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CEBUANO PHONETICS AND ORTHOGRAPHY1

EXORDIUM

The Cebuano language, also known as Sinugbuanon, is one of the major languages in the . It is spoken by more than 20,000,000 people,2 not only Cebu, but in Bohol, Negros Oriental, western parts of Leyte, some areas in Samar, Negros Occidental, Palawan, Biliran islands, southern part of Masbate, and in the regions of Mindanao as well. Though classified as dialect of the Bisayan or Visayan Language (also called Binisaya) along with Hiligaynon and Waray languages, but it is spoken nationwide and heard otherwhere.

Cebuano belongs to the Western or Indonesian subgroup of the Austronesian family of languages, formerly known as the MalayoPolynesian family of languages, one of the world’s largest language groups.

Its derivation is from Cebu or Sugbu. Sugbu means "to wade" through the waters in the bayou or "suba." It is said that the early settlers in Cebu lived near the bayou and were known as "TagaSuba" or "Subanon"; hence, the name Sugbuanon.

Sinugbuanon refers to the language; Sugbuanon adverts to its native or inhabitant. Both are alluded to as Cebuano.

ALPHABET

During the preHispanic colonization, the Cebuano language had only three vowels, namely: a, i, and u.3 With the adoption of some Spanish, English, and other foreign words, it expanded to five to include e and o.4 In current usance, there are five (5) vowels: a, e, i, o, and u along with fifteen (15) consonants: b, k, d, g, h, l, m, n, ng, p, r, s, t, w, and y.

Graphemes: A a B b K k D d E e G g H h I i L l M m Phonemes: [ a ] [ b ] [ k ] [ d ] [ ε ] [ g ] [ h ] [ i ] [ l ] [ m ]

N n Ng ng O o P p R r S s T t U u W w Y y [ n ] [ ŋ ] [ o ] [ p ] [ r ] [ s ] [ t ] [ u ] [ w ] [ y ]

There are foreign words, however, that are unavoidably used in the language, especially those without appropriate transliteration. For this reason, foreign letters may be utilized, such as: Cc, Ff, Jj, Ññ, Qq, Vv, Xx, and Zz,5 but not forming integral parts of the native alphabet. In the counting or numbering of letters, these shall be added to the original or native alphabet.6

ORGANS OF SPEECH

The organs of speech in Cebuano are the tongue, glottis, palate, lips, and nose.

The letters sounded through: 1. The lips are B, P, and M (Ba, Pa, ug Ma). 2. The palate are L and R (La ug Ra). 3. The tongue and the palate are D, T, and N. (Da, Ta, ug Na). 4. The glottis are K, G, and Y (Ka, Ga, ug Ya). 5. The teeth is S (Sa). 6. The glottis with blowing of air is H (Ha). 7. The glottis and the nose is Ng (Nga). 8. The closed lips, then opened, is W (Wa).

Sound 1. Vowels: [ a ] is pronounced with unrounded open front similar to English “far.” [ ε ] is pronounced with unrounded open midfront similar to English “red.” [ i ] is pronounced with unrounded close front similar to English “tin.” [ o ] is pronounced with rounded close midback similar to English “morning.” [ u ] is pronounced with unrounded close back similar to English “flu.”

2. Consonants: Patterned after the Spanish rudiments of abakada, all consonants are singly pronounced with “a” at the end. Thus, they are sounded ba, ka, da, etc., except "ng" which is pronounced as "nang" or "ning."

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ACCENTUATION

Diacritical marks The Cebuano language has four (4) kinds of actual or diacritical marks. Writing and reading Cebuano shall be premised on the entire context. Owing to some technical constraints, diacritical marks may be used conditionally—when writing results to confusion.

1. Acute accent [ ´ ] slanted forward and placed above the vowel given with stress. báhaw bása (read) dápit (invite) húlbot múmho pínggan sugílon tingáli

2. Grave accent [ ] – slanted backward and placed above the vowel given with stress. batò dapìt (place) gubòt lumàd lusòt magày putòs sigày

3. Circumflex accent [ ˆ ] – formed like an arrowhead and placed above the vowel of the syllable given with stress. basâ (wet) bahô bugtô hagâ lugtî putî subô tahô

4. Prolonged accent or macron [ ‾ ] – used especially on syncoped and apocoped words, such as: malala mala kulo ku pulong pung napulo napu sulog sug ulo u

STRESSES

There are five (5) stresses of pronunciation in the Cebuano language. 1.Penultimate stress placed on the penultimate syllable. alampat bayani binuhat kalipay lamian magbabaol panganti talidhay

2. Penultimate with glottal end – placed on the penultimate syllable with glottal end. bathala bahakhak baligho balikhaw bugto pangagho panghayhay yakmo

3. End stress (panumoy) – placed at the end or on the last syllable of the word. baliko buhis buhok kulong ligis palit sinukod tulod

4. End stress with glottal end – placed at the end or on the last syllable with glottal end. bati bugha bugti kasuko luha salapi suka tungha

5. Double stress with glottal end on both syllables or on the second or third and last syllable – placed on two syllables or at the second or third syllable and on the last syllable. batabata kipikipi latalata mumo pipi suso taluto tikitiki

ORTHOGRAPHY

Cebuano orthography is guided by the legal provision that "…whenever it shall be indispensable to form new words, these shall be taken principally from the classical languages, such as Greek and Latin, especially for scientific, literary and technical uses. Foreign words thus newly formed shall be assimilated to the Philippine phonetics and orthography…."7 Cebuano has several loan words which are directly taken from another language with little or no translation.8 Paronymous words,9 however, have slight deviation, or even different, from their original and intended meaning and import. It even has faux amis or false friends where pair or pairs of words in two languages or dialects (or letters in two alphabets) look and/or sound similar but differ in meaning.10

FALSE FRIENDS

Cebuano ( wine) tuba English (wind instrument) Cebuano (oil) lana Spanish (wool) Cebuano (bolo) guna Sanskrit (character) Cebuano (bird) langgam Tagalog (ant) Cebuano (understand) sabot Hiligaynon (pubic hair)

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Cebuano (squat) pungko Negros Oriental (sit down) Cebuano (ensconce; hide) luklok Kapamgpangan (sit down)

A. Vowels – A

1. A is sounded with unrounded open front similar to English “far.” a. Used in all native words having an "a" sound: abaga adlaw alampat andam bakhaw balak balabag bathala dalaga dalan lagkaw lantaka latagaw mananap mantaga panday salanga tagay tanaman tagana

b. Spanish derivatives: alarma akata alpombra amiga animal aparador apostol armadura artista atleta atras bakasyon bakuna balanse balbakuwa balda baldosa banda lata salida

c. English assimilations: abnormal abnormal alibi alibay apply aplay apprentice aprentis driver drayber flashlight plaslayt high school hayiskul janitor dyanitor lighter layter nightclub naytklab satellite satelayt time out taym awot

E

2. E is pronounced with unrounded open midfront similar to English “red.” a. There are few native words in the Cebuano language spelled with "e" or where "e" is used in the last syllable. babaye baye bebe (duckling) kiye dayeg parayeg pangadye sikwate

b. It is also retained in some foreign words. alegre alambre almagre almanake antena arte bakante balde bendahe bentaha bentana berde bote kalambre kalibre kamote karne katre kerubin kotse ensayo entero esmalte esmeril gabinete higante ignorante imperdible imposible interes lente letse menor papel pensar permanente peste petate presidente rebelde recibo rematse reseta responsable ribete sastre sereno solemne temprano tigre timbre torpe

c. It is also used in some Spanish words with English equivalents that begin with "s." (Cf. Vowels 3 i, infra, for exceptions.) escuadra squad eskuwadra espada sword espada especial special espesyal espera sphere espera espiritu spirit espiritu estomago stomach estomago estrofa strophe estropa estudiante student estudyante extraño stranger estranyo

d. The letter is likewise retained in Spanish words with English assimilation. defensa defense depensa economia economy ekonomiya

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ejercisio exercise ehersisyo eleccion election eleksiyon elefante elephant elepante elegante elegant elegante elemento element elemento energia energy enerhiya exacto exact eksakto experimento experiment eksperimento experto expert eksperto extra extra ekstra

e. If the Spanish word uses "i" but with English equivalent in "e," the latter may be used. actriz actress aktres amnistia amnesty amnestiya dimitir demit demitir dirigir direct direhir

f. In folk etymology, "i" in Spanish may be change to "e." tijera teheras ingeniero enhinyero

g. It is likewise used to substitute English phonemes with: 1) long "a" (ā), but followed by letter "y," as in "ey," in Cebuano. ballet baley cake keyk chololate tsokoleyt date deyt gate geyt late leyt

2) open or unaccented "a," schwa, etc. candy kendi coordinator koordinetor major medyor manager manedyer

h. It is likewise used as first letter in postfixes to mean doer, performer, etc. as in –"era(o)" for Spanish derivatives. (Cf. I j, infra) baka bakero bangko bangkero baston bastonero basura basurero bodega bodegero kaha kahera kamino kaminero karpinteriya karpintero karta kartero kosina kosinera kostura kosturera dinamitero enhinyeriya enhinyero hardin hardinero lata latero mahika mahikero mensahe mensahero mina minero misyon misyonero musika musikero pasahe pasahero plata platero puerto portero relo relohero salamangka salamangkero sapatos sapatero tambor tambolero toro torero tubo tubero usura usurero

i. It is also used to substitute "ie" (without continuous gliding sound in Cebuano) in borrowed words. adviento adbento consciencia konsensiya incienso insenso independient independente pasensiya pensamiento pensamento sentimiento sentimento serpiente serpente

j. It is also used to subsitute "ue" (without continuous gliding sound) in borrowed words. (Cf. Consonants 2, c.) bodeguero bodegero bouquet buke higuera igera morgue morge sigue sige tourniquet turnike

k. It is also used to substitute "ui" (without continuous gliding sound) in borrowed words. (Cf. Consonants 2, d.) quimica kemika quimico kemiko

I

3. I is pronounced with unrounded close front similar to English “tin.” a. With some few words as exceptions (cf. E 2 a, supra), all native words with "i" sound are spelled with "i."

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bililhon bingkil bitiis buhis kitiw haligi hingpit intawon iwit itik ligid ngilit nipis piliik pingis pislit sinipit titip yagpis b. Spanish derivatives. brindis brindis hebilla bilya libre libre libro libro linimento linimento mitad mitad peligro peligro tisis tisis vicita bisita victima biktima c. English derivatives. believe bilib building bilding biskwit chemistry kemistri Christmas tree Krismas tri sandwich sanwits

d. In folk etymology, "e" in Spanish may be changed to "i." anteojo antiyohos bandeja bandiha bandera bandira barrena barina bellaco bilyako betun biton candela kandila cabeza kabisa cajeta kahita caldera kaldira carreton kariton cebolla sibuyas cerrado sirado cerrar sira chismes tismis chiste tistis cohete kuwitis dedal didal descanso diskanso descarrilar diskaril desconfiado diskompiyado descuido diskuwido echar itsa embudo imbudo empacho impatso enano inano en punto impunto en vez imbis es muy poco ispoko moy espejo ispiho espeso ispiso flete plite hechura hitsura herramienta hiraminta imprenta imprinta manteca mantika mantel mantil mantener mantinil memester mistil perder pildi petaca pitaka preso piniriso quevedo kibido salvaje salbahis serrucho sirutso servir silbi servidora silbidora tantear tantiya tendera tindera tenedor tinidor teja tisa timonel timonil tomate tamatis velar bilar vesti bisti

e. It is also used in hybrid words (Spanish with English equivalents) to replace "e," patterned after folk etymology and based on English spelling which is more prevalent than Spanish. acordeon accordion akordiyon campeon champion kampiyon capellan chaplain kapilyan cometer commit komitir cuarentena quarantine kuwarentinas derecho direct diretso desarma disarm disarma descarga discharge; unload diskarga descarte discard; evade diskarte descontento discontent diskontento descortesia discourtesy diskortesiya descubrir discover diskobre descuento discount diskuwento desgracia disgrace disgrasya designio/diseño design desinyo desmayo dismay dismayo

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despachar dispatch dispatsar gravedad gravity grabidad mezcla mixture miskla ordenanza ordinance ordinansa relevo relief relibo seña sign sinyas señal signal sinyal someter submit sumitir

f. While "e" is used in some Spanish words with English spelling equivalent beginning in "s" (cf. Vowels 2 a, supra), in folk etymology and as variants, "e" is replaced with "i" on, but not limited to, the following: escala scale; stopover iskala escandalo scandal iskandalo escapular scapular iskapular o iskapularyo escriba scribe iskriba escritura script iskritura escrutinio scrutiny; canvassing iskutinyo escultura sculpture iskultura espacio space ispasyo esperma sperm isperma espia spy ispiya espiral spiral ispiral esqui skiing iski estaca stake istaka estacion station istasyon o istasyonan estadio stadium istadyu o istadyum estadista statesman istadista estadistica statistics istadistika estado state istado estaño stannum; tin istanyo estante shelf istante estar stay istar estatico static istatiko estatuwa statue istatuwa estencil stencil istensil estilo style istilo estrategia strategy istratehiya estricto strict istrikto estructura structure istruktura estupido stupid istupido g. "I" is used in English phonemes that begin with "s." schedule iskedyul scholar iskolar score iskor scout iskawot scramble iskrambol scrap iskrap small ismol smuggler ismagler snatcher isnatser snob isnab snorkel isnorkel sport isport spot ispat spring ispring squatter iskuwater standby istambay

h. It is also used to substitute borrowed English words with double "e" (ee). jamboree dyambori jeep dyip jeepney dyipni referee reperi teenager tinedyer

i. It is also used to substitute foreign words ending in "y." allergy alerdyi sexy seksi sorry sori Xray Iksri

j. It is likewise used as first letter in postfixes to mean doer, performer, etc. as in –"ira(o)" for native words. (Cf. E h, supra.) butang butangiro kaingin kaingiro hambog hambogiro hantak hantakiro labas labasira libak libakira sabong sabongiro supak supakiro

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k. It is also used as first letter in postfixes to mean doer, performer, etc. as in – "ista" for foreign words. agrikultura agrikulturista agronomiya agronomista arte artista baho bahista basketbol basketbolista kapital kapitalista kolumna kolumnista komentaryo komentarista komunismo komunista kongreso kongresista kontrabando kontrabandista drama dramatista ekonomiya ekonomista gitara gitarista lingguwistika lingguwista makina makinista masahe masahista moda modista partido partidista pinal pinalista piyano piyanista retrato retratista siklo siklista tenis tenista turismo turista welga welgista

l. It is also used to substitute borrowed words having "ea" (without continuous gliding sound). boxeador boksidor

m. It is also used to substitute borrowed words having "ei" (without continuous gliding sound). proteina protina

n. It is likewise used to substitute borrowed words having "ie" (without continuous gliding sound in Cebuano). herramienta hiraminta pliego piligo rienda rinda riesgo risgo tienda tindahan tinieblas tiniblas

o. It is also used to subsitute borrowed words having “ue,” “ui,” or “uie” (without continuous gliding sound). 1) ue banquete bangkite franqueo prangkiyo guerra gira guerrilla girilya higuera igira queja kiha saqueo sakiyo trueque trukis

2) ui11 aguila agila guia giya guillotina gilotina guisado gisado guisante gisantes guisar gisal guitarra gitara jeringuilla heringgilya

3) uie quiebrar kibra

p. If the root of the borrowed word is agglutinatively nativized to form some other words or meaning, "e" may be changed to "i." base basihan bayle baylihan bigote bigotilyo kamote kamotihan kape kapihan debate debatihonon edad pangidaron higante higanting... masahe masahian paryente kaparyentihan pirme pirmiha puwerte puwerting... sige sigiha tental maninital

O

4. O is pronounced with rounded close midback similar to English “morning.” a. O is used when it is at the ending syllable. abo bago bukog kibol kulong dulot gusok hulog idro lubog lukot luog mugot nukos pulo pusod sulod sungsong tikod tugbong

b. "O" is retained in repeated syllables or words that are solidemes to form comparison, repeated action, or to convey some other meaning, etc. baho bahobaho dako dakodako

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hubo hubohubo hubog huboghubog liko likoliko likod likodlikod pito pitopito putol putolputol sulog sulogsulog tulog tulogtulog

c. "O" is retained in native words with affixes: bungtod kabungtoran buot kabuotan kahoy kakahoyan ligo kaligoanan lungsod kalungsoran luoy maluluyon pusod kinapusoran sugo sulugoon tinuod matinuoron tuno tinunoan

d. Also in foreign words with the same phonemic sound. abono aporo balota bosina bodega bola bolkan bolitas bolsa bomba (bomb) botante boto (vote) komosta kosina kota (quota) koto (limit) dosena grado merkado misteryo modelo obra ostiya parola pobre polis politika pondo porma regalo robot sobre solitaryo toga tomar tonto toril tornilyo torno (lathe) torpedo torta tostado trono tropa

e. In folk etymology, "u" and "uo" in foreign words may be changed to "o." cartulina kartolina defectuoso depektoso

f. "O" is used to change "u" in Spanish with English assimilation spelled with "o." comun common komon patrulla patrol patrolya

U

5. U is pronounced with unrounded close back similar to English “flu”. a. "U" is used when it is the beginning of an "o" sound syllable. bituon buang bughat bungtod buot kutat kuto dugho gugma haruhay hinuon hungot lahutay lungis mugot puasa salumsom tunhay tumong umog utanon utingkay utong yungit

b. "U" is used in repeated syllables on native words. buhat magbubuhat buhis magbubuhis kuot mangunguot hukngay maghuhukngay hukom maghuhukom luoy maluluyon pamuo mamumuo puhonan magpupuhonan pulong mamumulong sulat magsusulat tudlo magtutudlo tugway manunugway tuon magtutuon tupi manunupi

c. "U" is used in apocopes with macron or prolonged vowel sound. (Cf. Apocope, infra.) bulong bung kulong kung dulog dug dulot dut gulot gut hulog hug pulong pung sulod sud sulog sug sulong sung tulod tud tulog tug

d. It may be used as variant of some native words with "o" monophthongal ending. balud gayud kalibutan katapusan hinaut matud paglaum palihug panahum panghimaraut patalinghug tagum

e. "U" is retained in the last syllable of some foreign words.

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abakus album asul baul (chest, trunk) birtud bonus kawkus kolum korum espiritu isyu memorandum menu radyu (radius) radyum (radium) reperendum rostrum segun simposyum tahur tipus tribu ultimatum

f. In some paronymous words, "o" is changed to "u." barbacoa balbakuwa borrego burigo bozal busal colchon kutson corazonada kursonada horma hulma hormiga hulmigas horno hudno ojal uhalis polvera pulbera polvora pulbora polvo pulbos posta pusta toalla tualya

g. In blend or portmanteau (also telescope) words (from Spanish and English) with "o" sound, "u" is used instead of "o" based on English spelling which is more prominent than Spanish. acuario aquarium akwaryum auditorio auditorium awditoryum boletin bulletin buletin bomba pump bumba boton button butones brocha brush brutsa cacto cactus kaktus chofer chauffer tsuper cola glue kula colocho curly hair kulot corriente current kuryente cortina curtain kurtina cruz crux (cross) krus droga drug druga fondo fund pundo mostaza mustard mustasa polea pulley puleya someter submit sumitir soportar support suporta sorpresa surprise surprisa sospecha suspect suspetsa sostener sustain sustener tetano tetanus tetanus tifus typhus tipus trompeta trumpet trumpeta

h. "U" is likewise used to substitute double "o" (oo) in foreign words: bazooka basuka boomerang bumerang booster buster classroom klasrum football putbol high school hayiskul pool pul school iskul scooter iskuter

U and O

6. U and O – these vowels were once allophones. Traditional spelling, however, places "u" at the beginning, and "o" at the end, of the syllable.12 a. The phonemic sequence of “u” and “o” is used in words when adjacently placed in the same order. alimuot baguod bituon kabuot kaguol kahimuot kaluoy guod huong luog matuod nuog panimuot puol suod suol tinuod tuok tuod tuon

b. The same order is used in words with similar sound syllables but with consonant or consonants in between. buhong butong busok kulon kumot dukot gutom hubog hulog hutoy lugod lusok

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puso putos subol sulog sulop tukmod tukog tusok

c. The sequence of “u” and “o” is used on repeated syllables but that of a root. bukbok bunbon kutkot dukdok dutdot gulgol hulhol hushos luklok lumlom ngutngot nusnos pukpok pulpol punpon sulsol sumsom tuktok tugtog tungtong

d. The same sequence of “u” and “o” is used on repeated words for repeated action, names of plants, insects, or animals, imitated actions or things, or state of mediocrity. These are solidemes; thus, hyphen is not used. buot buotbuot kuot kuotkuot duog duogduog hubo hubohubo hubog huboghubog hugot hugothugot humok humokhumok lukso luksolukso pugong pugongpugong pungko pungkopungko putol putolputol tulog tulogtulog tuyok tuyoktuyok udto udtoudto

N.B.: Hyphen may only be used in originally hyphenated roots or when reading results to confusion. (See Punctuation on separate paper.) hutong hutonghutong hutonghutong lutod lutodlutod lutodlutod mugot mugotmugot mugotmugot pugok pugokpugok pugokpugok sulong sulongsulong sulongsulong ulhos ulhosulhos ulhosulhos

e. The same sequence is used on repeated words with two or more syllables to form some other words, usually noun. balungbalong (shanty) bukubuko (back) bukungbukong (kneecap) dakudako (foreman) habuhabo (drizzle) luyuluyo (assistant) pakupako (latisimus dorsis) palupalo (washbat) bahugbahog (battle) lamuklamok (brawl)

f. The same sequence in some adopted foreign words. argumento artikulo asunto behikulo bulto busto krudo disgusto husto instrumento insulto multo pulido pulpito punto puro puwerto rumbo seguro sustento tarugo titulo turno (shift) ungwento uso usurero yugo

B. CONSONANTS 1. Cebuano has 15 native consonants. a. B bakhaw baguod bagyo bahaw baligho balikhaw bantay bathaluman bidli bihag binhi bitang bitik bituon bukhad bugas buhilaman bulak bulan buntag

b. K – kaang kabang kabaw kalimot kalipay kamalig karaan kasakit kasingkasing kibag kilat kilumkilom kino kitiw kitoy kiyuom kulipas kulong kuyamad kuyog

Note: There is no double consonant in Cebuano native words that start with "k" and "w" (kw) or "k" and "y" (ky). (Cf. Consonants l, infra.) kwarta kuwarta kwakdop kuwakdop kwaknit kuwaknit kwanggol kuwanggol

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kyampaw kiyampaw kyugpos kiyugpos

"kw" and "ky" may be found, however, in the interior of the word. bikwang bukwas bukway lakwatsa likwad sakwat salikwaot salikway sikwa takway tikwang tokwa bakya bukya hikyad pakyaw sakyanan takyan takyap tikyop c. D – dako dagkot dagnay dagsa dalit damgo dapaw dayag dayandayan didto dinhi diwa diwanag dubok dukot dugay dughan dulog dumpol duot Note: D is used in alternation of "b" in the aphesis of: usab sab sad d. G – gabii gabok gahot galing gambalay ganti gibang gilaw gimok ginit gintang giok gisi guba gubot gugma gumaran gumonhap gunting gutom e. H – habak habog hakot halandomon hamog hamugaway handurawan hangin hilamos hilom hilos hinay hitak hukdong hulagway hulat hulaw humot hunaw huyuhoy f. L laag labhag lagos lamas lapyahan laraw laway layag libaong likod ligoy limod litok lubok lugod luha lumad lumoy lunsay lupyak g. M maayo magtutudlo mahal malala malumo mamala manalagna manggad mangla manulonda mata mingaw minghoy mithi mitna molupyo mugna mulo mumho mutya h. N – Adjoining "n" and "g" in the following examples are two separate consonants. nahot nasod natad nati nigo nihit nipis niwang nukos nunot nuog nusnos ngabil ngalan ngilit ngulob bangaw hungot langit singot i. NG [ŋ] 13 is a part of Alibata14 (Cf. 2 r, infra.) 1) interior of the word followed by a consonant: bangkaw bungkag bungtod kangho hanggaw hangyo hingkod lingkit lingkod lungsod manghod mangloy pangos pinangga pinggan pungko sangko singhag tangkal tingkoy

2) end of the word: abang amping atang baling bungsod butong kabang dalilang gibang labong lagingling lamang nangnang pandong pasunding sundang

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tagning taming tinughong tugbang j. P – pakal pagaw pagbati palad pamanit panday pangahas pangandoy pastilan payag pinangko pinangga pingis pitik pukas puhon putak putol putos puyo k. R rabanit rakrak rawraw birok burot kurat kuraw kurit kurong garas harong hurot larot parok parat purong sarok tarong taroy turok

NOTE: In affixation, "R" substitutes "D" in the native language to form some other meaning. (See Affixation, infra.) baid bairan balod baloron banggod banggoran bukid kabukiran bulad bularan bungtod kabungtoran kagid kagiron kagod kagoran kilid kiliran kudkod kudkoran gaod gaoran halad halaran hangtod kahangtoran laktod laktoranan ladlad ladlaran lawod kalawran lingkod lingkoranan luod luoran manggad kamanggaran manghod kinamanghoran pahid pahiran tadtad tadtaran tahod katahoran tubod tuboran l. S saad sabaw sabod salag salampati salibot salimuang salingkapaw salingsing samtang sapang sibay sigay sigpit subad subok sukod sudip suhol sulog

Note: There is no double consonant in Cebuano native words that begin with "s" and "w" (sw) and "s" and "y" (sy); swapang suwapang switik suwitik syatong siyatong syumoy siyumoy

"sw" and "sy" may be found, however, in the intetior of the word. buswak kasway giswid huswa laswa liswi busyad masyaw m. T tabang takos takulahaw tagad talaw talidhay tapak tikang tikod timbang timos tinguha tipaka tubos tukaw tukmod tugbong tuhay tulilik tumong n. W wagas wagtang wahing wait wala walingwalling walis walog walwag wanang wandog wangwang wani wasay wati wayawaya wayway wikwik witik wiwi

Note: In alternation of letters in some native words, "w" is used instead of "l,"15 which is prominent in spoken words. alom awom along awong alot awot balo bawo balok bawok balod bawod

xiii

balon bawon balos bawos bula buwa bulak buwak bulakaw buwakaw bulad buwad bulag buwag bulan buwan bulang buwang bulanting buwanting bulasot buwasot bulaw buwaw kahibalo kahibawo kalo kawo kalos kawos kalot kawot kulaknit kuwaknit kulang kuwang kulintas kuwintas dalo dawo dula duwa dulang duwang dulaw duwaw galong gawong gula guwa gulang guwang halo hawo halob hawob halok hawok hulabon huwabon hulam huwam hulat huwat hulaw huwaw ilalom ilawom lalom lawom magulang maguwang pahulay pahuway palo pawo palong pawong palos pawos palot pawot panimalos panimawos panulay panuway pula puwa pulak puwak pulaw puwaw salo sawo salod sawod salog sawog salom sawom salop sawop salot sawot salumsom sawumsom singgalong singgawong sula suwa sulat suwat sulaw suwaw tagalog tagawog talong tawong tigulang tiguwang tinula tinuwa tula tuwa tulandos tuwandos tungkalo tungkawo ulag uwag ulang uwang ulan uwan ulat uwat ulaw uwaw walo wawo

It even results to deletion together with the vowel preceding it. dalugdog dawugdog dugdog dalunggan dawunggan dunggan salugsog sawugsog sugsog talumtom tawumtom tumtom taluto tawuto tuto o. Y yabag yabo yaka yakmo yagaw yagpis yagubyob yahat yamog yampungad yangungo yarok yawyaw yaya yayong yukbo yuko yugyog yungit yuta

Substitution: 1) Y substitutes "ing" in contraction. (See Contraction, infra.) ako ing akoy aduna ing adunay ikaw ing ikay kamo ing kamoy kita ing kitay gani ing ganiy lamang ing lamay lang ing lay mao ing maoy sila ing silay siya ing siyay wala ing walay

2) Y also substitutes the conjunctive particle "ka" when the numerical adjective preceding it ends in vowel. duhakaligid nga karwahe duhayligid nga karwahe pitokaangang nga hagdanan pitoyangang nga hagdanan tulokaandana nga edipisyo tuloyandana nga edipisyo walokatiil nga insekto waloytiil nga insekto

2. Cebuano consonants may be used to substitute foreign consonants.

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a. B for P and V – 1) P: tapon tabon

2) V: activista aktibista agresivo agresibo atrevido atrebido a ver aber aviva abiba aviso abiso conserva konserba devoto deboto favor pabor grava graba grave grabe lava laba lavandera labandera lavavo lababo levadura lebadura oliva oliba pavo pabo pavon pabon privado pribado revalida rebalida vaho baho (smell) vajo baho (bass) vale bale vampira bampira vandalo bandalo vapor bapor vaso baso ventana bentana ventilador bentilador ventosa bentosa verja berha viaje biyahe victima biktima vino bino visita bisita vista bista vivo bibo volcan bolkan b. K for C, CH, and G – 1) C: abanico abaniko acrobata akrobata acusado akusado alcabala alkabala arca arka arco arko articulo artikulo atracar atraka barco barko bistec botica botika calavera kalabera calculo kalkulo calidad kalidad calmado kalma camarin kamarin camote kamote campana kampana candado kandado cantidad kantidad capote kapote capsula kapsula caracol karakol carambola karambola carcel karsel carnaval karnabal carne karne caspa kaspa castigo kastigo catecismo katesismo claro klaro clase klase clima klima clinica klinika cobra kobra cobrador kobrador cobre kobre cocina kosina codigo kodigo colecta kolekta colector kolektor colera kolera colocar kolokar color kolor combinar kombinar comedor komedor cometa kometa comite komite comparar komparar compas kompas completo kompleto complot komplot compositor kompositor compra kompra comprador komprador compromiso kompromiso comunidad komunidad conductor konduktor consentir konsentir consagrar konsagrar consorte konsorte consulta konsulta consumidor konsumidor consumo konsumo contador kontador contento kontento contra kontra contrario kontraryo contrato kontrato corbata korbata cordero kordero costumbre kostumbre credo kredo crema krema crisis krisis cristal kristal cuna kuna cura kura

xv

curso kurso cutis kutis delicado delikado dictador diktador dictar diktar discurso diskurso discutir diskutir eclipse eklipse educado edukado elector elektor electronico elektroniko escopeta eskopeta etnico etniko hipocrita hipokrita insecto insekto lacra lakra laico layko manuscrito manuskrito marca marka marco marko mascada maskada mascara maskara matricula matrikula mecanico mekaniko mecanismo mekanismo monarca monarka peluca peluka perico periko periodico peryodiko pico piko placa plaka politica politika proclamar proklamar producto produkto proyecto proyekto publico publiko romantico romantiko rosca roska saco sako sacramento sakramento sacristan sakristan sepulcro sepulkro simpatico simpatiko sindicato sindikato surco surko taco tako tacon takon tecla tekla tocador tokador tocar tokar tocayo tokayo triciclo trisiklo tuerca tuwerka vacante bakante

2) CH: parchar parka

3) G: esgrima eskrima c. K+E for QUE almanaque almanake ataque atake banquero bangkero banqueta bangketa bloque bloke chaqueta tsaketa dique dike empaque empake etiqueta etiketa musiquero musikero paquete pakete parque parke plaque plake querubin kerubin queso keso quinque kingke raqueta raketa repique repike tanque tangke torniquete tornikete d. K+I for QUI alquilar alkila alquitran alkitran arquitectura arkitektura barkilyos boquilla bokilya caqui kaki conquistador kongkistador croquis krokis equipo ekipo esquina eskina franquicia prangkisya jerarquia herarkiya liquidar likidar liquido likido maniqui manikin mantiquilla mantikilya maquina makina maquinista makinista mosquitero moskitero pasquin paskin quilate kilates quimono kimono quincena kinsena quinque kingke quinto kinto requisito rekisito saquito sakito (sachet) taquilla takilya e. K+S for CC and X 1) CC: accidente aksidente accion aksiyon colleccion koleksiyon construccion konstruksiyon

xvi

diccionario diksiyonaryo eleccion eleksiyon infeccion impeksiyon inspeccion inspeksiyon inyeccion ineksiyon leccion leksiyon seccion seksiyon seleccion seleksiyon

2) X: exacto eksakto examine eksamin excursion ekskursiyon exception eksepsiyon excomunion ekskomunyon experto eksperto explosion explosyon explosivo eksplosibo expresion ekspresyon extension ekstensiyon extra ekstra oxigeno oksiheno sexto seksto texto teksto f. K+UWA for CUA (Cf. Diphthongs 2, t) cuaderno kuwaderno cuadra kuwadra cuadrado kuwadrado cuadro kuwadro cuarenta kuwarenta cuaresma kuwaresma cuarentena kuwarentinas cuartel kuwartel cuarto kuwarto cuarzo kuwarso g. K+UWE for CUE (Cf. Diphthongs 2, u) cuello kuwelyo cuenta kuwenta cuerdas kuwerdas cuero kuwero cuerpo kuwerpo cuestion kuwestiyon

h. K+WI for CUI and QUI – when the letters are found at the beginning or in the interior of the word. biscuit biskwit circuito sirkwito cuidadoso kwidawo sequins sekwins i. K+YA for QUIA parroquia parokya parroquiano parokyano reliquia relikyas j. D for R horno hudno tibor tibod k. D+Y for GY and J for English phonemes. allergy alerdyi jacket dyaket jackpot dyakpat janitor dyanitor jeep dyip jet dyet magic madyik mah jong madyong l. G for J forcejar porseger m. H for G and J 1). G: agencia ahensiya agente ahente digito dihito gelatina helatina general heneral genio henyo gigante higante gimnasta himnasta gimnastica himnastika ginebra hinebra inteligente intelihente imagen imahen ligero lihero liturgia liturhiya logica lohika magistrado mahistrado mariguana marihuwana original orihinal pagina pahina regimen rehimen registro rehistro region rehiyon religion relihiyon virgen birhen

2). J: aguja aguha ajo ahos bagaje bagahe bajada bahada baraja baraha bruja bruha caja kaha concejo/consejo konseho

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conejo koneho crucifijo krusipiho dibujo dibuho ejemplo ehemplo ejercicio ehersisyo embajada embahada embajador embahador faja paha garaje garahe herejia erehiya jamon hamon jaula hawla jefe hepe jinete hinete juego huygo junta hunta jurado hurado jurar hurar justicia hustisya justo husto juzgado husgado lenguaje lengguwahe lija liha lujo luho manejo maneho masaje masahe mensaje mensahe mensajero mensahero mojon mohon pasaje pasahe potaje potahe sabotaje sabotahe tarjeta tarheta trabajador trabahador traje trahe vendaje bendahe viaje biyahe voltaje boltahe

Spanish words with silent phonemes shall likewise be in Cebuano. H: alhaja alahas habano abano habilidad abilidad habla abla hacha atsa hacienda asyenda hasta asta hectarea ektarya heredero eredero hereje erehes herejia erehiya herencia erensiya higo igos higuera igera hijo iho himno imno historia istorya hospicio ospisyo hospital ospital hostia ostiya hotel otel huracan urakan

J: reloj relo

Note: Letter "J," with English pronunciation as "jar,"16 is prevalent in Bohol, southern parts of Leyte, Surigao, etc. ajaw banjo baje jagajaga jahat jamajama jamo jubo maajo panjo sija tajaw n. L for D pared paril vidrio bildo o. L for LL in English alleluia aleluya allergy alerdyi basketball basketbol baseball besbol football putbol volleyball balibol p. L for N in Spanish – cincel silsil navaja labaha q. L for R in Spanish abrir abli almibar anibal arpa alpa asar asal azucar asukal barba balbas batir batil carburo kalburo casar kasal confesar kompisal cordon koldon cuerdas kuldas enamorar amoral fardo paldo fiar piyal franela planela guisar gisal horma hulma hormiga hulmigas mantener mantinil memester mistil perder pildi

xviii

servidora silbidora servilleta silbilyeta servir silbi tajar tahal tambor tambol tasar tasal tentar tental r. L+Y for L and LL in Spanish – 1) L dolar dolyar

2) LL amarillo amarilyo apellido apelyido argolla argolya ballena balyena barandilla barandilya baratillo baratilyo billar bilyar bombilla bombilya botella botelya cabilla kabilya calle kalye callo kalyo campanilla kampanilya capellan kapilyan capilla kapilya casilla kasilyas cepillar sepilya cepillo sepilyo cigarillo sigarilyo cosinilla kosinilya cuchillo kutsilyo cuello kuwelyo detalle detalye doncella donselya empella empelya fallar palyar folleto polyeto gatillo gatilyo lamparilla lamparilya mantiquilla mantikilya martillo martilyo medalla medalya medallon medalyon pantalla pantalya pillo pilyo relleno relyeno repollo repolyo rollo rolyo semilla semilya sillon silyon taller talyer tornillo tornilyo vainilla banilya varilla barilya s. M for N and NM in Spanish – 1) N: conferencia komperensiya confesar kompisal confianza kompiyansa conforme komporme convencion kombensiyon convenio kombenyo convento kombento convicto kombikto convida kombida convite kombite infierno impiyerno invalido imbalido invencion imbensiyon investigacion imbestigasyon invierno imbiyerno invitacion imbitasyon panfleto pampleto sinfonia simponiya

2) NM: inmaculada imakulada inmemorial imemoryal inmigracion imigrasyon inmigrante imigrante inmoral imoral inmueble imuwebles

t. NG for N [ŋ] in Spanish It is a ligature or digraph consonant when used in the interior of the word followed by a consonant. aŋcla angkla aŋgel anghel baŋcarrota bangkarota baŋco bangko baŋqueta bangketa baŋquillo bangkiyo baŋquite bangkite blaŋco blangko broŋquitis brongkitis ciŋco singko coŋclusion kongklusyon coŋcreto kongkreto coŋcurso kongkurso coŋgregacion kongregasyon coŋgreso kongreso eŋcanto engkanto eŋcargado engkargado eŋcuentro engkuwentro espoŋja espongha fraŋca prangka fraŋquicia prangkisya gaŋgrena ganggrena guachinaŋgo guwatsinanggo iŋgrato inggrato iŋgreso inggreso loŋganiza longganisa maŋco mangko maŋgo manggo

xix

maŋguera manggera moŋja mongha moŋje monghe nuŋca nungka palaŋca plangka palaŋgana palanggana saŋgra sanggra traŋca trangka u. N+W for Ñ buñuelo bunwelos castañuelas kastanwelas v. N+Y for Ñ and NEA 1) Ñ añil anyil año anyo araña aranya baño banyo bañera banyera campaña kampanya cañon kanyon cañuto kanyuto cariño karinyo castañetas kastanyetas compañero kompanyero contraseña kontrasinyas daños danyos diseño desinyo ermitaño ermitanyo estaño istanyo monseñor monsenyor muñeca munyeka piña pinya puñal punyal puño punyos riñon rinyon seña sinyas señal sinyal

Exceptions: a) If the letter "ñ" in Spanish is followed by a dipthong, as in "compañia," "i" is placed in between "n" and "y," as in "kompaniya."

b) Names of persons, places, or phenomena shall not be altered. Caña Sto. Niño La Niña Osmeña

2) NEA linea linya w. P for F bufete bupete cafe kape cifrar sipra desfalco despalko elefante elepante fabrica pabrika fabula pabula faja paha falda palda fallar palyar falta palta familia pamilya fanatico panatiko fantasma pantasma farola parola favor pabor favorito paborito fecha petsa fiesta piyesta fino pino firma pirma firme pirme flauta plawta flema plema flete plite florera plorera fogon pogon forma porma formal pormal formalidad pormalidad forzoso porsoso fosforo posporo frasco prasko freno preno fresco presko frito prito fritada pritada fuerte puwerte funda punda fusil pusil grifo gripo nafta napta oficina opisina oficio opisyo plataforma plataporma profesion propesyon profesor propesor profeta propeta rifa ripa tarifa taripa tifus tipus uniforme uniporme x. R for D almidon almirol convida kombira jugador sugarol pedazo piraso y. R for L calzada karsada calzones karsones

xx

calzoncillos karsonsilyo facistol pasistor salsa sarsa z. R for RR aburrido aburido almorranas almoranas arras aras arrastre arastre arreglar areglar arrenda arenda barra bara barracks baraks barrena barina barreta barita barricada barikada barril baril carrera karera carretilla karetilya carreton kariton carro karo carroza karosa cerrar sira cerrado sirado cerradura siradura corral koral correa koreya corregir korehir correo koreyo corresponsal koresponsal corriente kuryente garrafa garapa garrafon garapon garrapata garapata garrote garote gorra gora gorrion goryon herramienta hiraminta parrafo parapo parroco paroko pizarra pisara tarro taro terraza terasa territorio teritoryo terrorista terorista aa. S for C, CH, J, SC, X, and Z 1) C: acero asero acido asido arancel aransel bicicleta bisikleta bocina bosina bronce bronse cacerola caserola carcel karsel cedula sedula celda selda celoso seloso cementerio sementeryo cemento semento centenario sentenaryo centro sentro ceramica seramika cerveza serbesa cetro setro ciclo siklo cilindro silindro cimborio simboryo cinturon sinturon circo sirko circulo sirkulo cirugia siruhiya cirujano siruhano cocina kosina concilio konsilyo decidido desidido decidir desidir docena dosena inocente inosente medicina medisina motorciclo motorsiklo once onse proceso proseso quince kinse receta reseta torcer torse triciclo trisiklo

2) CH: chayote sayote sili chubasco subasko conchabo konsabo ganchillo gansilyo gancho ganso

3) J: jabon sabon jugador sugarol jugar sugal

4) SC: ascenso asenso disciplina disiplina discipulo disipulo escena esena piscina pisina plebiscito plebisito

5) X: extraño estranyo explicar esplikar Xerox seroks xylophone silopon

xxi

6) Z: abraza abrasa actriz aktres ajedrez ahedres alianza alyansa alza alsa azoge asoge azul asul azufre asupre bagazo bagaso barniz barnis bazar basar braza brasa brazo braso buzo buso buzon buson calabaza kalabasa calabozo kalaboso caliz kalis capataz kapatas cobranza kobransa cruz krus cruzada krusada fianza piyansa gamuza gamusa izar isa juez huwes juzgado husgado lanzar lansar lapiz lapis loza losa matriz matris onza onsa poliza polisa (policy) pozo poso punzon punson raza rasa razon rason retazo retaso taza tasa trozo troso zapato sapatos zero sero zona sona zurcir sursi

7) There are several borrowed words, however, where "s" is added to the last open syllable: acera aseras acolito kolitos ajo ahos alhaja alahas anteojo antiyohos arete aretes arma armas barquillo barkilyos bolita bolitas borla borlas bota botas boton butones buena buynas casilla kasilyas cebolla sibuyas ceremonia seremonyas chinela tsinelas chiste tistis cinta sintas cita citas cuarentena kuwarentinas ficha pitsas fruta prutas galleta galyetas garbanzo garbansos guayaba bayabas guante guwantes guisante gisantes hereje erehes hoja ohas hora oras igual igwales lechuga letsugas liga ligas maceta masetas mal malas manga manggas manzana mansanas manzanita mansanitas maraca marakas media medyas medio medyos mejora mehoras mueble muwebles ojal uhalis parra paras pasa pasas patata patatas perla perlas pildora pildoras porra poras pulga pulgas pulsera pulseras puño punyos quilate kilates rabano rabanos rayo rayos reja rehas salvaje salbahis sandalia sandalyas sardina sardinas seña sinyas signo signos sopa tachuela suylas termo termos testigo testigos tijera teheras tiza tisas tomate tamatis tortilla tortilyas trampa trampas trueque trukis uva ubas vispera bisperas zapato sapatos

8) There are likewise borrowed Spanish words, however, where "s" is omitted in the last open syllable. (Cf. Aphesis, infra.)

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abrebotellas ablibotelya abrelatas ablilata antiparras antipara calzoncillos karsonsilyo fondillos pondiyo paracaidas parakayda patillas patilya salvavidas salbabida

bb. S for Cebuano assimilation of English words. sandwich sanwits switch swits

cc. T for CH chiste tistis

dd. T for LL banquillo bangkito estampilla istampita palillo palito platillo platito

ee. T+S for CH archidiocesis artsidiyosesis bizcocho biskotso brocha brutsa capricho kapritso chaleco tsaliko champurrado tsampurado chapa tsapa charol tsarol cheque tseke chicharron tsitsaron chico tsiko chismes tsismis chismosa tsismosa chocolate chofer tsuper chorizo tsoriso chupar tsupa chupon tsupon coche kotse cosecha kosetsa colchon kutson cuchara kutsara cuchillo kutsilyo echar itsa escabeche eskabetse fecha petsa hacha atsa lancha lantsa leche letse macho matso machete matsete mancha mantsa marcha martsa pecho petso pichel pitsel plancha plantsa provechar probetsar puchero putsero rancho rantso remache rematse sospecha suspetsa tacha tatsa

ff. W for D acerado aserawo atrasado atrasawo cuidado kwidawo muskulado muskulawo niquelado nikelawo desentunado sentunawo

gg. W for H – cohete kuwitis

hh. Y for LL banquillo bangkiyo caballo kabayo caldillo kaldiyo cebolla sibuyas fondillos pondiyo llamar yamar llano yano llanta yantas llave yawe molinillo buloniyo quisquilloso asyoso sencillo sensiyo silla siya tablilla tabliya

DIPHTHONGS

Diphthong is the complex monosyllabic sound made by continuous gliding from one position to another, as "aw" in bahaw, "ay" in balay, etc. In the use of foreign diphthongs, however, it involves epenthesis which requires the insertion of "w," "y," etc. in between, and the change of "ao" to "aw," etc.17

1. Cebuano diphthongs: a. AW bahaw bugaw kilaw kutaw gimaw hamabaw hulaw labaw lawgaw mingaw pulaw

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sabaw silaw tiyabaw tugaw

b. IW agiw alasiwsiw baliw baliwliw batiwtiw bigiw kiriw kitiw kulisiw iliw lagtiw lingiw piliw pitiw taliwtiw

c. AY balay bugay kapay kutay hulagway humay lukay lugway malaway panagway punay pusgay subay sugkay tugway tulay

d. OY antuhoy bakhoy balanghoy kahoy kutoy guroy hoy huboy hutoy mananoy mangloy pahoy siloy sunoy taghoy tuboy

e. UY buyboy buyod kuykoy huyang huyhoy luya luyloy puypoy saguysoy suyla tuybo tuyhad tuyod tuytoy uy uylap

2. Spanish diphthongs: a. AW for AO, AU 1) AO: bacalao bakalaw cacao kakaw badjao badyaw

2) AU: auto awto automatico awtomatiko causa kawsa flauta plawta jaula hawla pausa pawsa

b. AY for AE, AI, EI 1) AE: aeroplano ayroplano aerosol ayrosol

2) AI: baile bayle caida kayda fraile prayle paracaidas parakayda traidor traydor

3) EI: aceite asayte reina rayna

c. EYA for EA asamblea asembleya azotea asoteya beato beyato empleado empleyado idea ideya teatro teyatro

d. EYO for EO ateo ateyo ideologia ideyolohiya mausoleo musoleyo museo museyo panteon panteyon teologia teyolohiya teologo teyologo teoria teyoriya torneo torneyo trofeo tropeyo

e. EYU for EU eucalipto eyukalipto Eucaristia Eyukaristiya eunuco eyunuko reuma reyuma

f. IYA for IA when "i" is separately sounded from "a," as in "iya." (Cf. YA, infra.)

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academia akademiya amnistia amnestiya analogia analohiya anatomia anatomiya anomalia anomaliya averia aberiya bahia bahiya barberia barberiya bateria bateriya Biblia Bibliya biografia biyograpiya biologia biyolohiya caligrafia kaligrapiya caloria kaloriya categoria kategoriya cirugia siruhiya confianza kompiyansa cortesia kortesiya destileria destileriya diacono diyakono dialogo diyalogo diamante diyamante diametro diyametro diana diyana dinastia dinastiya disenteria disenteriya economia ekonomiya energia enerhiya estrategia istratehiya filosofia pilosopiya galeria galeriya garantia garantiya guardia guwardiya herejia erehiya idolatria idolatriya industria industriya ingenieria enhinyeriya litania litaniya liturgia liturhiya loteria loteriya mayoria mayoriya melodia melodiya minoria minoriya molestia molestiya monarquia monarkiya ortografia ortograpiya profecia propesiya psicologia sikolohiya psiquiatria sikiyatriya punteria punteriya simpatia simpatiya sinfonia simponiya taquigrafia takigrapiya tecnologia teknolohiya terminologia terminolohiya tesoreria tesoreriya

g. IYE for IE – (Cf. YE, infra.) abierto abiyerto ciencia siyensiya cientifico siyentipiko cliente kliyente concierto konsiyerto dieta diyeta fiesta piyesta gobierno gobiyerno infierno impiyerno miembro miyembro mientras miyentras nieve niyebe pier piyer pieza piyesa por ciento porsiyento siempre siyempre tiempo tiyempo

h. IYO for IO when "i" is separately sounded from "o," as in "iyo." (Cf. YO, infra.) adios adiyos avio abiyo batio batiyo Dios Diyos cambio kambiyo colegio kolehiyo elogio elohiyo indigestion indihestiyon limpio limpiyo nervioso nerbiyoso privilegio pribilehiyo proverbio proberbiyo religioso relihiyoso soberbio soberbiyo tiovivo tiyobibo vacio basiyo

i. IYO for UIO guion giyon quiosco kiyosko

j. IYU for IU ciudad siyudad viuda biyuda k. OWA for OA proa prowa l. OWI for OI oido owido tiroides tirowides (thyroid gland)

m. SIYA (CIA, TIA). When “cia” or “tia” in foreign words (Latin and Spanish) is preceded by a consonant. alcancia alkansiya ambulancia ambulansiya comerciante komersiyante competencia kompetensiya conferencia komperensiya diferencia diperensiya

xxv

distancia distansiya emergencia emerhensiya evidencia ebidensiya experiencia eksperiyensiya ganancia ganansiya ignorantia ignoransiya importancia importansiya indulgentia indulhensiya licencia lisensiya poenetentia penitensiya presencia presensiya provincia probinsiya referencia reperensiya residencia residensiya resistencia resistensiya sentencia sentensiya sustancia sustansiya vagancia bagansiya n. SYA (CIA, SIA) When “cia” or “sia” in foreign words is preceded by a vowel. amnesia amnesya democracia demokrasya diplomacia diplomasya fantasia pantasya farmacia parmasya franquicia prangkisya gracia grasya iglesia iglesya justicia hustisya malicia malisya negociante negosyante noticia notisya o. SIYO (CIO, TIO) When “cio” or “tio” in foreign words is preceded by a consonant. anuncio anunsiyo comercio komersiyo divorcio diborsiyo rancio ransiyo silencio silensiyo tercio tersiyo p. SYO (CIO, TIO) When "cio” or “tio” in foreign words is preceded by a vowel. bocio bosyo beneficio benepisyo edificio edipisyo hospicio ospisyo negocio negosyo oficio opisyo palacio palasyo precio presyo sacrificio sakripisyo servicio serbisyo socio kasosyo vicio bisyo

q. SIYON (CION, SION, TION, XION) When “cion,” "sion," “tion,” or "xion" in foreign words is preceded by a consonant. aborcion aborsiyon accion aksiyon atencion atensiyon cancion kansiyon collection koleksiyon conexion koneksiyon correccion koreksiyon corrupcion korupsiyon dimension dimensiyon diversion dibersiyon eleccion eleksiyon excursion ekskursiyon extension ekstensiyon faccion paksiyon intencion intensiyon invencion imbensiyon inyeccion ineksiyon leccion leksiyon pension pensiyon proteccion proteksiyon recepcion resepsiyon seccion seksiyon seleccion seleksiyon transaction transaksiyon r. SYON (CION, SION, TION) When "cion,” "sion," or “tion” in foreign words is preceded by a vowel. absolucion absolusyon alegacion alegasyon ambicion ambisyon bendicion bendisyon calificacion kalipikasyon circulacion sirkulasyon combinacion kombinasyon comision komisyon complicacion komplikasyon comunicacion komunikasyon conclusion kongklusyon condicion kondisyon consagracion konsagrasyon coronacion koronasyon curacion kurasyon decision desisyon decoracion dekorasyon delegacion delegasyon deprecion depresyon devocion debosyon discrecion diskresyon discusion diskusyon donacion donasyon educacion edukasyon edicion edisyon emocion emosyon evolucion ebolusyon exhibition eksibisyon exploration eksplorasyon fusion pusyon graduacion graduwasyon ilusion ilusyon imaginacion imahinasyon imitacion imitasyon impresion impresyon inmigracion imigrasyon irrigacion irigasyon limitacion limitasyon

xxvi

maldicion maldisyon meditacion meditasyon ocasion okasyon oracion orasyon particion partisyon pasion pasyon perdicion perdisyon plantacion plantasyon polucion polusyon posicion posisyon presion presyon procesion prosesyon proclamacion proklamasyon promocion promosyon promulgacion promulgasyon profesion propesyon proposicion proposisyon provision probisyon ration rasyon recomendacion rekomendasyon regulacion regulasyon relacion relasyon revision rebisyon revocacion rebokasyon revolucion rebolusyon sesion sesyon situacion sitwasyon solucion solusyon suposicion suposisyon transportacion transportasyon television telebisyon tentacion tentasyon tradicion tradisyon transicion transisyon vacacion bakasyon votacion botasyon

s. SYU for CEU farmaceutica parmasyutika

t. UWA for UA estatua istatuwa graduar graduwar guachinango guwatsinanggo guano guwano guapa guwapa guante guwantes guardia guwardiya mariguana marihuwana santuario santuwaryo suave suwabe

u. UWE for UE absuelto absuwelto afuera puwera duelo duwelo duende duwende dueto duweto fuerte puwerte fuerza puwersa juez huwes mueble muwebles muelle muwelye muestra muwestra puede puwede puerta puwerta pues puwes puesto puwesto sueldo suweldo suerte suwerte sueter suweter tuerca tuwerka vuelta buwelta

v. UWI for UI buitre buwitre descuido deskuwido linguistica lingguwistika prejuicio perhuwisyo

w. UY for UE bueno buyno consuelo konsuylo escuela eskuyla hueco huyko juego huygo nueve nuybe prueba pruyba rueda ruyda tachuela tatsuylas vuelo buylo

x. UYA for UIA alleluia aleluya y. WA for UA acuario akwaryum aduana adwana agua agwa aguantar agwanta baluarte balwarte carruaje karwahe igual igwales naguas nagwas z. WE for UE huelga welga huelgista welgista la huerta lagwerta unguento ungwento

aa. YA for EA, IA when letter "e" or "i" is sounded together with "a," as in "ya."

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1) EA: correa koreya hectarea ektarya

2) IA: aliado alyado bacteria bakterya bigamia bigamya cafeteria kapeterya cofradia kopradya colonia kolonya comedia komedya copia kopya editorial editoryal elementaria elementarya epidemia epidemya especial espesyal estudiante estudyante feria perya historia istorya malaria malarya mania manya media medya memoria memorya novia nobya perfidia perpidya primaria primarya secundaria sekundarya tragedia trahedya bb. YE for IE when YE is at the beginning of the word or is preceded by a consonant. corriente kuryente desierto desyerto hielo yelo hierba yerba hierbabuena yerbabuyna hierro yero ingeniero enhinyero merienda meryenda paciente pasyente pariente paryente serie serye teniente tenyente

cc. YO for IO when letter "i" is sounded together with "o," as in "yo." adulterio adulteryo alivio alibyo aluminio aluminyo amperio amperyo andamio andamyo apio apyo avion abyon barrio baryo boticario botikaryo calendario kalendaryo calvario kalbaryo campanario kampanaryo capitolio kapitolyo cementerio sementeryo cimborio simboryo comentario komentaryo condominio kondominyo crematorio krematoryo curioso kuryoso demonio demonyo diario diyaryo dispensario dispensaryo dormitorio dormitoryo evangelio ebanghelyo herbolario albularyo idioma idyoma incensario insensaryo inventario imbentaryo laboratorio laboratoryo lirio liryo microbio mikrobyo misterio misteryo monasterio monasteryo novio nobyo opio opyo pandemonio pandemonyo patio patyo plenario plenaryo premio premyo principio prinsipyo radio radyo remedio remedyo rosario rosaryo santuario santuwaryo secretario sekretaryo seminario seminaryo serio seryo sitio sityo solitario solitaryo telescopio teleskopyo temporario temporaryo testimonio testimonyo veterinario beterinaryo voluntario boluntaryo

SOME COMMON BORROWINGS

1. Loan words. – No change in spelling with little or no translation. abnormal absoluto abusar abuso admitir adorno alarma altar amen amigo amoroso amor proprio andador andar andas antena apostol apurado armado asilo asno aspirante asunto atraso ayuda bala baldado balsamo banda bandido baradero barato barbero bastidor baston basura

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bata (bathrobe) batuta bayoneta bendita biberon bikini bisagra blusa boda bodega bolsa bombo bordon brigada dama dados datos delantera delegado delicadeza deposito despedida destino diga dignidad dilatar dimitir dinamita diploma distrito dorar durable durar edad elemento embutido ensayo entero entrada entrega (delivery) epistola gabinete galon gana gasa gastador gasto gobernador grano grasa gratis grumete gusto harina hilo ignorante iman inodoro importante intriga (intrigue) inutil lapida latigo laton letra libelo libra libre libreto libro lila linimento lista litro lobo logro lona lote luto maestro maldita maleta mandar mando mani maniobra mano manso margarina marmol martir masa maton mayonesa milagro mineral ministro mitad moda modelo moderno montura monumento morado moroso mota moton motorista multa natural negar nochebuena normal otro pabilo padrina paisano pala pantalan paraiso pasamano paso pastor pepino permanente permiso perno personalidad pito planeta plano planta plata playa plema plomo pluma pobre popular poste postre postura prenda presentar problema programa propaganda protesta pulgada puntera purga puta rebelde regadera regalo reglamento repaso rematado remate retrato resulta retobado ribete ritmo robot rotunda sagrado seda seguridad semana senado sentido sermon siglo silaba silbato simbolo sinagoga sintoma sirena sistema soborno sobra sobre solda solemne soneto subasta subida submarino superior suplemento suspenso sustento sutil tabla tablado talento tal fulano talon tarima telon tema templo temprano tener termino terno tesorero testamento timon tinta tintura tirada tirador tirantes tomar tonto toril toro torpe torpedo total trapo tratar tribunal trigo tripulante trono tropa urinola urna

2. Paronymous words. Spelling of some words are changed to distinguish their meaning. abono (fertilizer) abuno (fill; filler) asoge (mercury; quicksilver) asugi (gunpowder) bola (ball) bula (foam; suds) boya (buoy) buya (match) bomba (bomb) bumba (pump) kopa (chalice) kupa (cup)

xxix

kota (quota) kuta (fortress) koto (limit; control) kuto (cottie; louse) entrega (deliver) intriga (intrigue) lona (canvass) luna (place) ohas (sheet) uhas (bit) osa (deer) usa (one) oso (bear) uso (trend; bandwagon) pondo (anchor) pundo (fund) sopas (soup) supas (pastry) tono (tone) tuno (tune)

3. Substandard paronymous words – Spanish roots Noun/adjective Cebuano substandard version agraviar agravio agrabyado bandeja tray; platter (Eng.) bandihado boxeo boxeador boksingero dibujo dibujante dibuhista ejecutar ejecutor hekutado esgrima esgrimista eskrimador hacienda haciendado asyendero ocio (idleness) oscioso (idle) usyosera (pryer; meddler) perder perdedor pildiro seguro segurador segurista/segurado serio serious (Eng.) seryoso trabajo trabajador trabahante viaje viajero biyahedor

PROPER NOUNS

1. Scientific symbols and elements in chemistry, physics, biology, etc. shall retain its order. H2O (water) tubig NaCl (salt) asin Ca (calcium) kalsiyum CaC2 (calcium carbide) kalburo CaO (lime) apog Sn (tin) istanyo CO2 (carbon dioxide) – karbon diyoksido Cu (copper) kobre H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) – asido sulpuriko H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) agua oxigenada

2. Names of local places, streets, and provinces: Bonbon Colon Cordova Danao Dumanjug Looc Mandaue Maribojoc Marinduque Nueva Caceres Opon Pajac Pooc Poog Sogod Sugbu Talibon Tanjay Valencia Zamboanga

3. Titles, names of persons of foreign derivation shall not be altered: Allah Buddha Churchill Dalai Lama Einstein Elizabeth Gregory Hercules Holmes Immanuel Kennedy Levin Nicole Obama Reagan Samson Thatcher Venus William Xerxes

4. Likewise of countries and states: Australia Brazil Brunei Guam Hawaii Hongkong Jerusalem Israel London Malaysia Paris Qatar Scotland Samoa Singapore Tibet Ukraine Vienna Vietnam Zambia

5. Also of trade marks, trade names, business names, etc.: BandAid Bristol Chevrolet Coke Colgate Gatorade Jockey Lacoste Levi’s Mitsubishi Nokia Panasonic Pentax Rolex Samsung Señorita Sony Volkswagen Windows Xerox

6. Names of persons of Spanish derivation shall not be altered: Jesus Maria Jose Juan

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Pedro Bienvenido Concepcion Caridad Domingo Felipe Guillermo Isabel Lucas Magdalena Moises Pablo Paz Rosario Soledad Timoteo

7. Titles, names of places, peoples, languages, world organizations, etc. adopted from Spanish shall likewise be retained: Alemanya Aprika Arabigo Asya Belen Korinto Ehipto Gresya Hapon Hudeyo Indiya Ingglatera Italyano Jesukristo Mesiyas Olandiya Pakistani Palestina Pransiya Roma Romanya Rusya Tsina Uropa Istados Unidos o Tinipong Kabansaan sa Amerika Tinipong Kanasoran (United Nations)

SYLLABIFICATION

Syllabification is the act, process, or method of forming or dividing words into syllables. In Cebuano, it is monophthongal and diphthongal. A. Native words A Cebuano syllable may consist of: 1. Vowel (V) monosyllable Abog Alima Alom bagO bunI Ikaw Ibot Inato Ubos Ukay Ulay Uyok

2. Consonant and Vowel (CV) – prevocalic syllable BAlay BUnga KAhoy DAlan GUbot HAmis LAmian LIgoy LUkot MAtahom PAhoy SIgay

3. Vowel and Consonant (VC) – postvocalic syllable AGhat AMbot APyogon bugAT IMbaw INtawon mugOT timOS ukOK UNta UNtol UPhag

4. Consonant, Vowel, and Consonant (CVC) baLIK kaSADya KUTlo DUGmok laMAW manuLONda MUMho PAKsiw pigSAT TAGhoy TUTho YAGpis

5. Consonant, Consonant, and Vowel (CCV)18 – open syllable NGAlan NGAno NGIob NGIlit NGIpon NGIsi NGUlob buNGI kuloNGO PLAmingko suNGO tuNGA

6. Consonant, Consonant, Vowel, and Consonant (CCVC) baNGAW KRIS duNGOY hukNGAY huNGAW laNGIT liNGIW miNGAW NGISlo paNGOS siNGOT tuNGAS

7. Vowel and ConsonantNG (VCng) ING (iŋ) hutONG (hutoŋ) piANG (piaŋ) pulONG (puloŋ) pukONG (pukoŋ) samANG (samaŋ) silING (siliŋ) takANG (takaŋ) takiANG (takiaŋ)

8. Consonant, Vowel, ConsonantNG (CVCng) amPING (ampiŋ) kimPANG (kimpaŋ) laMANG (lamaŋ) LUNGsod (luŋsod) MANGgad (maŋgad) PUNGko (puŋko) SINGhag (siŋhag) TANGkil (taŋkil) tugBONG (tugboŋ)

B. Foreign Derivatives – 1. Some loan words are syllabified based on its original syllabification. amoroso amoroso balde balde bolsa bolsa elemento elemento gusto gusto linimento linimento

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maestro maestro manso manso motorista motorista pabilo pabilo pasamano pasamano peste peste sermon sermon terno terno

2. Paronymous words are syllabified based on Cebuano language it being epenthetic. The pronunciation of diphthongal foreign roots changes upon insertion of a letter to a word when nativized or naturalized. aduana adwana aguantar agwanta baluarte balwarte guapa guwapa juez huwes limpio limpiyo muestra muwestra puesto puwesto sueldo suweldo tuerca tuwerka

3. Epenthesized foreign diphthongs: a. I-YA for IA – when "i" is separatedly sounded from "a," as in "iya." academia akademiya amnistia amnestiya analogia analohiya anatomia anatomiya anomalia anomaliya averia aberiya bahia bahiya barberia barberiya bateria bateriya Biblia Bibliya destileria destileriya diacono diyakono dialogo diyalogo diamante diyamante diametro diyametro diana diyana monarquia monarkiya ortografia ortograpiya profecia propesiya psicologia sikolohiya psiquiatria sikiyatriya punteria punteriya

b. YA for IA – when "i" is sounded together with "a," as in "ya." aliado alyado bacteria bakterya bigamia bigamya cafeteria kapeterya cofradia kopradya colonia kolonya comedia komedya copia kopya editorial editoryal elementaria elementarya estudiante estudyante feria perya historia istorya media medya perfidia perpidya primaria primarya secundaria sekundarya tragedia trahedya

c. IYE for IE – abierto abiyerto ciencia siyensiya cientifico siyentipiko cliente kliyente concierto konsiyerto dieta diyeta fiesta piyesta gobierno gobiyerno infierno impiyerno miembro miyembro mientras miyentras nieve niyebe pier piyer pieza piyesa siempre siyempre tiempo tiyempo

d. YE for IE – when YE is at the beginning of the word or is preceded by a consonant. corriente kuryente desierto desyerto hielo yelo hierba yerba hierbabuena yerbabuyna hierro yero ingeniero enhinyero merienda meryenda paciente pasyente pariente paryente serie serye teniente tenyente

e. IYO -- when "i" is separately sounded from "o," as in "iyo." adios adiyos avio abiyo batio batiyo Dios Diyos cambio kambiyo colegio kolehiyo limpio limpiyo nervioso nerbiyoso privilegio pribilehiyo proverbio proberbiyo religioso relihiyoso soberbio soberbiyo tiovivo tiyobibo vacio basiyo

f. YO -- when letter "i" is sounded together with "o," as in "yo."

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alivio alibyo aluminio aluminyo amperio amperyo andamio andamyo avion abyon barrio baryo boticario botikaryo calendario kalendaryo calvario kalbaryo campanario kampanaryo capitolio kapitolyo cementerio sementeryo cimborio simboryo comentario komentaryo condominio kondominyo curioso kuryoso dormitorio dormitoryo evangelio ebanghelyo microbio mikrobyo misterio misteryo monasterio monasteryo pandemonio pandemonyo patio patyo plenario plenaryo premio premyo principio prinsipyo rosario rosaryo santuario santuwaryo secretario sekretaryo seminario seminaryo serio seryo sitio sityo solitario solitaryo temporario temporaryo veterinario beterinaryo vicio bisyo

g. SI-YA for CIA, TIA – When "cia" or "tia" (Latin and Spanish) is preceded by a consonant. alcancia alkansiya ambulancia ambulansiya comerciante komersiyante distancia distansiya ignorantia ignoransiya indulgentia indulhensiya licencia lisensiya poenetentia penitensiya provincia probinsiya sustancia sustansiya

h. S-YA for CIA, SIA – When "cia" or "sia" in foreign words is preceded by a vowel. democracia demokrasya diplomacia diplomasya fantasia pantasya farmacia parmasya gracia grasya iglesia iglesya justicia hustisya malicia malisya negociante negosyante noticia notisya

i. SI-YO for CIO, TIO – When "cio" or "tio" in foreign words is preceded by a consonant. anuncio anunsiyo comercio komersiyo divorcio diborsiyo rancio ransiyo silencio silensiyo tercio tersiyo

j. S-YO for CIO, TIO – When "cio" or "tio" in foreign words is preceded by a vowel. bocio bosyo beneficio benepisyo edificio edipisyo negocio negosyo oficio opisyo palacio palasyo precio presyo sacrificio sakripisyo servicio serbisyo socio kasosyo

k. SI-YON for CION, SION, TION, XION – When "cion," "sion," "tion," or "xion" in foreign words is precded by a consonant. aborcion aborsiyon accion aksiyon collection koleksiyon connexion koneksiyon eleccion eleksiyon diversion dibersiyon invencion imbensiyon leccion leksiyon pension pensiyon recepcion resepsiyon

l. S-YON for CION, SION, TION – When "cion," "sion," or "tion" in foreign words is preceded by a vowel. alegacion alegasyon ambicion ambisyon condicion kondisyon decision desisyon graduation graduwasyon imaginacion imahinasyon passion pasyon procesion prosesyon television telebisyon vacacion bakasyon

4. Adjoining Vowels and Consonants a. When one of the adjoining consonants is either b, k, g, p, or t, and preceded by a vowel, syllabification is between the vowel and the consonant (b, k, g, p, or t). almagre almagre asupre asupre bisagra bisagra bisikleta bisikleta buwitre buwitre katre katre

xxxiii

kibra kibra kobre kobre imperdible imperdible imposible imposible milagro milagro motorsiklo motorsiklo peligro peligro pobre pobre problema problema programa programa sekreto sekreto siglo siglo sobre sobre tabla tabla tableta tabletas tigre tigre

5. Adjoining Consonants a. When one of the two adjoining consonants in the penultimate or ultimate syllable is "y," either preceded or followed by a vowel, syllabification is between "y" and the other consonant. bayle bayle buylo buylo buyno buyno kalendaryo kalendaryo kalye kalye kalyo kalyo konsuylo konsuylo kuwelyo kuwelyo kuryente kuryente meryenda meryenda premyo premyo pruyba pruyba ruyda ruyda teleskopyo teleskopyo

b. When three consonants adjoined each other, the syllabification is between the first and the second consonant. doktrina doktrina kalambre kalambre kostumbre kostumbre elektroniko elektroniko eskrima eskrima istambre istambre postre postre sastre sastre siyempre siyempre timbre timbre

c. When "ng" [ŋ] is followed by "g," the syllabification is between "ng" and "g." iŋgrato inggrato gaŋgrena ganggrena loŋganiza longganisa maŋguera manggera palaŋgana palanggana saŋgra sanggra

d. KS for CC – K and S are separated in syllabification: accidente aksidente accion aksiyon colleccion koleksiyon correccion koreksiyon diccionario diksiyonaryo eleccion eleksiyon infeccion impeksiyon inspeccion inspeksiyon inyeccion ineksiyon leccion leksiyon

e. KS for X 1) When KS are followed by a vowel, "k" and "s" are separated in syllabification. boxing boksing exacto eksakto examen eksamin exception eksepsiyon exorcismo eksorsismo oxigeno oksiheno seksi seksi taxi taksi

2) When KS are followed by a consonant, "k" and "s" are joined in syllabification. excursion ekskursiyon excomunion ekskomunyon experto eksperto explosion eksplosyon explosivo eksplosibo expresion ekspresyon extension ekstensiyon extra ekstra sexto seksto texto teksto

f. TS for CH 1) When the letters TS are in the beginning of the word, they are not separated in syllabification. chaleco tsaliko champurrado tsampurado chapa tsapa chaqueta tsaketa cheque tseke chico tsiko chinela tsinelas chismes tsismis chismosa tsismosa chocolate tsokolate chorizo tsoriso chupon tsupon

2) When the letters TS are preceded by a vowel, "t" and "s" are separated in syllabification. capricho kapritso coche kotse cucharita kutsarita cuchillo kutsilyo despachar dispatsar echar itsa

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fecha petsa ficha pitsas hacha atsa leche letse letson pecho petso pichel pitsel puchero putsero sospecha suspetsa tacha tatsa

3) When the letters TS are preceded by a consonant, "t" and "s" are joined in syllabification. lancha lantsa lanchon lantson mancha mantsa marcha martsa plancha plantsa rancho rantso

AFFIXATION

Affixation is the process of placing a syllable or syllables at the beginning, middle, or end of a word or word part to change its meaning. In Cebuano, it includes metathesis, deletion or omission, substitution, transposition, or addition of phonemes.

1. KINDS: a. Prefix (Unanggikit) – comes at the beginning of the word. KAgahom KApikas DIMAgamit INalisngaw INutang MAGBUbuhis NAHAgawas19 NAHIabot20 PAGKAugma21 PALAaway WAYbatasan WAYhinungdan

b. Infix (Talinggikit) – is placed in the interior of the word. gINamos giPANGhatag hINapnig lINambay pINahiluna sINagulo pINalit pINangko sINapid tINimbang tINumpi tINughong

c. Suffix or postfix (Taponggikit) – comes at the end of the word. bahandiANON balhiboON bantogAN buangON bulangAN bulanON palitONON piliONON patongANAN sakayanON sungkabAN tampalasAN

2. METHODS: a. Simple – when it uses either prefix, infix, or suffix. adunaHAN bINuhat KAsakay kINaraan gINamay gubaON INasal isdaANON mahalON NAhulog pANGHIMalad sINabaw sINugba tINula

b. Bilateral – when it uses both prefix and suffix. KAlainAN KAlibotAN KAsilinganAN KAusabAN INadlawAN INasinAN INatubangAY MAKIlungsodNON MAdamgoHON MAdaniHON MAisogON MAlangkobON MApasayloON MApigotON MAkinaadmanON

c. Compound – when it uses both infix and suffix. bALansayON bINuhiAN bINunyagAN hINakhakAN hINulamAN sINukmagAY hINangyoAN pINulongAN saLAwayON sINingkaHAN sINambogAN sILimbaHON sINimaAN sINultiHAN tINigbasAN

d. Composite – when it uses prefix, infix, and suffix. MAtINabangON MAbINantayON MAsINabotON MAbINatiON MAhINatagON MApINanggaON MAsINupakON MAtINumanON NAGbINuligAY NAGhINilakAY NAGkINawrasAY NAGtINabangAY

e. Deleting 1) Vowel deleting – the final vowel of the root is deleted after affixation; sometimes a hyphen is inserted.

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asawa PANGasawaONON pangasaw(a)//onon pangasawonon kabayo kabayoAN kabay(o)//an kabayan guol KAguolANAN kagu(o)l//anan kagulanan hilabot MAhilabotANON mahilab(o)tanon mahilabtanon laba labaHANAN lab(a)hanan labhanan lisod KAlisodANAN kalis(o)danan kalisdanan pilo piloA pil(o)//a pila puno punoA pun(o)//a puna sukod sukodA suk(o)da sukda sugot MAsINugotANON masinug(o)tanon masinugtanon taligama HItaligamaAN hitaligam(a)//an hitaligaman tinuod MAtinuodANON matinu(o)d//anon matinudanon tulog GIKAtulogAN gikatul(o)gan gikatulgan usab usabA us(a)ba usba

2) Consonantdeleting bahaw PAMbahaw pam(b)ahaw pamahaw balikas HIMbalikas him(b)alikas himalikas kawkaw PANGkawkaw pang(k)awkaw pangawkaw kawat PANGkawat pang(k)awat pangawat tikas PANtikas pan(t)ikas panikas tulis PANtulis pan(t)ulis panulis

3) Vowel and Consonant deleting balay PAbaNIMAlay pa(b)(a)nimalay panimalay bana PAMbanaHONON pam(b)an(a)honon pamanhonon pasan pALasanONON palas(a)(n)ONON palasonon f. Deleting and Substituting -- 1) Vowel and Consonant deleting and Consonant substituting balon balonANAN ba(l)/w/(o)nanan bawnanan halok halokAN ha(l)/g/(o)kan hagkan hibulong KahibulongAN kahibu(l)(o)/d/ngan kahibudngan lawod KAlawodAN kalaw(o)(d)/r/an kalawran luwa luwaANAN lu(w)/d/(a)anan ludanan palong palongA pa(l)/g/(o)nga pagnga tunob tunobI tu(n)(o)/m/bi tumbi turok turokAN tu(r)/g/(o)kan tugkan

2) Consonant deleting and substituting bugat PAHIbugat pahi(b)/m/ugat pahimugat bungtod KAbungtod AN kabungto(d)/r/an kabungtoran duha TAGduha tag(d)u/r/ha tagurha halad haladAN hala(d)/r/an halaran lingkod lingkodANAN lingko(d)/r/anan lingkoranan lungsod lungsodANON lungso(d)/r/anon lungsoranon matuod KAPANGHImatuodAN kapanghimatuo(d)/r/an kapanghimatuoran palad paladAN pala(d)/r/an palaran panimpalad MApanimpaladON mapanimpala(d)/r/on mapanimpalaron tahod MAtINahodON matinaho(d)/r/on matinahoron tinuod MAtinuodON matinuo(d)/r/on matinuoron tugkad tULugkadON tulugka(d)/r/on tulugkaron g. Metathetical – when there is transposition of two phonemes in a word after affixation. 1) Usually deleting the last vowel of the word.22 (Bracketed letters are transposed.) gahom KAgahomANAN kaga[h](o)[m]anan kagamhanan luhod luhodANAN lu[h](o)[d]anan ludhanan pahimulos MApahimulosANON mapahimu[l](o)[s]anon mapahimuslanon putos putosON pu[t](o)[s]on puston tanom KAtanomAN kata[n](o)[m]an katamnan unom KAunomAN ka[u][n](o)//man kanuman

2) Without necessarily deleting the last vowel of the root. (Bracketed letters are transposed.) hatag hatagI (h)[a]tagi tagai lima TAGlima tag[l][i]ma tagilma tulo TINAGtulo tinag[t][u]lo tinagutlo

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unom TAGunom tag()un[]om tagunom

CONTRACTION

Contraction is the shortening of a word or word group by omission of a letter or letters or sounds in the middle. This is done when the first word (pronoun or adjective) that ends in vowel is followed by ka, ing, nga, and og. "Ing" is converted to "y" in contraction; the noun should not be agglutinated, especially when placed ahead than the adjective.23 Ako ing Akoy kinsa ing kinsay mao ing maoy siya ing siyay unsa ing unsay babaye nga bata babayeng bata (female child) bata nga babaye batang babaye (baby girl) buhi nga patay buhing patay (immortalized dead person) dako nga kahoy dakong kahoy (not kahoyng dako) laya nga dahon layang dahon (dried or withered leaf) – not dahong laya mao nga maong (tawo) pila ka/buok pilay (kanding sa bukid) tulo ka tuloy(sanga nga kahoy)

Note: Native words that end in consonants, such as g, n, w, and y may also be contracted. gihapon ing gihapoy lamang ing lamay batanon nga babaye batanong babaye (young girl) karaan nga awit karaang awit bahaw nga pagkaon bahawng pagkaon buang nga iro buang iro (or iro buang not irong buang) gamay nga dalan gamayng dalan patay nga buhi patayng buhi (alive but deemed dead) sungkaban nga iring sungkabang iring or iring sungkaban taliwtiw nga ilong taliwtiwng ilong or ilong taliwtiw bahagogikog bahagikog diyotayogtawo diyotaygtawo mabawogbuot mabawgbuot

SYNALOEPHA

Synaloepha or synalepha is the reduction to one syllable of two vowels of adjacent syllables. In Cebuano, apostrophe need not be used and it may be done when the first word (pronoun or adjective) that ends in a vowel is followed by og. bagaogngabil bagagngabil bahooggininhawa bahoggininhawa batiogsinulatan batigsinulatan dakoogbalay dakogbalay gahiogulo gahigulo hagaogpamanit hagagpamanit luhoogsapot luhogsapot pulaogngabil pulagngabil putiogbuhok putigbuhok sigaogmata sigagmata kuhai ko og uban kuhai kog uban hatagan tika og mangga hatagan tikag mangga ikuha ko og tubig ikuha kog tubig paliti ko og pan paliti kog pan

SYNIZESIS

Synizesis is the contraction of two syllables into one by uniting in pronunciation two adjacent vowels. In Cebuano, it is promiment when spoken rather than written. bugawa ang iro bugawang iro kuhaa ang libro kuhaang libro hangyoa ang tindera hangyoang tindera hugasi ang baso hugasing baso imna ang tuba imnang tuba lungaga ang saging lungagang saging

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pakana ang iring pakanang iring pagnga ang suga pagngang suga sirhi ang pultahan sirhing pultahan

APHAERESIS

Aphaeresis is the omission or deletion of one or more letters or sounds at the beginning of the word. aliwati wati aluhipan uhipan banganga nganga bingka bulanit lanit kayamat yamat eksakto sakto haduol duol halapad lapad halawom lawom halayo layo hamubo mubo hataas taas intawon tawon maabtik abtik maalimuot alimuot maanindot nindot maantigo antigo maasgad asgad maaslom aslom mabaga baga mabaho baho mabangis bangis mabanha banha mabugat bugat mabugnaw bugnaw makamao kamao makatilingbanon katilingbanon makusog kusog makuti kuti makuyaw kuyaw madanglog danglog madulom dulom magaan gaan magahi gahi mahabog habog mahagkot hagkot mahait hait mahalang halang mahamis hamis mahapdos hapdos mahapsay hapsay mahawang hawang mahawot hawot mahayag hayag mahayahay hayahay mahigpit higpit mahilas hilas mahilom hilom mahinay hinay mahinlo hinlo mahugaw hugaw mahumok humok mahumot humot mahuyang huyang maidlot idlot maigang igang maigmat igmat mainggit inggit mainit init maisog isog malaay laay malaksot laksot malagit lagit malagsik lagsik malalim lalim malangog langog malangsi langsi malantip lantip malapsaw lapsaw malasmo lasmo malaway laway malayaw layaw maligdong ligdong malignon ligon malimtanon limtanon malinaw linaw malingin lingin malisod lisod malubog lubog malumoy lumoy mamingaw mingaw mangilad ngilad mangilngig ngilngig mangilo ngilo mangiob ngiob mangitngit ngitngit manipis nipis mapait pait masapnot sapnot masayon sayon masigpit sigpit masiot siot matabang tabang matamis tamis matiga tiga matinaw tinaw matugnaw tugnaw matulin tulin salampati pati

APHESIS

Aphesis is the deletion of one or more vowels at the beginning of the word. 1. Native words abay bay ako ko akong kong atong tong imong mong ining ning ugod god upod pod

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usa sa usab sab

2. Paronymous words acolito kolitos afuera puwera ahijado ihado (godchild) aumento umento desentunado sentunado ejecutar hekutar elastico lastiko embalsamar balsamar empaste pasta (tooth filling) enamorar amoral esposas posas hebilla bilya memester mistil quisquilloso asyoso tatchuela suylas tombola bola (raffle for charity)

Note: 1) There are borrowed words, however, where one or more letters or sounds are added at the beginning of the words when nativized. aya yaya forro aporo huerta lagwerta lana delana listo alisto mano lamano mesa lamesa socio kasosyo

2) Further, there are borrowed words where one or more letters or sounds are added at the end of the words when nativized. camisa kamisadentro caramelo karmelitos pañuelo panyolito cilindro (Mex.) silindron

OMISSION OF LETTERS AND SOUNDS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF THE WORD

There are words where one or more letters or sounds are omitted at the beginning and at the end of the same word.

1. Native words: malinawon linaw

2. Paronymous words: acantilado kantil apisonadora pison

SYNCOPE

Syncope is the loss of one or more letters or sounds in the interior of the word. Usually heard rather than read. 1. Native words: alamalam amam alangalang angang alat at alimpulos alimpus alugbati agbati balas bas balat bat balay bay balayranan bayranan batikulon batikun bulalakaw bulakaw bulong bung bulos bus kahibulongan kahibudngan kalag kag kalaha kaha kalamunggay kamunggay kalas kas kalayo kayo kalumpang kumpang kalunggo kunggo kining king kulon kun kulong kung dalakit dakit dalag dag dalaga daga dalan dan dalangpanan dangpanan danglog dangog dili di dulog dug dulong dung dulot dut galay gay gayod gyod gulot gut halad had halang hang hibalag hibag hibulong hibung hulog hug ngalan ngan ngulob ngub padulong padung palad pad palasonon pasonon palaw paw parulos parus piyesta pista pulog pug pulong pung

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pulos pus salaag saag salabtonon sabtonon salag sag salagunting sagunting salamin samin salanga sanga salapi sapi salay say salaysay saysay sanglag sangag sangyad sagyad sinanglay sinangay sulod sud sulog sug sulom sum sulong sung sunglog sungog talandogon tandogon tanglad tangad tulod tud tulog tug tulon tun ulod ud wala wa walay way

Example: Sinaulog ang Piyesta sa Senyor Sinulog Pit Senyor

2. Foreign words: colerico kolero corazonada kursonada de ida y vuelta idabuwelta (round-trip) desesperado desperado disimular dismular fiesta (piyesta) pista

APOCOPE

Apocope is the deletion of one or more letters or sounds at the end of the word. Thereafter, the final syllable shall have a macron sound. These are prominent when spoken rather than written. 1. Native words: agulo agu (moan) alimpulo alimpu (noddle) bala ba (pickaback) bulo bu (arm wrestling) kulo ku (shrink) dabahan daba (earthen pot) dala da (carry) lala la (weave) malala mala (stingy) mamala mama (dry land) mulo mu (grievance) napulo napu (ten) pala pa (erase) palapala papa (trelis) pulo pu (island) sala sa (sin; sieve) sinagulo sinagu (memorized) sulo su (torch) sumala suma (according to) taliwala taliwa (middle/center) tulo tu (dripping) ulo u (head)

2. Foreign words (without macron sound on the final syllable): colocho kulot (curly hair) como esta usted komosta (ka) limosna limos (alms) policia polis por vida mia porbida (upon my soul) (my goodness)

TRANSPOSITION

Transposition is the change of position or sequence of letters in a word without a change in meaning. 1. Native words: aluhipan ulahipan bailos balios balang labang balingis balising kaabin kaanib daktol takdol gimok kimog gulgol luglog hulom humol ipit piit pikas sipak pukong pungko pulong pungol sakgaw sagkaw tagan tagna tagkos takgos tangdi tanding tulpok tuplok

2. Spanish derivatives: arado daro hawla halwa hongo uhong traste tratse

oOo –

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1 Approved by the Akademiyang Bisaya, Inc., a Cebubased organization established to preserve and promote the Cebuano language, in Resolution No. 04, January 7, 2011. 2 Wapedia – Wiki: Cebuano Language. 3 Trosdal, Mimi B., FormalFunctional Grammar of the Cebuano Language, Salvador and Pilar Sala Foundation, Inc., 1992. 4 Wapedia, supra. 5 Adopted by the Akademiyang Bisaya, Inc. per Resolution No. 02 dated September 27, 2010, based on "Gabay Sa Ortograpiyang Filipino," Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, Sangay ng Linggwistika, 2009. 6 Approved by the Akademiyang Bisaya on January 7, 2011. 7 Commonwealth Act No. 184, subparagraph 2. 8 www. citizendia.org./Spanish language in the Philippines. 9 Words formed from foreign roots or words. (See EnglishVisayan (Cebuano) Dictionary, Akademiyang Bisaya, Inc., 2009 ed.) 10 www.citizendia.org, supra. 11 Some old Cebuano words, patterned after Spanish orthography, have "ui" for "i." guinadili ginadili guimbutan gimbutan guinhapon ginhapon guinicanan ginikanan guiwanon giwanon quilat kilat quimba kimba quinilquig kinilkig quiñajay kinyahay quintahay kintahay quiot kiyot tuquib tukib 12 Wapedia, supra. 13 The ligature or digraph "ng" [ŋ] had existed in the Philippines long before the Hispanic colonization. It is even a part of the Alibata and in the Cebuano and Tagalog latinized alphabets. It is also extant in the Spanish and English languages from which Cebuano is much orthographically influenced. Some Spanish and English words with "ŋ": Spanish English aŋcla anchor (aŋchor) baŋco bank (baŋk) blaŋco blank (blaŋk) gaŋgrena gangrene (gaŋgren) moŋje monk (moŋk) taŋque tank (taŋk) Such ligature may only be transliterated into Cebuano as "ng." The Cebuano equivalents of the exampled Spanish words are: Spanish Cebuano aŋcla angkla (aŋkla) baŋco bangko (baŋko) blaŋco blangko (blaŋko) gaŋgrena ganggrena (gaŋgrena) moŋje monghe (moŋhe) taŋque tangke (taŋke) Gleaned therefrom, "ŋ" is found in the interior and at the endnever at the beginning of the wordas there is none. In this case, it is a singleletter consonant with Cebuano equivalent "ng" [ŋ]. In Spanish, it is always followed by a consonant. However, the position of "ng" in Cebuano native words is at the beginning, interior, or end of the word. Beginning: ngaab ngabil ngalan ngano ngilit ngiob ngislo nguho ngulob Interior: 1. Followed by a vowel – bangaw hungot langit lungag mingaw pangos sinangag singot tungab 2. Followed by a consonant – bangkaw (baŋkaw) bungtod (buŋtod) kangho (kaŋho) hangyo (haŋyo) lingkod (liŋkod) lungsod (luŋsod) manghod (maŋhod) tangkal (taŋkal) paningkamot (paniŋkamot) End: amping (ampiŋ) batang (bataŋ) kaliring (kaliriŋ) gibang (gibaŋ) lamang (lamaŋ) sabong (saboŋ) sundang (sundaŋ) taming (tamiŋ) tugbang (tugbaŋ)

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When its position is at the beginning of the word, or in the interior of the word followed by a vowel (see above examples), "ng" is a joint individual consonants. When it is found in the interior of the word followed by a consonant, or when it is at the end of the word, "ng" is "ŋ" – a singleletter consonant. 14 Alibata is a preHispanic Philippine writing system that originated from the Javanese script Old Kawi believed to be in used in the Philippines as early as 14th century. It continued to be used during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines until the 19th century. 15 Rubrico, Jessie Grace U., Cebuano Grammar Notes, 211098 / [email protected]. 16 Adopted by the Akademiyang Bisaya, Inc. in Resolution No. 02 dated September 27, 2010. 17 There is no transliteration of English diphthongs to Cebuano, as "scout" to "iskawt", but with the epenthesis of "o" between "w" and "t" as "iskawot." 18 W and Y can never be used as a second consonant in the first syllable in syllabification of native words, such as "kwarta," "swapang," "byahe," "pyado," "syatong," etc., but "kuwarta," "suwapang," "biyahe," "piyado," "siyatong," etc. 19 "NAHA" is used when the affixed word starts with a consonant. 20 "NAHI" is used when the affixed word starts with a vowel. 21 "PAGKA" is a combining form, not a solideme. It refers to: a. the act or process of doing something, as in "hulog" to "pagkahulog" (fall); b. the office, position, rank, or term of a person holding the same, as in "mayor" to "pagkamayor" (mayorship), "presidente" to "pagkapresidente" (presidency); c. the qualities, state, or condition, as in "tawo" to "pagkatawo" (manhood o personality), "inahan" to "pagkainahan" (motherhood); d. preposition adverting to the time of or during, as in "tawo" to "pagkatawo" (birth or at the time of birth) d. the arrival of expected event or time, as in "ugma" to "pagkaugma" (the next day), "hapon" to "pagkahapon" (in the afternoon) not "nianang pagkahapon"; e. interjection, as in "tamis" to "pagkatamis" (not pagkatamisa); "guwapa" to "pagkaguwapa" (not pagkaguwapaha). 22 Rubrico, op. cit. 23 In contraction, the noun should not be agglutinated, especially when placed ahead than the adjective, such as baboy ihalas, manok Bisaya, sibuyas Bisaya, utan Bisaya, etc. It may, however, be hyphenated as baboyihalas, manok Bisaya, sibuyasBisaya, utanBisaya, etc.