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Helenistik Dönemde Mekanik Anlayişi: Tekhnê’Den Automata’Ya Geçiş

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Helenistik Dönemde Mekanik Anlayişi: Tekhnê’Den Automata’Ya Geçiş T.C. İSTANBUL MEDENİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE ANABİLİM DALI HELENİSTİK DÖNEMDE MEKANİK ANLAYIŞI: TEKHNÊ’DEN AUTOMATA’YA GEÇİŞ Yüksek Lisans Tezi ALPER COPLUGİL DANIŞMAN Prof. Dr. İhsan Fazlıoğlu EKİM 2018 ii BİLDİRİM Hazırladığım tezin tamamen kendi çalışmam olduğunu, akademik ve etik kuralları gözeterek çalıştığımı ve her alıntıya kaynak gösterdiğimi taahhüt ederim. İmza Alper Coplugil Danışmanlığını yaptığım işbu tezin tamamen öğrencinin çalışması olduğunu, akademik ve etik kuralları gözeterek çalıştığını taahhüt ederim. Prof. Dr. İhsan Fazlıoğlu iii iv İMZA SAYFASI Alper Coplugil tarafından hazırlanan ‘Helenistik Dönemde Mekanik Anlayışı: Tekhnê’den Automata’ya Geçiş’ başlıklı bu yüksek lisans tezi, Felsefe Anabilim Dalında hazırlanmış ve jürimiz tarafından kabul edilmiştir. JÜRİ ÜYELERİ İMZA Tez Danışmanı: [Prof. Dr. İhsan Fazlıoğlu] ............................. Kurumu: İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Üyeler: [Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Nihal Petek Boyacı Gülenç] ............................. Kurumu: İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi [Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kaçar] ............................. Kurumu: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi Tez Savunma Tarihi: 28.09.2018 v vi ÖNSÖZ Makine, insanlar için her zaman büyüleyicidir. İnsan gücünün yetmediği işleri kolaylıkla yapabilmesi, ona karşı duyulan hayranlığın nedenidir. Aslında bu hayranlık makineye değil, insanın kendisine duyduğu hayranlıktır. Nihayetinde insan, kol gücüyle yerine getiremediği veya bilişsel kapasitesinin yetmediği işleri yine kendisinin ürettiği bir “makine” ile yerine getirebilmektedir. İster yontulmuş bir taş parçası ister gelişmiş bir bilgisayar olsun, makineler insanın önce doğaya karşı hayatta kalmasını, ardından onu keşfetmesini ve nihayetinde ona hükmetmesini sağlamıştır. Dolayısıyla insanın makinelere duyduğu hayranlık, biraz da kendini onda görmesindendir. Bu çalışmada Helenistik Dönem’de mekanik biliminin gelişimini felsefî-teorik temelleri itibariyle incelemeye çalıştık. Bu amaçla Antik Yunan filozoflarının zanaat (tekhnê) ile ilgili görüşlerini inceledik, doğa filozoflarının doğayı açıklamaya yönelik çabalarını ele aldık ve Helenistik dönem mühendislerinin mekanik bilimi (mêkhanikê) ve otomatik mekanizmalar (automata) üzerine yaptıkları çalışmaları araştırdık. Böylece Türkçe literatürde, Helenistik dönem mekanik araştırmaları için küçük de olsa bir katkı sağlamayı umuyoruz. Öncelikle bu çalışmayı yapmamı mümkün kıldığı için tez danışmanım, hocam ve üstâdım Prof. Dr. İhsan Fazlıoğlu’na teşekkür ederim. Kendisinin, derin bilgisi ve bilgece yorumları ile araştırma hayatım boyunca rehberim olmasını umuyorum. Mühendislik fakültesinden mezun olduğumuzdan beri bilim, felsefe ve mühendislik dolu uzun sohbetleri paylaştığımız değerli dostlarım Hayrettin Ertürk ve Olcan Şimşek’e teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Yol gösterici eleştirileri için değerli dostum Ekrem Kaya’ya minnettarım. Sevgili kardeşim Caner, maddî ve manevî desteğiyle her zaman yanımda olmuştur, kendisine teşekkür ediyorum. Son olarak sevgili anneme ve babama teşekkür etmek, üzerimdeki emeklerine son derece yetersiz bir karşılık olabilir sanırım. Alper Coplugil İstanbul, 2018 vii viii ÖZET HELENİSTİK DÖNEMDE MEKANİK ANLAYIŞI: TEKHNÊ’DEN AUTOMATA’YA GEÇİŞ Coplugil, Alper Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Felsefe Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. İhsan Fazlıoğlu Ekim 2018, 175 Sayfa. Bu çalışmada, Helenistik Dönem Yunan felsefesinde mekanik biliminin gelişimi hakkında temel bir soru ortaya atıldı: Felsefî bağlamda tekhnê kavramından fiziksel bir entite olarak automata’ya geçiş nasıl oldu? Platon ve Aristoteles, zanaat (tekhnê) ürünlerinin madde ve formun birleşimi olduklarını göstermişlerdir. Zanaat tümel olanın bilgisidir; zanaat erbâbı, faaliyetinin ne olduğunu ve ürettiği ürünün neden ve niçin üretildiğini bilen kişidir. Zanaatın nihaî ereği ürün olduğu için Aristoteles’e göre bu üretici (poetikos) bir bilimdir. Sokrates-öncesi filozoflar varlığın ilkesini doğal bir entitede arayarak, doğayı oluşturan elementlerin niteliksel ve niceliksel olarak tanınmasını sağlamışlardır. Pisagor, matematiksel orantı ve uyumun tüm varlığın ilkesi olduğunu belirterek tüm varolanlar için niceliksel olarak geçerli olan bir ilke öne sürmektedir. Atomcu gelenek, varlığın ilkesinin atomlar olduğunu söyleyerek doğanın mekanik bir nedensellik ile işlediğini iddia etmektedir. Arkhitas ve diğer Pisagorcu filozoflar, matematiksel ilkelerin fizikî nesnelere nasıl uygulanabileceğini göstermişlerdir. Aristoteles’e atfedilen Mekanik Problemler kitabı ile ilk kez günlük hayata ilişkin teknik problemler, kaldıraç ve daire ilkeleri ile açıklanmıştır. Helenistik dönemde Arşimet, Ktesibios, Philon ve Heron gibi mühendisler, matematiksel ilkeleri makine tasarımı ve imalatına uygulamışlar ve böylece mekanik bilimini sistematik bir hale getirmişlerdir. Bu çalışmaların ardından artık bir disipline dönüşen mekanik bilimi hem teknolojik ilerlemeyi sağlamış hem de doğa felsefesi araştırmalarını etkileyerek evrenin mekanik bir yapı olarak anlaşılmasını mümkün kılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: tekhnê, mekanik, automata, helenistik felsefe, Antik Yunan ix x ABSTRACT THE CONCEPTION OF MECHANICS IN HELLENISTIC PERIOD: THE TRANSITION FROM TECHNĒ TO AUTOMATA Coplugil, Alper Postgraduate Thesis, Department of Philosophy Advisor: Prof. Dr. İhsan Fazlıoğlu October 2018, 175 page. In this study, a fundamental question about the development of the discipline of mechanics in Hellenistic Greek philosophy was put forth: What is the transition from the philosophical concept of technē to the physical entity of automata? Plato and Aristotle have shown that products of craft (technē) are the combination of matter and form. Craft is the knowledge of the universal and craftsman is the person who knows what the product is and why it has been produced. Craft is a producer (poeiticos) science according to Aristotle because its ultimate purpose is the product. Pre-Socratic philosophers have provided qualitative and quantitative recognition of the elements that made up the nature by seeking the first principle of existence in the natural entities. Pythagoras has suggested a quantitative principle that is valid for all existing ones by stating that mathematical proportion and harmony is the first principle of existence. Atomic tradition has claimed that the first principle of existence are atoms and they proposed nature is working with a mechanical causality. Archytas and other Pythagorean philosophers showed the way that how mathematical principles can be applied to physical objects. The book of Mechanical Problems attributed to Aristotle show forth how the technical problems related to daily life can be explained with principles of leverage and circle. Engineers such as Archimedes, Ctesibius, Philo and Hero in Hellenistic Era applied mathematical principles to machine design and manufacturing, thus they organized the mechanical science in a systematically way. In this respect the science of mechanics has not only improved technological development but also affected the natural sciences and made it possible to understand the universe as a mechanical structure. Key words: technē, mechanic, automata, helenistic philosophy, Ancient Greece xi xii İÇİNDEKİLER BİLDİRİM ................................................................................................................. iii İMZA SAYFASI ......................................................................................................... v ÖNSÖZ ...................................................................................................................... vii ÖZET .......................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... xi İÇİNDEKİLER ....................................................................................................... xiii GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 1. KONU VE KAPSAM .......................................................................................... 1 2. KAVRAMLAR VE TERMİNOLOJİ .................................................................. 3 3. KAYNAKLAR .................................................................................................... 5 BÖLÜM I. TARİHÎ VE KÜLTÜREL ARKA PLAN ............................................. 9 1. EGE DÜNYASINA GENEL BİR BAKIŞ .......................................................... 9 2. MADDÎ KÜLTÜRÜN OLUŞUMU .................................................................. 13 3. MADDÎ KÜLTÜRDEN TEKNİK KÜLTÜRE GEÇİŞ ..................................... 15 3.1 Makinelerin Köleci İş Gücüne Etkisi ........................................................... 16 3.2 Doğal Güçlerin İş Gücü Olarak Kullanımı .................................................. 18 3.3 İş Gücü ve Makineler ................................................................................... 20 BÖLÜM II. ANTİK YUNAN DÜŞÜNCESİNDE TEKHNÊ ................................ 23 1. BİR FAALİYET OLARAK TEKHNÊ .............................................................. 23 1.1. Tekhnê Kavramının Kökenleri .................................................................... 23 1.2. Tekhnê’nin Konusu: Sanat ve Zanaat Faaliyetleri Arasındaki Ayrım ........ 31 2. KSENOPHON’DA BİLGİ VE UYGULAMA İLİŞKİSİ .................................. 35 3. PLATON DÜŞÜNCESİNDE TEKHNÊ
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