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Cycling to the Future

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Cycling to the Future Cycling to the Future: Lessons from Cities across the Globe John Pucher, Rutgers University Ralph Buehler, Virginia Tech Photo: Susan Handy Photo: Ralph Buehler Photo:Photo: SF GregBike CoalitionRaismanSan Antonio Photo: Bike Texas Photo: Marie Demers Advantages of Cycling: • Economical: Affordable by everyone, requiring minimal costs for individuals and governments • Good for business: Generate retail sales and profits from tourism • No pollution: Clean and quiet • Energy-efficient: Use up calories we need to burn off from eating too much • Healthy: Many studies report on physical, social, mental health benefits • Fun: Getting out into the fresh air with family and friends Cycling Share of Daily Trips in Europe, North 30.0 America, and Australia, 1999-2008 25.0 20.0 15.0 Percent of trips by cycling cycling oftrips by Percent 26 10.0 18 5.0 10 9 9 8 4 4 0.5 1 2 3 1 1 2 0.0 Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012 Bicycle Share of Work Commuters in the USA (2007) and Canada (2006) Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Seinen, M., “Bicycling Renaissance in North America? An Update and Re- Assessment of Cycling Trends and Policies,” Transportation Research A, Vol. 45 (6), 2011, pp. 451-475. Lots of Potential for Increased Cycling: Many daily trips in American urban areas are short enough to walk or bike! • ~27% of all trips in the U.S. were a mile or shorter in 2009 • ~41% of all trips were shorter than two miles Share of Cycling for Short Trips 40 NL 35 30 DK 25 GER 20 35 15 31 29 24 24 10 Percent Percent oftrips by cycling 18 16 USA 12 5 7 2 1 0 2 0<2.5km 0<2.5km 0<2.5km 0<2.5km 5<7.5km 4.5<6.5km 4.5km-6.5km 4.5km-6.5km 2.5km<4.5km 2.5km<4.5km 2.5km<4.5km 2.5km<4.5km Trip distance category Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012 Women’s Share of Bike Trips in Europe and North America 60% 56% 55% 55% 50% 49% 45% 40% 35% 30% 30% 27% Percent of trips by trips Percent by women of 25% 25% 20% 15% 10% USA UK Canada Germany Denmark Netherlands Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012 Photo Susan Handy 70 More women on bikes = More cycling Copenhagen 60 More cycling = More women on bikes Amsterdam 50 Tokyo Berlin 40 Washington Vancouver Toronto Montreal Portland Bicycle share of trips and 30 Minneapolis Chicago San Francisco percentage of female Melbourne cyclists in 14 large cities Percent Percent of bicyclists who are female 20 Sydney 10 Source: Garard, Handy, and Dill, “Women and Cycling,” in Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Percent of trips by bicycle 45% More women on bikes = More cycling More cycling = More women on bikes 40% Yarra Moreland 35% Darebin Melbourne 30% Port Phillip Stonnington 25% Maribyrnong Percent Percent of cyclists who are female Moonee valley Bicycle share of commuter trips 20% Glen Eira Wyndham Banyule Boroondara and percentage of female cyclists Frankston 15% Bayside in Melbourne neighborhoods Kingston Whitehorse 10% Casey Knox Source: Garard, Handy, and Dill, “Women and Cycling,” in Pucher and 5% Hume Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012 Cycling to work mode share 0% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% Bike Share of Trips by Age Group 45 40 35 NL 30 DK 25 20 40 GER Percent Percent oftrips by cycling 32 15 USA UK 25 22 23 10 20 21 15 15 14 14 14 15 11 5 9 9 9 9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 1 1 3 2 2 2 0 65+ 65 + 65 + 65 + 5-15 0-16 0-17 0-17 16-24 25-39 40-65 17-29 30-59 60-65 18-25 26-44 45-59 60-65 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-74 18-25 26-44 45-64 10-19' Age Group Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012 Cycling for ALL AGES Photo: NJ Bike Walk Coalition Ann and Mike’s ‘Triple Take Tandem’ Cycling facilities should also be safe for persons with disabilities, and bikes CAN be adaptedPucher: to Walking their and Cycling needs for Health Make Cycling Safe for Everyone ! •Especially important for the young, the old, for anyone with disabilities, for the timid or risk-averse •Women more sensitive to safety than men •Safety of cycling in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany helps explain high levels of cycling there 20.0 Cylists killed per 100 million km cycled 33.5* 18.0 Cylists injured per 10 million km cycled Pedestrians killed per 100 million km walked 16.0 Pedestrians injured per 10 million km walked 14.0 13.7 12.0 Cycling can be made very 10.0 safe, as in the Netherlands 9.7 8.0 and Denmark 6.0 5.7 5.5 4.7 Fatalitities and injuries per trip and per kilometer per and trip per injuries and Fatalitities 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.3 2.3 2.4 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.1 0.0 NL DK GER UK USA Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012 160 140 Trends in Cyclist Fatalities 120 100 USA 80 UK Denmark Germany 60 Netherlands Total cyclist fatalities relative to 1970 (=100 40 20 Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012 0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Reversal in Public Policies in Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands in 1970s • Pro-car policies in European cities in 1950s and 1960s caused huge decline in cycling and walking • Dramatic policy turn-around since 1970s to limit car use and promote cycling, walking, and public transport in Dutch, Danish, and German cities Bridge in Freiburg BEFORE and AFTER reforms 1960s Today Typical residential street in Freiburg BEFORE traffic calming reforms Typical residential street in Freiburg AFTER traffic calming reforms 40 38 37 35 35 Rebound of Bike Share of Trips in German, Dutch, 30 and Danish Cities 29 27 25 25 25 20 Percent of all trips all ofPercent 15 15 14 13 12 12 10 7 6 6 5 4 0 Nuremburg Berlin Cologne Munich Freiburg Muenster ('82-'10) Amsterdam Copenhagen ('76-'12) ('92-'08) ('76-'09) ('91-'11) ('82-'12) ('70-'10) ('98-'10) Source: Pucher, Dill, and Handy, “Infrastructure, Programs, and Policies to Increase Bicycling,” Preventive Medicine, Jan 2010, Vol. 50, S.1, pp. S106-S125. Recent Boom in Pro-Bike Policies in Many Cities • Especially since 2000, European and North American cities without a tradition of cycling for daily travel have dramatically raised cycling levels • Improved cycling infrastructure and many other measures to encourage cycling 8.0 7.8 7.0 More and better cycling facilities 6.0 have dramatically increased bike share of trips in cities without any 5.0 Percent Percent of Trips tradition of cycling for daily travel 4.0 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.0 London Barcelona Paris Bogota Seville ('03-'10) ('05-'10) ('01-'10) ('95-'10) ('00-'12) Source: Pucher, Dill, and Handy, “Infrastructure, Programs, and Policies to Increase Bicycling,” Preventive Medicine, Jan 2010, Vol. 50, S.1, pp. S106-S125. Photo: Robin Stallings Cycling in Sevilla, Spain increased more than 10-fold after these safe cycle tracks were installed 7.0 6.8 Boom in Cycling to Work in 14 6.0 Large US and Canadian Cities 5.0 Source: Pucher, J. and Buehler, R. City Cycling, 4.4 MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 2012. 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.7 1990 (USA) / 1996 (Canada) 3.6 3.3 2011 (USA and Canada) 3.0 * 2011 figures for Canadian cities are preliminary estimates 2.6 * 2.4 2.4 Bike Regular Commutes ofShare Bike 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.0 6-fold increase in bike trips Sharp increase in cycling safety in Portland as cycling levels rose 70% fall in crash rate Source: City of Portland (2013) How to Encourage More Cycling while Improving Safety •Better cycling facilities •Integration of cycling with public transport •Traffic calming of residential neighborhoods •Mixed-use zoning and improved urban design •Restrictions on motor vehicle use •Traffic education and Safe Routes to School •Traffic regulations and enforcement Most European cities have extensive car- free districts ideal for walking and cycling Cycling is perfect for getting around car-free college campuses such as here at UC Santa Barbara Pucher and Buehler:Photo: Cycling Ralph for Everyone Fertig Santa Barbara coastal path: Safe and attractive both for cyclists and pedestrians Conversion of two car lanes to bike path and wider sidewalk Source: Ralph Fertig Bike paths in Dutch cities make it safe and comfortable for all to bike: including women, children, and seniors Source: Warren Salomon One-way cycle track in The Hague Raised curb between cycle track and traffic lane Source: Peter Furth Almost 100km of 2-way cycle tracks in Montreal Separation from traffic via Separation from traffic via bollards and parked cars concrete barriers Photo: Peter Furth Photo: Velo Quebec Provision of cycle track at this key underpass in Montreal Separation from traffic via concrete barriers AND bollards Photo: Velo Quebec •380 mi of new bike lanes and paths since 2000 •Quadrupling in bike trips since 2000 •74% decrease in serious cyclist injuries •56% increase in retail sales along cycle tracks Photo: NYC DOT Traffic-protected cycle track on 9th Avenue, NYC Mayor Boris Johnson’s planned 15-mile east-west cycle track through the heart of London along Thames River Physically separated cycle track Cycle track on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington Photo: Ralph Buehler Source: Alta Planning This cycle track in St.
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