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Connective Tissue Learning Objectives * Understand the Feature and Classification of the Connective Tissue

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Connective Tissue Learning Objectives * Understand the Feature and Classification of the Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Learning objectives * Understand the feature and classification of the connective tissue. * Understand the structure and function of varied composition of the loose connective tissue. * Know the composition of the matrix. * Know the features of fibers. * Know the composition of the ground substance. * Know the basic structure and function of the dense connective tissue, reticular tissue and adipose tissue. General characteristic: - Connective tissue is formed by cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). - It differ from the epithelium. - It has a small number of cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. - The cells in C. T have no polarity. That means they have no the free surface and the basal surface. - They are scattered throughout the ECM. - The extracellular matrix is composed of . fibers ( constitute the formed elements) , an . amorphous ground substance and . tissue fluid. - Connective tissue originate from the mesenchyme, which is embryonal C. T. The cells have multiple developmental potentialities. They have the bility to differentiate different kinds of C. T cells, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. - Connective tissue forms a vast and continuous compartment throughout the body, bounded by the basal laminae of the various epithelia and by the basal or external laminae of muscle cells and nerve-supporting cells. - Different types of connective tissue are responsible for a variety of functions. Functions of connective tissues: The functions of the various connective tissues are reflected in the types of cells and fibers present within the tissue and the composition of the ground substance in the ECM. - Binding and packing of tissue ……….CT Proper; - Connect, anchor and support………...Tendon and ligament; - Transport of metabolites……………..Through ground substance; - Defense against infection…………….Lymphocytes, macrophages; - Repair of injury……………………….Scar tissue; - Fat storage…………………………… Adipose tissue. Loose connective tissue Classification of connective tissues * Is based on the composition and organization of its cellular and extracellular components and on its functions. - Embryonic connective tissue . Mesenchyme . Mucous connective tissue - Connective tissue proper . Loose connective tissue, cellular C.T - Reticular - Adipose tissue - Pigmental. C.T - Lymphatic.C.T . Dense connective tissue - Regular - Irregular - Specialized connective tissue . Сkeletal C.T - Bone - Cartilage . Fluid connective T - Blood . Hemopoietic tissue Embryonic connective tissue a= mesenchymal tissue, b= Mucous connective tissue (Wharton’s jelly) Mesenchymal connective tissue. Fetal pig. Paraffin section. ×540. Mesenchymal connective tissue of the fetus is very immature and cellular. The mesenchymal cells (MeC) are stellate-shaped to fusiform cells, whose cytoplasm (c) can be distinguished from the surrounding matrix. The nuclei (N) are pale and centrally located. The ground substance is semifluid rich in hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid), but with very little in consistency and contains slender reticular fibers. The vascularity of this tissue is evidenced by the presence of blood vessels (BV). Mesenchyme is the embryological tissue from which all types of supporting/connective tissue are derived. Mesenchymal cells are relatively unspecialised and are capable of differentiation into all supporting tissue cell types. Some mesenchymal cells remain in mature supporting tissue and act as stem cells (see Ch. 2). Mesenchymal cells have an irregular, star (stellate) or spindle (fusiform) shape, with delicate branching cytoplasmic extensions which form an interlacing network throughout the tissue. The nuclei have dispersed chromatin and visible nucleoli. The matrix consists almost exclusively of blue-staining ground substance without mature fibres, facilitating diffusion of metabolites to and from developing tissues. Electron micrograph (EM) of two apposed mesenchymal cells in the tendon of a fetus. The nucleus of one cell is mainly euchromatic; that of the adjacent cell has relatively more heterochromatin, which reflects a different functional state. Profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and a prominent Golgi complex (GC) occupy the cytoplasm of one cell; mitochondria (Mi), in the other. Points of membrane contact between cells (circles), more common in developing tissue, are uncommon in adult connective tissue. 14,000×. Mucoid C,T Mucous tissue of umbilical cord named “Wharton’s jelly”. H&E stain. Low magnification. Mucous connective tissue. Umbilical cord. Human. Paraffin section. ×132. This example of mucous connective tissue (Wharton’s jelly) was derived from the umbilical cord of a fetus. Observe the obvious differences between the two embryonic tissues. The matrix of mesenchymal connective tissue contains no collagenous fibers, whereas this connective tissue displays a loose network of haphazardly arranged collagen fibers (CF). The cells are no longer mesenchymal cells; instead, they are fibroblasts (F), although morphologically they resemble each other. The empty looking spaces (arrows) are areas where the ground substance was extracted during specimen preparation. Inset. Fibroblast. Umbilical cord. Human. Paraffin section. ×270. Note the centrally placed nucleus (N) and the fusiform shape of the cytoplasm (c) of this fibroblast. Mucoid C,T Connective Tissue * Connective tissue proper - Loose connective tissue . Cellular connective T . Reticular T . Adipose T . Pigmental C.T . Lymphatic. C.T - Dense connective tissue . Regular . Irregular Connective tissue proper Loose connective tissue (Areolar C.T) - Characterized by loosely arranged fibers and abundant cells of various types. - The ground substance, is abundant; in fact, it occupies more volume than the fibers do. -It has a viscous to gel-like consistency and plays an important role in the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the small vessels, as well as in the diffusion of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes back to the vessels. Areolar Connective Tissue * Description - Gel-like matrix with: . all three fiber types (collagen, reticular, elastic) for support . Ground substance is made up by glycoproteins also made and screted by the fibroblasts. - Cells – fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells * Function - Wraps and cushions organs - Holds and conveys tissue fluid - Important role in inflammation Main battlefield in fight against infection * Defenders gather at infection sites - Macrophages - Plasma cells - Mast cells - Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils Loose Connective Tissue Lamina propria of trachea trachea. Human· H.E. stain Loose Connective Tissue Subcutaneous connective tissue spread. Rat· AFLGOG stain Areolar Connective Tissue * Location - Widely distributed under epithelia - Packages organs - Surrounds capillaries - Form endoneurium - -------- endomysium Loose (areolar) connective tissue. Paraffin section. ×132. This photomicrograph depicts a whole mount of mesentery, through its entire thickness. The two large mast cells (MC) are easily identified, since they are the largest cells in the field and possess a granular cytoplasm. Although their cytoplasms are not visible, it is still possible to recognize two other cell types due to their nuclear morphology. Fibroblasts (F) possess oval nuclei that are paler and larger than the nuclei of macrophages (M). The semifluid ground substance (GS) through which tissue fluid percolates is invisible, since it was extracted during the preparation of the tissues. However, two types of fibers, the thicker, wavy, ribbon-like, interlacing collagen fibers (CF) and the thin, straight, branching elastic fibers (EF), are well demonstrated. A spread, whole-mount preparation of loose (areolar) connective tissue (H&E plus an elastin stain, 200×). The most prominent features are the many black, thin, branched elastin fibers; some are straight; others, which have been cut, are wavy. The collagen fibers are the thick pink (eosinophilic) cables that appear to be in the background. There are many nuclei in this field of view; most are fibroblasts, some may be macrophages, but it is difficult to identify any of the cells with certainty. Areolar connective tissue wraps and cushions organs A section of inactive mammary gland (H&E, 125×). The dark-staining nuclei of the inactive mammary epithelial cells are seen clustered as acini and ducts. The epithelial cells are surrounded by a very sparse, somewhat cellular (mostly fibroblasts) bed of loose connective tissue. Also in the field of view are several blood vessels, areas of adipose cell-rich loose connective tissue, and some regions of dense irregular connective tissue. A section of skin showing the region just below the epidermis (H&E, 250×). The loose connective tissue that is just under the epidermis is called the papillary dermis. It is filled with delicate fibers, blood vessels, and often the nerve fibers that innervate the epidermis. The lower part of the field in this image shows some of the collagen fibers that are part of the dense regular connective tissue of the reticular dermis that lies under the papillary dermis. A section of the tips of two intestinal villi from the jejunum (H&E, 320×). The epithelium is simple columnar and is made up of intestinal absorptive cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells. The central part of each villus is filled with loose connective tissue; in this location, the term lamina propria is given to this connective tissue in accordance with the nomenclature used for hollow organs. It is difficult to identify most
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