowel. amnesia amnesya democracia demokrasya diplomacia diplomasya fantasia pantasya farmacia parmasya franquicia prangkisya gracia grasya iglesia iglesya justicia hustisya malicia malisya negociante negosyante noticia notisya o. SIYO (CIO, TIO) When “cio” or “tio” in foreign words is preceded by a consonant. anuncio anunsiyo comercio komersiyo divorcio diborsiyo rancio ransiyo silencio silensiyo tercio tersiyo p. SYO (CIO, TIO) When "cio” or “tio” in foreign words is preceded by a vowel. bocio bosyo beneficio benepisyo edificio edipisyo hospicio ospisyo negocio negosyo oficio opisyo palacio palasyo precio presyo sacrificio sakripisyo servicio serbisyo socio kasosyo vicio bisyo
q. SIYON (CION, SION, TION, XION) When “cion,” "sion," “tion,” or "xion" in foreign words is preceded by a consonant. aborcion aborsiyon accion aksiyon atencion atensiyon cancion kansiyon collection koleksiyon conexion koneksiyon correccion koreksiyon corrupcion korupsiyon dimension dimensiyon diversion dibersiyon eleccion eleksiyon excursion ekskursiyon extension ekstensiyon faccion paksiyon intencion intensiyon invencion imbensiyon inyeccion ineksiyon leccion leksiyon pension pensiyon proteccion proteksiyon recepcion resepsiyon seccion seksiyon seleccion seleksiyon transaction transaksiyon r. SYON (CION, SION, TION) When "cion,” "sion," or “tion” in foreign words is preceded by a vowel. absolucion absolusyon alegacion alegasyon ambicion ambisyon bendicion bendisyon calificacion kalipikasyon circulacion sirkulasyon combinacion kombinasyon comision komisyon complicacion komplikasyon comunicacion komunikasyon conclusion kongklusyon condicion kondisyon consagracion konsagrasyon coronacion koronasyon curacion kurasyon decision desisyon decoracion dekorasyon delegacion delegasyon deprecion depresyon devocion debosyon discrecion diskresyon discusion diskusyon donacion donasyon educacion edukasyon edicion edisyon emocion emosyon evolucion ebolusyon exhibition eksibisyon exploration eksplorasyon fusion pusyon graduacion graduwasyon ilusion ilusyon imaginacion imahinasyon imitacion imitasyon impresion impresyon inmigracion imigrasyon irrigacion irigasyon limitacion limitasyon
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maldicion maldisyon meditacion meditasyon ocasion okasyon oracion orasyon particion partisyon pasion pasyon perdicion perdisyon plantacion plantasyon polucion polusyon posicion posisyon presion presyon procesion prosesyon proclamacion proklamasyon promocion promosyon promulgacion promulgasyon profesion propesyon proposicion proposisyon provision probisyon ration rasyon recomendacion rekomendasyon regulacion regulasyon relacion relasyon revision rebisyon revocacion rebokasyon revolucion rebolusyon sesion sesyon situacion sitwasyon solucion solusyon suposicion suposisyon transportacion transportasyon television telebisyon tentacion tentasyon tradicion tradisyon transicion transisyon vacacion bakasyon votacion botasyon
s. SYU for CEU farmaceutica parmasyutika
t. UWA for UA estatua istatuwa graduar graduwar guachinango guwatsinanggo guano guwano guapa guwapa guante guwantes guardia guwardiya mariguana marihuwana santuario santuwaryo suave suwabe
u. UWE for UE absuelto absuwelto afuera puwera duelo duwelo duende duwende dueto duweto fuerte puwerte fuerza puwersa juez huwes mueble muwebles muelle muwelye muestra muwestra puede puwede puerta puwerta pues puwes puesto puwesto sueldo suweldo suerte suwerte sueter suweter tuerca tuwerka vuelta buwelta
v. UWI for UI buitre buwitre descuido deskuwido linguistica lingguwistika prejuicio perhuwisyo
w. UY for UE bueno buyno consuelo konsuylo escuela eskuyla hueco huyko juego huygo nueve nuybe prueba pruyba rueda ruyda tachuela tatsuylas vuelo buylo
x. UYA for UIA alleluia aleluya y. WA for UA acuario akwaryum aduana adwana agua agwa aguantar agwanta baluarte balwarte carruaje karwahe igual igwales naguas nagwas z. WE for UE huelga welga huelgista welgista la huerta lagwerta unguento ungwento
aa. YA for EA, IA when letter "e" or "i" is sounded together with "a," as in "ya."
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1) EA: correa koreya hectarea ektarya
2) IA: aliado alyado bacteria bakterya bigamia bigamya cafeteria kapeterya cofradia kopradya colonia kolonya comedia komedya copia kopya editorial editoryal elementaria elementarya epidemia epidemya especial espesyal estudiante estudyante feria perya historia istorya malaria malarya mania manya media medya memoria memorya novia nobya perfidia perpidya primaria primarya secundaria sekundarya tragedia trahedya bb. YE for IE when YE is at the beginning of the word or is preceded by a consonant. corriente kuryente desierto desyerto hielo yelo hierba yerba hierbabuena yerbabuyna hierro yero ingeniero enhinyero merienda meryenda paciente pasyente pariente paryente serie serye teniente tenyente
cc. YO for IO when letter "i" is sounded together with "o," as in "yo." adulterio adulteryo alivio alibyo aluminio aluminyo amperio amperyo andamio andamyo apio apyo avion abyon barrio baryo boticario botikaryo calendario kalendaryo calvario kalbaryo campanario kampanaryo capitolio kapitolyo cementerio sementeryo cimborio simboryo comentario komentaryo condominio kondominyo crematorio krematoryo curioso kuryoso demonio demonyo diario diyaryo dispensario dispensaryo dormitorio dormitoryo evangelio ebanghelyo herbolario albularyo idioma idyoma incensario insensaryo inventario imbentaryo laboratorio laboratoryo lirio liryo microbio mikrobyo misterio misteryo monasterio monasteryo novio nobyo opio opyo pandemonio pandemonyo patio patyo plenario plenaryo premio premyo principio prinsipyo radio radyo remedio remedyo rosario rosaryo santuario santuwaryo secretario sekretaryo seminario seminaryo serio seryo sitio sityo solitario solitaryo telescopio teleskopyo temporario temporaryo testimonio testimonyo veterinario beterinaryo voluntario boluntaryo
SOME COMMON BORROWINGS
1. Loan words. – No change in spelling with little or no translation. abnormal absoluto abusar abuso admitir adorno alarma altar amen amigo amoroso amor proprio andador andar andas antena apostol apurado armado asilo asno aspirante asunto atraso ayuda bala baldado balsamo banda bandido baradero barato barbero bastidor baston basura
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bata (bathrobe) batuta bayoneta bendita biberon bikini bisagra blusa boda bodega bolsa bombo bordon brigada dama dados datos delantera delegado delicadeza deposito despedida destino diga dignidad dilatar dimitir dinamita diploma distrito dorar durable durar edad elemento embutido ensayo entero entrada entrega (delivery) epistola gabinete galon gana gasa gastador gasto gobernador grano grasa gratis grumete gusto harina hilo ignorante iman inodoro importante intriga (intrigue) inutil lapida latigo laton letra libelo libra libre libreto libro lila linimento lista litro lobo logro lona lote luto maestro maldita maleta mandar mando mani maniobra mano manso margarina marmol martir masa maton mayonesa milagro mineral ministro mitad moda modelo moderno montura monumento morado moroso mota moton motorista multa natural negar nochebuena normal otro pabilo padrina paisano pala pantalan paraiso pasamano paso pastor pepino permanente permiso perno personalidad pito planeta plano planta plata playa plema plomo pluma pobre popular poste postre postura prenda presentar problema programa propaganda protesta pulgada puntera purga puta rebelde regadera regalo reglamento repaso rematado remate retrato resulta retobado ribete ritmo robot rotunda sagrado seda seguridad semana senado sentido sermon siglo silaba silbato simbolo sinagoga sintoma sirena sistema soborno sobra sobre solda solemne soneto subasta subida submarino superior suplemento suspenso sustento sutil tabla tablado talento tal fulano talon tarima telon tema templo temprano tener termino terno tesorero testamento timon tinta tintura tirada tirador tirantes tomar tonto toril toro torpe torpedo total trapo tratar tribunal trigo tripulante trono tropa urinola urna
2. Paronymous words. Spelling of some words are changed to distinguish their meaning. abono (fertilizer) abuno (fill; filler) asoge (mercury; quicksilver) asugi (gunpowder) bola (ball) bula (foam; suds) boya (buoy) buya (match) bomba (bomb) bumba (pump) kopa (chalice) kupa (cup)
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kota (quota) kuta (fortress) koto (limit; control) kuto (cottie; louse) entrega (deliver) intriga (intrigue) lona (canvass) luna (place) ohas (sheet) uhas (bit) osa (deer) usa (one) oso (bear) uso (trend; bandwagon) pondo (anchor) pundo (fund) sopas (soup) supas (pastry) tono (tone) tuno (tune)
3. Substandard paronymous words – Spanish roots Noun/adjective Cebuano substandard version agraviar agravio agrabyado bandeja tray; platter (Eng.) bandihado boxeo boxeador boksingero dibujo dibujante dibuhista ejecutar ejecutor hekutado esgrima esgrimista eskrimador hacienda haciendado asyendero ocio (idleness) oscioso (idle) usyosera (pryer; meddler) perder perdedor pildiro seguro segurador segurista/segurado serio serious (Eng.) seryoso trabajo trabajador trabahante viaje viajero biyahedor
PROPER NOUNS
1. Scientific symbols and elements in chemistry, physics, biology, etc. shall retain its order. H2O (water) tubig NaCl (salt) asin Ca (calcium) kalsiyum CaC2 (calcium carbide) kalburo CaO (lime) apog Sn (tin) istanyo CO2 (carbon dioxide) – karbon diyoksido Cu (copper) kobre H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) – asido sulpuriko H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) agua oxigenada
2. Names of local places, streets, and provinces: Bonbon Colon Cordova Danao Dumanjug Looc Mandaue Maribojoc Marinduque Nueva Caceres Opon Pajac Pooc Poog Sogod Sugbu Talibon Tanjay Valencia Zamboanga
3. Titles, names of persons of foreign derivation shall not be altered: Allah Buddha Churchill Dalai Lama Einstein Elizabeth Gregory Hercules Holmes Immanuel Kennedy Levin Nicole Obama Reagan Samson Thatcher Venus William Xerxes
4. Likewise of countries and states: Australia Brazil Brunei Guam Hawaii Hongkong Jerusalem Israel London Malaysia Paris Qatar Scotland Samoa Singapore Tibet Ukraine Vienna Vietnam Zambia
5. Also of trade marks, trade names, business names, etc.: Band Aid Bristol Chevrolet Coke Colgate Gatorade Jockey Lacoste Levi’s Mitsubishi Nokia Panasonic Pentax Rolex Samsung Señorita Sony Volkswagen Windows Xerox
6. Names of persons of Spanish derivation shall not be altered: Jesus Maria Jose Juan
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Pedro Bienvenido Concepcion Caridad Domingo Felipe Guillermo Isabel Lucas Magdalena Moises Pablo Paz Rosario Soledad Timoteo
7. Titles, names of places, peoples, languages, world organizations, etc. adopted from Spanish shall likewise be retained: Alemanya Aprika Arabigo Asya Belen Korinto Ehipto Gresya Hapon Hudeyo Indiya Ingglatera Italyano Jesukristo Mesiyas Olandiya Pakistani Palestina Pransiya Roma Romanya Rusya Tsina Uropa Istados Unidos o Tinipong Kabansaan sa Amerika Tinipong Kanasoran (United Nations)
SYLLABIFICATION
Syllabification is the act, process, or method of forming or dividing words into syllables. In Cebuano, it is monophthongal and diphthongal. A. Native words A Cebuano syllable may consist of: 1. Vowel (V) monosyllable A bog A li ma A lom bag O bun I I kaw I bot I na to U bos U kay U lay U yok
2. Consonant and Vowel (CV) – prevocalic syllable BA lay BU nga KA hoy DA lan GU bot HA mis LA mi an LI goy LU kot MA ta hom PA hoy SI gay
3. Vowel and Consonant (VC) – postvocalic syllable AG hat AM bot AP yo gon bug AT IM baw IN ta won mug OT tim OS uk OK UN ta UN tol UP hag
4. Consonant, Vowel, and Consonant (CVC) ba LIK ka SAD ya KUT lo DUG mok la MAW ma nu LON da MUM ho PAK siw pig SAT TAG hoy TUT ho YAG pis
5. Consonant, Consonant, and Vowel (CCV)18 – open syllable NGA lan NGA no NGI ob NGI lit NGI pon NGI si NGU lob bu NGI ku lo NGO PLA ming ko su NGO tu NGA
6. Consonant, Consonant, Vowel, and Consonant (CCVC) ba NGAW KRIS du NGOY huk NGAY hu NGAW la NGIT li NGIW mi NGAW NGIS lo pa NGOS si NGOT tu NGAS
7. Vowel and Consonant NG (VCng) ING (iŋ) hut ONG (hut oŋ) pi ANG (pi aŋ) pul ONG (pul oŋ) puk ONG (puk oŋ) sam ANG (sam aŋ) sil ING (sil iŋ) tak ANG (tak aŋ) ta ki ANG (ta ki aŋ)
8. Consonant, Vowel, Consonant NG (CVCng) am PING (am piŋ) kim PANG (kim paŋ) la MANG (la maŋ) LUNG sod (luŋ sod) MANG gad (maŋ gad) PUNG ko (puŋ ko) SING hag (siŋ hag) TANG kil (taŋ kil) tug BONG (tug boŋ)
B. Foreign Derivatives – 1. Some loan words are syllabified based on its original syllabification. amoroso a mo ro so balde bal de bolsa bol sa elemento e le men to gusto gus to linimento li ni men to
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maestro ma es tro manso man so motorista mo to ris ta pabilo pa bi lo pasamano pa sa ma no peste pes te sermon ser mon terno ter no
2. Paronymous words are syllabified based on Cebuano language it being epenthetic. The pronunciation of diphthongal foreign roots changes upon insertion of a letter to a word when nativized or naturalized. aduana ad wa na aguantar ag wan ta baluarte bal war te guapa gu wa pa juez hu wes limpio lim pi yo muestra mu wes tra puesto pu wes to sueldo su wel do tuerca tu wer ka
3. Epenthesized foreign diphthongs: a. I-YA for IA – when "i" is separatedly sounded from "a," as in "i ya." academia a ka de mi ya amnistia am nes ti ya analogia a na lo hi ya anatomia a na to mi ya anomalia a no ma li ya averia a be ri ya bahia ba hi ya barberia bar be ri ya bateria ba te ri ya Biblia Bi bli ya destileria des ti le ri ya diacono di ya ko no dialogo di ya lo go diamante di ya man te diametro di ya me tro diana di ya na monarquia mo nar ki ya ortografia or to gra pi ya profecia pro pe si ya psicologia si ko lo hi ya psiquiatria si ki ya tri ya punteria pun te ri ya
b. YA for IA – when "i" is sounded together with "a," as in "ya." aliado al ya do bacteria bak ter ya bigamia bi gam ya cafeteria ka pe ter ya cofradia kop rad ya colonia ko lon ya comedia ko med ya copia kop ya editorial e di tor yal elementaria e le men tar ya estudiante es tud yan te feria per ya historia is tor ya media med ya perfidia per pid ya primaria pri mar ya secundaria se kun dar ya tragedia tra hed ya
c. IYE for IE – abierto a bi yer to ciencia si yen si ya cientifico si yen ti pi ko cliente kli yen te concierto kon si yer to dieta di ye ta fiesta pi yes ta gobierno go bi yer no infierno im pi yer no miembro mi yem bro mientras mi yen tras nieve ni ye be pier pi yer pieza pi ye sa siempre si yem pre tiempo ti yem po
d. YE for IE – when YE is at the beginning of the word or is preceded by a consonant. corriente kur yen te desierto des yer to hielo ye lo hierba yer ba hierbabuena yer ba buy na hierro ye ro ingeniero en hin ye ro merienda mer yen da paciente pas yen te pariente par yen te serie ser ye teniente ten yen te
e. IYO -- when "i" is separately sounded from "o," as in "iyo." adios a di yos avio a bi yo batio ba ti yo Dios Di yos cambio kam bi yo colegio ko le hi yo limpio lim pi yo nervioso ner bi yo so privilegio pri bi le hi yo proverbio pro ber bi yo religioso re li hi yo so soberbio so ber bi yo tiovivo ti yo bi bo vacio ba si yo
f. YO -- when letter "i" is sounded together with "o," as in "yo."
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alivio a lib yo aluminio a lu min yo amperio am per yo andamio an dam yo avion ab yon barrio bar yo boticario bo ti kar yo calendario ka len dar yo calvario kal bar yo campanario kam pa nar yo capitolio ka pi tol yo cementerio se men ter yo cimborio sim bor yo comentario ko men tar yo condominio kon do min yo curioso kur yo so dormitorio dor mi tor yo evangelio e bang hel yo microbio mik rob yo misterio mis ter yo monasterio mo nas ter yo pandemonio pan de mon yo patio pat yo plenario ple nar yo premio prem yo principio prin sip yo rosario ro sar yo santuario san tu war yo secretario se kre tar yo seminario se mi nar yo serio ser yo sitio sit yo solitario so li tar yo temporario tem po rar yo veterinario be te ri nar yo vicio bis yo
g. SI-YA for CIA, TIA – When "cia" or "tia" (Latin and Spanish) is preceded by a consonant. alcancia al kan si ya ambulancia am bu lan si ya comerciante ko mer si yan te distancia dis tan si ya ignorantia ig no ran si ya indulgentia in dul hen si ya licencia li sen si ya poenetentia pe ni ten si ya provincia pro bin si ya sustancia sus tan si ya
h. S-YA for CIA, SIA – When "cia" or "sia" in foreign words is preceded by a vowel. democracia de mo kras ya diplomacia dip lo mas ya fantasia pan tas ya farmacia par mas ya gracia gras ya iglesia ig les ya justicia hus tis ya malicia ma lis ya negociante ne gos yan te noticia no tis ya
i. SI-YO for CIO, TIO – When "cio" or "tio" in foreign words is preceded by a consonant. anuncio a nun si yo comercio ko mer si yo divorcio di bor si yo rancio ran si yo silencio si len si yo tercio ter si yo
j. S-YO for CIO, TIO – When "cio" or "tio" in foreign words is preceded by a vowel. bocio bos yo beneficio be ne pis yo edificio e di pis yo negocio ne gos yo oficio o pis yo palacio pa las yo precio presyo sacrificio sa kri pis yo servicio ser bis yo socio ka sos yo
k. SI-YON for CION, SION, TION, XION – When "cion," "sion," "tion," or "xion" in foreign words is precded by a consonant. aborcion a bor si yon accion ak si yon collection ko lek si yon connexion ko nek si yon eleccion e lek si yon diversion di ber si yon invencion im ben si yon leccion lek si yon pension pen si yon recepcion re sep si yon
l. S-YON for CION, SION, TION – When "cion," "sion," or "tion" in foreign words is preceded by a vowel. alegacion a le gas yon ambicion am bis yon condicion kon dis yon decision de sis yon graduation gra du was yon imaginacion i ma hi nas yon passion pas yon procesion pro ses yon television te le bis yon vacacion ba kas yon
4. Adjoining Vowels and Consonants a. When one of the adjoining consonants is either b, k, g, p, or t, and preceded by a vowel, syllabification is between the vowel and the consonant (b, k, g, p, or t). almagre al ma gre asupre a su pre bisagra bi sa gra bisikleta bi si kle ta buwitre bu wi tre katre ka tre
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kibra ki bra kobre ko bre imperdible im per di ble imposible im po si ble milagro mi la gro motorsiklo mo tor si klo peligro pe li gro pobre po bre problema pro ble ma programa pro gra ma sekreto se kre to siglo si glo sobre so bre tabla ta bla tableta ta ble tas tigre ti gre
5. Adjoining Consonants a. When one of the two adjoining consonants in the penultimate or ultimate syllable is "y," either preceded or followed by a vowel, syllabification is between "y" and the other consonant. bayle bay le buylo buy lo buyno buy no kalendaryo ka len dar yo kalye kal ye kalyo kal yo konsuylo kon suy lo kuwelyo ku wel yo kuryente kur yen te meryenda mer yen da premyo prem yo pruyba pruy ba ruyda ruy da teleskopyo te les kop yo
b. When three consonants adjoined each other, the syllabification is between the first and the second consonant. doktrina dok tri na kalambre ka lam bre kostumbre kos tum bre elektroniko e lek tro ni ko eskrima es kri ma istambre is tam bre postre pos tre sastre sas tre siyempre si yem pre timbre tim bre
c. When "ng" [ŋ] is followed by "g," the syllabification is between "ng" and "g." iŋgrato ing gra to gaŋgrena gang gre na loŋganiza long ga ni sa maŋguera mang ge ra palaŋgana pa lang ga na saŋgra sang gra
d. KS for CC – K and S are separated in syllabification: accidente ak si den te accion ak si yon colleccion ko lek si yon correccion ko rek si yon diccionario dik si yo nar yo eleccion e lek si yon infeccion im pek si yon inspeccion ins pek si yon inyeccion i nek si yon leccion lek si yon
e. KS for X 1) When KS are followed by a vowel, "k" and "s" are separated in syllabification. boxing bok sing exacto ek sak to examen ek sa min exception ek sep si yon exorcismo ek sor sis mo oxigeno ok si he no seksi sek si taxi tak si
2) When KS are followed by a consonant, "k" and "s" are joined in syllabification. excursion eks kur si yon excomunion eks ko mun yon experto eks per to explosion eks plos yon explosivo eks plo si bo expresion eks pres yon extension eks ten si yon extra eks tra sexto seks to texto teks to
f. TS for CH 1) When the letters TS are in the beginning of the word, they are not separated in syllabification. chaleco tsa li ko champurrado tsam pu ra do chapa tsa pa chaqueta tsa ke ta cheque tse ke chico tsi ko chinela tsi ne las chismes tsis mis chismosa tsis mo sa chocolate tso ko la te chorizo tso ri so chupon tsu pon
2) When the letters TS are preceded by a vowel, "t" and "s" are separated in syllabification. capricho kap rit so coche kot se cucharita kut sa ri ta cuchillo kut sil yo despachar dis pat sar echar it sa
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fecha pet sa ficha pit sas hacha at sa leche let se lechon let son pecho pet so pichel pit sel puchero put se ro sospecha sus pet sa tacha tat sa
3) When the letters TS are preceded by a consonant, "t" and "s" are joined in syllabification. lancha lan tsa lanchon lan tson mancha man tsa marcha mar tsa plancha plan tsa rancho ran tso
AFFIXATION
Affixation is the process of placing a syllable or syllables at the beginning, middle, or end of a word or word part to change its meaning. In Cebuano, it includes metathesis, deletion or omission, substitution, transposition, or addition of phonemes.
1. KINDS: a. Prefix (Unanggikit) – comes at the beginning of the word. KAgahom KApikas DIMAgamit INalisngaw INutang MAGBUbuhis NAHAgawas19 NAHIabot20 PAGKAugma21 PALAaway WAYbatasan WAYhinungdan
b. Infix (Talinggikit) – is placed in the interior of the word. gINamos giPANGhatag hINapnig lINambay pINahiluna sINag ulo pINalit pINangko sINapid tINimbang tINumpi tINughong
c. Suffix or postfix (Taponggikit) – comes at the end of the word. bahandiANON balhiboON bantogAN buangON bulangAN bulanON palitONON piliONON patongANAN sakayanON sungkabAN tampalasAN
2. METHODS: a. Simple – when it uses either prefix, infix, or suffix. adunaHAN bINuhat KAsakay kINaraan kINilaw gINamay gubaON INasal isdaANON mahalON NAhulog pANGHIMalad sINabaw sINugba tINula
b. Bilateral – when it uses both prefix and suffix. KAlainAN KAlibotAN KAsilinganAN KAusabAN INadlawAN INasinAN INatubangAY MAKIlungsodNON MAdamgoHON MAdaniHON MAisogON MAlangkobON MApasayloON MApig otON MAkinaadmanON
c. Compound – when it uses both infix and suffix. bALansayON bINuhiAN bINunyagAN hINakhakAN hINulamAN sINukmagAY hINangyoAN pINulongAN saLAwayON sINingkaHAN sINambogAN sILimbaHON sINimaAN sINultiHAN tINigbasAN
d. Composite – when it uses prefix, infix, and suffix. MAtINabangON MAbINantayON MAsINabotON MAbINatiON MAhINatagON MApINanggaON MAsINupakON MAtINumanON NAGbINuligAY NAGhINilakAY NAGkINawrasAY NAGtINabangAY
e. Deleting 1) Vowel deleting – the final vowel of the root is deleted after affixation; sometimes a hyphen is inserted.
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asawa PANGasawaONON pangasaw(a)/ /onon pangasaw onon kabayo kabayoAN kabay(o)/ /an kabay an guol KAguolANAN kagu(o)l/ /anan kagul anan hilabot MAhilabotANON mahilab(o)tanon mahilabtanon laba labaHANAN lab(a)hanan labhanan lisod KAlisodANAN kalis(o)danan kalisdanan pilo piloA pil(o)/ /a pil a puno punoA pun(o)/ /a pun a sukod sukodA suk(o)da sukda sugot MAsINugotANON masinug(o)tanon masinugtanon taligama HItaligamaAN hitaligam(a)/ /an hitaligam an tinuod MAtinuod ANON matinu(o)d/ / anon matinud anon tulog GIKAtulogAN gikatul(o)gan gikatulgan usab usabA us(a)ba usba
2) Consonant deleting bahaw PAMbahaw pam(b)ahaw pamahaw balikas HIMbalikas him(b)alikas himalikas kawkaw PANGkawkaw pang(k)awkaw pangawkaw kawat PANGkawat pang(k)awat pangawat tikas PANtikas pan(t)ikas panikas tulis PANtulis pan(t)ulis panulis
3) Vowel and Consonant deleting balay PAbaNIMAlay pa(b)(a)nimalay panimalay bana PAMbanaHONON pam(b)an(a)honon pamanhonon pas an pALas anONON palas (a)(n)ONON palas onon f. Deleting and Substituting -- 1) Vowel and Consonant deleting and Consonant substituting balon balonANAN ba(l)/w/(o)nanan bawnanan halok halokAN ha(l)/g/(o)kan hagkan hibulong KahibulongAN kahibu(l)(o)/d/ngan kahibudngan lawod KAlawodAN kalaw(o)(d)/r/an kalawran luwa luwaANAN lu(w)/d/(a)anan lud anan palong palongA pa(l)/g/(o)nga pagnga tunob tunobI tu(n)(o)/m/bi tumbi turok turokAN tu(r)/g/(o)kan tugkan
2) Consonant deleting and substituting bug at PAHIbug at pahi(b)/m/ug at pahimug at bungtod KAbungtod AN kabungto(d)/r/an kabungtoran duha TAGduha tag(d)u/r/ha tagurha halad haladAN hala(d)/r/an halaran lingkod lingkodANAN lingko(d)/r/anan lingkoranan lungsod lungsodANON lungso(d)/r/anon lungsoranon matuod KAPANGHImatuodAN kapanghimatuo(d)/r/an kapanghimatuoran palad paladAN pala(d)/r/an palaran panimpalad MApanimpaladON mapanimpala(d)/r/on mapanimpalaron tahod MAtINahodON matinaho(d)/r/on matinahoron tinuod MAtinuodON matinuo(d)/r/on matinuoron tugkad tULugkadON tulugka(d)/r/on tulugkaron g. Metathetical – when there is transposition of two phonemes in a word after affixation. 1) Usually deleting the last vowel of the word.22 (Bracketed letters are transposed.) gahom KAgahomANAN kaga[h](o)[m]anan kagamhanan luhod luhodANAN lu[h](o)[d]anan ludhanan pahimulos MApahimulosANON mapahimu[l](o)[s]anon mapahimuslanon putos putosON pu[t](o)[s]on puston tanom KAtanomAN kata[n](o)[m]an katamnan unom KAunomAN ka[u][n](o)/ /man kan uman
2) Without necessarily deleting the last vowel of the root. (Bracketed letters are transposed.) hatag hatagI (h)[a]tagi tagai lima TAGlima tag[l][i]ma tagilma tulo TINAGtulo tinag[t][u]lo tinagutlo
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unom TAG unom tag( )un[ ]om tagun om
CONTRACTION
Contraction is the shortening of a word or word group by omission of a letter or letters or sounds in the middle. This is done when the first word (pronoun or adjective) that ends in vowel is followed by ka, ing, nga, and og. "Ing" is converted to "y" in contraction; the noun should not be agglutinated, especially when placed ahead than the adjective.23 Ako ing Akoy kinsa ing kinsay mao ing maoy siya ing siyay unsa ing unsay babaye nga bata babayeng bata (female child) bata nga babaye batang babaye (baby girl) buhi nga patay buhing patay (immortalized dead person) dako nga kahoy dakong kahoy (not kahoyng dako) laya nga dahon layang dahon (dried or withered leaf) – not dahong laya mao nga maong (tawo) pila ka/buok pilay (kanding sa bukid) tulo ka tuloy( sanga nga kahoy)
Note: Native words that end in consonants, such as g, n, w, and y may also be contracted. gihapon ing gihapoy lamang ing lamay batan on nga babaye batan ong babaye (young girl) karaan nga awit karaang awit bahaw nga pagkaon bahawng pagkaon buang nga iro buang iro (or iro buang not irong buang) gamay nga dalan gamayng dalan patay nga buhi patayng buhi (alive but deemed dead) sungkaban nga iring sungkabang iring or iring sungkaban taliwtiw nga ilong taliwtiwng ilong or ilong taliwtiw bahag og ikog bahag ikog diyotay og tawo diyotayg tawo mabaw og buot mabawg buot
SYNALOEPHA
Synaloepha or synalepha is the reduction to one syllable of two vowels of adjacent syllables. In Cebuano, apostrophe need not be used and it may be done when the first word (pronoun or adjective) that ends in a vowel is followed by og. baga og ngabil bagag ngabil baho og gininhawa bahog gininhawa bati og sinulatan batig sinulatan dako og balay dakog balay gahi og ulo gahig ulo haga og pamanit hagag pamanit luho og sapot luhog sapot pula og ngabil pulag ngabil puti og buhok putig buhok siga og mata sigag mata kuhai ko og uban kuhai kog uban hatagan tika og mangga hatagan tikag mangga ikuha ko og tubig ikuha kog tubig paliti ko og pan paliti kog pan
SYNIZESIS
Synizesis is the contraction of two syllables into one by uniting in pronunciation two adjacent vowels. In Cebuano, it is promiment when spoken rather than written. bugawa ang iro bugawang iro kuhaa ang libro kuhaang libro hangyoa ang tindera hangyoang tindera hugasi ang baso hugasing baso imna ang tuba imnang tuba lung aga ang saging lung agang saging
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pakan a ang iring pakan ang iring pagnga ang suga pagngang suga sirhi ang pultahan sirhing pultahan
APHAERESIS
Aphaeresis is the omission or deletion of one or more letters or sounds at the beginning of the word. aliwati wati aluhipan uhipan banganga nganga bibingka bingka bulanit lanit kayamat yamat eksakto sakto haduol duol halapad lapad halawom lawom halayo layo hamubo mubo hataas taas intawon tawon maabtik abtik maalimuot alimuot maanindot nindot maantigo antigo maasgad asgad maaslom aslom mabaga baga mabaho baho mabangis bangis mabanha banha mabug at bug at mabugnaw bugnaw makamao kamao makatilingbanon katilingbanon makusog kusog makuti kuti makuyaw kuyaw madanglog danglog madulom dulom magaan gaan magahi gahi mahabog habog mahagkot hagkot mahait hait mahalang halang mahamis hamis mahapdos hapdos mahapsay hapsay mahaw ang haw ang mahawot hawot mahayag hayag mahayahay hayahay mahigpit higpit mahilas hilas mahilom hilom mahinay hinay mahinlo hinlo mahugaw hugaw mahumok humok mahumot humot mahuyang huyang maidlot idlot maigang igang maigmat igmat mainggit inggit mainit init maisog isog malaay laay malaksot laksot malag it lag it malagsik lagsik malalim lalim malang og lang og malangsi langsi malantip lantip malapsaw lapsaw malasmo lasmo malaw ay law ay malayaw layaw maligdong ligdong malign on lig on malimtanon limtanon malinaw linaw malingin lingin malisod lisod malubog lubog malumoy lumoy mamingaw mingaw mangil ad ngil ad mangilngig ngilngig mangilo ngilo mangiob ngiob mangitngit ngitngit manipis nipis mapait pait masapnot sapnot masayon sayon masigpit sigpit masiot siot matab ang tab ang matam is tam is matig a tig a matin aw tin aw matugnaw tugnaw matulin tulin salampati pati
APHESIS
Aphesis is the deletion of one or more vowels at the beginning of the word. 1. Native words abay bay ako ko akong kong atong tong imong mong ining ning ugod god upod pod
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usa sa usab sab
2. Paronymous words acolito kolitos afuera puwera ahijado ihado (godchild) aumento umento desentunado sentunado ejecutar hekutar elastico lastiko embalsamar balsamar empaste pasta (tooth filling) enamorar amoral esposas posas hebilla bilya memester mistil quisquilloso asyoso tatchuela suylas tombola bola (raffle for charity)
Note: 1) There are borrowed words, however, where one or more letters or sounds are added at the beginning of the words when nativized. aya yaya forro aporo huerta lagwerta lana delana listo alisto mano lamano mesa lamesa socio kasosyo
2) Further, there are borrowed words where one or more letters or sounds are added at the end of the words when nativized. camisa kamisadentro caramelo karmelitos pañuelo panyolito cilindro (Mex.) silindron
OMISSION OF LETTERS AND SOUNDS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF THE WORD
There are words where one or more letters or sounds are omitted at the beginning and at the end of the same word.
1. Native words: malinawon linaw
2. Paronymous words: acantilado kantil apisonadora pison
SYNCOPE
Syncope is the loss of one or more letters or sounds in the interior of the word. Usually heard rather than read. 1. Native words: alam alam am am alang alang ang ang alat at alimpulos alimpus alugbati agbati balas bas balat bat balay bay balayranan bayranan batikulon batikun bulalakaw bulakaw bulong bung bulos bus kahibulongan kahibudngan kalag kag kalaha kaha kalamunggay kamunggay kalas kas kalayo kayo kalumpang kumpang kalunggo kunggo kining king kulon kun kulong kung dalakit dakit dalag dag dalaga daga dalan dan dalangpanan dangpanan danglog dangog dili di dulog dug dulong dung dulot dut galay gay gayod gyod gulot gut halad had halang hang hibalag hibag hibulong hibung hulog hug ngalan ngan ngulob ngub padulong padung palad pad palas onon pas onon palaw paw parulos parus piyesta pista pulog pug pulong pung
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pulos pus salaag saag salabtonon sabtonon salag sag salagunting sagunting salamin samin salanga sanga salapi sapi salay say salaysay saysay sanglag sangag sangyad sagyad sinanglay sinangay sulod sud sulog sug sulom sum sulong sung sunglog sungog talandogon tandogon tanglad tangad tulod tud tulog tug tulon tun ulod ud wala wa walay way
Example: Sinaulog ang Piyesta sa Senyor Sinulog Pit Senyor
2. Foreign words: colerico kolero corazonada kursonada de ida y vuelta idabuwelta (round-trip) desesperado desperado disimular dismular fiesta (piyesta) pista
APOCOPE
Apocope is the deletion of one or more letters or sounds at the end of the word. Thereafter, the final syllable shall have a macron sound. These are prominent when spoken rather than written. 1. Native words: agulo agu (moan) alimpulo alimpu (noddle) bala ba (pickaback) bulo bu (arm wrestling) kulo ku (shrink) dabahan daba (earthen pot) dala da (carry) lala la (weave) malala mala (stingy) mamala mama (dry land) mulo mu (grievance) napulo napu (ten) pala pa (erase) palapala papa (trelis) pulo pu (island) sala sa (sin; sieve) sinag ulo sinag u (memorized) sulo su (torch) sumala suma (according to) taliwala taliwa (middle/center) tulo tu (dripping) ulo u (head)
2. Foreign words (without macron sound on the final syllable): colocho kulot (curly hair) como esta usted komosta (ka) limosna limos (alms) policia polis por vida mia porbida (upon my soul) (my goodness)
TRANSPOSITION
Transposition is the change of position or sequence of letters in a word without a change in meaning. 1. Native words: aluhipan ulahipan bailos balios bal ang lab ang balingis balising kaabin kaanib daktol takdol gimok kimog gulgol luglog hulom humol ipit piit pikas sip ak puk ong pungko pul ong pung ol sakgaw sagkaw tag an tagna tagkos takgos tangdi tanding tulpok tuplok
2. Spanish derivatives: arado daro hawla halwa hongo uhong traste tratse