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Using Crowdsourcing to Prioritize Bicycle Network Improvements

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Using Crowdsourcing to Prioritize Bicycle Network Improvements GEORGIA DOT RESEARCH PROJECT 14-39 FINAL REPORT USING CROWDSOURCING TO PRIORITIZE BICYCLE NETWORK IMPROVEMENTS OFFICE OF RESEARCH 15 KENNEDY DRIVE FOREST PARK, GA 30297-2534 This page intentionally left blank. GDOT Research Project RP14-39 Final Report Using Crowdsourcing to Prioritize Bicycle Network Improvements By Dr. Kari E. Watkins Assistant Professor School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Chris LeDantec Assistant Professor School of Literature, Media and Communication Georgia Institute of Technology Contract with Georgia Department of Transportation In cooperation with U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration April 2016 The contents of this report reflect the views of the author(s) who is (are) responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Georgia Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. i This page intentionally left blank. ii 1.Report No.: 2. Government Accession No.: 3. Recipient's Catalog No.: FHWA-GA-16-1439 4. Title and Subtitle: 5. Report Date: Using Crowdsourcing to Prioritize Bicycle April 2016 Network Improvements 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s): 8. Performing Organ. Report No.: Dr. Kari E. Watkins, PE (P.I.), Dr. Chris LeDantec (co-P.I), Aditi Misra, Mariam Asad, Charlene Mingus, Cary Bearn, Alex Poznanski, Anhong Guo, Rohit Ammanamanchi, Vernon Gentry, Aaron Gooze 9. Performing Organization Name and Address: 10. Work Unit No. Georgia Institute of Technology 11. Contract or Grant No.: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering GDOT Research Project No. 0013114 School of Literature. Media and Communication (RP 14-39; UTC Sub-Project) 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address: 13. Type of Report and Period Covered: Georgia Department of Transportation Final; May 2014- April 2016 Office of Materials & Research 15 Kennedy Drive 14. Sponsoring Agency Code: Forest Park, GA 30297-2534 15. Supplementary Notes: Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 16. Abstract: Effort to improve the bicycle route network using crowdsourced data is a powerful means of incorporating citizens in infrastructure improvement decisions, which will improve livability by maximizing the benefit of the bicycle infrastructure funding and empowering citizens to be more active in transportation decisions. This research developed a free, GPS-enabled smartphone application to collect socio-demographic and route data of cyclists in Atlanta. The crowdsourced data were then used to model the factors influencing bicycle route choices of different types of cyclists as defined by their perceived safety and comfort with a facility. Finally, this research refined a quality-of- service measure for bicyclists based on the perceived level of traffic stress (LTS) that the users attach to the facility. The developed quality-of-service measure can be used by transportation professionals to compare alternative roadway and bikeway designs using quantifiable variables such as speed limit, traffic volume, and number of through lanes. 17. Key Words: 18. Distribution Statement: Crowdsourced data; smartphone app; bicycle infrastructure; bicyclist route choice; level of traffic stress (LTS) 19. Security Classification 20. Security 21. Number of 22. Price: (of this report): Classification (of Pages: 217 this page): Unclassified Unclassified iii This page intentionally left blank. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION ............................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. PARTICIPATORY PLANNING AND CROWDSOURCED DATA .............. 15 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 15 CROWDSOURCING: CONCEPTS, PLATFORMS AND ISSUES ................................. 17 CROWDSOURCING AND ITS USE IN TRANSPORTATION ...................................... 25 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 3. DATA CLEANING AND MAP MATCHING ................................................. 38 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 38 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................ 40 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 45 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 4. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CYCLE ATLANTA USERS .......... 61 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 61 SPATIAL CORRELATION ............................................................................................... 64 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 5. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC INFLUENCE ON RIDER TYPE CLASSIFICATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE PREFERENCE .......................................................................... 69 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 69 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 71 NEW CYCLIST CATEGORIES ........................................................................................ 78 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 81 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ........................................................................................... 111 LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................. 113 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH ................................................................. 114 CHAPTER 6. ROUTE CHOICE MODELING...................................................................... 116 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 116 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION .......................................................................... 118 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ........................................................................................... 133 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 144 CHAPTER 7. LINK BASED QUALITY-OF-SERVICE MEASURE USING BICYCLIST PERCEIVED LEVEL OF TRAFFIC STRESS ..................................................................... 145 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 145 v LITERATURE REVIEW/BACKGROUND .................................................................... 147 MODIFIED LTS MEASURE ........................................................................................... 153 CASE STUDY .................................................................................................................. 168 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 180 ANALYSIS OF LTS BY CRITERIA ............................................................................... 181 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 185 CHAPTER 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 187 CONTRIBUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 189 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 191 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Cycle Atlanta User Interfaces ..................................................................................... 11 Figure 2. Cycle Atlanta Demographic Categories and Rider Characteristics ........................... 12 Figure 3. Classifications of Crowdsourcing Systems ................................................................ 21 Figure 4. Information Flow of the Transit Ambassador Program .............................................. 33 Figure 5. Original Uncleaned Data: (a) Raw GPS Points (b) Trip Lines Constructed from GPS points ........................................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 6. Zip Codes Completely or Partially within Perimeter ( I-285) or City of Atlanta limits ........................................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 7 . D istribution of Cycle Atlanta Users by Home Zip Code ....................................... 63 Figure 8. Cycle Atlanta Users Home Zip Code Distribution across Ethnicity Distribution in Atlanta ........................................................................................................................................
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