Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy 4Th Edition

Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy 4th edition

Heinz Feneis Wolfgang Dauber Professor Professor Formerly Institute of Anatomy Institute of Anatomy University of Tübingen University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany Tübingen, Germany

Fourth edition, fully revised 800 illustrations by Gerhard Spitzer

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher.

1st German edition 1967 2nd Japanese edition 1983 7th German edition 1993 2nd German edition 1970 1st Dutch edition 1984 2nd Dutch edition 1993 1st Italian edition 1970 2nd Swedish edition 1984 2nd Greek edition 1994 3rd German edition 1972 2nd English edition 1985 3rd English edition 1994 1st Polish edition 1973 2nd Polish edition 1986 3rd Spanish edition 1994 4th German edition 1974 1st French edition 1986 3rd Danish edition 1995 1st Spanish edition 1974 2nd Polish edition 1986 1st Russian edition 1996 1st Japanese edition 1974 6th German edition 1988 2nd Czech edition 1996 1st Portuguese edition 1976 2nd Italian edition 1989 3rd Swedish edition 1996 1st English edition 1976 2nd Spanish edition 1989 2nd Turkish edition 1997 1st Danish edition 1977 1st Turkish edition 1990 8th German edition 1998 1st Swedish edition 1979 1st Greek edition 1991 1st Indonesian edition 1998 1st Czech edition 1981 1st Chinese edition 1991 1st Basque edition 1998 5th German edition 1982 1st Icelandic edition 1992 3rd Dutch edtion 1999 2nd Danish edition 1983 3rd Polish edition 1992 4th Spanish edition 2000

This book is an authorized and revised translation of the 8th German edition published and copy- righted 1998 by Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. Translated by David B Meyer, Detroit, Michigan, USA. Translation revised by Suzyon O’Neal Wandrey, Berlin, Germany.

Important Note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development. Re- search and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book. Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect of any dosage instructions and forms of application stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers’ leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage sched- ules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the state- ments made in the present book. Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed.

Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain. This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the publisher’s consent, is illegal and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing or duplication of any kind, translating, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage.

© 1976, 2000 Georg Thieme Verlag, Rüdigerstraße 14, D-70469 Stuttgart, Germany Thieme New York, 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA Typesetting by primustype R. Hurler GmbH, D-73274 Notzingen, Typeset on Textline/HerculesPro Printed in Germany by Offizin Andersen Nexö, Leipzig ISBN 3-13-511204-7 (GTV) ISBN 0-86577-928-7 (TNY) 123456 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. V

Foreword

The success of Dr. Feneis’s “Bildwörterbuch” has been phenomenal. I remember seeing the first edition of it most vividly and wondering why no one else had thought of producing such a useful book. And now it is in its eighth German edition, and has also been translated into many languages. I have several such versions of it on the shelf above my desk, and I refer to it frequently. It is, of course, much more than a dictionary of the official “Nomina Anatomica,” for it is also a most valuable working pocket book for anyone in the field of anatomy and medicine. It is its illustrations which make it so useful and, indeed, unique; I know of no other similar dictionary in any language in which the terms are not only defined but also shown in clear, simple pictures. Among the large number of books on anatomy appearing year after year, few have the originality and perennial usefulness to become of permanent value. This volume is undoubtedly of this elite quality. It will serve students, academics, and clinicians throughout their working years.

Roger Warwick Professor Emeritus University of London (Guy’s Hospital Medical School)

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Professor Feneis designed the anatomic picture dictionary as a reference book that provides illustrated short descriptions of anatomic terms in accordance with the valid international nomenclature. The brief and clearly written text segments were set opposite concise figures of equal educational value—a graphic task that Professor Spitzer managed to solve brilliantly. Since its initial publication in 1967, the Feneis work has been published in seven editions and has been translated into numerous languages. The acceptance of the pocket book format by our readers is proof of its successful didactic concept. Hence, it is only logical that the eighth edition should remain dedicated to this effective concept. The text and figures were revised and adapted to reflect the current state of knowledge. Our colleagues and students also contributed significantly with their numerous suggestions. We would like to thank all of you for your efforts, especially Dr. C. Walther, who with great commitment provided a continuous supply of expert suggestions. Proposals to add color to the illustrations of the present edition were rejected after extensive debate, because the masterful pen-and-ink drawings by Professor Spitzer already capture the essential elements of the structures. Furthermore, his drawings are plastic and easy to remember. The extensive addition of color would increase neither the informative value of the book nor the aesthetic appeal of the figures. Instead, we selectively added color to the text when it served to make the individual chapters and terms easier to find, also when quickly leafing through the book. The combined use of color and different typefaces makes it easier to maintain an overview of the different terms. Highlighting in color the alphabetic characters of the figures facilitates the identification of text and graphic elements that belong together. We would like to thank Georg Thieme Verlag and its employees for their patience, understanding, and collaboration in the production of this edition.

Tübingen, spring of 2000 Wolfgang Dauber

Bones ...... 2 1

Sutures, joints and ligaments ...... 54 2

Muscles ...... 74 3

Muscles, synovial bursae and sheaths ...... 100 4

Digestive system ...... 108 5

Digestive and respiratory system ...... 134 6

Urogenital system ...... 154 7

Peritoneum ...... 176 8

Endocrine glands ...... 182 9

Heart ...... 184 10

Arteries ...... 190 11

Veins ...... 230 12

Lymphatic system ...... 254 13

Spleen, meninges ...... 268 14

Meninges ...... 268 15

Spinal cord ...... 272 16

Brain ...... 278 17

Cranial nerves ...... 320 18

Spinal nerves ...... 334 19

Autonomic nervous system ...... 348 20

Sense organs ...... 354 21

Skin and its appendages ...... 390 22

General terms ...... 396 23

References ...... 409 24

Instructions for Use Examples

̈ The organization of the terms in CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM accordance with the current ARTERIES Nomina Anatomica is exemplified AORTA by the typefaces shown on the ABDOMINAL AORTA right. Celiac trunk Common hepatic artery Proper hepatic artery Right branch Cystic artery

̈ Terms not organized hierarchi- BONES OF SKULL cally are printed in normal red let- Neurocranium tering. Viscerocranium Chondrocranium

̈ The letters printed after a text segment refer to the figures on the opposite page. The numbers in the figures correspond to the key word mentioned behind the corresponding number listed in the text. ̈ Higher-ranking terms frequently are not represented by a number in the figures. ̈ Fully valid alternative expressions Carpal bones (carpi) are listed in parentheses. ̈ The following are listed in single square brackets: — inconstant structures, [Sutural bones] — terms that are unofficial but [Pyramidal tract] listed in the Nomina Anatom- ica, — explanatory supplements. Splenium [of corpus callosum] ̈ Terms not mentioned in the No- [[Pouch of Douglas]] mina Anatomica are printed in double square brackets. ̈ Terms representing a supplement 3 aintervertebral surface of vertebra to the older editions are marked by lower case letters. ̈ Circled numeric marks refer to a more extensive region.

Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy 1 2

SKELETON 15 Inferior articular process (zygapophysis). Pro- 1 Axial skeleton. Skeleton axiale. cessus articularis (zygapophysis) inferior. Artic- ular process on the inferior aspect of the verte- 1 VERTEBRAL COLUMN. Columna vertebralis. A 2 bral arch. B C 1a Vertebra. 16 CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae cervicales. 3 2 VERTEBRAL CANAL. Canalis vertebralis. Canal The seven uppermost vertebrae (C1−7). A formed by the successive vertebral foramina. It 17 Uncal process or uncus. Uncus corporis. Up- contains the spinal cord. B wardly projecting, hook-like process on either 4 3 Body of vertebra. Corpus vertebrae (verte- side of the cervical vertebrae. It occasionally brale). B C D gives rise to bony proliferations which can exert pressure on the spinal nerve. C 5 3a Facies intervertebralis. The surface of a vertebra facing the adjacent vertebra. B 18 Foramen transversarium. Hole in the transverse process of cervical vertebrae for the pas- 3b Apophysis anu- 6 Ring apophysis (epiphysis). sage of the vertebral artery and vein. C laris. Ring of bone around the upper and lower surfaces of the vertebral body. It represents a 19 Anterior tubercle. Tuberculum anterius. Ante- 7 secondary center of ossification. B rior projection on the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 2−7 for muscle attachment. C 4 Vertebral arch. Arcus vertebrae (vertebralis). It 8 forms the posterior and lateral boundaries of 20 Posterior tubercle. Tuberculum posterius. the vertebral foramen. C D Posterior projection on the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 2−7 for muscle 9 5 Pedicle. Pediculus arcus vertebrae. The portion attachment. C of the vertebral arch situated anteriorly between the body and transverse process as well 21 Carotid tubercle. Tuberculum caroticum. Well 10 as between the superior and inferior vertebral developed anterior tubercle of C6. So named notches. B D because the common carotid artery can be compressed against it anteriorly. A 11 6 Lamina. Lamina arcus vertebrae (vertebralis). The portion of the vertebral arch situated post- 22 Groove for spinal nerve. Sulcus n. spinalis. 12 eriorly between the transverse process and the Groove on the transverse processes of C3−7 for spinous process. C the spinal nerves exiting from the intervertebral foramina. C 6a Neurocentral junction (synchondrosis). Junc- 13 tio neurocentralis. Cartilaginous joint between 23 Vertebra prominens (C7). The seventh cervical the left and right fetal neural arches and the vertebra. It is so named because of its especially 14 centrum. E well-developed spinous process (in 70% of cases). A 7 Intervertebral foramen. Foramen interverte- THORACIC VERTEBRAE. 15 brale. Opening for the passage of the spinal 24 Vertebrae thoracicae. nerve and small vessels. It is bordered by the The twelve vertebrae of the thorax (T1−12). A two adjacent vertebral notches, the vertebral 25 Superior costal facet. Fovea costalis superior. 16 body and the intervertebral disc. A B Fossa for articulation with the head of a rib. It is 8 Superior vertebral notch. Incisura vertebralis located near the root of the arch on the upper 17 superior. Notch on the superior aspect of the edge of the body of a vertebra. B pedicle. B 26 Inferior costal facet. Fovea costalis inferior. 18 9 Inferior vertebral notch. Incisura vertebralis Fossa for articulation with the head of a rib. It is inferior. Notch on the inferior aspect of the located below the root of the arch on the lower pedicle. B edge of the body of a vertebra. B 19 10 Vertebral foramen. Foramen vertebrale. Space 27 Costal facet of transverse process. Fovea surrounded by the vertebral arch and body. To- costalis processus transversi. Facet for articula- 20 gether, the series of foramina form the verte- tion with the tubercle of a rib. B bral canal. C D 28 LUMBAR VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae lumbales (lum- 21 11 Spinous process. Processus spinosus. It is bifid bares). The five vertebrae of the lumbar region in the upper four cervical vertebrae. B C D (L1−5). A 12 Transverse process. Processus transversus. B C 29 Accessory process. Processus accessorius. 22 Rudiment of the original lumbar transverse 13 Costal process. Processus costalis. The trans- process. It projects posteriorly from the base of verse process of a lumbar vertebra. It corre- the costal process. D 23 sponds to a rudimentary rib formed by the embryonic costal element. D 30 Mamillary process. Processus mamillaris. A 24 blunt process projecting from the superior ar- 14 Superior articular process (zygapophysis). ticular process of the lumbar vertebra. D Processus articularis (zygapophysis) superior. 25 Articular process on the superior aspect of the vertebral arch. B C D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 3

12 1 58 2 14 3b 2 3 16 3a 25 4 21 12 23 5 3 11 7 6

9 7 3 26 15 27 8

B Thoracic vertebrae 14 9 24 12 4 10

17 11 11

3 10 12 6 13

15 1819 22 20 15 11 28 C Cervical vertebra 16 30 29 17 14 18 4 13 10 5 19

4.16 20

3 21

4.37 6a 22

23 A Vertebral column D Lumbar vertebra, E Infantile thoracic vertebra superior view 24

1 Atlas (C1). First cervical vertebra. It lacks a 24 Pelvic surface. Facies pelvica. Anterior surface 1 body. A of the sacrum facing the pelvis. F 2 Lateral mass of atlas. Massa lateralis atlantis. 25 Transverse lines. Lineae transversae. Four 2 The thickened lateral part of the atlas which anteriorly situated fusion lines of the five sacral bears the skull for the lacking vertebra. A vertebral bodies. F 3 3 Superior articular facet. Facies articularis su- 26 Intervertebral foramina. Foramina inter- perior. Elliptical and concave facet. A vertebralia. Openings for passage of the sacral 4 Inferior articular facet. Facies articularis infe- spinal nerves. They develop from the original 4 rior. Roundish and slightly concave surface superior and inferior notches. D lined with cartilage. 27 Anterior sacral foramina. Foramina sacralia 5 5 Anterior arch of atlas. Arcus anterior atlantis. anteriora (pelvica). Anterior openings for A nerves and vessels. D F 6 6 Dental fovea of atlas. Fovea dentis atlantis. 28 Dorsal surface of sacrum. Facies dorsalis ossis Facet for articulation with the dens of the axis sacri. C on the inner surface of the anterior arch. A 7 29 Median sacral crest. Crista sacralis mediana. 7 Anterior tubercle of atlas. Tuberculum an- Median ridge formed by the remnants of the terius atlantis. A spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae. C 8 8 Posterior arch of atlas. Arcus posterior atlan- 30 Posterior sacral foramina. Foramina sacralia tis. A posteriora. Posterior openings for nerves and vessels. C D 9 9 Groove for vertebral artery. Sulcus arteriae vertebralis. Groove for the vertebral artery lo- 31 Intermediate sacral crests. Cristae sacralis intermedia. Remnants of the articular processes 10 cated on the posterior arch of the atlas behind the articular surfaces. A located on either side the median sacral crest. C 10 Posterior tubercle. Tuberculum posterius. It is 32 Lateral sacral crest. Crista sacralis lateralis. 11 a rudiment of the spinous process. A Posterior bilateral series of rudimentary transverse processes. C 11 Axis (C2) [[Epistropheus]] The second cervical 12 vertebra. B 33 Sacral cornu (horn). Cornu sacrale. Hook- shaped processes that extend downward on 12 Dens [[odontoid process]] of axis. Dens axis. B either side of the sacral hiatus. C 13 13 Apex of dens. Apex dentis. Attachment site of 34 Sacral canal. Canalis sacralis. Inferior end of the apical ligament of the dens. B the vertebral canal. C D 14 14 Anterior articular surface of dens. Facies ar- 35 Sacral hiatus. Hiatus sacralis. Opening at the in- ticularis anterior. B ferior end of the vertebral canal located usually 15 15 Posterior articular surface of dens. Facies ar- at the level of vertebrae S3−4. Emergence site of ticularis posterior. B filum terminale and injection site for lower OS SACRUM (SACRALE) / VERTEBRAE SACRALES epidural anesthesia (caudal analgesia). C 16 16 I−V. Sacral bone [[sacrum]] formed by five fused 36 Apex of sacrum. Apex ossis sacri. Inferior tip of vertebrae. C D F sacrum which gives attachment to the coccyx. 17 17 Base of sacrum. Basis ossis sacri. Broad upper CF end of sacrum. F 37 COCCYGEAL VERTEBRAE I−IV. Os coccygis. Bone 18 18 Promontory of sacrum. Promontorium ossis that usually consists of four rudimentary verte- sacri. Prominent anterior margin of the body of brae. E 19 the first sacral vertebra. It projects quite far into 38 Coccygeal cornu (horn). Cornu coccygeus. Up- the pelvic inlet. F wardly projecting process formed by the artic- 19 Ala of sacrum. Ala sacralis. Part of the base of ular process. E 20 the sacrum situated lateral to the first sacral vertebra. 21 20 Superior articular process. Processus articularis superior. C F 22 21 Lateral part or mass of sacrum. Pars lateralis ossis sacri. The lateral part of the sacrum derived from the transverse processes and 23 rudimentary ribs. C F 22 Auricular surface. Facies auricularis. Ear- 24 shaped articular surface for the ilium. C 23 Sacral tuberosity. Tuberositas sacralis. Rough 25 area behind the auricular surface for the attachment of the sacroiliac ligaments. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 5

10 13 1 14 15 1 8 11 12 2 9

4 3 5 3 4

7426 5 A B Atlas, superior view Axis from left 6

21 20 7 34 27 8

22 26 10 34 23 30 28 11

12 31 30 D Sacral bone, cross-section 13 32 29 2118 17 20 14

35 15

17 33 36 27 C 18 Sacral bone, dorsal view 24 19

25 38 20

21 37 22

36 24 E Coccyx, dorsal view F Sacral bone, anterior view 25

1 [[THORAX]] Used to denote the chest and wall 21 Tuberositas musculi serrati anterioris. 1 consisting of ribs, cartilage and soft tissue that Roughened area on the outer surface of the shaft encases the chest cavity. of the second rib that gives attachment to the 2 1 THORACIC BONES. Ossa thoracis. serratus anterior muscle. A D 2 RIBS. Costae (I−XII). D 22 Cervical rib. [Costa cervicalis]. Accessory rib at C7. It can irritate the nerves to the arm. 3 3 True ribs (1−7). Costae verae (I−VII). The first seven ribs with individual cartilaginous con- 23 Sternum. CD nections to the sternum thereby distinguishing 24 Manubrium sterni. The portion of the sternum 4 them from the last five ribs. D situated above the sternal angle. C D 4 False ribs (8−12). Costae spuriae (VIII−XII). The 25 Clavicular notch. Incisura clavicularis. Inden- 5 last five ribs which have no direct cartilaginous tation for the sternoclavicular joint. C D union with the sternum. D 26 Jugular notch. Incisura jugularis. Concavity at 6 5 Floating ribs (11−12). Costae fluitantes (XI− the upper border of the manubrium. D XII). They have no connection with the costal arch (arch of ribs). D 27 Sternal angle. Angulus sterni (sternalis) 7 [[Ludovici]].Angle between the body and manu- 6 Costal cartilage. Cartilago costalis. Cartilage at brium of the sternum. It is palpable through the the anterior ends of the ribs. D skin. C D 8 7 Bony rib. Os costale (costa). It is contrasted 28 Sternal synchondroses. Synchondroses ster- with the cartilaginous segment of the rib. D nales. The two synchondroses of the sternum 9 8 Head of rib. Caput costae. It articulates with are as follows: the vertebral column. A 29 Manubriosternal synchondrosis. [Synchon- 9 Articular surface on head of rib. Facies artic- drosis manubriosternalis]. Cartilaginous joint 10 ulares capitis costae. A B between the manubrium and the body of the 10 Interarticular crest on head of rib. Crista sternum. C D 11 capitis costae. Small ridge which separates the 30 Xiphisternal synchondrosis. Synchondrosis two articular facets. B xiphisternalis. Cartilaginous joint between the 12 11 Neck of rib. Collum costae. It lies lateral to the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process. C head of the rib. A B D 12 Crest of neck of rib. Crista colli costae. Sharp 31 Body of sternum. Corpus sterni. Situated 13 ridge on the upper border of the neck of a rib. A between the manubrium and xiphoid process. C 13 Shaft (body) of rib. Corpus costae. Main part of D 14 rib adjacent to the neck. A B 32 Xiphoid process. Processus xiphoideus. Stout 14 Costal tubercle. Tuberculum costae. Posterior process at the lower end of the sternum. C D 15 elevation between the neck and the shaft of the 33 Costal notches. Incisurae costales. Indentations rib. A B for the costal cartilages. C D 15 Articular facet of costal tubercle. Facies articu- 34 Suprasternal bones. [Ossa suprasternalia]. 16 laris tuberculi costae. Surface for articulation Small osseous remnants of the earlier epister- with the transverse process of the thoracic num occurring in the ligaments of the sterno- 17 vertebrae. A B clavicular joint. 16 Angle of rib. Angulus costae. Posteriorly sit- 35 Thoracic skeleton. Compages thoracis. uated bend in the axis of the rib. A B 18 35 a Thoracic cavity. Cavitas thoracis. Used to de- 17 Costal groove. Sulcus costae. Groove for the note the chest and chest cavity. intercostal artery, vein and nerve on the lower 19 margin of the internal surface of the rib. B 36 Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet). Apertura thoracis superior. Upper thoracic 17 a First rib. Costa prima. It is the only rib bent only opening. D along the edge. A D 20 37 Inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet). 18 Tubercle for anterior scalene muscle. Tuber- Apertura thoracis inferior. Lower opening of culum musculi scaleni anterioris. Small promi- thorax. D 21 nence on the upper surface of the first rib for the attachment of the anterior scalene muscle. A 38 Pulmonary sulcus of thorax. Sulcus pulmonalis thoracis. Either of two large, vertical 22 19 Groove for subclavian artery. Sulcus arteriae grooves on either side of the vertebral column subclaviae. Groove on the first rib, just posterior that are occupied by the lungs. D to the anterior scalene tubercle. A 23 20 Groove for subclavian vein. Sulcus venae sub- 39 Costal arch. Arcus costalis. Arch of ribs formed claviae. Groove on the first rib, just anterior to by the cartilages of ribs 7−10. D 24 the anterior scalene tubercle. A 40 Intercostal space. Spatium intercostale. Space 20 a Second rib. Costa secunda. It attaches to the between the ribs. D 25 sternal angle and can easily be identified in 41 Infrasternal angle. Angulus infrasternalis. patients. A D Angle between the right and left costal arch. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 7

9 1

20 18 I 2 11 8 19 II 12 3 15 9 14 4 15 21 10 5 16 13 11 14 6

A First and second ribs, superior view 16 7

8 VII 13 9 17 10 B Seventh rib, medial view 36 11 2 25 26 12 17a 21 13 20a 25 24 7 14 6 27 29 24 31 33 15

23 16 27; 29 3 17 30 40 18

31 32 19 58.27 41 20 33 5 21

38 30 22

32 39 4 23

37 24 C Sternum D Thoracic skeleton, anterior view from right 25 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme a a All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. A 8 Bones

1 Cranial bones. Ossa cranii. Bones of the skull. 20 Jugular process. Processus jugularis. Externally 1 1a Neurocranium. Portion of the cranium that en- and internally visible process that projects later- closes the brain. ally from the jugular foramen. It corresponds to 2 Viscerocranium. Portion of the cranium that the transverse process of a vertebra. A C forms the face. 21 Intrajugular process of occipital bone. Processus Chondrocranium. Cartilaginous part of embryo- intrajugularis ossis occipitales. It occasionally 3 logical skull that later forms base of skull. divides the jugular foramen into a lateral portion 2 Occipital bone. Os occipitale. It lies between the for the internal jugular vein and a medial segment for nerves. C 4 sphenoid, temporal and parietal bones. A B C 3 Foramen magnum. Large opening in the occipital 22 External occipital protuberance. Protuberentia bone for passage of the medulla oblongata, ves- occipitalis externa. Readily palpable bony projec- 5 sels and nerves. A B C tion in the middle of the occipital bone. B 4 Basion. Midpoint of the anterior border of the 23 Inion. Anthropometric landmark indicating the 6 foramen magnum. B most prominent point on the external occipital 5 Opisthion. Midpoint of the posterior border of protuberance. B the foramen magnum. A B 24 External occipital crest. Crista occipitalis ex- 7 6 Basilar part of occipital bone (basioccipital terna. Bony ridge occasionally present between bone). Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis. Portion of the external occipital protuberance and the fora- occipital bone that projects superiorly from foramen magnum. B 8 men magnum to sphenoid bone. A C 25 Highest (supreme) nuchal line. Linea nuchalis 6a Clivus. Part of the basioccipital bone that slopes suprema. Line arching externally from the upper 9 upwardly from the foramen magnum to the dor- margin of the external occipital protuberance. It sum sellae. B gives attachment to the occipital belly of the 7 Groove for inferior petrosal sinus of occipital epicranius muscle. B 10 bone. Sulcus sinus pertrosi inferioris ossis occipi- 26 Superior nuchal line. Linea nuchalis superior. talis. A Transverse ridge at the level of the external occip- 11 8 Pharyngeal tubercle. Tuberculum pharyngeum. ital protuberance. The trapezius muscle attaches Prominence on the inferior surface of the between it and the highest nuchal line. B basioccipital bone, for attachment of the pharyn- 27 Inferior nuchal line. Linea nuchalis inferior. 12 geal raphe. A C Transverse ridge between the superior nuchal 9 Lateral (condylar) part of occipital bone. Pars line and the foramen magnum. The semispinalis 13 lateralis ossis occipitalis. It lies lateral to the fora- capitis muscle attaches between it and the super- men magnum. A B ior nuchal line. B 10 Squamous part of occipital bone. Squama occip- 27 a Occipital plane. Planum occipitale. Outer surface 14 italis. Area extending from the posterior edge of of the occipital bone located superior to the ex- the foramen magnum. A B C ternal occipital protuberance. B C 15 11 Mastoid margin. Margo mastoideus. The border 28 Cruciform eminence. Eminentia cruciformis. of the occipital bone united with the temporal Cross-shaped bony prominence with the internal bone. A occipital protuberance at its center. A 16 12 Lambdoid margin. Margo lambdoideus. The 29 Internal occipital protuberance. Protuberantia border of the occipital bone that articulates with occipitalis internal. Midpoint of the cruciform the parietal bone. A 17 eminence. A 13 Interparietal bone. [Os interparietale]. Ana- 30 Internal occipital crest. [Crista occipitalis in- tomic variant that forms when the upper half of terna]. Thick bony ridge that occasionally extends 18 the squama occipitalis is separated by a trans- from the internal occipital protuberance to the verse suture. foramen magnum. A 14 Occipital condyle. Condylus occipitalis. Process 31 Groove for superior sagittal sinus. Sulcus sinus 19 on the occipital bone, for articulation with the sagittalis superioris. A atlas. A B C 32 Groove for transverse sinus. Sulcus sinus trans- 15 Condylar canal. Canalis condylaris. Passage lo- 20 versi. A cated posterior to the occipital condyle, for transmission of a vein from the sigmoid sinus. A B C 33 Groove for the sigmoid sinus. Sulcus sinus sigmoidei. Groove that begins before the sigmoid 21 16 Hypoglossal canal. Canalis hypoglossalis. Pas- sinus enters the jugular foramen. A C sage that originates from the lateral part of the occipital bone anterior to the foramen magnum 33 a Groove for occipital sinus. Sulcus sinus occipi- 22 and ends outside, anterior to the occipital con- talis. A dyle. It transmits the twelfth cranial nerve and 34 Paramastoid process. [Processus paramas- 23 the venous plexus. A B C toideus]. Prominence that occasionally projects 17 Condylar fossa. Fossa condylaris. Depression from the jugular process in the direction of the posterior to the occipital condyle. B transverse process of the atlas. 24 18 Jugular tubercle. Tuberculum jugulare. Small 34 a Cerebral fossa. Fossa cerebralis. Depression for eminence above the hypoglossal canal. A B C the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. A 25 19 Jugular notch. Incisura jugularis. Indentation for 34 b Cerebellar fossa. Fossa cerebellaris. Depression the jugular foramen. A C for the cerebellum. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 9

2 2

12 3 31 34a 4 10 5 28 29 32 6

33a 7 30 34b 8 11 5 15 33 A Occipital bone, 3 9 9 internal surface 18 7 10 16 20 11 19 14 8 6 2 12 27a 13 25 22; 23 14 26 10 15 24 16 27 17

17 5 18 15 3 18 10 27a 19 16 2 6a 9 20 20 19 18 14 4 21 3 15 6 B Occipital bone, inferoposterior view 22 16 23 8 C Occipital bone, dextrolateral 24 33 20 21 14 and partly anterior view 25

1 Sphenoid bone. Os sphenoidale. Bone located 22 Superior orbital fissure. Fissura orbitalis su- 1 between the frontal, occipital and temporal perior. Cleft between the greater and lesser bones. A B C wings of the sphenoid for the passage of nerves 2 2 Body of sphenoid bone. Corpus ossis sphe- and veins. A B C noidalis. Part located between the winged 23 Greater wing of sphenoid. Ala major ossis processes of the sphenoid bone. A B sphenoidalis. A B C 3 3 Jugum sphenoidale. Connects the lesser 24 Cerebral surface. Facies cerebralis. Surface of wings of the sphenoid. A the greater wing facing the brain. A 4 4 (Pre)chiasmatic groove. Sulcus prechiasmati- 25 Temporal surface. Facies temporalis. Outward cus. Groove between the right and left optic surface of the greater wing. B C 5 canals. A 26 Maxillary surface. Facies maxillaris. Surface of 5 Turkish saddle. Sella turcica. It lies above the the greater wing facing the maxilla. The foramen sphenoidal sinus and contains the hypophysis. A rotundum opens here. C 6 6 Tuberculum sellae. Small process in front of the 27 Orbital surface. Facies orbitalis. Surface of the hypophysial fossa. A greater wing facing the orbit. C 7 7 Middle clinoid process. [Processus clinoideus me- 28 Zygomatic border. Margo zygomaticus. Mar- dius]. Either of two small protuberances oc- gin of the greater wing articulating with the zy- 8 casionally present, one on either side of the floor gomatic bone. C of the hypophysial fossa. A 29 Frontal border. Margo frontalis. Margin of the greater wing fused with the frontal bone. A 9 8 Hypophysial fossa. Fossa hypophysialis. Fossa occupied by the hypophysis. A 30 Parietal border. Margo parietalis. Margin of the 9 Dorsum sellae. Posterior wall of the hypophysial greater wing fused with the parietal bone. C 10 fossa. A C 31 Squamous border. Margo squamosus. 10 Posterior clinoid process. Processus clinoideus Squamous margin of the greater wing that ar- 11 posterior. Either of two processes that extend ticulates with the temporal bone. A from either side of the dorsum sellae. A C 32 Infratemporal crest. Crista infratemporalis. 12 11 Carotid groove. Sulcus caroticus. Longitudinal Bony ridge between the vertical temporal sur- groove lateral to the body of the sphenoid bone face and the horizontally-oriented inferior sur- that lodges the internal carotid artery. A face of the greater wing of the sphenoid. B C 13 12 Lingula sphenoidalis. Pointed process lateral 33 Foramen rotundum. Round opening in the to the entrance of the internal carotid artery into great wing that extends anteriorly into the pter- 14 the cranial fossa. A ygopalatine fossa. It transmits the maxillary 13 Sphenoidal crest. Crista sphenoidalis. Median nerve. A B C bony ridge on the anterior surface of the body of 34 Foramen ovale. Opening for passage of the 15 the sphenoid bone that articulates with the per- mandibular nerve in the medial part of the great pendicular plate of the ethmoid. C wing, located in front of the foramen spinosum. 16 14 Sphenoidal rostrum. Rostrum sphenoidale. AB Downward continuation of the sphenoidal crest 35 [Foramen venosum]. Opening occasionally present medial to the foramen ovale for passage 17 that articulates with the vomer. C 15 Sphenoidal sinus. Sinus sphenoidalis. Either of of an emissary vein from the cavernous sinus. A B the paired paranasal sphenoidal sinuses. C 36 Foramen spinosum. Opening situated lateral to and behind the foramen ovale for passage of the 18 16 Septum of sphenoidal sinus. Septum intersinuale middle meningeal artery. A B sphenoidale. Partition separating the sinus into 19 right and left parts. C 37 [Foramen petrosum]. [[Canaliculus innominatus.]]Opening occasionally present between the 17 Aperture of sphenoidal sinus. Apertura sinus foramen ovale and the foramen spinosum for sphenoidalis. Orifice that opens anteriorly into 20 transmission of the lesser petrosal nerve. A B the spheno-ethmoidal recess. C 38 Angular spine of sphenoid. Spina ossis sphe- 18 Sphenoidal concha. Concha sphenoidalis. noidalis. Sharp, bony spur that extends 21 Originally paired, concave bony plate which downward from the greater wing. A B fuses with the body of the sphenoid and forms 22 part of the anterior and inferior wall of the sphe- 39 Groove for the cartilaginous part of the noidal sinus and other structures. C auditory tube. Sulcus tubae auditoriae (auditivae). Shallow groove on the underside of the 19 Lesser wing of sphenoid. Ala minor ossis sphe- greater wing lateral to the root of the pterygoid 23 noidalis. A B C process. B 20 Optic canal. Canalis opticus. Canal for the optic 24 nerve and the ophthalmic artery. A 21 Anterior clinoid process. Processus clinoideus 25 anterior. Cone-like process on either side of the anterior part of the hypophysial fossa. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 11

22 64 20 19 1 29 3 2 23 21 3 33 24 5 8 7 9 31 4 34 36 5 2 38 6 37 12 11 10 35

A Sphenoid bone, superior view 7

22 19 9 2 23 10 32 11 33 25 32 12

34 13 36 38 14 37 39 35 15 B Sphenoid bone, anteroinferior view 16

23 27 22 26 10 13 917 19 17

18 25 30 18 19 16 28 20 32 21 39 15 14 18 33 12.12 22

23 C Sphenoid bone, frontal view. Sphenoidal sinus, fenestrated 24

1 Pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. 18 Mastoid notch. Incisura mastoidea. Medial 1 Processus pterygoideus. A B notch on the inferior surface of the mastoid process. It gives origin to the posterior belly of 2 Lateral pterygoid plate. Lamina lateralis [pro- the digastric muscle. C 2 cessus pterygoidei]. A B 19 Groove for sigmoid sinus. Sulcus sinus sig- 3 Medial pterygoid plate. Lamina medialis [pro- moidei. Sulcus on the internal, posterior surface. 3 cessus pterygoidei]. A B D 4 Pterygoid notch (fissure). Incisura ptery- 20 Groove for occipital artery. Sulcus a. occipi- 4 goidea. Fissure formed inferiorly by the diverg- talis. It lies medial to the mastoid notch and pro- ing medial and lateral pterygoid plates. It is oc- ximal to the occipital margin. C cupied by the pyramidal process of the palatine 5 bone. A 21 Mastoid foramen. Foramen mastoideum. Opening behind the mastoid process for addi- 5 Pterygoid fossa. Fossa pterygoidea. Space be- tional venous drainage from the cranial cavity. C 6 tween the lateral and medial pterygoid plates for D the medial pterygoid muscle. A B 22 Facial canal. Canalis fascialis. Canal for the fa- 7 6 Scaphoid fossa. Fossa scaphoidea. Oblong de- cial nerve. It begins at the opening of the inter- pression at the root of the medial pterygoid nal acoustic meatus and ends at the stylomas- plate, where the end of the cartilage of the toid foramen. C D E 8 pharyngotympanic tube is located. The tensor 23 Genu of facial canal. Geniculum canalis facialis. velipalatinimuscleoriginatesatitslateralend.A Sharp bend in the facial canal just below the 9 7 Vaginal process. Processus vaginalis. Small anterior wall of the petrous part of the temporal bony ridge medial to the root of the medial pter- bone, near the hiatus of the canal for the greater 10 ygoid plate. It borders a small furrow laterally. A petrosal nerve. D B 24 Canaliculus of chorda tympani nerve. 11 8 Palatovaginal groove. Sulcus palatovaginalis. Canaliculus chordae tympani. Narrow passage- Groove which joins the palatine bone to form the way for the chorda tympani nerve between the palatovaginal canal. B facial canal and the tympanic cavity. D E. Cf. page 12 381 D 9 Vomerovaginal groove. Sulcus vomerovaginalis. Groove at the base of the pterygoid process. To- 25 Apex of petrous temporal bone. Apex partis 13 gether with the vomer, it forms the vomerovagi- petrosae. It is directed anteromedially. C D nal canal. B 26 Carotid canal. Canalis caroticus. Canal for the in- 14 10 Pterygoid hamulus. Hamulus pterygoideus. ternal carotid artery. It begins inferiorly and ex- Hook-like process at the inferior end of the me- ternally between the jugular foramen and the dial pterygoid plate. A B musculotubal canal. C 15 27 Caroticotympanic canaliculi. Canaliculi caroti- 11 Sulcus of pterygoid hamulus.Sulcus hamuli pter- cotypmpanici. Small channels in the wall of the ygoidei. Groove produced by a sharp bend in the carotid canal for arterial and nerve branches to 16 hamulus. B the middle ear from the internal carotid artery 12 Pterygoid (vidian) canal. Canalis ptery- and the carotid plexus. C 17 goideus [[canalis Vidii]]. Passage that extends 28 Musculotubal canal. Canalis musculotubarius. anteriorlyinthebaseofthepterygoidprocessfor Double canal for the auditory tube and tensor 18 transmission of the greater and deep petrosal tympani muscle. It lies in front of the carotid nerves to the pterygopalatine ganglion in the canal and leads into the tympanic cavity. C E pterygopalatine fossa. A see 11 C 19 29 Semicanal for tensor tympani muscle. Semi- 13 Pterygospinous process. Processus ptery- canalis m. tensoris tympani. E gospinosus. Sharp spine on the posterior edge of the lateral pterygoid plate. A 30 Semicanal for the auditory tube. Semicanalis 20 tubae auditoriae (auditivae). E 14 Temporal bone. Os temporale. Bone that lies be- 31 Septum of musculotubal canal. Septum canalis tween the occipital, sphenoid and parietal bones 21 musculotubarii. Bony partition between the and consists of three parts: petrous, tympanic above-mentioned semicanals. E and squamous. C D E 22 15 Petrous part (pyramid) of temporal bone. Pars petrosa ossis temporalis. It houses the inner ear. 23 D 16 Occipital border. Margo occipitalis. Margin ar- 24 ticulating with the occipital bone. C D 17 Mastoid process. Processus mastoideus. 25 Process located just posterior to the external acoustic meatus. C E Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 13

2 12 3

4 6 13 7 5 5 2

3 6 10 4 1 7 A Sphenoid bone, posterior view 8

9 27 28 10 26 11 2 22 17 25 5 3 12 11 20 13 16 18 14 179810 21 15 B Sphenoid bone, inferior view C Right temporal bone, inferior view 16

22 18 29 28 19

23 24 20 15 31 19 30 21 25 17 22

16 22 21 24 23

D Right temporal bone, internal surface E Right temporal bone, opened. 24 Anterolateral view 25

1 Anterior surface of petrous part of tem- 19 Jugular notch. Incisura jugularis. Indentation 1 poral bone. Facies anterior partis petrosae. A C forming the anterior margin of the jugular fora- 2 Roof of tympanic cavity. Tegmen tympani. Thin men.AB 2 bony plate anterolateral to the arcuate emi- 20 Intrajugular process. Processus intrajugularis. It nence. C divides the jugular foramen into a posterolateral part for the internal jugular vein and an an- 3 3 Arcuate eminence. Eminentia arcuata. Elevation on the anterior surface of the petrous part of the teromedial part for cranial nerves IX, X and XI. A temporal bone produced by the underlying B 4 anterior semicircular canal. A C 21 Cochlear canaliculus. Canaliculus cochleae. 4 Hiatus of canal for greater petrosal nerve. Hiatus Bony canal for the cochlear aqueduct. 5 canalis n. petrosi majoris. Opening in the ante- 22 External opening of cochlear canaliculus. Aper- rior wall of the petrous part of the temporal tura externa canaliculi cochleae. It lies medially in front of the jugular fossa. B 6 bone for passage of the greater petrosal nerve. A C 23 Inferior surface of petrous temporal bone. 5 Hiatus of canal for lesser petrosal nerve. Hiatus Facies inferior partis petrosae. B 7 canalis n. petrosi minoris. Opening in the ante- 24 Jugular fossa. Fossa jugularis. Enlargement of the rior wall of the petrous temporal below the jugular foramen for the superior bulb of the in- 8 greater petrosal nerve. A C ternal jugular vein. B 6 Groove for greater petrosal nerve. Sulcus n. 25 Mastoid canaliculus. Canaliculus mastoideus. 9 petrosi majoris. It runs anteromedially from the Narrow canal for the auricular branch of the hiatus to the foramen lacerum. C vagus nerve. It begins in the jugular fossa. B 7 Groove for lesser petrosal nerve. Sulcus n. 10 26 Styloid process. Processus styloideus. Long petrosi minoris. Groove for the lesser petrosal process located laterally in front of the jugular nerve, running from the respective hiatus to the fossa. It is a vestige of the second branchial arch. 11 foramen lacerum. C ABD 8 Trigeminal impression. Impressio trigeminalis. 27 Stylomastoid foramen. Foramen stylomas- 12 Shallow depression in the anterior wall of the toideum. External opening of the facial canal lo- apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It cated behind the styloid process and between lodges the trigeminal [[semilunar]] ganglion. C the mastoid process and the jugular fossa. B 13 9 Superior border of petrous temporal bone. 28 Tympanic canaliculus. Canaliculus tympanicus. Margo superior partis petrosae. A C Minute canal in the petrosal fossula traversed by 14 10 Groove for superior petrosal sinus. Sulcus sinus the tympanic nerve and inferior tympanic petrosi superioris. Its course is on the upper artery. B 15 margin of the petrous part of the temporal bone. 29 Petrosal fossula. Fossula petrosa. Slight depres- AC sion in the bony ridge between the carotid canal 11 Posterior surface of petrous part of tem- and the jugular fossa. It is occupied by the tym- 16 poral bone. Facies posterior partis petrosae. A panic ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve. B 12 Porus acusticus internus. Opening of internal 30 Tympanic (middle ear) cavity. Cavitas tym- 17 acoustic meatus on the posterior wall of the panica. Narrow, air-filled space between the os- petrous part of the temporal bone. A seous labyrinth and the tympanic membrane. 18 13 Internal acoustic (auditory) meatus. Meatus acus- 31 Petrotympanic fissure [glaserian fissure]. ticus internus. It transmits cranial nerves VII and Fissura petrotympanica. Fissure situated dor- VIII and vessels. A somedial to the fossa of the temporomandibular 19 joint, between the tympanic part of the tem- 14 Fossa subarcuata. Depression Subarcuate fossa. poral bone and the visible petrous strip. The me- lateral and superior to the internal acoustic dial part lodges the chorda tympani nerve. B D 20 meatus. In the fetus, it lodges the flocculus of the cerebellum. A 32 Petrosquamous fissure. Fissura petrosquamosa. It lies on the skull base in front of the 21 15 Aqueduct of vestibule. Aqueductus vestibuli. petrotympanic fissure between the visible Narrow canal extending from the endolym- petrous strip and the squamous part of the tem- phatic space of the inner ear to the posterior poral bone. B C 22 wall of the petrous part of the temporal bone. 33 Squamotympanic fissure. Fissura tympa- 16 External opening of vestibular aqueduct. Aper- 23 nosquamosa. Lateral continuation of the two tura externa aqueductus vestibuli. A above mentioned fissures after they unite. B D 17 Posterior border of petrous part of the tem- 34 Tympanomastoid fissure. Fissura tym- 24 poral bone. Margo posterior partis petrosae. A panomastoidea. Suture between the tympanic B part of the temporal bone and the mastoid 25 18 Groove for inferior petrosal sinus. Sulcus sinus process. Exit site of the auricular branch of the petrosi inferioris. A vagus nerve. B D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 15

1 A Right temporal bone, 2 medial view 3

910 4

4 1 3 5 5 11 12; 13 14 6 18 7 17 12.26 19 12.21 8 26 20 16 31 9 32 29 23 33 28 10 26 86 7 22 11 34 27 24 5 12 1 25 19 4 17 2 13 9 32 20 3 10 14 C Right temporal bone, superior view 15 9 16

17 B Right temporal bone, posterior view 18

33 21 34 31 22

D Right temporal bone, 24 lateral view 26 25

1 Tympanic part of temporal bone. Pars tym- 21 Facies articularis. Surface for articulation with 1 panica. Wall of the bony external acoustic mea- the temporomandibular joint. B tus with the exception of the posterior, upper 22 Articular tubercle. Tuberculum articulare. Cyl- 2 wall (tympanic notch). B indrical elevation in front of the mandibular 2 Tympanic ring. Anulus tympanicus. Bony ring fossa. B which is the developmental precursor of the 23 Cerebral surface. Facies cerebralis. Inner surface 3 tympanic part of the temporal bone. The super- of squamous part of the temporal bone facing ior part is still open at birth. A the brain. 4 3 External acoustic (auditory) meatus. Meatus 24 Parietal bone. Os parietale. It is located be- acusticus externus. B tween the frontal, sphenoid and temporal 5 4 Opening of external acoustic meatus. Porus bones. C D acusticus externus. B 25 Internal surface. Facies interna. The internal or 5 Greater tympanic spine. Spina tympanica cerebral surface of the parietal bone. C 6 major. Anterior end of the tympanic ring formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. A 26 Groove for sigmoid sinus. Sulcus sinus sig- 7 moidei. It lies in the vicinity of the mastoid 6 Lesser tympanic spine. Spina tympanica angle. C minor. Posterior end of the ring formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. A 26 a Groove for superior sagittal sinus. Sulcus 8 sinus sagittalis superioris. C 7 Tympanic groove. Sulcus tympanicus. Groove for attachment of the tympanic membrane. A 26 b Groove for middle meningeal artery. Sulcus 9 8 Tympanic notch. Incisura tympanica. Notch arteriae meningeae mediae. C between the greater and lesser tympanic spines. 27 External surface. Facies externa. The external 10 In the newborn, it is situated superiorly in the surface of the parietal bone facing the scalp. D tympanic part of the temporal bone between 28 Superior temporal line. Linea temporalis su- the free ends of the still open tympanic ring. A 11 perior. Curved line for attachment of the tem- 9 Sheath of styloid process. Vagina processus poral fascia. It forms the upper margins of the styloidei. Ridge formed by the tympanic part of [[planum temporale]]. D 12 the temporal bone and partially enclosing the 29 Inferior temporal line. Linea temporalis infe- root of the styloid process. A rior. Curved line for attachment of the tem- 13 10 Squamous part. Pars squamosa. Part of the temporalis muscle. D poral bone located between the sphenoid, 30 Parietal tuber. Tuber parietale. Prominence lo- parietal and occipital bones. B 14 cated near the middle of the external surface of 11 Parietal border. Margo parietalis. Upper mar- the parietal bone. D gin articulating with the parietal bone. B 31 Occipital border. Margo occipitalis. Margin 15 12 Parietal notch. Incisura parietalis. Indentation facing the occiput. C D posteroinferior to the temporal line. B 32 Squamous border. Margo squamosus. Inferior 16 13 Sphenoidal border. Margo sphenoidalis. Ante- edge of the parietal bone. C D rior margin articulating with the sphenoid bone. B 33 Sagittal border. Margo sagittalis. Upper edge of 17 parietal bone that lies in the midsagittal plane. C 14 Temporal surface. Facies temporalis. External D surface covered primarily by the temporalis 18 muscle. B 34 Frontal border. Margo frontalis. Anterior margin articulating with the frontal bone. C D 15 Groove for the middle temporal artery. Sul- 19 cus arteriae temporalis mediae. B 35 Frontal angle. Angulus frontalis. Anterosupe- 16 Zygomatic process of temporal bone. Pro- rior angle of the parietal bone. C D cessus zygomaticus. It contributes to the forma- 36 Occipital angle. Angulus occipitalis. Postero- 20 tion of the zygomatic arch. B superior angle of the parietal bone. C D 17 Supramastoid crest. Crista supramastoidea. 37 Sphenoidal angle. Angulus sphenoidalis. An- 21 Ridge forming the posterior boundary of the teroinferior angle of the parietal bone. C D field of attachment of the temporalis muscle. B 38 Mastoid angle. Angulus mastoideus. Post- 22 18 Suprameatal pit. Foveola suprameatica (su- eroinferior angle of the parietal bone. C D prameatalis). Small pit superior to the su- 39 Parietal foramen. Foramen parietale. Opening prameatal spine and lateral to the mastoid an- for an emissary vein from the cranial cavity, usu- 23 trum. B ally located in the posterosuperior part of the 19 Suprameatal spine. [Spina suprameatica]. Pro- parietal bone. C D 24 jection for attachment of the auricular cartilage. B 25 20 Mandibular fossa. Fossa mandibularis. De- pression for the head of the mandible. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 17

8 1 11 15 2 6 5 12 17 10 14 2 13 7 18 4 20 3

19 4 9 3 16 5 A Tympanic ring 6 1 21 22 33 7 35 39 B Right temporal bone, 8 lateral view 9 26a 10 36 34 25 11

31 13

14 C Right parietal bone, medial view 15

37 26b 32 26b 26 38 33 16 39 35 17

18 36 19 27 20 34 30 21

31 22 29 28 23

37 D Left parietal bone, 38 24 lateral view 32 25

1 Frontal bone. Os frontale. A B C 20 Nasal border. Margo nasalis. Serrated lower mar- 1 2 Squama of frontal bone. Squama frontalis. A C gin of the nasal part of the frontal bone. It articulates with the right and left nasal bones.ABC 3 External surface of frontal bone. Facies ex- 2 terna. A 21 Orbital part. Pars orbitalis. The part of the frontal bone forming the roof of the orbit. A B C 4 Frontal tuber (tuberosity). Tuber frontale (emi- 3 nentia frontalis). A 22 Orbital surface. Facies orbitalis. The surface of the frontal bone facing the orbit. B 5 Superciliary arch. Arcus superciliaris. Bony eleva- 4 tion above the upper margin of the orbit. A B 23 Trochlear spine. [Spina trochlearis]. Small bony spicule occasionally present on the anterosupe- 6 Glabella. Landmark between the two supercili- rior part of the medial angle of the orbit for the ary arches. A 5 attachment of the trochlea of the superior ob- 6a Frontal (metopic) suture. [Sutura frontalis]. Cf. lique muscle. A page 54.11 6 24 Trochlear fovea. Fovea trochlearis. Small depres- 7 Supraorbital border. Margo supraorbitalis. Upper sion for attachment of a cartilaginous sling orbital margin of frontal bone. A B 7 (trochlea or pulley) and passage of the tendon of 8 Supraorbital notch or foramen. Incisura the superior oblique muscle. A B supraorbitalis/foramen supraorbitale. Notch or 8 25 Ethmoidal foramina. Foramina ethmoidalia. hole in the supraorbital margin for the supraor- Openings for the ethmoidal vessels and nerves. bital artery and lateral branch of the supraorbi- B Cf. page 20.12 9 tal nerve. Pressure point for the first branch of the trigeminal nerve. A B 26 Fossa for lacrimal gland. Fossa glandulae lacrimalis. Depression for the lacrimal gland in the 9 Frontal notch or foramen. Incisura frontalis/ lateral angle of the orbit. B 10 foramen frontale. Notch or foramen medial to the supraorbital foramen for the supratrochlear 27 Ethmoid notch. Incisura ethmoidalis. Space be- 11 artery and the medial branch of the supraorbital tween the right and left orbital parts of the fron- nerve. A B tal bone in which the ethmoid bone is lodged. B 12 10 Temporal surface. Facies temporalis. External, 28 Frontal sinus. Sinus frontalis. It averages 3 cm lateral surface of the frontal bone. A B high and 2.5 cm wide and often extends 1.8 cm 11 Parietal border. Margo parietalis. Posterior mar- posteriorly, thereby forming a part of the orbital 13 gin of frontal bone which articulates with the roof. A parietal bone. A C 29 Opening of frontal sinus. Apertura sinus frontalis. 14 12 Temporal line of frontal bone. Linea temporalis Medial opening on the floor of the frontal sinus ossis frontalis. Continuation of the line formed for discharge of secretions into the nasal cavity. Located at the ethmoidal infundibulum below 15 by the union of the superior and inferior temporal lines of the parietal bone. A the middle nasal concha. B C 13 Zygomatic process of frontal bone. Processus zy- 30 Septum of frontal sinus. Septum intersinuale 16 gomaticus ossis frontalis. Process situated frontale. Partition between the right and left lateral to the orbit for articulation with the zygo- frontal sinuses. A 17 matic bone. A B C 14 Internal surface. Facies interna. The internal or 18 cerebral surface of the frontal bone. C 15 Frontal crest. Crista frontalis. A median ridge on the anterior internal surface of the frontal bone 19 for attachment of the falx cerebri. C 16 Groove for superior sagittal sinus. Sulcus sinus 20 sagittalis superioris. Its margins come together as it passes downward and become continuous 21 with the frontal crest. C 17 Foramen cecum. Foramen caecum. Canal behind the frontal crest. It usually ends blindly but con- 22 tains an emissary vein when patent. C 17 a Sutura frontalis metopica. Persistent frontal su- 23 ture in the adult. A 18 Nasal part of frontal bone. Pars nasalis ossis 24 frontalis. Middle segment between the two orbital parts of the frontal bone. A B 25 19 Nasal spine. Spina nasalis. Pointed median structure projecting from the pars nasalis. A B C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 19

1 11 2 3 3 2 4 12 17a 4 5 30 10 6 5 28 5 6 13 7

A 8 Frontal bone, 21 8 9 24 7 anterior view 23 20 19 18 9

8249 10 19 20 5 7 18 11

13 29 26 21; 22 12 27 25 10 B Frontal bone, inferior view 13

15 11 16 16

17 2; 14 18

15 19 17 20 21 21 21 29

C Frontal bone, 20 22 posterior view 19 23

1 Ethmoid bone. Os ethmoidale. Unpaired bone 19 Maxillary process. Processus maxillaris. Lateral 1 in the ethmoid notch of the frontal bone. A B C D process which forms a part of the medial wall of 2 Cribriform plate and foramina. Lamina et the maxillary sinus. E 2 foramina cribrosa. Elongated horizontal plate 20 Ethmoidal process. Processus ethmoidalis. It is occupying the median plane between the nasal united with the uncinate process of the ethmoid cavity and the anterior cranial fossa. Its numer- bone. E 3 ous foramina transmit the olfactory nerve 21 Lacrimal bone. Os lacrimale. Bone in front of the fibers. B orbital plate of the ethmoid bone. F 4 3 Crista galli. Small bony process that projects 22 Posterior lacrimal crest. Crista lacrimalis post- upward from the anterior cranial fossa and gives erior. Ridge forming the posterior border of the 5 attachment to the falx cerebri. A B C D entrance into the nasolacrimal canal. F 4 Ala of crista galli. Ala cristae galli. Winglike, 23 Lacrimal sulcus of lacrimal bone. Sulcus lacri- 6 paired process for connection of the crista galli malis. Groove-like beginning of the nasolacri- tothefrontalcrest.ABCD mal canal. F 5 Perpendicular plate. Lamina perpendicularis. It 24 Lacrimal hamulus. Hamulus lacrimalis. Hook- 7 extends downward from the ethmoid bone and like lower margin of the entrance into the na- forms the upper part of the nasal septum. A B C solacrimal canal. F 8 6 Ethmoidal labyrinth. Labyrinthus ethmoidalis. 25 Fossa for lacrimal sac. [[Fossa sacci lacrimalis]]. Collective term for the ethmoidal air cells sit- Enlarged area for the nasolacrimal sac located at the beginning of the nasolacrimal canal. F 9 uated between the orbital and nasal cavities. 7 Ethmoidal air cells. Cellulae ethmoidales. A C 26 Nasal bone. Os nasale. Bone between the right and left halves of the maxilla. The superior part 8 Ethmoidal infundibulum. Infundibulum eth- 10 articulates with the frontal bone. G moidale. Narrow, oblong canal below the middle nasal concha and between the uncinate 27 Ethmoidal sulcus. Sulcus ethmoidalis. Groove 11 process and ethmoidal bulla. It receives the on the undersurface of the nasal bone for the ex- openings of the frontal and maxillary sinuses as ternal nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve. G 12 well as the anterior ethmoidal air cells. A C 9 Hiatus semilunaris. Opening of the infun- 27 a Nasal foramina. Foramina nasalia. Inconstant dibulum that faces the nose. C opening for branches of the external nasal and 13 anterior ethmoidal nerves and vessels. 10 Bulla ethmoidalis. An anterior elevation formed by an especially large and wide eth- 28 Vomer. Unpaired bone forming a part of the 14 moidal air cell which compresses the ethmoidal nasal septum and lying between the sphenoid, infundibulum. A maxillary and palatine bones as well as the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid. H 15 11 Orbital plate. Lamina orbitalis. A very thin bony plate which forms part of the medial wall 29 Ala of vomer. Ala vomeris. Wing-like process of the orbit. [[Lamina papyracea]]. C for articulation with the sphenoid and palatine 16 bones. H 12 Ethmoidal foramina. Foramina ethmoidalia. 30 Sulcus vomeris. Oblique groove for the naso- Holes or grooves at the border to the frontal palatine nerve and its accompanying vessels. H 17 bone for the passage of ethmoidal nerves, arteries and veins to and from the orbit. C Cf. page 30 a Choanal crest of vomer. Crista choanalis vom- 18.25 eris. Posterior edge of vomer separating the two 18 choanae. H 13 [Concha nasalis suprema]. Highest, rudimentary nasal concha. D 30 b Cuneiform part of vomer. Pars cuneiformis 19 vomeris. Wedge-shaped part of vomer. H 14 Superior nasal concha. Concha nasalis superior. A D 20 15 Middle nasal concha. Concha nasalis media. A CD 21 16 Uncinate process. Processus uncinatus. Hook- like process that extends posteriorly and inferi- 22 orly from the ethmoid bone. It is almost entirely concealed by the middle nasal concha and partially closes the semilunar hiatus. A C 23 17 Inferior nasal concha. Concha nasalis inferior. Independent lower nasal concha attached to the 24 lateral nasal wall. E 18 Lacrimal process. Processus lacrimalis. Process 25 that projects anterosuperiorly from the inferior nasal concha. E Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 21

5 1 3 4 3 2 4 2 3

7 4 14 5 8 10 6

5 15 16 7

A Ethmoid bone, posterior view B Ethmoid bone, superior view 8

3 9 3 4 12 4 10

7 11 11 7 13 5 12 14 13 15 15 8 9 16 14 C Ethmoid bone, dextral view D Ethmoid bone, left half without perpendicular plate, medial view 15

16 F Nasal bone G Lacrimal bone 29 17 21 30 30b 18 23 28 27 30a 19 22 26 20 24 25 18 20 21

17 22 19 H Vomer, anterodextral view 23

24 E Sinistral inferior nasal concha, lateral view 25

1 [[FACIAL BONES]]. [[Ossa faciei]]. 22 Maxillary hiatus. Hiatus maxillaris. Large open- 1 ing in the medial bony wall of the maxillary 2 Maxilla. Upper jaw. A B sinus. It is bounded by the uncinate, maxillary, 2 3 Body of maxilla. Corpus maxillae. Central part and ethmoidal processes and by the palatine of the maxilla enclosing the maxillary sinus. A bone. This leaves only a narrow opening to the maxillary sinus at the upper edge of its medial 3 4 Orbital surface. Facies orbitalis. Surface of the wall. B maxilla forming a portion of the floor of the orbit. A 23 Greater palatine sulcus [[pterygopalatine 4 sulcus]]. Sulcus palatinus major [[sulcus ptery- 5 Infraorbital canal. Canalis infraorbitalis. Canal gopalatinus]]. Groove at the posterior border of for the infraorbital artery and nerve. A the maxilla. It combines with a similar groove on 5 6 Infraorbital groove. Sulcus infraorbitalis. Groove the palatine bone to form a canal for the greater at the beginning of the infraorbital canal. A palatine nerve and descending palatine artery. B 6 7 Infraorbital margin. Margo infraorbitalis. 24 Maxillary sinus. Sinus maxillaris. Paranasal Lower margin of the orbit formed in part by the cavity within the body of the maxilla. It meas- 7 maxilla. A ures over 3 cm vertically and sagittally and 2.5 cm in the frontal plane. Its floor usually lies 8 Anterior surface. Facies anterior. A at least 1 cm below the floor of the nasal cavity. 8 9 Infraorbital foramen. Foramen infraorbitale. B Opening of the infraorbital canal traversed by 25 Frontal process of maxilla. Processus frontalis. the infraorbital nerve and its accompanying 9 AB artery. Pressure point for the second division of the trigeminal nerve. A 26 Anterior lacrimal crest. Crista lacrimalis ante- 10 rior. Bony ridge in front of the entrance to the na- 10 Canine fossa. Fossa canina. Depressed area solacrimal canal. A below the infraorbital canal. Site of origin of le- 11 vator anguli oris muscle. A 27 Lacrimal notch. Incisura lacrimalis. Crescent- shaped notch at the entrance to the nasolacri- 11 Nasal notch. Incisura nasalis. Curved margin of mal canal. B 12 the bony anterior nasal (piriform) aperture. A 28 Ethmoidal crest. Crista ethmoidalis. Oblique 12 Anterior nasal spine. Spina nasalis anterior. ridge on the medial surface of the frontal 13 Spinous projection at the lower boundary of the process for the attachment of the middle nasal anterior nasal aperture. Attachment site of the concha. B cartilaginous nasal septum. A B 14 13 Zygomaticomaxillary suture. Sutura zygomati- 29 Zygomatic process. Processus zygomaticus. comaxillaris. Suture occasionally present from Lateral process of the maxilla for articulation 15 the infraorbital margin to the infraorbital fora- with the zygomatic bone. A men. A 16 14 Infratemporal surface. Facies infratemporalis. Surface of the maxilla situated behind the zygo- 17 matic process. A 15 Alveolar foramina. Foramina alveolaria. Small 18 openings on the infratemporal surface for passage of nerves and vessels to the molars. A 19 16 Alveolar canals. Canales alveolares. Canals leading to the alveolar foramina for the transport of nerves and vessels for the teeth. A 20 17 Tuber of maxilla. Tuber maxillare (eminentia maxillaris). Thin-walled tuberosity on the 21 posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. A 18 Nasal surface. Facies nasalis. Medial surface of 22 maxilla forming a portion of the lateral nasal wall. B 23 19 Lacrimal sulcus. Sulcus lacrimalis. Groove for the nasolacrimal duct. B 24 20 Conchal crest. Crista conchalis. Oblique ridge for attachment of the inferior nasal concha. B 25 21 Lacrimal margin. Margo lacrimalis. Border of the maxilla articulating with the lacrimal bone. A B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 23

1 25 21 26 2 7 4 6 3

13 4

29 9 17 5 15; 16 5 14 6 11 3 12 7 10 8 8

11 A Left maxilla, lateral view 12

13 22 21 25 14 27 28 15

16 24 19 18 20 17

23 18

12 19

22 B Left maxilla, medial view 23

1 Palatine process. Processus palatinus. Horizon- 20 Greater palatine sulcus (pterygopalatine 1 tal plate which forms the largest part of the hard sulcus). Sulcus palatinus major [[sulcus ptery- palate. A B gopalatinus]]. Groove which combines with the greater palatine sulcus of the maxilla to form the 2 2 Nasal crest. Crista nasalis. Midline bony ridge greater palatine canal for the greater palatine for the attachment of the nasal septum. B nerves and the descending palatine artery. D E 3 Incisive bone (premaxilla). [Os incisivum]. 3 21 Pyramidal process. Processus pyramidalis. Separate fetal bone which becomes incor- Process inserted into the pterygoid notch (fis- porated into the adult maxilla and houses the sure). A C D E 4 incisor teeth. A 22 Lesser palatine canals. Canales palatini 4 Incisive canal. Canalis incisivus. It originates as 5 minores. Canals in the pyramidal process for the a paired canal from the floor of the nasal cavity lesser palatine arteries and nerves. A and unites with the palate in the uniform fossa 6 incisiva. A B 23 Conchal crest. Crista conchalis. Ridge for attachment of the inferior nasal concha. D E 5 Incisive suture. [Sutura incisiva]. Suture be- 24 Ethmoidal crest. Crista ethmoidalis. Ridge for 7 tween the premaxilla and the palatine process of the maxilla (visible only during develop- attachment of the middle nasal concha. D E ment). It usually extends from the incisive fora- 25 Orbital process. Processus orbitalis. Process 8 men to the space between the canine and sec- that projects forward and upward between the ond incisor. A maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones. D E 9 6 Palatine spines. Spinae palatinae. Bony ridges 26 Sphenoidal process. Processus sphenoidalis. along the palatine grooves. A Process in the superior portion of the palatine 10 7 Palatine grooves. Sulci palatini. Grooves run- bone behind the sphenopalatine notch. D E ning from posterior to anterior along the inferior 27 Horizontal plate. Lamina horizontalis. Plate surface of the palate for passage of nerves and that forms the posterior portion of both the hard 11 vessels from the greater palatine foramen. A palate and the floor of the nasal cavity. A B D E 8 Alveolar process. Processus alveolaris. Crested 28 Nasal surface. Facies nasalis. Surface facing the 12 process that bears the teeth. A nasal cavity. B D 9 Alveolar arch. Arcus alveolaris. Curved free 29 Palatine surface. Facies palatina. Surface 13 border of the alveolar process. A facing the oral cavity. A D 10 Dental alveoli. Alveoli dentales. Sockets in the 30 Lesser palatine foramina. Foramina palatina 14 alveolar process that house the roots of the minora. Openings of the lesser palatine canals. A teeth. A 31 Posterior nasal spine. Spina nasalis posterior. 15 11 Interalveolar septa. Septa interalveolarina. Tip of the nasal crest along the median plane at Bony ridges between adjacent alveoli. A the junction with the palatine bone of the opposite side. A B E 16 12 Interradicular septa. Septa interradicularia. Bony partitions, each forming compartments for the 32 Nasal crest. Crista nasalis. Median bony ridge roots of a tooth. A at the union with the palatine bone of the op- 17 posite side. B D E 13 Alveolar juga. Juga alveolaria. Eminences on the external surface of the jaw produced by the 33 Palatine crest. Crista palatina. Ridge frequently 18 protrusion of the tooth sockets. A B present on the inferior surface of the horizontal plate behind its anterior margin. A 14 Incisive foramen. Foramen incisivum. Opening 19 of the incisive canal into the oral cavity. A 15 Palatine bone. Os palatinum. Bone forming the 20 posterior continuation of the maxilla. A B D E 16 Perpendicular plate. Lamina perpendicularis. 21 Vertical plate which forms part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. B C D E 22 17 Nasal surface. Facies nasalis. Surface of the perpendicular plate facing the nasal cavity. E 18 Maxillary surface. Facies maxillaris. Lateral 23 surface of the perpendicular plate, parts of which border with the pterygopalatine fossa 24 and the maxillary sinus. D 19 Sphenopalatine notch. Incisura sphenopalat- 25 ina. Part of the sphenopalatine foramen at the superior margin of the perpendicular plate. D E Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 25

1 13 3 3 2 11 8; 9 10 514 4 3 10 1 1 4 6 7 10 12 5 33 6 15; 27 29 7 22 21 31 30 25 8 19 A Hard palate, 9 view from below 20 26 10 18 24 16 4 11 13 32 23 27 28 12 1 1 13 2 21 29 14 D Right palatine bone, 15; 27 28 posterolateral view 15 32 16 16 12.1 17 31 25 19 B Hard palate and maxillary sinuses (opened), 18 26 superior view 24 19 16; 17

22.17 16 20 23 21 30.17 32 20 31 22 21 27

12.2 12.3 23 27 21 24 C Schematic segment of B E Right palatine bone, medial view 25

1 Zygomatic bone. Os zygomaticum. It forms a 19 Oblique line. Linea obliqua. Oblique ridge ex- 1 large part of the lateral wall of the orbit and a tending from the mandibular ramus to the ex- part of the zygomatic arch. A B ternal surface of the body of the mandible. C 2 2 Lateral surface. Facies lateralis. A 20 Digastric fossa. Fossa digastrica. A pea-to 3 Temporal surface. Facies temporalis. Surface bean-sized depression on the lower internal 3 forming much of the anterior wall of the tem- surface of the body of the mandible near the poral fossa. B symphysis, for attachment of the digastric muscle. D 4 4 Orbital surface. Facies orbitalis. Surface facing the orbit. A B 21 Mental spine. Spina mentalis. Bony elevation at the back of the symphysis projecting toward the 5 Temporal process. Processus temporalis. Post- 5 tongue. Origin of the genioglossus and geniohy- eriorly directed process which combines with oid muscles. D the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to 6 form the zygomatic arch. A B 22 Mylohyoid line. Linea mylohyoidea. Oblique ridge extending from the posterosuperior to an- 6 Frontal process. Processus frontalis. Process teroinferior aspect of the body of the mandible. which unites with the zygomatic process of the Origin of the mylohyoid muscle. Its posterior 7 frontal bone. A B end is the origin of the mylopharyngeal part of 6a Orbital eminence. Eminentia orbitalis. Small the superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx. 8 tubercle just within the lateral margin of the D orbit. Gives attachment to the lateral palpebral 23 [Torus mandibularis]. Bony outgrowth above ligament, among others. A B 9 the mylohyoid line at the level of the premolars. 7 Marginal tubercle. [Tuberculum marginale]. Possible hindrance to prostheses. D Prominence usually present on the posterior 10 margin of the frontal process. Attachment site of 24 Sublingual fovea. Fovea sublingualis. Depres- the temporalis muscle. A B sion for the sublingual gland on the anterior part of the mandible above the mylohyoid line. D 11 8 Zygomatico-orbital foramen. Foramen zygomatico-orbitale. Foramen on the orbital surface 25 Submandibular fovea. Fovea submandibularis. Depression for the submandibular gland 12 leading into a bony canal for the zygomatic nerve. A B on the posterior half of the body of the mandible below the mylohyoid line. D 9 Zygomaticofacial foramen. Foramen zygo- 13 maticofaciale. Opening on the lateral surface for 26 Alveolar part. Pars alveolaris. Pectinate passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve. A process on the base of the mandible that houses the roots of the teeth. C 14 10 Zygomaticotemporal foramen. Foramen zygomaticotemporale. Foramen on the temporal 27 Alveolar arch. Arcus alveolaris. Curved free mar- 15 surface for passage of the zygomaticotemporal gin of the alveolar part. E nerve. B 28 Dental alveoli. Alveoli dentales. Sockets for reception and fixation of the roots of the teeth. E 16 11 Mandible. Mandibula. Lower jaw bone. C D E 12 Body of mandible. Corpus mandibulae. Hori- 29 Interalveolar septa. Septa interalveolaria. Bony zontal part of the mandible to which the man- ridges between the dental alveoli. E 17 dibular rami are attached. C 30 Interradicular septa. Septa interradicularia. Bony 13 Base of mandible. Basis mandibulae. Lower partitions between the roots of the teeth. E portion of the body of the mandible minus the 18 31 Alveolar juga. Juga alveolaria. Protrusions on the alveolar part. C external surface of the mandible caused by the 19 14 Symphysis menti. Symphysis mandibulae fan-like roots of the teeth. C E (medialis). Median connective tissue bridge between the right and left halves of the mandible. 20 It becomes ossified in the first postnatal year. 15 Mental protuberance. Protuberantia mentalis. 21 Prominence of the chin. C 16 Mental tubercle. Tuberculum mentale. Promi- 22 nence on either side of the mental pro- tubereance. C 23 17 Gnathion. A cephalometric landmark indicating the lowest point on the midline of the mandible. C 24 18 Mental foramen. Foramen mentale. Opening for the mental nerve below the second pre- 25 molar. Pressure point for the third division of the trigeminal nerve. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 27

7 1 6a 6 7 6 6a 4 2 8 4 8 2 3 5 5 3 4 9

10 5

A Zygomatic bone, lateral view B Zygomatic bone, medial view 6

23 10

12 16 26 12 13 13 15 14 172418 31 19 17 20 21 2422 25 15 C Mandible D Mandible, medial view 16

17 30 29 18 28 19

31 20

27 21 E Mandible, superior view 22

1 Ramus of mandible. Ramus mandibulae. 16 Hyoid bone. Os hyoideum. It starts to ossify 1 Process that projects superiorly from the before birth. B mandible. A 17 Body of hyoid. Corpus ossis hyoidea. Anterior 2 2 Angle of mandible. Angulus mandibulae. segment between the right and left (greater and Angle between the body and ramus of the lesser) horns. B mandible. It is most erect in adults and very 18 Lesser horn (cornu). Cornu minus. B 3 wide in newborns and toothless elderly in- dividuals (ca. 140°). A 19 Greater horn (cornu). Cornu majus. B 4 3 Gonion. Anthropometric landmark indicating 20 SKULL. Cranium. D E F the most inferior, posterior, and lateral point of 20 a CRANIAL CAVITY. Cavitas cranii. the angle of the mandible. A 5 21 Periosteum of the external skull surface. Per- 4 Masseteric tuberosity. Tuberositas masseter- icranium. C ica. Roughened area occasionally present on the 6 external surface of the angle of the mandible. At- 22 External table (lamina). Lamina externa. Outer tachment site of the masseter muscle. A layer of bone comprising the skull cap (calvaria). C 7 5 Pterygoid tuberosity. Tuberositas pterygoidea. Roughened area occasionally present on 23 Diploë. Layer of spongy bone (spongiosa) between the external and internal tables, espe- 8 the internal surface near the angle of the mandible. Attachment site of the medial ptery- cially in the cranial bones. C goid muscle. A 24 Diploic canals. Canales diploici. Large venous 9 6 Mandibular foramen. Foramen mandibulae. canals in the diploë. C Opening on the inner aspect of the mandibular 25 Internal table (lamina). Lamina interna. Inner 10 ramus leading into the mandibular canal. A layer of bone comprising the skull cap. C 7 Lingula of mandible. Lingula mandibulae. Bony 26 Groove for the superior sagittal sinus. Sul- 11 projection medial to the mandibular foramen. cus sinus sagittalis superioris. C Attachment site of the sphenomandibular liga- 27 Granular pits (pacchionian granulations). ment. A Foveolae granulares [[Pacchioni]]. Small pits oc- 12 8 Mandibular canal. Canalis mandibulae. Bony cupied by the arachnoid granulations. C canal within the mandible for passage of the in- 28 NORMA VERTICALIS (calvaria). Normal outline 13 ferior alveolar artery and nerve. It begins at the of skull cap as viewed from above. F mandibular foramen and passes beneath the roots of the teeth to the vicinity of the median 29 Bregma. Point of intersection of the sagittal and 14 plane. A coronal sutures. F 9 Mylohyoid groove. Sulcus mylohyoideus. 30 Crown of head. Vertex. Highest point of the 15 Groove extending forward and downward from vault of the skull. E the mandibular foramen and housing the mylo- 31 Occiput. Back part of the head. E F hyoid nerve and the mylohyoid branch of the in- NORMA FACIALIS. 16 ferior alveolar artery. A 32 Normal outline of skull as viewed from in front. D 10 Coronoid process. Processus coronoideus. 17 Muscular process separated from the posteri- 33 Forehead. Frons. Front of calvaria above the orly situated condylar process by the mandibu- eyes. D E 18 lar notch. Attachment site of the temporalis 34 Nasion. Median point between the intersection muscle. A of frontal and nasal bones. D E 10 a Temporal crest. Crista temporalis. Sharp bony 19 ridge at the anterior margin of the coronoid process for attachment of the temporalis 20 muscle. A 11 Mandibular notch. Incisura mandibulae. In- 21 dentation between the condylar and coronoid processes. A 12 Condylar process. Processus condylaris. Artic- 22 ular process. A 13 Head of mandible. Caput mandibulae. Articular 23 head of the mandible. A 14 Neck of mandible. Collum mandibulae. Narrow 24 segment below the head of the mandible. A 15 Pterygoid fovea. Fovea pterygoidea. Anterome- 25 dial pit below the head of the mandible for attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 29

11 13 1 10 12 2 15 10 14 10a 6 3 7 6 9 4 1 1 5 5

2 7

8 8 4 3 A Mandible 9

10 21 22 24 11 19 12 16 18 23 13

17 14 27 25 26 15 B Hyoid bone, anterosuperior view C Cross section of skull cap segment 16

30 17

18 33 33 29 19

34 31 20 34 21

22 31 23

D Norma facialis E Norma lateralis F Norma verticalis 24

1 INTERNAL BASE OF CRANIUM. Basis cranii in- 16 NORMA BASILARIS (BASIS CRANII EXTERNA). 1 terna. Superior aspect of the skull base and its Normal outline of skull base as viewed from cranial cavities. A below. External base of cranium. B 2 2 Anterior cranial fossa. Fossa cranii [cranialis] 17 Greater palatine canal. Canalis palatinus major. anterior. Cranial cavity extending from the wall Canal formed by the palatine bone and maxilla of the frontal bone to the lesser wing of the for the descending palatine artery and the 3 sphenoid. A greater palatine nerve. B E. See 25 C 3 Middle cranial fossa. Fossa cranii [cranialis] 18 Jugular foramen. Foramen jugulare. Fibrous, 4 media. Cranial cavity extending from the lesser divided opening between the occipital and tem- wing of the sphenoid to the petrous ridge of the poral bones. Point where the sigmoid sinus and 5 temporal bone. A inferior petrosal sinus unite. The internal jugu- 4 Posterior cranial fossa. Fossa cranii [cranialis] lar vein and nerves IX, X, and XI pass through it. posterior. Cranial cavity extending from the AB 6 petrous ridge to the posterior (occipital) wall of 19 Sphenopetrosal fissure. Fissura spheno- the skull. A petrosa. Medial continuation of the petrosquamous fissure. Its expansion forms the 7 5 Clivus. Posteriorly descending segment of bone foramen lacerum. Point of passage of the lesser between the sella turcica and foramen magnum. petrosal nerve and point of exit of the chorda It is formed by the occipital and sphenoid bones. tympani from the skull. A B 8 AB 20 Petro-occipital fissure. Fissura petro-occipi- 6 Digital impressions. Impressiones digitatae talis. Cleft between the petrous temporal and 9 (gyrorum). Flat indentations corresponding to occipital bones extending medially from the the cerebral gyri which produce them. A jugular foramen. A B 7 Venous grooves. Sulci venosi. Grooves for 10 21 Foramen lacerum. Foramen lacerum. Irregular, meningeal veins occasionally present on the fibrocartilage-covered opening in the middle inner wall of the parietal bone. 11 cranial fossa between the apex of the petrous 8 Arterial grooves. Sulci arteriales. Grooves on part of the temporal bone and the sphenoid the inner wall of the skull produced primarily by bone. The deep and greater petrosal nerves pass 12 the middle meningeal artery and its branches. A through it. A B 9 Sutural (wormian) bones. Ossa suturalia. 22 Bony (hard) palate. Palatum osseum. B E 13 Bones occasionally present in cranial sutures. C 23 Greater palatine foramen. Foramen palatinum 10 NORMA LATERALIS. Normal outline of skull as majus. Opening of the greater palatine canal lo- 14 viewed laterally. C cated near the posterior margin of the bony pa- 10 a Pterion. Important cephalometric landmark in- late between the palatine bone and maxilla. B E dicating the point where the frontal, parietal, 24 Incisive fossa. Fossa incisiva. Tiny (matchhead- 15 temporal, and sphenoid bones meet. C sized), epithelium-covered depression which 10 b Asterion. Point where the lambdoid, parie- receives the incisive canal and the incisive 16 tomastoid and occipitomastoid sutures meet. C foramina. E 11 Temporal fossa. Fossa temporalis. Area be- 25 Incisive canal. Canalis incisivus. Canal for the 17 tween the temporal line and the zygomatic arch. incisive nerve. Cf. page 24.4 E C 26 Incisive foramina. Foramina incisiva. Two or four openings for the incisive canals. E 18 12 Zygomatic arch. Arcus zygomaticus. Bony arch formed by the union of the zygomatic process of 27 [Torus palatinus]. Longitudinal elevation oc- the temporal bone with the temporal process of casionally present in the midline of the hard pa- 19 the zygomatic bone. C late projecting toward the oral cavity. E 13 Infratemporal fossa. Fossa infratemporalis. In- 28 Palatovaginal canal. Canalis palatovaginalis. 20 ferior continuation of the temporal fossa located Small canal between the vaginal process of the between the ramus of the mandible and the sphenoid and palatine bone for branches of the greater wing of the sphenoid. It contains the maxillary artery and the pterygopalatine gan- 21 pterygoid muscles, the pterygoid plexus, and glion. See 12.8 the ramus of the mandibular nerve. C 29 Vomerovaginal canal. Canalis vomerovagi- 22 14 Pterygopalatine fossa. Fossa pterygopalatina. nalis. Small canal occasionally present between The part of the infratemporal fossa just lateral to the vomer and the vaginal process of the sphenoid for transmission of a branch of the spheno- 23 the sphenopalatine foramen and the perpendicular lamina of the palatine bone. Its lateral palatine artery. See 12.9 boundary is formed by the pterygomaxillary fis- 30 Vomerorostral canal. Canalis vomerorostralis. 24 sure. C Small canal between the vomer and sphenoidal 15 Pterygomaxillary fissure. Fissura ptery- rostrum. 25 gomaxillaris. Cleft located between the maxilla and the lateral pterygoid plate. C D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 31

2 2 6 17.23 22 3

4 8 5 3 21 21 19 6 19 5 5 20 20 7 18 18 8

4 9 16 10

A Internal base of cranium. B Skull base 12 Superior aspect of skull base. viewed from below 13

22.17 10a 15

9 16 11 10b 15 24.15 17 12 12.1 13 15 14 18

19 24 C Skull from left D Schematic horizontal section 20 through the 26(25) pterygopalatine fossa 21 27 22 22 17 23 23 E Hard palate viewed 24 from below 25

1 NASAL CAVITY. Cavitas nasi. A C 22 Posterior ethmoidal foramen. Foramen eth- 1 2 Bony nasal septum. Septum nasi osseum. Bony moidale posterius. Posterior opening in the me- partition formed by the vomer and the perpen- dial wall of the orbit between the frontal and 2 dicular plate of the ethmoid. C. See page 136.4 ethmoid bones for passage of the posterior ethmoidal vessels and nerve. C 3 Piriform aperture. Apertura piriformis (nasalis 3 anterior). Pear-shaped anterior nasal opening in 22 a Lacrimal sulcus. Sulcus lacrimalis. Groove-like the bony skull. A C D beginning of the nasolacrimal canal. C 4 Superior nasal meatus. Meatus nasalis super- 22 b Fossa of lacrimal sac. Fossa sacci lacrimalis. 4 ior. Space above the middle nasal concha. A Expanded depression for the lacrimal sac at the beginning of the nasolacrimal canal. C 5 Middle nasal meatus. Meatus nasalis medius. 5 Space between the middle and inferior nasal 23 Superior orbital fissure. Fissura orbitalis su- conchae. A perior. Fissure in the posterior part of the lateral wall of the orbit between the greater and lesser 6 6 Inferior nasal meatus. Meatus nasalis inferior. wings of the sphenoid. It leads from the cranial Space below the inferior nasal concha. A cavity to the orbit and transmits the ophthalmic, 7 7 Nasolacrimal canal. Canalis nasolacrimalis. oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves as Passageway for the nasolacrimal duct which well as the superior ophthalmic vein. C opens beneath the inferior nasal concha. C 8 24 Inferior orbital fissure. Fissura orbitalis infe- 8 Sphenoethmoidal recess. Recessus sphenoeth- rior. Cleft between the greater wing of the sphe- moidalis. Space above the superior nasal con- noid and the orbital surface of the maxilla for 9 cha. A passage of the zygomatic nerve and the infraor- 9 Nasopharyngeal meatus. Meatus nasopharyn- bital nerve and vessels. C 10 geus. Part of the nasal cavity that extends from 25 NORMA OCCIPITALIS. Normal outline of skull the posterior margin of the conchae to the viewed from behind. B choana. A 25 a Inion. Cephalometric landmark at the center of 11 10 Posterior apertures of the nose. Choanae. Bi- the external occipital protuberance. lateral openings between the nasal cavity and 12 the nasopharynx. A 26 Lambda. Junction point of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures. B 11 Sphenopalatine foramen. Foramen spheno- CRANIAL FONTANELLES. 13 palatinum. Superior opening in the pterygo- 27 Fonticuli cranii. Mem- palatine fossa leading into the nasal cavity. The brane-covered gaps between the developing largest part is formed by the palatine bone, a skull bones (fetal and infant). D E 14 lesser part by the sphenoid. A 28 Anterior fontanelle. Fonticulus anterior. Rhom- 12 ORBIT. Orbita. Bony cavity that contains the eye- boid, large space located anteriorly in the sagit- 15 ball. C D tal suture between the temporal and frontal an- 13 Orbital aditus. Aditus orbitalis. Anterior open- lagen. It is obliterated in the 2nd and 3rd postnatal year. D E 16 ing (base) of the orbit. D 14 Orbital margin. Margo orbitalis. Bony margin 29 Posterior fontanelle. Fonticulus posterior. of orbit. Small triangular gap at the junction of the sagit- 17 tal and lamboid sutures, i.e., between the paired 15 Supraorbital margin. Margo supraorbitalis. temporal bones and the occipital bone. It closes Upper margin of orbital aditus. C within 3 months after birth. D E 18 16 Infraorbital margin. Margo infraorbitalis. 30 Sphenoidal (anterolateral) fontanelle. Fon- Lower margin of orbital aditus. C ticulus sphenoidalis (anterolateralis). Lateral 19 16 a Lateral margin. Margo lateralis. Lateral border gap between the frontal, parietal, temporal and of orbital aditus. sphenoid bones, i.e., at the site of the pterion. D 20 16 b Medial margin. Margo medialis. Medial border 31 Mastoid (posterolateral) fontanelle. Fon- of orbital aditus. ticulus mastoideus (posterolateralis). Lateral 21 17 Superior wall. Paries superior. Roof of the orbit. space between the parietal, occipital and tem- C poral bones, i.e., at the site of the asterion. D 22 18 Inferior wall. Paries inferior. Floor of the orbit. C 19 Lateral wall of orbit. Paries lateralis. C 23 20 Medial wall of orbit. Paries medialis. C 21 Anterior ethmoidal foramen. Foramen ethmoidale anterius. Anterior opening in the me- 24 dial wall of the orbit between the frontal and ethmoid bones for passage of the anterior eth- 25 moidal nerve and vessels from the anterior cranial fossa. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 33

11 8 2

3 26 4 4 5

5 6 10 A Lateral wall of nasal cavity 9 with frontal and sphenoidal sinuses 3 7 6 8 15 22 21 9 17 23 10 10.20 22a B 20 Normal outline of skull viewed 11 10.33 22b from behind (norma occipitalis) 19 18 12 7 2 13 1 24 16 14

3 15

C Right bony orbital cavity 16

28 17

18 28 19

20 29 21 12 13 3 22

29 23

31 30 24 D Skull of newborn, E Skull of newborn, dextrolateral view superior view 25

APPENDICULAR SKELETON. Skeleton appendic- 23 Neck of scapula. Collum scapulae. The portion 1 ulare. Bones of the limbs. of the scapula situated medial to the margin of 1 BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB. Ossa membri su- the glenoid cavity. A B 2 perioris. 24 Coracoid process. Processus coracoideus. 2 SHOULDER (PECTORAL) GIRDLE. Cingulum Hook-shaped process projecting anteriorly membri superioris (Cingulum pectorale). from the superior margin of the scapula just 3 lateral to the scapular notch. Attachment site of 3 Scapula. Shoulder blade. A B the pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis and short 4 4 Costal (anterior) surface. Facies costalis (ante- head of the biceps muscles. A B rior). Scapular surface facing the ribs. B 25 Clavicle. Clavicula. Collar bone. C 5 Subscapular fossa. Fossa subscapularis. Con- 5 26 Extremitas sternalis. Sternal (medial) end of cavity on the costal surface. B the clavicle facing the sternum. C 6 Posterior surface. Facies posterior. Scapular 27 Sternal articular surface. Facies articularis 6 surface facing the skin of the back. A sternalis. Articular surface on the medial end of 7 Spine of scapula. Spina scapulae. Long bony clavicle for articulation with the sternum. C 7 ridge on the posterior scapular surface extend- 28 Impression for the costoclavicular liga- ing into the acromion. A B ment. Impressio ligamenti costoclavicularis. 8 Supraspinous fossa. Fossa supraspinata (su- Roughened area on the inferior surface of the 8 praspinosa). Fossa that extends from above the clavicle near the sternal end for attachment of spinous process to the superior margin of the the costoclavicular ligament. C 9 scapula. A 29 Body (shaft) of clavicle. Corpus claviculae 9 Infraspinous fossa. Fossa infraspinata (in- (claviculare). Middle portion of the clavicle. C 10 fraspinosa). Fossa that extends from below the 30 Subclavian groove. Sulcus musculi subclavii. spinous process to the inferior angle of the Elongated groove representing the deep attach- scapula. A ment field of the subclavius muscle. C 11 10 Acromion. Free end of the scapular spine pro- 31 Acromial (lateral) end. Extremitas acromialis. jecting over the head of the humerus. A B End of the clavicle facing the acromion. C 12 11 Acromial articular surface. Facies articularis 31 a Tuberosity for the coracoclavicular ligament. acromii. Articular facet for the clavicle. B Tuberositas ligamenti coracoclavicularis. 13 12 Acromial angle. Angulus acromialis. Sharp Roughened area for attachment of the two por- bend at the site where the spine of the scapula tions of the coracoclavicular ligament (conoid becomes continuous with the lateral margin of and trapezoid ligaments). C 14 the acromion. A 32 Acromial articular surface. Facies articularis 13 Medial margin. Margo medialis. Border of the acromialis. Joint surface for the acromion. C 15 scapula facing the vertebral column. A B 33 Conoid tubercle. Tuberculum conoideum. 14 Lateral margin. Margo lateralis. Border of the Small eminence on the inferior surface of the scapula facing the humerus. A B acromial end of the clavicle for attachment of 16 the conoid ligament. C 15 Superior margin. Margo superior. Upper border of the scapula. A B 34 Trapezoid line. Linea trapezoidea. Attachment 17 site for the trapezoid ligament on the inferior 16 Scapular notch. Incisura scapulae (scapularis). surface of the acromial end of the clavicle. C Indentation in the superior margin of the 18 scapula just medial to the coracoid process. It is traversed by the suprascapular nerve. A B 19 17 Inferior angle. Angulus inferior. Lower angle of the scapula. A B 18 Lateral angle. Angulus lateralis. Lateral angle of 20 the scapula bearing the glenoid cavity. A B 19 Superior angle. Angulus superior. Upper me- 21 dial angle of the scapula. A B 20 Glenoid cavity. Cavitas glenoidalis. Articular 22 cavity of the shoulder. B 21 Infraglenoid tubercle. Tuberculum infragle- 23 noidale. Small tubercle at the inferior margin of the glenoid cavity for the origin of the long head of the triceps. A B 24 22 Supraglenoid tubercle. Tuberculum supraglenoidale. Small tubercle at the superior margin of 25 the glenoid cavity for the origin of the long head of the biceps. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 35

24 1 19 15 16 10 2

8 12 6 3 7 18 4

21 23 5

6 6

9 7

14 13 10 11 8

16 7 15 19 9 10 24 22 11 23 20 18 12 21 17 13 A Right scapula, posterior view 14 4 15 5 16 13 14 17 B Right scapula anterior view 18

32 34; 31a 20

29 21 17 31 26 30 22 25 27 23

33 28 24 C Right clavicle, inferior view 25

1 FREE PART OF UPPER LIMB. Pars libera membri 20 Lateral supracondylar ridge. Crista supracondy- 1 superioris. Bones of the arm and hand. laris lateralis. Lower, sharp-edged terminal 2 Humerus. The bone of the upper arm. A B portion of the lateral margin ending at the lateral epicondyle. A B 2 3 Head of humerus. Caput humeri (humerale). A B 21 Deltoid tuberosity. Tuberositas deltoidea. Rough area on the anterolateral surface near 3 4 Anatomical neck. Collum anatomicum. Area the middle of the humerus for attachment of between the head and the (greater and lesser) the deltoid muscle. A B tubercles of the humerus. A B 4 22 Condyle of humerus. Condylus humeri. Distal 5 Surgical neck. Collum chirurgicum. Tapering end of the humerus comprising the olecranon region distal to the tubercles and continuous 5 fossa, coronoid fossa, radial fossa and the artic- with the shaft. A B ular surfaces. A B 6 Greater tubercle. Tuberculum majus. Large 23 Capitulum of humerus. Capitulum humeri. 6 prominence at the posterolateral end of the Rounded projection at the distal end of the humerus. Site of muscle attachment. A B humerus for articulation with the radius. A 7 7 Lesser tubercle. Tuberculum minus. Smaller 24 Trochlea of humerus. Trochlea humeri. Artic- prominence on the anterior surface of ular cylinder at the distal end of the humerus humerus. Site of muscle attachment. A 8 for articulation with the ulna. A B 8 Intertubercular groove. Sulcus intertubercu- 25 Olecranon fossa. Fossa olecrani. Deep pit laris. Groove located between the two tubercles above the trochlea on the posterior aspect of 9 for passage of the tendon of the long head of the humerus that receives the olecranon when the biceps. A the elbow joint is extended. B 10 9 Crest of greater tubercle. Crista tuberculi ma- 26 Coronoid fossa. Fossa coronoidea. Depression joris. Bony ridge extending downward from the on the anterior aspect of the humerus proximal greater tubercle. Attachment site for the pec- to the trochlea that receives the coronoid 11 toralis major. A process of the ulna when the elbow joint is 10 Crest of lesser tubercle. Crista tuberculi minoris. flexed. A 12 Bony ridge extending downward from the 27 Radial fossa. Fossa radialis. Depression above lesser tubercle. Attachment site for the teres the capitulum on the anterior aspect of the 13 major and latissimus dorsi. A humerus that receives the head of the radius 11 Body of humerus. Corpus humeri. Shaft be- when there is strong flexion of the elbow joint. tween the two end of the humerus. A B A 14 12 Anteromedial surface. Facies anterior medi- 28 Medial epicondyle. Epicondylus medialis. Me- alis (anteromedialis). Surface of the humerus dial protuberance which gives origin to the 15 lying medial to the prolongation of the crest of flexor muscles of the forearm. A B the greater tubercle. A 29 Groove for the ulnar nerve. Sulcus nervi ul- 16 13 Anterolateral surface. Facies anterior lateralis naris. It occupies the posterior surface of the (anterolateralis). Surface of the humerus lo- medial epicondyle. B cated lateral to the prolongation of the crest of 30 Lateral epicondyle. Epicondylus lateralis. Pro- 17 the greater tubercle. A tuberance lateral to the capitulum that gives at- 14 Posterior surface of humerus. Facies poste- tachment to the extensor muscles of the fore- 18 rior. B arm. A B 15 Groove for radial nerve. Sulcus nervi radialis. Ob- 19 lique groove descending laterally on the posterior surface of the humerus. B 20 16 Medial margin. Margo medialis. Inner margin of the humerus continuous distally with the medial supracondylar ridge. A B 21 17 Medial supracondylar ridge. Crista supracondylaris medialis. Lower, sharp-edged end of the 22 medial margin. It communicates with the medial epicondyle. A B 23 18 Supracondylar process. [Processus supracondylaris]. Bony spur, phylogenetically conditioned, and occasionally present (1%) at the medial 24 margin of the distal humerus. A 19 Lateral margin. Margo lateralis. Outer margin 25 of the humerus continuous distally with the lateral supracondylar ridge. A B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 37

3 1 4 4 3 6 3 2 7 8 6 3

4 4 4 5 5 9 5

6 10 7

11 9 21 13 12 10

21 11 11 15 12

13 14 13

16 14

19 15 18 16 16 20 19 17 17 20 17 18 27 26 19 30 28 25 22 22 30 20

21 23 24 28 29 24 22 A B Right humerus, Right humerus, 23 anterior view posterior view 24

1 Radius. The lateral of the two forearm bones. A 21 Ulnar tuberosity. Tuberositas ulnae. Rough- 1 B ened area on the anterior surface of the upper part of the ulnar shaft for attachment of the 2 Head of radius. Caput radii (radiale). Proximal brachialis muscle. A 2 end of the radius which articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. A B 22 Trochlear notch. Incisura trochlearis. Articular surface at the proximal end of the anterior sur- 3 Articular fovea. Fovea articularis. Concavity 3 face of the ulna for articulation with the that receives the capitulum of the humerus. B trochlea of the humerus. A 4 4 Articular circumference. Circumferentia ar- 23 Radial notch. Incisura radialis. Joint surface on ticularis. Rim-like surface on the head of the the lateral aspect of the ulna at the level of the radius for articulation with the radial notch of 5 coronoid process for articulation with the artic- the ulna. A B ular circumference of the radius. A 5 Neck of radius. Collum radii. Slender region at 24 Body of ulna. Corpus ulnae. Ulnar shaft. A B 6 the proximal end of the radius between the head and tuberosity. A B 25 Posterior surface. Facies posterior. B 7 6 Body of radius. Corpus radii. Radial shaft. A B 26 Anterior surface. Facies anterior. A 7 Radial tuberosity. Tuberositas radii. Rough- 27 Medial surface. Facies medialis. Surface facing 8 ened prominence on the medial aspect of the the trunk. B radius about 2 cm distal to the proximal end. 28 Interosseous border. Margo interosseus. Mar- Attachment site of the biceps tendon. A B 9 gin providing attachment for the interosseous 8 Interosseous margin. Margo interosseus. membrane. A B Border facing the ulna and giving attachment to 29 Posterior margin. Margo posterior. B 10 the interosseous membrane. A B 30 Anterior margin. Margo anterior. Anterome- 9 Posterior border. Facies posterior. B dial margin of the ulna. A 11 10 Anterior border. Facies anterior. A 31 Supinator crest. Crista m. supinatoris. Bony ridge extending distally from the radial notch 11 Lateral border. Facies lateralis. A B 12 for attachment of the supinator muscle. A B 11 a Pronator tuberosity. Tuberositas pronatoria. 32 Head of ulna. Caput ulnae. Distal end of the Roughened area at the middle of the lateral sur- ulna. A B 13 face. Attachment site of the pronator teres muscle. B 33 Articular circumference. Circumferentia ar- 14 ticularis. Anterolateral articular surface of the 12 Posterior margin. Margo posterior. B head of the ulna for articulation with the ulnar 13 Anterior margin. Margo anterior. Margin notch of the radius. A 15 facing anterolaterally. A 34 Styloid process. Processus styloideus. Peg-like 14 Styloid process. Processus styloideus. process projecting downward from the pos- 16 Downward projection of the lateral surface of teromedial aspect of the lower end of the ulna. the radius at its distal end. A B Attachment site of the articular disc and the ulnar collateral ligament. A B 17 15 Dorsal tubercle. Tuberculum dorsale. Bony ridge on the posterior aspect of the lower end of the radius between the grooves for the ex- 18 tensor pollicis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis muscles. It is often palpable 19 through the skin. B 16 Ulnar notch. Incisura ulnaris. Concavity form- 20 ing the medial surface at the end of the radius for articulation with the ulna. A B 21 17 Articular carpal surface. Facies articularis carpalis. Joint surface on the inferior surface of the lower end of the radius for articulation with the 22 carpus. A 18 Ulna. Medial forearm bone. A B 23 19 Olecranon. Proximal, posterior end of the ulna. Attachment site of the extensor muscles of the 24 elbow joint. B 20 Coronoid process. Processus coronoideus. 25 Anteriorly directed projection at the anterior end of the trochlear notch. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 39

1 19 22 2 2 3 20 3 4 2 4 23 5 5 4 31 31 5 21 7 7 6 11a 7 8 30 8 8 27 9 9 28 28 10 6 10 6 24 24 11 11 11 26 25 12

1 1 13 18 18 14

29 15

13 16

17 12 18 32 32 33 15 19 14 20 17 16 34 34 16 14 21 A Right radius and ulna, B Right ulna and radius, anterior view posterior view 22

BONES OF THE HAND. Ossa manus. 17 METACARPAL BONES I−V. Ossa metacarpi 1 (metacarpalia) [I−V]. A B 1 CARPUS. The wrist, which is situated between the forearm and metacarpal bones. A B C 18 Base of metacarpal bone. Basis metacarpalis. 2 Proximal, broad end of a metacarpal bone. A B 2 CARPAL BONES. Ossa carpi (carpalia). The eight wrist bones. A B C 19 Body (shaft) of metacarpal bone. Corpus metacarpale. A B 3 3 Accessory carpal bone (ossicle). [Os centrale]. It is occasionally found between the capitate, 20 Head of metacarpal bone. Caput metacarpale. 4 scaphoid and trapezoid bones. When present, it Distal articular end of a metacarpal bone. A B is usually fused with the scaphoid. C 21 Third metacarpal bone. Os metacarpale ter- 5 4 Scaphoid. Os scaphoideum [[os naviculare]]. tium [III]. Metacarpal bone lying proximal to Proximal carpal bone situated between the the middle finger. A B lunate and trapezium bones. A B 6 22 Styloid process. Processus styloideus. Pointed 5 Scaphoid tubercle. Tuberculum ossis sca- process at the base of metacarpal III, radial to phoidei. Elevation on the anterior surface of the the capitate. B scaphoid. It protrudes visibly with radial ab- 7 23 FINGERS (DIGITS). Ossa digitorum (phalanges). duction of the hand. A AB 6 Lunate. Os lunatum. Proximal carpal bone lo- 8 24 PHALANGES. Bony segments comprising the cated between the scaphoid and triquetrum. A fingers. A B B 9 25 Proximal phalanx. Phalanx proximalis. Proxi- 7 Triquetrum. Os triquetrum. Proximal carpal mal bone of a finger. A B bone situated between the hamate and lunate 10 bones, dorsal to the pisiform bone. A B 26 Middle phalanx. Phalanx media. The middle 8 Pisiform. Os pisiforme. Proximal carpal bone bones of the fingers. A B 11 residing on the palmar aspect of the triquetrum 27 Distal (terminal) phalanx. Phalanx distalis. with which it articulates. It represents a true Distal, nail-bearing segment of the finger. A B sesamoid bone within the tendon of the flexor 28 Tuberosity of distal phalanx. Tuberositas 12 carpi ulnaris. A B phalangis distalis. Roughened expansions at 9 Trapezium. Os trapezium [[os multangulum the distal flexor side of each terminal phalanx 13 majus]]. Distal carpal bone located between the for attachment of the tactile pads. A 1st metacarpal and the scaphoid. A B 29 Base of phalanx. Basis phalangis. Proximal, 14 10 Tubercle of trapezium. Tuberculum ossis thickened, articular end of the phalanx. A B trapezii. Elevation on the palmar side of the trapezium distal to the scaphoid tubercle and 30 Body (shaft) of phalanx. Corpus phalangis. A B 15 radial to the groove for the flexor carpi radialis. 31 Distal end (trochlea) of phalanx. Caput A (trochlea) phalangis. A B 16 11 Trapezoid. Os trapezoideum [[os multangulum 32 Sesamoid bones. Ossa sesamoidea. Bones em- minus]]. Distal carpal bone positioned between bedded in tendons or ligaments. A the 2nd metacarpal and the scaphoid and be- 17 tween the trapezium and capitate bones. A B 12 Capitate. Os capitatum. Distal carpal bone 18 centered between the 3rd metacarpal and the lunate bone. A B 19 13 Hamate. Os hamatum. Distal carpal bone located between the 4th and 5th metacarpals, 20 capitate and triquetrum. A B 14 Hamulus (hook) of hamate. Hamulus ossis hamati. Hook-shaped process on the palmar 21 aspect of the hamate distal to the pisiform bone. A 22 15 Carpal groove. Sulcus carpi. Palmar concavity between the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium on the radial side, and the hamulus 23 and pisiform bone on the ulnar side. A transverse ligament converts it into a closed canal 24 (carpal tunnel) for the flexor tendons of the fingers. A 25 16 METACARPUS. Region of the hand between the fingers and the wrist. A B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 41

28 1 27 29 2 31 29 26 3 23; 24 31 4

30 5 25 29 6 20 27 7 32 19 21 8 16;17 26 31 24; 23 9 18 10 14 10 13 11 25 29 8 9 30 11 7 6 5 20 12 12 4 21 15 13 19 A Skeleton of right hand 18 16;17 14 from palmar side 15 22 11 12 13 16 9 7 17

8 18 3 1; 2 4 6

B Skeleton of right hand from dorsal side 19

C Central bone of right hand 22

1 BONES OF THE LOWER LIMB. Ossa membri in- 21 Anterior inferior iliac spine. Spina iliaca ante- 1 ferioris. rior inferior. Bony process at the anterior mar- 2 PELVIC GIRDLE. Cingulum membri inferioris gin of the ilium. Origin of the rectus femoris 2 (Cingulum pelvicum). It is composed of the muscle. A C sacrum and the two ilia. 22 Posterior superior iliac spine. Spina iliaca posterior superior. Bony process at the poste- 3 3 HIP BONE. Os coxae (pelvicum). Bony structure comprised of the ilium, ischium and pubis. A B rior end of the iliac crest. A C C 23 Posterior inferior iliac spine. Spina iliaca 4 4 Obturator foramen. Foramen obturatum (ob- posterior inferior. Bony process at the superior turatorium). Large opening between the pubis end of the greater sciatic notch. A C 5 and ischium. A C 24 Iliac fossa. Fossa iliaca. A concavity forming 5 Acetabulum. Hip joint socket. Cavity formed by the internal surface of the ala of the ilium. C 6 the ilium, ischium and pubis. A 25 Gluteal surface. Facies glutealis. External sur- 6 Margin of the acetabulum. Limbus acetabuli face of the ala of the ilium. A 7 (margo acetabularis). Margin interrupted by 26 Anterior gluteal line. Linea glutealis anterior. the acetabular notch. A A flat ridge situated somewhat in the middle of 7 Acetabular fossa. Fossa acetabuli (acetabu- the ala of the ilium between the fields of origin 8 laris). Deeper part embraced by the lunate sur- of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles. A face. A 27 Posterior gluteal line. Linea glutealis poste- 9 8 Acetabular notch. Incisura acetabuli (acetabu- rior. Bony ridge between the fields of origin of laris). Notch in the lunate surface of the the gluteus medius and maximus muscles. A acetabulum facing the obturator foramen and 10 28 Inferior gluteal line. Linea glutealis inferior. continuous with the acetabular fossa. A Bony ridge above the acetabulum between the 9 Lunate surface. Facies lunata. Cartilage fields of origin of the gluteus minimus and rec- 11 covered, sickle-shaped articular surface of the tus femoris muscles. A acetabulum. A 29 Sacropelvic surface. Facies sacropelvina. Sur- 12 10 Ilium. Os ilii (ilium, os iliacum). A B C face of the dorsal segment of the ilium facing the sacrum and consisting of the following two 11 Body of the ilium. Corpus ossis ilii. The central parts. C 13 portion of the ilium situated near the acetabulum. A B C 30 Auricular surface. Facies auricularis. The ear- 12 Supra-acetabular sulcus. Sulcus su- shaped surface which articulates with the 14 praacetabularis. Groove formed between the sacrum. It is covered with fibrocartilage. C acetabular margin and the body of the ilium. A 31 Iliac tuberosity. Tuberositas iliaca. Roughened 15 13 Wing (or ala) of the ilium. Ala ossis ilii. A C area behind and above the auricular surface. Gives attachment to the sacroiliac ligaments. C 14 Arcuate line. Linea arcuata. Prominent bony 16 ridge at the boundary between the greater and lesser pelvis. C 17 15 Iliac crest. Crista iliaca. A C 16 External lip of the iliac crest. Labium externum. Bony ridge for attachment of the external 18 abdominal oblique muscle. A 17 Tubercle of iliac crest. Tuberculum iliacum. Pal- 19 pable projection on the external lip of the iliac crest about 5 cm behind the anterior iliac 20 spine at the junction of the anterior gluteal line with the iliac crest. A 18 Linea intermedia. Rough bony area between 21 the external and internal lips of the iliac crest. Origin of the internal abdominal oblique 22 muscle. A 19 Internal lip of the iliac crest. Labium inter- 23 num. Bony ridge on the inner margin of the iliac crest for attachment of the transversus abdominis muscle. A C 24 20 Anterior superior iliac spine. Spina iliaca anterior superior. Bony projection marking the 25 anterior limit of the iliac crest. Origin of the sartorius muscle. A C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 43

15 1

17 19 2 26 18 13 16 3 20 25 10 4 27 10 22 28 5

6 11 21 12 23 44.1 7

5 6 44.8 8 45.5 7 9 8 9

B 45.4 Epiphyseal plates in the hip bone 10 4 of an adolescent 11

19 15 12

A Right hip bone, 13 lateral view 13 14

15 20 24 31

22 16 10 29 17 21 11 18 14 30 23 19

21 4 22

24 C Right hip bone, medial view 25

1 Ischium. Os ischii. Bone which forms the poste- 20 Inferior ramus of pubis. Ramus inferior ossis 1 rior and inferior boundary of the obturator pubis. The portion of the pubis located anter- foramen. A B oinferior the obturator foramen between the 2 2 Body of ischium. Corpus ossis ischii. The por- symphysis and the suture line with the tion of the ischium situated behind the obtura- ischium. A B tor foramen. A B 21 PELVIS. Portion of the body located between the 3 stomach and lower extremities, i.e., a bony ring 3 Ramus of ischium. Ramus ossis ischii. The por- comprised of the sacrum, ilium, pubis and tion of the ischium situated below the obtura- ischium. C D E F 4 tor foramen. The anterior end unites with the inferior ramus of the pubis. A B 21 a Pelvic cavity. Cavitas pelvis (pelvica). 5 4 Ischial tuberosity. Tuber ischiadicum 22 Pubic arch. Arcus pubis. The arch below the (ischiale). Ischial process at the lower end of symphysis formed by the right and left pubic bones. D 6 the lesser sciatic notch. A B 5 Ischial spine. Spina ischiadica (ischialis). Bony 23 Subpubic angle. Angulus subpubicus. The prominence between the greater and lesser sci- angle between the right and left inferior ramus 7 atic notches. B of the pubis (average of 75° in men and 90°− 100° in women). C 6 Greater sciatic notch. Incisura ischiadica 8 (ischialis) major. Large notch between the post- 24 Greater pelvis. Pelvis major. The space be- erior inferior iliac spine and the ischial spine. B tween the two alae of the ilium above the linea terminalis. 9 7 Lesser sciatic notch. Incisura ischiadica (ischialis) minor. Notch between the ischial 25 Lesser pelvis. Pelvis minor. The space below spine and the ischial tuberosity. B the linea terminalis. 10 26 Terminal line. Linea terminalis. Line extending 8 Pubis. Os pubis. Bone which forms the anterior along the arcuate line from the promontory to and inferior borders of the obturator foramen. the upper margin of the symphysis. It marks 11 AB the boundary between the greater pelvis and 9 Body of the pubis. Corpus ossis pubis. A B lesser pelvis as well as the plane of the pelvic 12 10 Pubic tubercle. Tuberculum pubicum. Pro- inlet. C D E tuberance located anterolateral to the symphy- 27 Upper pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet). Apertura 13 sis. A B pelvis (pelvica) superior. Upper opening of the 11 Symphyseal surface. Facies symphysialis. The lesser pelvis in the plane of the linea terminalis. 14 median surface of the symphysis facing the D contralateral pubis. B 28 Lower pelvic aperture (pelvic outlet). Aper- tura pelvis (pelvica) inferior. Lower opening of 12 Pubic crest. Crista pubica. Ridge extending 15 the lesser pelvis between the coccyx, pubic medially from the pubic tubercle to the sym- arch and sacrotuberous ligaments. F physis. Attachment site of the rectus abdominis 16 muscle. A B 29 Pelvic axis. Axis pelvis. Imaginary line passing through all median connecting lines between 13 Superior ramus of the pubis. Ramus superior the symphysis and the anterior surface of the ossis pubis. The part of the pubis situated above 17 sacrum. The fetal head follows its course during the obturator foramen. A B birth. F 18 14 Iliopubic (iliopectineal) eminence. Eminen- 30 Conjugate diameter. Diameter conjugata. An- tia iliopubica [e. iliopectinea]. Flat prominence teroposterior diameter of the pelvis, measured at the proximal portion of the pubis. A B 19 from the sacral promontory to the posterior 15 Pecten (pectineal line) of the pubis. Pecten surface of the symphysis (about 11 cm). E F ossis pubis. Sharp, bony ridge which passes to 31 Transverse diameter of pelvis. Diameter trans- 20 the pubic tubercle as a continuation of the ar- versa. Widest part of the inlet (ca. 13 cm). E cuate line. Origin of the pectineus muscle. A B 32 Oblique diameter. Diameter obliqua. It is 21 16 Obturator crest. Crista obturatoria. It extends measured from the iliosacral joint obliquely from the pubic tubercle to the acetabulum. forward to the iliopubic eminence of the op- Origin of the pubofemoral ligament. A 22 posite side (ca. 12.5 cm). E 17 Obturator groove. Sulcus obturatorius. Sulcus 33 Pelvic inclination. Inclinatio pelvis. The angle above the obturator foramen. A B between the plane of the pelvic inlet and the 23 18 Anterior obturator tubercle. Tuberculum ob- horizontal plane. F turatorium anterius. Small protuberance ante- 24 rior to the obturator groove. A B 19 Posterior obturator tubercle. [Tuberculum 25 obturatorium posterius]. Prominence occasionally present behind the obturator groove. A B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 45

2 14 15 17 3 10 6 13 12 14 1 4 9 8 15 5 16 13 19 7 5 18 10 2 19 20 12 9 8 17 1 2 18 6 1 3 20 1 7 11 3 4 4 8

A Lower half of right hip bone, B Lower half of right hip bone, 9 external surface internal surface 10

26 11

13 26

27 14

22 23 16

C Male pelvis, anterior view D Female pelvis, anterior view 17

20 30 26 29 21 31 32 22 30 28 33 23

24 E Pelvis, superior view F Pelvis, medial view 25

1 FREE LOWER LIMB. Parsliberamembriinferioris. 20 a Medial supracondylar line. Linea supracon- 1 2 Femur. Thigh bone. (Os femoris). A B dylaris medialis. Continuation of the medial lip 3 Head of femur. Caput femoris. A B of the linea aspera toward the medial condyle. B 2 4 Pit (fovea) in the head of the femur. Fovea capitis femoris. Depression for attachment of 20 b Lateral supracondylar line. Linea supracon- the ligament of the head of the femur. A B dylaris lateralis. Continuation of the lateral lip 3 of the linea aspera toward the lateral condyle. B 5 Neck of femur. Collum femoris. Portion of the femur between the femoral head and greater 21 Medial condyle. Condylus medialis. Medial 4 trochanter. A B knee joint surface of the femur. A B 6 Greater trochanter. Trochanter major. Large 22 Medial epicondyle. Epicondylus medialis. 5 prominence on the superolateral aspect of the Bony elevation on the medial aspect of the me- femur shaft for attachment of the gluteus medial condyle. A B dius, gluteus minimus, and piriformis muscles. 23 Adductor tubercle. Tuberculum adductorium. 6 AB Small process situated above the medial epi- 7 Trochanteric fossa. Fossa trochanterica. De- condyle for attachment of the adductor magnus 7 pression medial to the root of the greater tro- muscle. A B chanter. Origin of the internal obturator and 24 Lateral condyle. Condylus lateralis. Articular gemelli muscles. A B surface of the femur on the lateral aspect of the 8 8 Lesser trochanter. Trochanter minor. Small knee joint. A B prominence on the posteromedial aspect of the 25 Lateral epicondyle. Epicondylus lateralis. 9 proximal femur shaft for attachment of the il- Bony elevation on the lateral aspect of the iopsoas muscle. A B lateral condyle. A B 9 /Trochanter tertius}. Process occasionally pre- 25 a Groove for popliteus. Sulcus popliteus. 10 sent posteriorly at the lateral end of the linea Groove between the lateral condyle and the aspera at the level of the lesser trochanter for lateral epicondyle. B 11 attachment of a part of the gluteus maximus. B 26 Patellar surface. Facies patellaris. Surface that 10 Intertrochanteric line. Linea intertrochanter- articulates with the patella. A ica. Rough anterior line between the shaft and 27 Tibia. CD 12 neck of the femur, extending from the greater 28 Superior articular surface. Facies articularis to the lesser trochanter. A superior. Tibial articular surface of the knee 13 10 a Quadrate tubercle. Tuberculum quadratum. joint. C D Rounded elevation on the intertrochanteric 29 Medial condyle. Condylus medialis. Medial ex- crest. B 14 pansion at the proximal end of the tibia. C D 11 Intertrochanteric crest. Crista intertrochanter- 30 Lateral condyle. Condylus lateralis. Lateral ex- ica. Posterior bony ridge between the shaft and pansion at the proximal end of the tibia. C D 15 neck of the femur, running from the greater to the lesser trochanter. B 31 Articular facet for the fibula. Facies articularis fibularis. Articular surface for the head of 12 Shaft of femur. Corpus femoris. A B 16 the fibula on the posterolateral aspect of the 13 Linea aspera. Rough double line on the poste- lateral condyle. C D rior aspect of the femur for attachment of two 32 Anterior intercondylar area. Area intercondy- 17 vasti muscles and the short head of the biceps. laris anterior. Area between the knee joint sur- Insertion of the adductors, gluteus maximus, faces of the tibia and in front of the intercondy- and pectineus muscles. B 18 lar eminence. C D 14 Lateral lip of the linea aspera. Labium laterale. B 33 Posterior intercondylar area. Area intercondy- 15 Medial lip of the linea aspera. Labium mediale. B 19 laris posterior. The region between the knee 16 Pectineal line. Linea pectinea. Bony ridge ex- joint surfaces of the tibia and behind the inter- tending downward from the lesser trochanter, condylar eminence. D 20 nearly reaching the linea aspera. Gives attach- 34 Intercondylar eminence. Eminentia intercon- ment to the pectineus muscle. B dylaris. Bony elevation between the articular 21 17 Gluteal tuberosity. Tuberositas glutaealis. surfaces of the tibia, for attachment of the Rough, oblong field continuous with the linea cruciate ligaments and menisci. C D aspera superolaterally. Insertion of the gluteus 35 Medial intercondylar tubercle. Tuberculum 22 maximus. B intercondylare mediale. Elevation of the medial 18 Intercondylar fossa. Fossa intercondylaris. articular surface at the margin facing the inter- 23 Posterior notch between the femoral condyles. B condylar eminence. C D 19 Intercondylar line. Linea intercondylaris. Post- 36 Tuberculum intercondylare laterale. Eleva- erior ridge between the roots of the condyles. B tion of the lateral articular surface at the mar- 24 20 Popliteal surface. Facies poplitea. Triangular gin facing the intercondylar eminence. C D field on the posterior aspect of the femur be- 25 tween the intercondylar line and the diverging lips (supracondylar lines) of the linea aspera. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 47

67 76 28 1 3 3 4 34 36 35 2 32 3 5 10a 30 29 31 10 11 4 8 8 9 5 16 17 6

8 C Head of right tibia, anterior view 9 10 14 13 15 28 12 12 11 33 12 31 34 36 13 35 30 29 14

15 32 20a 20b 16 20 D Head of right tibia, 23 superior view 19 17

25 25 18 22 19 25a 24 26 21 21 18 24 20

21 A Right femur, B Right femur, anterior view posterior view 22

1 Shaft of tibia. Corpus tibiae (tibiale). A B D 26 Interosseous margin. Margo interosseus. Os- 1 2 Tibial tuberosity. Tuberositas tibiae. Rough- seous ridge located between the anterior mar- ened area on the upper end of the anterior margin and the medial crest for attachment of a 2 gin of the tibia. Attachment site of the patellar portion of the interosseous membrane. A B D ligament. A 27 Margin posterior. Margo posterior, directed posterolaterally. B D 3 3 Medial surface. Facies medialis. Surface of tibia directed anteromedially. A D 28 Lateral malleolus. Malleolus lateralis. A B 4 Posterior surface of tibia. Facies posterior. B 4 29 Articular surface of malleolus. Facies articu- D laris malleoli. Articular surface on the lateral 5 Soleal line of tibia. Linea musculi solei. Line ex- malleolus facing the talus. A B 5 tending obliquely from the upper, lateral part of 30 Lateral malleolar fossa. Fossa malleoli later- the tibia, downward and across to the medial alis. Depression on the posteromedial aspect of 6 part, giving attachment to the soleus muscle. B the lateral malleolus for attachment of the 6 Facies lateralis. Lateral surface of tibia facing posterior talofibular ligament. B anterolaterally. A D 7 30 a Sulcus malleolaris. Groove lateral to the 7 Medial (inner) margin. Margo medialis. A B D malleolar fossa. 8 Anterior margin. Margo anterior. A D 31 Patella. The knee cap, which is embedded in 8 9 Interosseous margin. Margo interosseus. the quadriceps tendon. C Border facing the fibula and providing attach- 32 Base of patella. Basis patellae. Broad, superior 9 ment to the interosseus membrane along most border of the patella. C of its margin. A B D 33 Apex of patella. Apex patellae. Inferior, pointed 10 10 Medial malleolus. Malleolus medialis. A B border of the patella. C 11 Malleolar groove. Sulcus malleolaris. Small 34 Facies articularis. Cartilage-covered articular groove on the posterior aspect of the medial surface of the patella facing the femur. 11 malleolus for the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle. B 35 Facies anterior. Anterior surface of the patella. C 12 12 Articular surface of malleolus. Facies articularis malleoli. Lateral surface of the medial mal- 13 leolus facing the talus. A B 13 Fibular notch. Incisura fibularis. Depression on the lateral surface of the distal end of the tibia. 14 Articulates with the fibula. B 14 Inferior articular surface. Facies articularis in- 15 ferior. Inferior joint surface facing the talus. A B 15 Fibula. ABD 16 16 Head of fibula. Caput fibulae (fibulare). The proximal end of the fibula. A B 17 17 Facies articularis capitis fibulae. Articular surface facing the tibia at the proximal end of the fibula. A B 18 18 Apex (styloid process) of head of fibula. Apex capitis fibulae. Upward pointing process 19 on the head of the fibula. A B 19 Neck of fibula. Collum fibulae. A 20 20 Shaft of fibula. Corpus fibulae. A 21 Facies lateralis. Lateral surface that faces 21 slightly upward. A D 22 Facies medialis. Medial surface between the 22 anterior and interosseous margins. It faces the tibia. A B D 23 Facies posterior. Posterior surface between 23 the posterior and interosseous margins. B D 24 Medial crest. Crista medialis. Bony ridge on the 24 posterior surface at the border between the origins of the tibialis posterior and flexor hallucis longus muscles. B D 25 25 Anterior margin. Margo anterior. A D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 49

1 18 17 18 17 2 16 16 2 19 3

22 5 4 3 26 5 26 24 9 6 8 7 21 9

7 8 25 15 6 20 1 9 7 423 22 10

11 24 12 27 13

14 13 11 15 10 10 29 30 16 28 28 14 12 12 14 29 17 A B Right tibia and fibula, Right tibia and fibula, 18 anterior view posterior view 32 31 8 19

6 20 35 3 9 26 22 21

7 25 22 21 23 4 1 23 33 24

C Patella, anterior view D Right tibia and fibula 15 23 27 24 in cross section 25

OSSA PEDIS. Bones of the foot. 20 Lateral tubercle. Tuberculum laterale. Bony 1 1 TARSUS. The region of articulation extending process lateral to the groove for the flexor hal- from the heel to the metatarsals. E lucis longus tendon. A 2 2 TARSAL BONES. Ossa tarsi (tarsalia). The seven 21 [Os trigonum]. Independent bone occasionally bones of the ankle, including the talus, cal- formed by the lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus due to a separate ossific 3 caneus, os cuboideum, and three cuneiform bones. E center. E 22 Calcaneus. Heel bone. C D E 4 3 Talus. The ankle bone, which is located between the tibia, calcaneus, navicular bone, and 23 Tuber calcanei. Tuberosity on the posterior fibula. A B E aspect of the calcaneus. C D 5 4 Head of talus. Caput tali (talare). It articulates 24 Medial process of calcaneus. Processus me- with the navicular bone. A B dialis tuberis calcanei. Weak process anterior, medial and inferior to the tuberosity of the cal- 6 5 Neck of talus. Collum tali. Proximal tapering caneus. D part of the head of the talus. A B 25 Lateral process of calcaneus. Processus later- 7 6 Body of talus. Corpus tali. B alis tuberis calcanei. Weak process inferolateral 7 Trochlea tali (talare). Cylindrical surface of the to the tuberosity of the calcaneus. C 8 talus that articulates with the tibia and fibula. A 26 Anterior tubercle of calcaneus. Tuberculum 8 Superior surface. Facies superior. Upper sur- calcanei. Eminence on the anterior aspect of 9 face of the talus that articulates with the infe- the inferior surface of the calcaneus. Attach- rior articular surface of the tibia. A ment site of the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament. C 10 9 Medial malleolar surface. Facies malleolaris medialis. Almost sagittaly oriented surface of 27 Sustentaculum tali. Medial prolongation of the the talus that articulates with the medial calcaneus bearing the medial posterior facet of 11 malleolus. A the calcaneus. D E 10 Lateral malleolar surface. Facies malleolaris 28 Sulcus tendinis m. flex. hall. longi. Bony 12 lateralis. Surface on the lateral part of the talus groove for the flexor hallucis longus tendon lo- that articulates with the lateral malleolus. A cated below the sustentaculum tali. D 13 11 Lateral process of the talus. Processus later- 29 Sulcus calcanei. Groove between the middle alis tali. Bony projection below the lateral and posterior articular facets. C D malleolar surface. A 30 Sinus tarsi. Laterally opening, funnel-shaped 14 12 Posterior calcanean facet. Facies articularis space forming a continuation of the calcaneal calcanea posterior. Posteroinferior surface that sulcus and the sulcus of the talus. The inferior 15 articulates with the calcaneus. B ankle joint is palpable here. B C. See also pp. 53C, 71 A C 13 Sulcus of talus. Sulcus tali. A groove between 16 the middle and posterior articular facets for the calcaneus. B 14 Middle calcanean facet. Facies articularis cal- 17 canea media. Middle articular surface of the calcaneus. B 18 15 Anterior calcanean facet. Facies articularis calcanea anterior. Anterior articular surface of the 19 calcaneus below the head of the talus. B 16 Facies articularis navicularis. Surface on the anterior part of the head of the talus that ar- 20 ticulates with the navicular bone. A B 17 Posterior process of talus. Processus posterior 21 tali. Broad process below the posterior margin of the trochlea. It bears the medial and lateral 22 tubercles with the groove for the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus between them. A B 18 Sulcus tendinis m. flex. hall. longi. Groove 23 for the flexor hallucis longus tendon posteromedial to the posterior process of the talus. 24 AB 19 Medial tubercle. Tuberculum mediale. Bony 25 process anteromedial to the groove for the flexor hallucis longus tendon. A B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 51

4 16 4; 16 1 5 15 5 2 30 14 3 9 6 13 4 10 7; 8 11 12 5 19 19 20 17 6 18 18 17 7 A Right talus, superior view B Right talus, inferior view 8

29 9

10 29 11 30 12

13 23 23 14 25 26 2728 24 15 C Right calcaneus, lateral view D Right calcaneus, medial view 16

17 52.10

3 18 52.16 21 19 22 20

52.9 52.7 52.12 27 21

1 22 E Right foot, medial view 23

1 Anterior facet for the talus. Facies articularis 16 METATARSUS. The part of the foot situated be- 1 talaris anterior. Small anterior articular surface tween the tarsus and the toes. It comprises five for the head of the talus. A B metatarsal bones. C D 2 2 Middle facet for the talus. Facies articularis 17 METATARSAL BONES. Ossa metatarsi (metatar- talaris media. Middle articular surface for the salia) [I−V]. The five metatarsal bones. D talus separated from the posterior facet by the 18 Base of metatarsal bone. Basis metatarsalis. 3 sulcus calcanei. A B The thickened proximal end of the metatarsal 3 Posterior facet for the talus. Facies articularis bones. D 4 talaris posterior. Large posterior surface for ar- 19 Shaft of metatarsal bone. Corpus metatarsale. ticulation with the talus. A B D 5 4 Sulcus tendinis m. peronei (fibularis) longi. Groove for the tendon of the peroneus longus 20 Head of metatarsal bone. Caput metatarsale. C muscle on the lateral aspect of the calcaneus D 6 below the peroneal trochlea. B 21 Tuberosity of first metatarsal. Tuberositas 5 Peroneal trochlea. Trochlea peronealis (fibu- ossis metatarsalis primi (I). Protuberance pro- 7 laris). Bony eminence above the groove for the jecting downward and laterally from the proxi- tendon of the peroneus longus. It functions like mal part of the first metatarsal bone. D a pulley for this muscle and attaches a part of 22 Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal. Tuberositas 8 the peroneal retinaculum. The peroneal brevis ossis metatarsalis quinti (V). Protuberance pro- runs cranial to the trochlea. B jecting laterally from the proximal part of the 9 6 Facies articularis cuboidea. Cuboid articular fifth metatarsal bone. Attachment site of the surface forming the anterior aspect of the cal- peroneus brevis muscle. C D 10 caneus. A B 23 PHALANGES OF TOES. Ossa digitorum pedis. C 7 Navicular bone. Os naviculare. Bone medial to D the head of the talus and the three cuneiform 24 PHALANGES. Osseous segments or bones that 11 bones. C D comprise the toes. C D 8 Tuberosity of navicular bone. Tuberositas 25 Proximal phalanx. Phalanx proximalis. First or 12 ossis navicularis. Rough area on the inferome- proximal phalanx of the toes. D dial aspect of the navicular bone, for attachment of the tibialis posterior muscle. It is pal- 26 Middle phalanx. Phalanx media. Middle seg- 13 pable through the skin. D ment of the toes. D 9 Medial cuneiform. Os cuneiforme mediale. 27 Distal phalanx. Phalanx distalis. Distal or ter- 14 Most medial of the cuneiform bones, located minal nail-bearing bone of the toe. D between the navicular and the 1st metatarsal 28 Distal tuberosity of toes. Tuberositas phalan- 15 bones. Its wedge-shaped base is directed gis distalis. Roughened area located on the downward. C D plantar aspect of the distal end of the distal 10 Intermediate cuneiform. Os cuneiforme inter- phalanx for attachment of the tactile pads. D 16 medium. Middle cuneiform bone located be- 29 Base of phalanx. Basis phalangis. Proximal end tween the navicular and 2nd metatarsal bones. of each phalanx with an acetabular articular 17 Its wedge-shaped base is directed upward. C D surface. D 11 Lateral cuneiform. Os cuneiforme laterale. 30 Shaft of phalanx. Corpus phalangis. D 18 Most lateral cuneiform bone located between the navicular and 3rd metatarsal bones. Its 31 Head of phalanx. Caput phalangis. Distal, artic- wedge-shaped base is directed upward. C D ular end of the phalanx. D 19 12 Cuboid bone. Os cuboideum. Bone found be- 32 Sesamoid bones. Ossa sesamoidea. Wormian tween the calcaneus and the fourth and fifth bones embedded in tendons or ligaments. They metatarsals. C D regularly occur below the head of the first 20 metatarsal on both sides of the tendon of the 13 Groove for tendon of peroneus longus. Sulcus flexor hallucis longus muscle. D tendinis musculi peronei (fibularis) longi. 21 Groove on the inferolateral aspect of the cuboid that serves as a guide for the tendon. D 22 14 Tuberosity of cuboid. Tuberositas ossis cuboidei. Bony elevation on the inferior aspect 23 of the cuboid bone proximal to the groove for the peroneus longus. D 15 Calcanean process. Processus calcaneus. Plan- 24 tar process of the cuboid bone. The inferior segment of the proximal articular surface projects 25 upwardly and obliquely to support the calcaneus. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Bones 53

6 1 1 2 2 3 2 3

4 3 6 5

45 6 A B Right calcaneus, Right calcaneus, 7 superior view lateral view 28 8

27 9 26 10 23 23

25 11 31 12 20 30 32 20

29 13 20 14 19 16 17 17 17 16 17 15 17

18 18 16 18 18 21 17 9 10 11 18 9 11 10 18 12 22 22 7 13 14 19 7 12 15 8 50.30 20

C Skeleton of right foot, 21 50.7; 8 superior view 50.27 22

D Skeleton of right 24 foot, inferior view 25

ARTICULAR SYSTEM 18 Frontozygomatic suture. Sutura frontozygo- 1 1 SUTURES OF THE SKULL. Suturae cranii matica. Suture at the lateral margin of the orbit (craniales). between the frontal and zygomatic bones. A B C 2 2 Coronal suture. Sutura coronalis. It lies be- 19 Zygomaticomaxillary suture. Sutura zygomat- tween the frontal bone and the two parietal icomaxillaris. Suture in the floor of the orbit connecting the zygomatic bone and the maxilla. A B 3 bones. A C D 3 Sagittal suture. Sutura sagittalis. The median C suture situated between the right and left 20 Ethmoidomaxillary suture. Sutura ethmoi- 4 parietal bones. C domaxillaris. Suture in the medial wall of the 4 Lambdoidal suture. Sutura lamboidea. It is lo- orbit connecting the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone and the maxilla. B C 5 cated between the occipital bone and the two parietal bones. A D 21 Ethmoidolacrimal suture. Sutura eth- 5 Occipitomastoid suture. Sutura occipitomas- moidolacrimalis. Suture in the medial wall of the 6 toidea. Continuation of the lambdoidal suture orbit between the ethmoid and lacrimal bones. B that extends to the base of the skull. A D 22 Sphenovomerine suture. Sutura sphenovomer- 7 6 Sphenofrontal suture. Sutura sphenofrontalis. iana. Suture at the nasal septum connecting the Smooth suture that extends flatly upward and sphenoid bone and the vomer. backward lateral to the skull to join the greater 23 Sphenozygomatic suture. Sutura sphenozygo- 8 wing of the sphenoid bone and the frontal matica. Suture in the lateral wall of the orbit con- bone. In the skull, it joins the frontal bone and necting the greater wing of the sphenoid and zy- 9 the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. A B D gomatic bone. B C 7 Sphenoethmoidal suture. Sutura sphenoeth- 24 Sphenomaxillary suture. Sutura sphenomaxil- moidalis. Short line in front of the jugum sphe- laris. Inconstant suture connecting the ptery- 10 noidale that connects the body of the sphenoid goid process and the maxillae lateral to the and the ethmoid. D palatine bone. A 11 8 Sphenosquamosal suture. Sutura sphenosqua- 25 Temporozygomatic suture. Sutura temporozy- mosa. Line of junction between the squamous gomatica. Suture connecting the zygomatic 12 portion of the temporal bone and the greater process of the temporal bone and the zygomatic wing of the sphenoid. A C D bone on the lateral aspect of the zygomatic arch. 9 Sphenoparietal suture. Sutura spheno- A 13 parietalis. Line of junction between the greater 26 Internasal suture. Sutura internasalis. Suture wing of the sphenoid and the parietal bone. A C D connecting the right and left nasal bones. C 14 10 Squamous suture. Sutura squamosa. Line of 27 Nasomaxillary suture. Sutura nasomaxillaris. junction between the squamous temporal and Suture connecting the nasal bone and the frontal parietal bones. A C D process of the maxilla. A C 15 11 Frontal (metopic) suture. [Sutura frontalis (su- 28 Lacrimomaxillary suture. Sutura lacrimomax- tura metopical)]. Suture connecting the right illaris. Suture connecting the anterior margin of 16 and left halves of the frontal bone. It generally the lacrimal bone and the maxilla. A B C fuses within 2 to 3 years after birth, but persists 29 Lacrimoconchal suture. Sutura lacrimo- in 7−8% of all Central Europeans. C 17 conchalis. Suture within the nasal cavity con- 12 Parietomastoid suture. Sutura parietomas- necting the lacrimal bone and the inferior nasal toidea. Posterior suture connecting the parietal concha. bone and the mastoid process of the temporal 18 30 Intermaxillary suture. Sutura intermaxillaris. bone. A Mediallineofjunctionbetweentherightandleft 13 Squamosomastoid suture. [Sutura squamo- 19 maxillary bones, located just below the anterior somastoidea]. Line of junction between the nasal spine. C squamous and mastoid portions of the temporal Palatomaxillary suture. bone that generally fuses early in life. A 31 Sutura palatomaxil- 20 laris. Line of junction between the palatine bone 14 Frontonasal suture. Sutura frontonasalis. Ante- and the maxilla situated posteriorly in the orbit rior line of junction between the frontal and and on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. B 21 nasal bones. C 32 Palatoethmoidal suture. Sutura palatoeth- 15 Frontoethmoidal suture. Sutura frontoethmoidalis. Suture in the back of the orbit connect- 22 moidalis. Internal line of junction between the ing the palatine and ethmoid bones. B ethmoid and frontal bones. B D 33 Median palatine suture. Sutura palatina medi- 16 Frontomaxillary suture. Sutura frontomaxil- 23 ana. Suture within the oral cavity connecting laris. Suture lateral to the nasal bone that con- both halves of the palatine bone. E nects the nasal portion of the frontal bone and 24 the frontal process of the maxilla. A B C 34 Transverse palatine suture. Sutura palatina transversa.Lineofjunctionbetweenthepalatine 17 Frontolacrimal suture. Sutura frontolacrimalis. process of the maxilla and the palatine bone. E 25 Line of junction between the frontal and lacrimal bones. A B C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sutures, joints and ligaments 55

2 2 3 10 17 18 17 9 4 4 18 6 16 6 15 16 28 8 32 27 21 5 12 23 20 13 28 19 25 5 31 6 19 24 7 19 8

A Skull from left B Right orbit, anterior view 9

10 2 2 3 11

15 12 10 2 2 11 6 6 13 7 9 9 9 14 8 17 14 16 8 18 15

23 10 26 16 20 27 28 5 19 17 4 18 30 19

C Skull, anterior view D Base of skull, superior view 20 21

33 22

23 34 E Hard palate, 24 inferior view 25

1 CRANIAL SYNCHONDROSES. Synchondroses 15 Intertransverse ligaments. Ligg. intertransver- 1 cranii (craniales). Cartilaginous joints between saria. Narrow ligaments between transverse skull bones. Most are temporary and become processes of vertebrae. C 2 ossified. 16 Interspinal ligaments. Ligg. interspinalia. Broad 2 Spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Synchondro- ligaments between adjacent spinous processes. sis spheno-occipitalis. Developmental car- B 3 tilaginous joint postero-inferior to the sella tur- 17 Supraspinal ligaments. Ligg. supraspinalia. cicabetweenthesphenoidandoccipitalbones.A Longitudinal ligaments connecting the tips of 4 3 Sphenopetrosal synchondrosis. Synchondrosis the spinous processes. C sphenopetrosa. Cartilaginous union between Ligamentum nuchae. the sphenoid and petrous bones in the lateral 18 Sagittal extension of the 5 continuation of the foramen lacerum, for trans- supraspinalligamentsintheupperneckregion.B mission of the lesser petrosal nerve. A 19 Anterior longitudinal ligament. Lig. longitudi- 6 4 Petro-occipital synchondrosis. Synchondrosis nale anterius. Longitudinal ligament attached to petro-occipitalis. Anteromedial cartilaginous the ventral surface of the vertebral bodies. B 7 continuation of the jugular foramen. A 20 Posterior longitudinal ligament. Lig. longitudi- 4a Intraoccipital synchondroses. Synchondroses nale posterius. Longitudinal ligament connect- intraoccipitalis. Cartilaginous joints between ing the intervertebral discs. It is attached to the 8 developmental parts of the occipital bone. dorsal surface of the vertebral bodies and thus lies on the anterior wall of the vertebral canal. It 5 Posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. [Syn- fuses with the tectorial membrane from the 3rd chondrosis intra-occipitalis posterior]. Develop- 9 cervical vertebrae upward. B mental synchondrosis between the posterior and lateral ossific centers of the occipital bone. It 21 Sacrococcygeal joint. Articulatio sacrococcy- 10 usually disappears within 1−2 years after birth. gea. Connection between the sacrum and coc- A cyx; it is frequently a true joint, but often occurs 11 6 Anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. [Syn- as a synchondrosis. D chondrosis intra-occipitalis anterior]. Develop- 22 Superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament. mental cartilaginous joint between the anterior Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius (dorsale) superfi- 12 and lateral ossific centers of the occipital bone ciale. D beginning at the anterior circumference of the 23 Deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament. Lig. th 13 foramen magnum. Disappears during the 6 sacrococcygeum posterius (dorsale) profun- year of life. A dum. D 7 Sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis. Synchon- 24 Ventral sacrococcygeal ligament. Lig. sacro- 14 drosis spheno-ethmoidalis. Cartilaginous pre- coccygeum anterius (ventrale). cursor of the spheno-ethmoidal suture. See 15 page 54.7. 25 Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament. Lig. sacrococcygeum laterale. D 8 JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN. THORAX AND SKULL. Articulationes columnae verte- 26 Atlanto-occipital joint. Articulatio atlanto- 16 bralis. Thoracis et cranii. The connections of the occipitalis.Jointbetweentheatlasandtheoccip- vertebral column, thorax and skull. ital bone. See page 59 A B 17 9 Intervertebral symphysis. Symphysis inter- 27 Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane. Mem- vertebralis. Union between adjacent vertebral brana atlanto-occipitalis anterior. Membranous 18 bodies. connection between the arch of the atlas and the 10 Intervertebral disc. Discus intervertebralis. An occipital bone. It lies in front of the apical liga- elastic plate consisting of ring-shaped fibrous ment of the dens. B 19 lamellae, fibrocartilage, and a central gelatinous 28 Anterior atlanto-occipital ligament. [Lig. nucleus located on either side of a vertebral atlanto-occipitale anterius]. Thickened portion 20 body, between the adjacent vertebrae. B C of the atlanto-occipital membrane emanating 11 Anulus fibrosus. Annular fibrous connection from the anterior tubercle. between adjacent vertebral bodies consisting of 29 Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane. Mem- 21 obliquely oriented connective tissue fibers ar- brana atlanto-occipitalis posterior. Connection ranged in alternating directions. B between the arch of the atlas and the occipital 22 12 Nucleus pulposus. Gelatinous, semifluid mass bone situated in the posterior wall of the verte- forming the central core of an intervertebral bral canal. B disc. B 23 30 Lateral atlanto-occipital membrane. Lig. 13 Ligamenta flava. Yellow ligaments. Elastic net- atlanto-occipitalelaterale.Obliquetractoffibers works of roughly parallel fibers between the extending from the transverse process of the 24 vertebral arches. B atlas to the jugular process of the occipital bone. 14 Zygapophysial joints. Articulationes zy- 25 gapophysiales. Joints between articular processes of vertebrae. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sutures, joints and ligaments 57

2 2 3 3

4 14 4 6 15 17 10 5 5 6 15 7

A Skull of newborn, C Ligaments of vertebral column 9 inferior view and ribs, lateral view 10

58.8 12 58.6 8.22 29 27 13

14 18 15 13 18 16

13 10 16 17 11 10 25 12 21 18 22

19 19 23 20 20 21 B Ligaments of cervical vertebral column, D Coccygeal ligaments, posterior view medial view 22

1 Lateral atlanto-axial joint. Articulatio atlanto- 16 Superior costotransverse ligament. Lig. co- 1 axialislateralis.Jointbetweentheinferiorarticu- stotransversarium superius. Ligament extend- lar facet of the atlas and the superior articular ing from a rib to the next higher transverse 2 facet of the axis. A B process. E 2 Median atlanto-axial joint. Articulatio atlanto- 17 Lateral costotransverse ligament. Lig. costotr- axialis mediana. Articulation between the atlas ansversarium laterale. Ligament extending from 3 and the dens of the axis. C the end of a transverse process to the corre- 3 Alar ligaments.Ligg.alaria.Pairedligamentsex- sponding rib. D 4 tending from the dens of the axis to the lateral 18 Lumbocostal ligament. Lig. lumbocostale. Deep margin of the foramen magnum. A B layer of the thoracolumbar fascia. Fibrous con- 5 4 Apical ligament of the dens. Lig. apicis dentis. nectionbetweenthecostalprocessofthelumbar Unpaired ligament extending from the apex of vertebrae,thetwelfthrib,andtheedgeofthepel- the dens to the anterior margin of the foramen vis. magnum. A C 6 19 Costotransverse foramen.Foramencostotrans- 5 Cruciform ligament of atlas. Lig. cruciforme versarium.Openingfortheintercostalnervesbe- 7 atlantis. Cruciate ligament consisting of the two tween the superior costotransverse ligament following ligamentous bands (6, 7) located be- and the neck of the rib. E tween the dens and the tectorial membrane. B 8 20 Sternocostal joint. Articulationes sterno- 6 Longitudinal fasciculi of cruciform liga- costales. Articulations between the costal car- ment. Fasciculi longitudinales. Connective tilage and sternum. F 9 tissuetractsfromthebodyoftheaxistotheante- riormarginoftheforamenmagnum.Theyaresit- 21 Intra-articular sternocostal ligament. Lig. ster- uatedbehindthedensanditsapicalligament.BC nocostale intra-articulare. Ligament within the articular cavity between the costal cartilage and 10 7 Transverse ligament of atlas. Lig. transver- sternum, especially pronounced at the 2nd rib. F sum atlantis. Part of the cruciform ligament of 11 the atlas passing behind the dens and extending 22 Radiate sternocostal ligaments. Ligg. sterno- transversely from one side of the atlas to the costaliaradiata.Fibertractslocatedinfrontofthe other. It holds the dens in position. B C sternocostal joint and radiating from the end of 12 8 Tectorial membrane. Membrana tectoria. the costal cartilage to the sternum. F Bilayered continuation of the posterior longi- 23 Sternal membrane. Membrana sterni. Mem- 13 tudinal ligament. It passes from the axis to the branous covering of the anterior surface of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and is sternum formed by the fibers of the radiate ster- continuous with the dura-periosteal layer of the nocostal ligaments. F 14 skull base. C 24 Costoxiphoid ligaments. Ligg. costoxiphoidea. 9 JOINTS OF THORAX. Articulationes thoracis. Ar- Fiber tracts extending downward from the 7th 15 ticular connections of the skeleton of the thorax. costal cartilage to the xiphoid process. COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINTS. 10 Articulationes cos- 25 External intercostal membrane. Membrana in- 16 tovertebrales. Joints between the ribs and verte- tercostalis externa. Continuation of the external brae. D intercostal muscles at the sternal end of the in- 11 Joints of rib heads. Articulatio capitis costae tercostal space. F 17 (costalis). Articular unions that connect the 26 Internal intercostal membrane. Membrana in- headsoftheribswiththevertebralbodiesandin- tercostalis interna. Continuation of the internal tervertebral discs. D 18 intercostal muscles near the vertebral end of the 12 Radiate ligament of head of rib. Lig. capitis intercostal space. E costae radiatum. Ligament radiating predomi- 19 nantlyfromtheanteriorsideoftheheadofaribto 26 a Sternocostal synchondrosis of the first rib. the adjacent vertebral body and intervertebral Synchondrosis sternocostalis costae primae. 20 disc. D E 27 Interchondral joints. Articulationes interchon- 13 Intra-articular ligament of head of rib. Lig. drales. Articulations between the costal car- 21 capitis costae intra-articulare. Ligament extend- tilages, usually between those of ribs 6−9. See ing from the crest of the head of the rib to the in- page 7 D tervertebraldisc.Itliesbetweenthetwoarticular 28 Costochondral joints. Articulationes costoch- 22 facets of the head of the rib. E ondrales. Unions between the bony and car- 14 Costotransverse joint. Articulatio costotrans- tilaginous parts of ribs without an articular cav- 23 versaria. Joint between the articular surface of ity. the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra. D 24 15 Costotransverse ligament. Lig. costotransversarium. Ligament between the neck of a rib and 25 the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sutures, joints and ligaments 59

2 34 3 53 6 3

7 4

1 1 6 5

A Dens of axis with ligaments, B Atlanto-occipital articulation, 7 posterior view posterior view 8 17 15 15 14 9

11 6 4 8 11 10 12

7 12 2 13 6 14

15 C Ligaments between atlas, D Ligaments of vertebral column and ribs, axis and occipital bone on right in cross section 16

16 18 12

19 19

20 23 19 25 21 26 20 22 22

13 20 21 23 24 E Ligaments of vertebral column and ribs F Sternocostal articulations 25

1 SYNOVIAL JOINTS OF THE SKULL. Articulationes 17 Acromioclavicular ligament. Lig. acromio- 1 synoviales cranii. Cf. pp. 56.26, 58.1, 58.2 claviculare. Strong fibrous band within and 2 Temporomandibular joint. Articulatio tem- abovethearticularcapsuleservingtoprotectand 2 poromandibularis. A B C hold together the clavicle and acromion. D 3 Articular disc. Discus articularis. Biconcave disc 18 Articular disc. Discus articularis. Fibrocar- 3 of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage positioned tilaginous interarticular disc. D betweentheheadofthemandibleandthearticu- 19 Coracoclavicular ligament. Lig. coracoclavicular fossa. Since it is connected with the articular lare. Two-part band connecting the coracoid 4 capsule on all sides, it divides the joint into two process and the clavicle. D compartments, both of which are functional 20 Trapezoid ligament. Lig. trapezoideum. The units of the discocapsular system. C 5 portion of the coracoclavicular ligament taking 4 Lateral (temporomandibular) ligament. Lig. an upward and lateral course from the coracoid laterale. A strong fibrous band occasionally pre- process to the clavicle. It lies between the conoid 6 sent on the lateral surface of the joint. It passes and coraco-acromial ligaments. D obliquely upward and forward from the neck of 21 Conoid ligament. Lig. conoideum. The portion the mandible. A 7 of the coraco-clavicular ligament medial to the 5 Medial ligament.Lig.mediale.Reinforcementof trapezoid ligament. It arises from the root of the 8 the medial wall of the capsule. B coracoid process. D 6 Superior synovial membrane. Membrana syn- 22 Sternoclavicular joint. Articulatio sternoclavic- ovialis superior. Synovial lining of the superior ularis. Two-chambered joint between the ster- 9 articular cavity. C num and clavicle. G 7 Inferior synovial membrane. Membrana syn- 23 Articular disc. Discus articularis. Interarticular 10 ovialis inferior. Synovial lining of the inferior ar- disc anchored below to the first rib and above to ticular cavity. C the clavicle. G 11 8 Sphenomandibular ligament. Lig. spheno- 24 Anterior sternoclavicular ligament. Lig. ster- mandibulare.Flatligamentontheinneraspectof noclaviculare anterius. Band that reinforces the the mandibular ramus extending from the man- anterior wall of the joint capsule. G 12 dibular foramen to the spine of the sphenoid bone lateral to the foramen spinosum. B 25 Posterior sternoclavicular ligament. Lig. sternoclaviculare posterius. Band that reinforces the 13 9 Stylomandibular ligament. Lig. stylomandibu- posterior wall of the joint capsule. lare. Ligament passing from the anterior surface 26 Costoclavicular ligament. Lig. costoclaviculare. 14 of the styloid process to the angle of the mandible. A B Ligamentous union between the first rib and the clavicle lateral to the sternoclavicular joint. G 10 Pterygospinal ligament. Lig. pterygospinale. 15 Broadconnectivetissuebandextendingfromthe 27 Interclavicular ligament. Lig. interclaviculare. upper part of the lateral plate of the pterygoid Ligament passing across the suprasternal notch and uniting both clavicles. G 16 process to the spine of the sphenoid. B JOINTS OF THE FREE UPPER LIMB. 11 Stylohyoid ligament. Lig. stylohyoideum. Liga- 28 Articulationes membri superioris liberi. 17 ment running between the styloid process and the lesser horn of the hyoid bone. Vestige of the 29 Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. Articulatio second pharyngeal arch. B humeri (glenohumeralis). D E F 18 12 JOINTS OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE. Articula- 30 Glenoid lip. Labrum glenoidale. The fibrocar- tiones cinguli pectoralis. D E F G tilaginous margin of the bony glenoid cavity. E 19 13 Coracoacromial ligament. Lig. cora- 31 Coracohumeral ligament. Lig. coracohumerale. coacromiale. Strong band extending from the Thickened portion of the capsule passing from 20 coracoid process to the acromion. It forms the therootofthecoracoidprocesstotheuppermar- roof of the shoulder joint. D gin of the greater and lesser tubercles. D E 14 Superior transverse scapular ligament. Lig. 32 Glenohumeral ligaments. Ligg. glenohumer- 21 transversum scapulae superius. Ligament lying alia.Threethickenedbands(superior,middle,in- medial to the coracoid process and bridging the ferior)withintheanteriorwallofthecapsule.DE 22 scapular notch. D 15 Inferior transverse scapular ligament. [Lig. 23 transversum scapulae inferius]. Weak fibrous band passing from the root of the spine of the scapula to the posterior margin of the glenoid 24 cavity. F 16 Acromioclavicular joint. Articulatio acromio- 25 clavicularis. Joint between the acromion and the clavicle. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sutures, joints and ligaments 61

1 36 2

5 7 4 1 3 10 8 4 9 9 5 11 6

7 A Temporomandibular joint, C Temporomandibular joint, lateral viewl sagittal section 8 B Temporomandibular 34.24 16 19 joint, medial view 9 17 31 32 34.10 18 21 10 20 31 13 11 32 12 32 14 30 32 32 13

D Lateral ligaments of shoulder, anterior view E Shoulder joint, disarticulated, 16 lateral view 17

23 18

19 26 24 27 20 15 21

F Shoulder joint, posterior view G Sternoclavicular joints 24

1 Elbow joint. Articulatio cubiti (cubitalis). Artic- 18 Dorsal radiocarpal ligament. Lig. radiocarpale 1 ular connection between the upper arm and dorsale. Ligament on the dorsum of the wrist ex- forearm. A tendingfromtheradiustothetriquetrumbone.C 2 2 Humeroulnar joint. Articulatio humero-ul- 19 Palmar radiocarpal ligament. Lig. radiocarpale naris. Joint between the humerus and ulna. palmare. Ligament on the flexor side radiating 3 3 Humeroradial joint. Articulatio humero- from the radius to the lunate and capitate bones. radialis. Joint between the humerus and radius. D 4 4 Proximal radioulnar joint. Articulatio radio-ul- 20 Palmar ulnocarpal ligament. Lig. ulnocarpale naris proximalis. Joint formed by the articular palmare. Ligament extending from the flexor circumference of the radius and the radial notch sideoftheheadoftheulnarchieflytothecapitate 5 of the ulna. bone. It often unites with fibers of the palmar 5 Ulnar collateral ligament. Lig. collaterale ul- radiocarpal ligament. D 6 nare. Collateral ligament on the medial part of 21 Radiate carpal ligament. Lig. carpi radiatum. the arm between the ulna and humerus. A Groups of fibers radiating to both sides of the wrist mainly from the head of the capitate bone. 7 6 Radial collateral ligament. Lig. collaterale radiale. Ligament which spreads from the lateral D epicondyle to the annular ligament of the radius 22 Ulnar carpal collateral ligament. Lig. col- 8 and the ulna. A laterale carpi ulnare. Collateral ligament extend- 7 Annular ligament of the radius. Lig. anulare ing from the styloid process of the ulna to the 9 radii. Circular band embracing a part of the artic- triquetrum and pisiform bones. C D ular circumference of the radius. It is attached to 23 Radial carpal collateral ligament. Lig. col- the anterior and posterior margins of the radial laterale carpi radiale. External collateral liga- 10 notch of the ulna. A ment passing from the styloid process of the 8 Quadrate ligament. Lig. quadratum. Thin band radius to the scaphoid bone. C D 11 of fibers passing from the distal margin of the radial notch of the ulna to the neck of the radius. 24 Dorsal intercarpal ligaments. Ligg. intercarpalia dorsalia. Ligamentous bands extending be- 12 9 Radioulnar syndesmosis (joint). Syndesmosis tween the proximal and distal rows of carpal [articulatio] radioulnaris. Fibrous joint between bones on the dorsum of the wrist. C the radius and ulna. 13 25 Palmar intercarpal ligaments. Ligg. intercar- 10 Interosseous membrane of forearm. Mem- palia palmaria. Groups of ligaments between the brana interossea antebrachii. Membranous carpal bones on the palmar aspect below the 14 sheet which spreads between the interosseous radiate carpal ligament. D margins of the radius and ulna. A 15 11 Oblique cord. Chorda obliqua. Ligamentous band extending obliquely downward from the ulnar tuberosity to the radius. It runs in an op- 16 posite direction to most fibers of the interosseous membrane. A 17 12 Distal radioulnar joint. Articulatio radioulnaris distalis. B 18 13 Articular disc. Discus articularis. Interarticular discbetweentheulnaandcarpus.Itisattachedat the radius and styloid process of the ulna and, as 19 an intra-articular ligament, it connects the radius and ulna. B 20 14 Recessus sacciformis. Proximal extension of the flaccid articular capsule. B 21 15 Radiocarpal joint. Articulatio radiocarpalis. Proximal wrist joint between the proximal row of carpal bones and the radius including the ar- 22 ticular disc. B 15 a Carpal joints. Articulationes carpi. 23 16 Intercarpal joints. Articulationes intercarpales. Joints between the carpal bones permitting only 24 slight movement. B 17 Midcarpal joint. Articulatio mediocarpalis. The 25 distalwristjointbetweentheproximalanddistal rows of carpal bones. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sutures, joints and ligaments 63

4 5 5 6 7 6

88.12 16 7 16

11 17 8

13 9 15 10 12 10

14 11

A Elbow joint, anterior view B Carpal joints in horizontal 13 section 14

24 21 17

25 18 23 23 22 19 18 20

19 20

23 C D Carpal ligaments, dorsal view Carpal ligaments, palmar view 24

1 JOINTS OF THE HAND. Articulationes manus. A B 17 Collateral ligaments. Ligg. collateralia. Col- 1 C lateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joints. They slacken during extension of the fin- 2 Interosseous intercarpal ligaments. Ligg. in- gers and become tense when making a closed 2 tercarpalia interossea. Ligaments penetrating first. B directly through the joint clefts between the carpal bones within a row. A 18 Palmar ligaments. Ligg. palmaria. Fibers in the 3 floor of the tendon sheaths extending from the 3 Pisotriquetral joint.Articulatioossispisiformis. root of the collateral ligaments to the palmar Articulation between the pisiform and side.Theyshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeannu- 4 triquetrum bones. A larpartsofthefibroussheaths.Seepage 92.28.B 4 Pisohamate ligament. Lig. pisohamatum. Me- 19 Deep transverse metacarpal ligament. Lig. 5 dialcontinuationofthetendonoftheflexorcarpi metacarpale transversum profundum. Trans- ulnaris to the hook of the hamate bone. B verselyorientedfibroustractsonthepalmarside 6 5 Pisometacarpal ligament. Lig. pisometacar- of the heads of the metacarpal bones at the level pale. Lateral continuation of the tendon of the of the joint spaces. They hold the distal parts of flexor carpi ulnaris to the base of the fifth meta- the metacarpus together. B 7 carpal. B 20 Interphalangeal joints. Articulationes inter- 6 Carpal canal or tunnel. Canalis carpi (carpalis). phalangealesmanus.Middleanddistaljointsbe- 8 Palmar canal located between the tubercles of tween the phalanges. B the scaphoid and trapezium on the one side and 21 Collateral ligaments of the interphalangeal thepisiformboneandthehookofthehamuluson 9 joints. Ligg. collateralia. B the other side. It is bridged over by the flexor retinaculum (93.26). B 22 Palmar ligaments. Ligg. palmaria. Fibers which 10 pass into the floor of the tendon sheaths above 7 Metacarpal articulations. Articulationes car- the interphalangeal joints. B pometacarpales. Slightly movable joints be- 11 tween the distal carpal bones and the metacarpals. A 12 8 Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments. Ligg. carpometacarpalia dorsalia. Rigid ligaments on the dorsum of the hand between the distal carpal 13 bones and the metacarpal bones. C 9 Palmar carpometacarpal ligaments. Ligg. car- 14 pometacarpalia palmaria. Ligaments on the palmar side of the hand between the distal carpal 15 bones and the metacarpal bones. B 10 Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. Articula- tio carpometacarpalis pollicis. Saddle joint be- 16 tweenthefirstmetacarpalandthetrapezium.AB 11 Intermetacarpal joints. Articulationes inter- 17 metacarpales. Joints between the bases of the metacarpal bones. A 18 12 Dorsal metacarpal ligaments. Ligg. metacarpalia dorsalia. Ligaments between the proximal 19 ends of the metacarpals on the extensor side. C 13 Palmar metacarpal ligaments. Ligg. metacarpalia palmaria. Ligaments between the bases of 20 the metacarpal bones on the palmar side. B 14 Interosseous metacarpal ligaments. Ligg. 21 metacarpalia interossea. Short, tense ligaments at the bases of the metacarpal bones. They lie in 22 the intracapsular spaces between the dorsal and palmar metacarpal ligaments. A 15 Interosseous spaces of metacarpus. Spatia in- 23 terossea metacarpi. Spaces between the metacarpal bones. A C 24 16 Metacarpophalangeal joints. Articulationes metacarpophalangeales. Joints between the 25 heads of the metacarpal bones and the bases of the proximal phalanges. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sutures, joints and ligaments 65

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11 3 7 7 7 7 10 7 11 4 2 3 20 5

22 21 6

20 7 21 8 17 9 16 A 18 Carpal joints in horizontal 10 section 19 19 19

13 11 13 13 15 15 9 12 15 9 12 12 13 5 10 4 8 8 8 14 8 6 15

B Carpal joints, palmar view 18

C Carpal joints of right hand, 21 dorsal view 22

1 JOINTS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE. Articulationes 14 Dorsal sacroiliac ligaments. Ligg. sacroiliaca 1 cinguli pelvici. posteriora (dorsalia). Superficial bundle of liga- 2 Obturator membrane. Membrana obturatoria. ments attached dorsally to the interosseous 2 Membrane which closes off the obturator fora- sacroiliac ligaments between the sacrum and men except for the obturator canal. It is covered ilium. B by the obturator externus and internus muscles. 15 Pubic symphsis. Symphysis pubica. Synchon- 3 ABCD drosis that articulates with the interpubic disc. A 3 Obturator canal. Canalis obturatorius. Opening 16 Superior pubic ligament. Lig. pubicum su- 4 in the supralateral part of the obturator mem- perius. Fibrous connection between the two brane. It corresponds to the obturator groove be- halvesofthesymphysisemanatingfromthepec- ten ossis pubis on either side. A 5 tween the two obturator tubercles and is traversedbytheobturatorartery,veinandnerve. 17 Arcuate pubic ligament. Lig. arcuatum pubis. ACD Strong, curved ligament below the symphysis. A 6 4 Lumbosacral joint. Articulatio lumbosacralis. 18 Interpubic disc. Discus interpubicus. Fibrocar- Articulation between the sacrum and lumbar tilage plate with a synovia-filled median groove, 7 vertebra 5 (4). A located between the articular surfaces made of 5 Iliolumbar ligament. Lig. iliolumbale. Strong hyaline cartilage on the right and left pubic ligamentthatpassestotheiliummainlyfromthe bones. A 8 transverse processes of L4 and 5. A B 19 JOINTS OF THE FREE LOWER LIMB. Articula- 6 Sacrotuberous ligament. Lig. sacrotuberale. tiones membri inferioris liberi. 9 Strong ligament that extends from the medial 20 HIP JOINT. Articulatio coxae (iliofemoralis). Joint margin of the ischial tuberosity to the sacrum formed by the acetabulum and the head of the 10 and ilium. B D femur. A B C 7 Falciform process. Processus falciformis. 21 Joint capsule. Capsula articularis. It is attached Slender extension of fibers from the sacro- anteriorly to the intertrochanteric line, posteri- 11 tuberous ligament to the inner aspect of the orly above to the intertrochanteric crest. A frac- ischium. B D ture of the neck of the femur can therefore be in- 12 8 Sacrospinous ligament. Lig. sacrospinale. tracapsular when in the anterior region or extra- Fibrous band medial to the sacrotuberous liga- capsular when in the posterior region. A ment. It passes from the ischial spine to the 22 Orbicular zone. Zona orbicularis. Ligamentous 13 sacrum and coccyx and separates the greater fibers encircling the neck of the femur. B from the lesser sciatic foramen. B D 23 Iliofemoral ligament. Lig. iliofemorale. Strong 14 9 Greater sciatic foramen. Foramen sciaticum anteriorligamentofthehipjointcapsuleextend- (ischiadicum) majus. Foramen between the ing from the ilium to the intertrochanteric line. A greater sciatic notch, sacrum, sacrospinous liga- B 15 ment and the upper part of the sacrotuberous 24 Ischiofemoral ligament. Lig. ischiofemorale. It ligament.Itistraversedbythepiriformismuscle, radiates into the orbicular zone from the poste- 16 superior and inferior gluteal arteries, veins and rior margin of the acetabulum and is also at- nerves, the internal pudendal vein, pudendal tached to the anterior margin of the greater tro- nerve, sciatic nerve and posterior femoral cu- chanter and to the intertrochanteric line. B 17 taneous nerve. A B D 25 Pubofemoral ligament. Lig. pubofemorale. 10 Lesser sciatic foramen. Foramen sciaticum Ligament that arises medially from the joint cap- 18 (ischiadicum) minus. Foramen between the sule of the pubic bone and extends to the orbicu- lesser sciatic notch and the sacrospinous and lar zone and to the part of the femur proximal to sacrotuberous ligaments. It transmits the obtu- the lesser trochanter. A 19 rator internus muscle as well as the internal pu- 26 Acetabular lip. Labrum acetabulare. A ring of fi- dendalarteryandveinandthepudendalnerveto brocartilage and connective tissue that the ischiorectal fossa. B D 20 completes and deepens the bony acetabulum. C 11 Sacroiliac joint. Articulatio sacroiliaca. Joint 27 Transverse acetabular ligament. Lig. trans- connected by fibers that permits little motion versumacetabuli.Itbridgestheacetabularnotch. 21 [[amphiarthrosis]]. It is located between the C sacrum and the ilium and may become syn- 22 osteotic. A 28 Ligament of head of femur. Lig. capitis femoris. A smooth ligament extending from the acetabu- 12 Ventral sacroiliac ligaments. Ligg. sacroiliaca lar notch to the pit on the head of the femur. It anteriora (ventralia). Thin but broad fibrous 23 transmits blood vessels and has no direct me- bandsthatextendfromtheanteriorsurfaceofthe chanical action. C first and second sacral vertebrae to the ilium. A D 24 13 Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments. Ligg. sacroiliaca interossea. Dorsal mass of ligaments 25 thatpassfromthetuberosityofthesacrumtothe tuberosity of the ilium. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sutures, joints and ligaments 67

5 1

11 4 3 13 5 86.10 12 4

20; 21 9 5

23 3 16 14 6 23 25 7 18 9 21 17 23 8 8 20; 21 15 24 9

6 10

A Pelvic ligaments, anterior view 22 11

2 7 10 12 26 13 20 B Pelvic ligaments, posterior view 14

15 28 3 27 16 2 17

12 20 C Hip joint, opened 21 9 22 8 3 10 23 2

6 24 D Pelvic ligaments, medial view 25

1 Knee joint.Articulatiogenus[genualis].ABCDE 14 Oblique popliteal ligament. Lig. popliteum ob- 1 2 Lateral meniscus. Meniscus lateralis. Roughly liquum.Fibrousbandoriginatingintheposterior circular ring, the superficial layer of which is wall of the capsule, extending upward and out- 2 made of fibrocartilage, whereas the deep layer is ward from the tendon of the semimembranous more tendinous. It is located below the lateral muscle, thereby reinforcing the capsule. C femoral condyle and has close-set bases. It is 15 Arcuate popliteal ligament. Lig. popliteum ar- 3 relatively mobile because it is not fused with the cuatum. Curved band of fibers extending from lateral collateral ligament. B D E the epicondyle, across the origin of the popliteal 4 3 Anterior meniscofemoral ligament. Lig. muscle to the head of the fibula, thus reinforcing meniscofemorale anterius. Fibrous band oc- the posterior wall of the capsule. C 5 casionallyfoundconnectingtheposteriorpartof 16 Patellar ligament. Ligamentum patellae. Wide the lateral meniscus with the anterior cruciate (2−3 cm) and thick (ca. 0.5 cm) fibrous band ligament. It passes in front of the posterior that forms the continuation of the tendon of the 6 cruciate ligament. D E quadriceps femoris muscle. It extends from the 4 Posterior meniscofemoral ligament. Lig. apex of the patella to the tibial tuberosity. A 7 meniscofemorale posterius. It passes posterior 17 Medial retinaculum of patella. Retinaculum to the lateral meniscus to the fibular surface of patellae mediale. Aponeurosis from a part of the the medial femoral condyle behind the posterior vastus medialis muscle that extends medially 8 cruciate ligament. D E from the patella and attaches to the medial mar- 5 Medial meniscus. Meniscus medialis. A cres- gin of the tibial tuberosity. It maintains the path- 9 cent-shaped ring segment located below the way of movement of the patella via muscular medial femoral condyle. It is not very mobile be- contraction and serves as a reserve extension apparatus. A 10 cause it is fused with the medial collateral ligament. Its histological structure is like that of the 18 Lateral retinaculum of patella. Retinaculum lateral meniscus. B D E patellae laterale. Aponeurosis of a part of the 11 6 Transverse ligament of knee. Lig. transversum vastus lateralis lateral to the patella with attach- genus [genuale]. Transverse ligament joining ment lateral to the tibial tuberosity. Its action is 12 the anterior ends of the lateral and medial comparable to that of no. 17. A menisci. B D 19 Infrapatellar fat pad. Corpus adiposum infra- 7 Cruciate ligaments of knee. Ligg. cruciata patellare. Large, wedge-shaped mass of fatty 13 genus [geniualia]. They prevent displacement of tissue in front of the knee joint space. It includes the tibia and femur in the sagittal plane. B E the infrapatellar alar and synovial folds. A 14 8 Anterior cruciate ligament. Lig. cruciatum an- 20 Tibiofibular joint. Articulatio tibiofibularis. Ar- terius. It passes from the inner surface of the ticulation between the head of the fibula and the 15 lateral femoral condyle obliquely forward and lateral condyle of the tibia. E inferomedially to the anterior intercondylar area. It prevents inward rotation and forward 21 Anterior ligament of head of fibula. Lig. capitis 16 displacement of the tibia toward the femur. B D E fibulae anterius. Group of fibers passing anteriorly from the head of the fibula to the tibia, thus 9 Posterior cruciate ligament. Lig. cruciatum holding the two bones together. A 17 posterius. It passes from the inner surface of the medial femoral condyle to the posterior condy- 22 Posterior ligament of head of fibula. Lig. lararea,stabilizesthejointwhenflexed,andpre- capitis fibulae posterius. Weaker group of fibers 18 vents backward displacement of the tibia away extending from the posterior part of the head of from the femur. B D E the fibula to the tibia. C D E 19 10 Infrapatellar synovial fold. Plica synovialis in- 23 Tibiofibular syndesmosis [joint]. Syndesmosis frapatellaris. Connective tissue that often con- [articulatio] tibiofibularis. Distal union of tibia with fibula. 20 tains fat. It extends from the infrapatellar adipose body to the intercondylar fossa. B 24 Interosseous membrane. Membrana interos- 11 Alar folds. Plicae alares. Deformable, paired sea cruris. Membrane attached to the interosser- 21 bulges of the adipose body that fill empty spaces ous margins of the tibia and fibula. It is the field in the anterior part of the joint cavity. B oforiginofthelowerlegmusclesandensuresthe stability of the malleolar bifurcation. A C F G 22 12 Fibular collateral ligament. Lig. collaterale fibulare. Lateral collateral ligament that extends 25 Anterior tibiofibular ligament. Lig. tibiofibu- from the lateral epicondyle to the head of the lare anterius. Anterior fibrous bands connecting 23 fibula independent of the capsule and meniscus. the fibular incisure to the lateral malleolus, thus ABCDE stabilizing the malleolar bifurcation. F 24 13 Tibial collateral ligament. Lig. collaterale ti- 26 Posterior tibiofibular ligament. Lig. tibiofibu- biale. Medial collateral ligament extending from lare posterius. Posterior fibrous bands connect- 25 themedialepicondyletothetibia.Itisfusedwith ing the fibular incisure to the lateral malleolus, the joint capsule and the meniscus. A B C D E thus stabilizing the malleolar bifurcation. G Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sutures, joints and ligaments 69

3 12 7 10 13 9 18 17 12 8 4 19 2 6 5 16 13 5 21 11 11 6

7 A Right knee joint, 24 B Right knee joint, anterior view opened, anterior view 8

7 11

96.21 6 8 12 14 15 4 3 12 2 12 13 13 5 9 13 22 96.6 22 8 14 2 20 5 12 15 13 9 22 24 16 43 C Right knee joint, D Right knee joint, opened, E Right knee joint, opened, 17 posterior view superior view posterior view 18

19 24 24 20

21 25 26 22

23 F Distal area of right leg, G Distal area of right leg, anterior view posterior view 24

1 Ankle (talocrural) joint. Articulatio talocruralis. 17 Calcaneocuboid joint. Articulatio calcaneo- 1 Upper ankle joint between the talus, tibia and cuboidea. Joint between the calcaneus and cuboid fibula. D bones. A C 2 2 Medial or deltoid ligament. Lig. mediale (del- 17 a Cuneocuboid joint. Articulatio cuneocuboidea. toideum) articulationis talocruralis. Ligament on Articulation between the cuboid bone and lateral the medial side of the ankle which consists of the cuneiform bone. C 3 four segments described below. D 18 Cuneonavicular joint. Articulatio cuneonavicu- 3 Tibionavicular part. Pars tibionavicularis. Group laris. Joint between the navicular bone and 4 of fibers connecting the medial malleolus to the cuneiform bones. C D dorsal and medial surfaces of the navicular bone. D 18 a Intercuneiform joints. Articulationes intercuneiformes. Joint between the cuneiform bones. 5 4 Tibiocalcaneal part. Pars tibiocalcanea. Group of fibers connecting the medial malleolus to the sus- 19 Interosseous ligaments of the tarsus. Ligg. tarsi tentaculum tali. B D interossea. The following three interosseous liga- 6 5 Anterior tibiotalar part. Pars tibiotalaris ante- ments are present between the tarsal bones: rior. Segment of the deltoid ligament that connects 20 Interrosseous talocalcaneal ligament. Lig. ta- 7 the medial malleolus to the medial surface of the localcaneum interosseum. Strong mass of liga- talus as far as the neck of the talus. D ments in the sinus tarsi. A C 6 Posterior tibiotalar part. Pars tibiotalaris poste- 21 Interosseous cuneocuboid ligament. Lig. 8 rior. Fibers extending posteriorly from the medial cuneocuboideum interosseum. Taut connection malleolus almost as far as the posterior process of betweenthelateralcuneiformboneandthecuboid 9 the talus. B D bone. A C 7 Anterior talofibular ligament. Lig. talofibulare 22 Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments. Ligg. anterius. Ligament extending from the lateral mal- intercuneiformia interossea. Taut ligaments be- 10 leolustothelateralsurfaceoftheneckofthetalus.A tween the three cuneiform bones. C 8 Posterior talofibular ligament. Lig. talofibulare 23 Dorsal ligaments of the tarsus. Ligg. tarsi dor- 11 posterius.Itoriginatesinthelateralmalleolarfossa salia. The following eight dorsal ligaments are pre- and inserts at the lateral tubercle of the posterior sent between the tarsal bones. process of the talus. A B 12 24 Talonavicular ligament. Lig. talonaviculare. Dor- 9 Calcaneofibular ligament. Lig. calcaneofibulare. sal ligament between the head of the talus and the Itpassesobliquelyandposteriorlyfromtheapexof navicular bone. A D 13 the alteral malleolus to the calcaneus. A B 25 Dorsal intercuneiform ligaments. Ligg. inter- 10 Intertarsal joints. Articulationes intertarseae. cuneiformia dorsalia. Dorsal ligaments between 14 Joints between the tarsal bones. the cuneiform bones. A 11 JOINTS OF THE FOOT. Articulationes pedis. 26 Dorsal cuneocuboid ligaments. Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale. Dorsal ligaments between the 15 12 Talocalcaneonavicular joint. Articulatio talocal- lateral cuneiform bone and the cuboid bone. A caneonavicularis.Theanteriorportionofthelower ankle joint in which the talus articulates with the 27 Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament. Lig. 16 calcaneus and navicular bones. A C cuboideonaviculare dorsale. Ligament between the cuboid and navicular bones. A 13 Subtalar joint. Articulatio subtalaris (talocal- 17 canea). Joint between the talus and calcaneus that 28 Bifurcate ligament. Lig. bifurcatum. V-shaped represents the posterior part of the lower ankle double ligament in front of the sinus tarsi on the joint. A B C D dorsumofthefoot.Itextendsforwardfromthecal- caneus and consists of the following two parts. A 18 14 Lateral talocalcaneal ligament. Lig. talocalcaneum laterale. Ligament that passes from the 29 Calcaneonavicular ligament. Lig. calcaneonaviculare. It extends laterally from the head 19 trochlea of the talus to the lateral surface of the calcaneus. It is partially covered by the calcaneofibu- of the talus to the navicular bone. A lar ligament. A 30 Calcaneocuboid ligament. Lig. calcaneo- 20 15 Medial talocalcaneal ligament. Lig. talocal- cuboideum. It extends from the calcaneus and at- caneum mediale. Ligament on the medial side of taches near the middle of the cuboid bone. A 21 the foot that extends from the medial tubercle of 31 Dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments. Ligg. cuneo- the posterior process of the talus to the sustan- navicularia dorsalia. Broad group of ligaments on taculum tali. B D the dorsum of the foot connecting the navicular bone with the three cuneiform bones. A 22 15 a Posterior talocalcaneal ligament. [[Lig. talocalcaneum posterior.]] Fibrous band extending from 31 a Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament. Lig. cal- 23 the posterior process of the talus to the calcaneus, caneocuboideum dorsale. Moderate reinforce- thereby bridging the sulcus of the tendon of the ment of the joint capsule lateral to the bifurcate flexor hallucis longus muscle. ligament. A 24 16 Transverse tarsal (midtarsal) joint [[Chopart’s joint]] Articulatio tarsi transversa. Joint situated in 25 front of the talus and calcaneus but proximal to the cuboid and navicular bones. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sutures, joints and ligaments 71

4 12 31 8 25 7 24 5 13 6 8 4 9 27 6 15 13 9 26 14 20 7 17 30 29 21 28 8

31a 9 A Ligaments of right foot, B Ligaments of right ankle lateral view (talocrural) joint, 10 posterior view 11

22 14 21

18 17a 15 1 2 24 5 16 17 1 16 6 18 3 4 15 17 20 12 13 18 18 13 19

20 C D Tarsometatarsal bones of right foot, Ligaments of right foot, 21 horizontal section medial view 22

1 Plantar ligaments of tarsus. Ligg. tarsi 14 Interosseous metatarsal ligaments. Ligg. 1 plantaria. Ligaments on the palmar aspect of metatarsalia interossea. Ligaments between the foot. They are particularly important for the the bases of the metatarsal bones. They form 2 bracing of both plantar arches of the foot. the distal limits of the articular spaces between the metatarsal bones. C 2 Long plantar ligament. Lig. plantare longum. 3 Stout ligament which passes from the cal- 15 Dorsal metatarsal ligaments. Ligg. metatar- caneus closely in front of its tuber to the cuboid salia dorsalia. Ligaments between the bases of bone and to the bases of metatarsals II−V. It the metatarsal bones on the dorsum of the foot. 4 supports the longitudinal arch. A B 3 Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament or short 16 Plantar metatarsal ligaments. Ligg. metatar- 5 plantar ligament. Lig. calcaneocuboideum salia plantaria. Ligaments found between the plantare. Shorter portion of the long plantar bases of the metatarsal bones on the plantar ligament. A aspect of the foot. A 6 4 Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) liga- 17 Metatarsal interosseous spaces. Spatia inter- ment. Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare. It lies ossea metatarsi. Spaces between the shafts of 7 medial to the above-mentionend ligament and the metatarsal bones. They are occupied by the supports, according to more traditional view, corresponding muscles. A the articular cavity for the head of the talus. 8 18 Metatarsophalangeal joints. Articulationes Since the talar side of the ligament is quite metatarsophalangeales. A loose and contains no fibrocartilage, this con- 9 cept is questionable. A 19 Collateral ligaments. Ligg. collateralia. A 5 Plantar cuneonavicular ligaments. Ligg. 20 Plantar ligaments. Ligg. plantaria. Connective 10 cuneonavicularia plantaria. Groups of liga- tissue reinforcement of the capsule of the ments that connect the navicular bone with the metatarsophalangeal joint. It is more firmly 11 cuneiform bones lodged in front of it. A fused with the proximal phalanx than with the head of the metatarsals and forms a stroma for 6 Lig. Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament. the flexor tendons. A cuboideonaviculare plantare. A plantar liga- 12 ment coursing somewhat obliquely to the axis 21 Deep transverse metatarsal ligament. Lig. of the foot connecting the cuboid and navicular metatarsale transversum profundum. Trans- 13 bones. It supports the transverse plantar arch of versely oriented ligament connecting the heads the foot. A of the metatarsal bones. A 14 7 Plantar intercuneiform ligaments. Ligg. in- 22 Interphalangeal joints of the foot. Articula- tercuniformia plantare. Fibrous bands lying on tiones interphalangeales pedis. The middle and the plantar aspect of the foot between the terminal joints between the phalanges of the 15 cuneiform bones. They support the transverse foot. A plantar arch of the foot. A 23 Collateral ligaments. Ligg. collateralia. A 16 8 Plantar cuneocuboid ligament. Lig. cuneo- 24 Plantar ligaments. Ligg. plantaria. Fibrous cuboideum plantare. Fibrous brace on the plan- bands that reinforce the plantar aspect of the tar aspect of the foot between the lateral 17 interphalangeal articular capsules. cuneiform and cuboid bones. A 18 9 Tarsometatarsal joints. Articulationes tarsometatarsales. Joints between the tarsal and metatarsal bones of the foot. A B C 19 10 Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments. Ligg. tarsometatarsalia dorsalia. Ligaments located on 20 the dorsum of the foot between the tarsal and metatarsal bones. B 21 11 Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments. Ligg. tarsometatarsalia plantaria. Ligaments located on the plantar aspect of the foot between the tar- 22 sal and metatarsal bones. A 12 Interosseous cuneometatarsal ligaments. 23 Ligg. cuneometatarsalia interossea. Ligaments occupying the joint spaces between the 24 cuneiform and metatarsal bones. C 13 Intermetatarsal joints. Articulationes inter- 25 metatarsales. Joints between the bases of the metatarsal bones. B C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sutures, joints and ligaments 73

1 22 2 23 22 22 3 20 21 4 19 18 5

19 18 6 17 17 17 17 7 15 16 8 13 15 16 2 2 9 9 9 2 11 11 11 11 10 10 2 7 8 11 5 3 6 12 3 2 4 4 13 50.27 50.3 14

17 A Ligaments of right foot, B Ligaments of foot, dorsal view plantar view 18 12 13 19 9 14 20

9 21 13 14 9 22 13 14 9 23 9 13

C Ligaments of sectioned foot, dorsal view 24 14 12 25

MUSCULAR SYSTEM 13 M. longissimus cervicis. o: Transverse proces- 1 1 DORSAL MUSCLES. Musculi dorsi. The muscles ses T1−6. i: Transverse processes of vertebrae of the back. True back muscles are innervated C2−7. It lies between the iliocostalis cervicis 2 by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves, whereas the and longissimus capitis muscles. C muscles of the shoulder girdle are not. A B C 14 M. longissimus capitis. o: Transverse 2 M. trapezius. o: Spinous processes of vertebrae processes of vertebrae C3−T3. i: Mastoid 3 T1-T12 and C1, the nuchal ligament, occipital process. It lies between the longissimus cervi- protuberance, and superior nuchal line. i: Spine cis and semispinalis capitis muscles. A: Lateral 4 of scapula, acrimonion, and clavicle. A: Rotates, and backward flexion of the head. It rotates the raises, lowers, and adducts the scapula; rotates face toward the ipsilateral side. C the head. I: Accessory nerve, cervical plexus. A 15 M. iliocostalis. Iliocostal muscle, which con- 5 3 M. transversus nuchae. (Rare, 25%). Platysmal sists of the following three segments. muscle situated between the insertions of the 16 M. iliocostalis lumborum. o: Iliac crest. i: 6 trapezius and sternocleidomastoid. It passes Angle of ribs 5−12. A: Extenson and lateral flex- transversely, either superficial or deep, to the ion of lower vertebral column. B C trapezius. A 7 17 M. iliocostalis thoracis. o: Medial sides of 6 4 M. latissimus dorsi. o: Thoracolumbar fascia, lower rib angles. i: Six uppermost rib angles. A: spinous processes of vertebrae T7−L5, sacrum, Flattening of thoracic kyphosis, lateral flexion. 8 iliac crest, and four lower ribs. i: Crest of lesser BC tubercle of humerus. A: Adduction and medial 18 M. iliocostalis cervicis. o: Upper and middle rotation of the arm. I: Thoracodorsal nerve. A 9 ribs. i: Transverse processes of middle cervical 5 M. rhomboideus major. o: Spinous processes vertebrae. C of vertebrae T1−4. i: Medial margin of scapula. 19 M. splenius cervicis. o: Spinous processes of 10 A: Medial and upward movement of scapula. I: T3−5. i: Posterior tubercle of transverse Dorsal scapular nerve. A processes of C1−2. A: Backward flexion and ro- 11 6 M. rhomboideus minor. o: Spinous processes tation of head. B of cervical vertebrae 6−7. i: Medial margin of 20 M. splenius capitis. o: Spinous processes of C4− scapula above the spine. A: Medial and upward T3. i: External half of superior nuchal line and 12 movement of scapula. I: Dorsal scapular nerve. mastoid process. A: Backward flexion and rota- A tion of head. A B 13 7 M. levator scapulae. o: Posterior tubercle of 21 MM. INTERTRANSVERSARII. Muscular connec- transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 1−4. tion of adjacent transverse processes. A: Lateral i: Superior angle of scapula. A: Elevates super- flexion. See p. 77 C D E 14 ior angle of scapula and rotates neck. I: Dorsal scapular nerve and cervical plexus. A 22 Mm. intertransversarii laterales lumborum. Muscles between adjacent costal processes. I: 8 M. serratus posterior inferior. o: Spinous 15 Ventral rami of spinal nerves. See p. 77 C processes of vertebrae T11−L2. i: Four lower ribs. A: Retroversion of four lower ribs. I: Inter- 23 Mm. intertransversarii mediales lumborum. 16 costal nerves. A Muscles between the mamillary processes. See p. 77 C 9 M. serratus posterior superior. o: Spinous 24 Mm. intertransversarii thoracis. Usually ab- 17 processes of vertebrae C6−T2. i: Second to fifth ribs. A: Raises ribs in inspiration. I: Intercostal sent. See p. 77 C nerves. A B 25 Mm. intertransversarii posteriores cervicis. 18 10 M. ERECTOR SPINAE. Collective term for the Muscles between posterior tubercles of trans- muscles of the lateral and medial tracts of the verse processes of cervical vertebrae. See p. 77 19 back. I: Posterior rami of spinal nerves. o: Iliac 26 Pars medialis. Medial part of 25. crest, spinous processes of L1−S4, mamillary 27 Pars lateralis. Lateral part of 25. I: Ventral processes of L1−2, transverse processes of T7− ramus of spinal nerves. 12. i: Costal and accessory processes of lumbar 20 28 Mm. intertransversarii anteriores cervicis. vertebrae, angle of 11 lower ribs, all thoracic Muscles connecting the anterior tubercles of transverse processes. A: Lateral and backward the cervical transverse processes. I: Ventral 21 flexion of vertebral column. B C ramus of spinal nerves. See p. 77 E 10 a [[Lateral tract]]. [Tractus laterale]. 22 11 M. longissimus. It consists of the following three parts. B 23 12 M. longissimus thoracis. o: Iliac crest, spinous processes of L1−S4, mamillary processes of L1− 2, transverse processes of T7−I2. i: Costal and 24 accessory processes of lumbar vertebrae, angle of lower 11 ribs all thoracic transverse 25 processes, A: Lateral and backward flexion of vertebral column. B C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 75

3 1

80.26 2 20 9 3

2 2 4 6 5 5 6 88.10 4 7

8 4 8 9 4 14 13 10 20 86.9 19 76.4 18 11

86.18 9 12

19 13

A Superficial dorsal muscles 17 12 14 76.3

76.2 17 15 11 12 16

17 16 16 18 86.9 12 19

22 B Deep dorsal muscles C Autochthonous dorsal muscles, schematic view 23

1 [[Medial tract]]. [Tractus mediale]. 20 Thoracolumbar fascia. Fascia thoracolumbalis. 1 2 M. spinalis. Muscular system attached to the Encasing fascia of the erector spinae muscle. It spinous processes and consisting of the follow- is attached to the spinous processes with a su- 2 ing three segments: See p. 75 B perficial layer, to the costal processes with a deep layer, both layers being united laterally. 3 M. spinalis thoracis. o: Transverse processes Associated muscles: transversus abdominis, 3 of T11−L2. i: Spinous processes of T2−11. A: serrati posteriores, latissimus dorsi and, in Back flexion. See p. 75 C some cases, the internal oblique muscle of the 4 4 M. spinalis cervicis. o: Transverse processes of abdomen. F C6−T2. i: Spinous processes of C2−4. A: Back 21 Nuchal fascia. Fascia nuchae (nuchalis). Dorsal flexion. See p. 75 C continuation of the superficial layer of the cer- 5 5 M. spinalis capitis. Inconstant part of semispi- vical fascia. (Investing fascia of the true neck nalis capitis with additional origins from the musculature.) 6 upper thoracic and lower cervical spinous 22 HEAD MUSCLES. Musculi capitis. processes. 23 MM. SUBOCCIPITALES. The following seven 7 6 MM. INTERSPINALES. Unlike the spinal muscles, muscles: these muscles extend only between the spinous processes of continuous vertebrae. A: 24 M. rectus capitis anterior. o: Lateral mass of 8 Dorsiflexion. C D the atlas. i: Basilar part of occipital bone. A: For- ward flexion of head. I: Anterior rami of spinal 7 Mm. interspinales cervicis. These are paired nerves. E 9 because of the bifid cervical spinous processes. D 25 M. rectus capitis posterior major. o: Spinous process of axis. i: Middle of inferior nuchal line. 10 8 Mm. interspinales thoracis. Usually absent. C A: Outward rotation and dorsiflexion of head. I: 9 Mm. interspinales lumborum. Especially Suboccipital nerve. D. See also p. 79 A 11 strong muscle bands. C 26 M. rectus capitis posterior minor. o: Posterior 10 MM. TRANSVERSOSPINALES. Collective term for tubercle of atlas. i: Inner third of inferior nuchal the following nine muscles. A B C line. A: Mainly dorsiflexion of head. I: Sub- 12 occipital nerve. D. See also p. 79 A 11 M. semispinalis. The longest superficial portion of the transversospinales. It spans four or 13 more vertebrae and comprises the following three segments: A B 14 12 M. semispinalis thoracis. o: Transverse processes of T7−I2. i: Spinous processes of C6− 15 T6. A: Primarily dorsiflexion. A 13 M. semispinalis cervicis. o: Transverse processes of T1−6. i: Spinous processes of C2−5. 16 A: Mainly dorsiflexion. A 14 M. semispinalis capitis. o: Transverse 17 processes of C4−T6. i: Occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines. A: Dorsiflex- 18 ion of head and rotation, depending on starting position. A 19 15 Mm. multifidi. Portion of the transversospinal system spanning 2−4 vertebrae. A: Dor- solateral flexion and slight rotation. B 20 16 Mm. rotatores. Deepest layer of the transversospinal system with short fibers taking an 21 especially transverse course, thereby providing stronger rotation. They attach to an adjacent or superior vertebra. A B C 22 17 Mm. rotatores cervicis. o: Inferior articular process. i: Arch or root of spinous process of 23 cervical vertebrae. A 18 Mm. rotatores thoracis. o: Transverse process 24 of thoracic vertebrae. i: Spinous process. A C 19 Mm. rotatores lumborum. o: Mamillary 25 process. i: Roots of spinous process of lumbar vertebrae. A C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 77

1 18 14 74.24 2 8 17 3 13 4

5 74.22

74.23 6 9 20 7 18 11 12; 11 74.21 6 8 15 19 19 9

20 10 16

16 11

A Systems of mm. B Transversospinal C Short muscles of the 13 transversospinales system vertebral column 14

24 16

78.1 17 26 74.28 18 25

78.2 19 E Deep neck muscles, anterior view 78.3 20 94.4 74.25 7; 6 21 86.32 22

74.10 23 D Short neck muscles 20 24 F Thoracolumbar fascia 25

1 M. rectus capitis lateralis. o: Transverse of the eye. Comprises three segments. It closes 1 process of atlas. i: Jugular process of occipital the eyelids and assists the flow of tears into the bone. A: Lateral flexion of head. I: Anterior rami lacrimal sac and into the nose. i: Facial nerve. C 2 of spinal nerves C1−2. A B, see also p. 77 E D 2 M. obliquus capitis superior. o: Transverse 18 Palpebral part. Pars palpebralis. Fibers sit- process of atlas. i: Field above attachment of uated in the eyelids passing from the medial 3 rectus capitis posterior major. A: Backward and palpebral ligament and the adjacent bones to lateral flexion of head. I: Posterior rami of spi- the lateral palpebral ligament. C nal nerves C1−2. A, see also p. 77 D 4 19 Orbital part. Pars orbitalis. Arises from the 3 M. obliquus inferior. o: Spinous process of axis. medial palpebral ligament and adjacent bones, i: Transverse process of atlas. A: Lateral rotation thus encircling the eye. C 5 of atlas and face toward the same side. I: Poste- rior rami of spinal nerves C1−2. A, see also p. 77 20 Lacrimal part. Pars lacrimalis. o: Posterior 6 D lacrimal crest. It curves around the lacrimal 4 M. longus capitis. o: Anterior tubercle of trans- canaliculus, extends partially behind the lacri- verse processes of C3−6. i: Basal part of occipi- mal sac and radiates into the palpebral part of 7 tal bone. A: Forward and lateral flexion of head the orbicularis oculi muscle below the medial and cervical vertebral column. I: Anterior rami palpebral ligament. D 8 of spinal nerves C1−2. B 21 M. corrugator supercilii. o: Nasal part of fron- 5 FACIAL AND MASTICATORY MUSCLES. Musculi tal bone. i: Skin over the middle of the eyebrow. faciales et masticatorii. Located below the orbicularis oculi muscle. I: 9 6 M. epicranius. Collective term for the muscles Facial nerve. D attaching to the galea aponeurotica. I: Facial 22 M. depressor supercilii. Muscle medial to the 10 nerve. C corrugator supercilii that radiates from the 7 M. occipitofrontalis. Muscle extending ante- orbicular oculi into the skin of the medial part of the eyebrow. I: Facial nerve. D 11 riorly and posteriorly into the galea aponeurotica. C 23 M. auricularis anterior. Muscle in front of the 8 Frontal belly. Venter frontalis. The portion of the ear. o: Temporal fascia. i: Spine of helix. I: Facial 12 occipitofrontalis which passes from the galea nerve. C aponeurotica to the eyebrows. A: Moves scalp 24 M. auricularis superior. o: Galea aponeurotica. 13 forward and raises the eyebrows. C i: Root of pinna. I: Facial nerve. C 9 Occipital belly. Venter occipitalis. The portion of the occipitofrontalis which passes from the su- 25 M. auricularis posterior. o: Mastoid process. i: 14 preme nuchal line to the galea aponeurotica. A: Root of pinna. I: Facial nerve. C Moves galea aponeurotica backward. C 26 M. orbicularis oris. Encircles the mouth open- 15 10 M. temporoparietalis. o. Region of superior ing and consists of two parts (see nos. 27, 28). It auricular muscle. i: Galea aponeurotica. C assists in closing the lips and helps to empty the vestibule of the mouth. I: Facial nerve. C D E 16 11 Galea aponeurotica (aponeurosis epicranialis). Displaceable, helmet-like, superficial ten- 27 Marginal part. Pars marginalis. The peripheral don for the two parts of the epicranius. It lies margin radiating into the neighboring muscles. 17 against the periosteum and is attached to the D supreme nuchal line and to the external occipi- 28 Labial part. Pars labialis. The main part of the tal protuberance. C 18 orbicularis oris including the portion which 12 M. procerus. o: Dorsum of nose. i: Skin above takes a hook-like bend externally below the red the nose. A: Depression of frontal skin. I: Facial portion of the lips. C D E 19 nerve. C 13 M. nasalis. Common term for the following two 20 nasal muscles: I: Facial nerve. D 14 Transverse part of nasalis. Pars transversa [[compressor naris]]. o: Field over root of canine 21 tooth. i: Superficial tendon on dorsum of nose. D 22 15 Alar part of nasalis. Pars alaris [[dilatator naris]]. o: Above the lateral incisor tooth. i: Margins of the nasal openings and the adjacent 23 region. D 16 M. depressor septi. o: Above the medial incisor 24 tooth. i: Cartilaginous nasal septum. A: Depresses tip of nose. I: Facial nerve. D 25 17 M. orbicularis oculi. Circular sphincter muscle Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 79

76.24 1

2 2 1 3

76.26 1 4 76.25 4 5 3 6

A Deep suboccipital muscles, lateral view 7

82.1 11 9

8 10

10 19 11 24 12 9 18 12 19 B Neck, anterior view 23 13 28 25 14

22 21 15

13 20 17

18 C Superficial muscles of head 15 27 16 19

28 28 20 21

22 D Deep mimic muscles 23 28 24 E Sagittal section through the lips 25

1 M. depressor anguli oris. [[Triangularis]]. o: 16 Lateral pterygoid muscle. M. pterygoideus 1 Anterior and lateral part of mandible. i: Angle lateralis. o: Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid of mouth. I: Facial nerve. A plate and lower surface of greater wing of sphe- 2 2 M. transversus menti. Transverse muscular noid. Arises by two heads (variant: three heads), connection between the right and left depres- one from the discocapsular system, the other sor anguli oris muscles below the chin. I: Facial from the pterygoid fossa. The inferior head pulls 3 nerve. A the mandible and discocapsular system forward. The superior head determines the velocity at 3 M. risorius. o: Parotid fascia and buccal skin. i: which the discocapsular system is pulled back 4 Angle of mouth. I: Facial nerve. A into place. I: Mandibular nerve. B 4 M. zygomaticus major. o: Lateral side of zygo- 17 Medial pterygoid muscle. M. pterygoideus me- 5 matic bone. i: Angle of mouth. I: Facial nerve. A dialis. o: Pterygoid fossa and tuber of maxilla. i: 5 M. zygomaticus minor. o: Anterior side of zy- Pterygoid tuberosity and inner aspect of angle of 6 gomatic bone. i: Upper lip. I: Facial nerve. A mandible. It courses obliquely downward and 6 M. levator labii superioris [[quadratus labii backward and is a synergist to the temporalis sup., M. levator nasi et labii maxillaris lat.]]. o: and masseter muscles. I: Mandibular nerve. B 7 Above the infra-orbital foramen. Radiates into 18 Buccopharyngeal fascia. Fascia buccopharyn- orbicularis oris. I: Facial nerve. A gea. It lies on the buccinator muscle and extends from the angle of the mouth deeply as far as the 7 M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi [[quad- 8 pharyngeal constrictor muscle. C ratus labii sup., M. lev. nasi et labii maxillaris med]]. o: Medial to orbit. i: Nasal ala and upper 19 Masseteric fascia. Fascia masseterica. Fascia 9 lip. I: Facial nerve. A covering the masseter muscle, part of which attaches below the parotid at the upper end of the 8 M. depressor labii inferioris [[quadr. labii inf.]]. zygomatic arch. D 10 Located below the depressor anguli oris. o: Pla- tysmaandmandible.i:Lowerlip.I:Facialnerve.A 20 Parotid fascia. Fascia parotidea. Fascial covering of the parotid, partly identical with the masse- 11 9 M. levator anguli oris [[Caninus]]. o: Canine teric fascia. D fossa. i: Angle of mouth. I: Facial nerve. A 21 Temporal fascia. Fascia temporalis. External 12 9a Modiolus. Palpable muscular mass lateral to the connective tissue investment of the temporalis angle of the mouth. Point of convergence of adja- muscle between the superior temporal line and cent muscles radiating into the orbicularis oris. the zygomatic arch. It consists of the following 13 10 M. buccinator. Cheek muscle. o: Pterygoman- two layers. D dibular raphe and adjoining parts of upper and 22 Superficial layer. Lamina superficialis. Layer of 14 lower jaw. i: Angle of mouth and orbicularis oris. the temporal fascia attached to the outer margin I: Facial nerve. A B of the zygomatic arch. D 11 M. mentalis. Arises over the roots of the lower 23 Deep layer. Lamina profunda. Layer of the tem- 15 incisors. i: Skin of chin (chin dimple). I: Facial poral fascia attached to the inner margin of the nerve. A zygomatic arch. D 16 12 M. masseter. Most prominent masticatory 24 NECK MUSCLES. Musculi colli (cervicis). A C muscle. Closes jaw and, together with the tem- 25 Platysma. Cutaneous muscle occupying an ex- 17 poral and medial pterygoid muscles, determines tensive area of the neck. It extends from the the degree of masticatory power. It is comprised lower part of the face to the upper thorax. I: Fa- of a superficial and deep part. I: Mandibular cial nerve. A D 18 nerve. A C 26 Sternocleidomastoid muscle. M. sternoclei- 13 Superficial part. Pars superficialis. o: Anterior domastoideus. o: Sternum und clavicle. i: Mas- 19 two-thirds of zygomatic arch. i: Angle of toid process and superior nuchal line. It elevates mandible. It courses obliquely backward and the chin and rotates it to the opposite side. I: Ac- downward. It also draws the mandible some- cesory nerve, cervical plexus. C 20 what forward. C 14 Deep part. Pars profunda. Size varies. Arises 21 from the zygomatic arch proximal to the mandibular joint and discocapsular system. i: Mandible. Action: Together with fibers of the 22 temporal muscles, it ensures lateral stabilization of the discocapsular system during laterotrusal 23 movement. C 15 M. temporalis. o: Temporal fossa. i: Coronoid process that extends downward to the occlusal 24 plane and to the region of the pterygomandibular raphe. Action: Elevation and retraction of the 25 mandible, fixation of the pharynx when swallowing; cf. pp. 12, 14. I: Mandibular nerve. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 81

7 3 6 9 5 4 4 10 5 3 12 6 1 8 11 7

2 15 8 25 9

10 A Facial muscles, anterior view 16 11 12 17 12 10 B 14 Masticatory 13 muscles 14 13 18 15

26 16

17 22 18

19 23 20 C Muscles of head and neck, 20 21 right inferior view 19 22

23 25 24 D Fasciae of the head 25

1 M. longus colli. Arches to connect the 2nd to 5th 15 M. omohyoideus. o: Upper margin of scapula 1 cervical vertebrae with the lower cervical and medial to scapular notch. i: Body of hyoid bone. upper thoracic vertebrae. Its fibers also extend An intermediate tendon situated above the 2 from the vertebral bodies to the transverse jugular vein divides it into two bellies. A: Draws processes with the C6 transverse process as the the hyoid downward and tenses the cervical fas- central point. A: Lateral and forward flexion of cia. I: see p. 13. A C 3 the neck. I: Ventral ramus of spinal nerve. D 16 Superior belly. Venter superior. Upper segment 2 M. scalenus anterior. o: Transverse processes of of omohyoid between the hyoid and interme- 4 C3−6.i:Scalenetubercleon1st rib.A:Elevationof diate tendon. A 1st rib, lateral flexion and rotation of neck. It sep- 17 Inferior belly. Venter inferior. Lower half of arates the anterior and posterior or scalenus omohyoid from the intermediate tendon to the 5 gaps. I: see p. 1. D scapular notch. A 3 M. scalenus medius. o: Transverse processes of 18 M. sternothyroideus. o: Posterior surface of 6 C2−7. i: 1st rib behind groove for subclavian manubrium and 1st rib. i: Oblique line of thyroid artery. A: Elevation of 1st rib and lateral flexion of cartilage. A: Draws larynx downward. I: see p. 13. neck. I: see p. 1. D 7 A 4 M. scalenus posterior. o: Transverse processes 19 M. thyrohyoideus. o: Oblique line of thyroid of C4−6. i: Upper margin of 2nd rib. A: Elevates the 8 cartilage. i: Greater horn of hyoid bone. A: Brings rib, laterally flexes the neck. I: see p. 1. D hoyid and thyroid cartilage closer together. I: C1 9 5 [M. scalenus minimus]. Extra muscle occasion- via hypoglossal nerve. A ally present between scalenus anterior and me- 20 [M. levator glandulae thyroideae]. Part of the dius. o: Transverse processes of C6 or 7. i: 1st rib thyrohyoid muscle that extends to the thyroid 10 and pleural cupola. gland. 6 SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES M. suprahyoidei. The 11 21 CERVICAL FASCIA. Fascia cervicalis. Collective following muscles above the hyoid bone. A term for the connective tissue layers of the neck. 7 M. digastricus. o: Notch medial to the mastoid 12 22 Superficial (investing) layer. Lamina superfi- process. i: Inner side of mandible. It has an inter- cialis. Superficial layer of cervical fascia that sur- mediate tendon which acts on the lesser horn of rounds the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius 13 the hyoid bone by means of a connective tissue muscles. It is attached to the anterior margin of sling. A: Elevation of hyoid. A the manubrium, the clavicle and the mandible. C 14 8 Anterior belly. Venter anterior. It extends from 23 Pretracheal layer. Lamina pretrachealis. Layer the mandible to the intermediate tendon. A: that spreads between the two omohyoid Pullsmandibleforwardanddepressesit.I:Mylo- muscles and is attached to the posterior margin 15 hyoid nerve. A E of the manubrium and clavicle. It surrounds the 9 Posterior belly. Venter posterior. It passes from infrahyoid muscles. C 16 the mastoid process to the intermediate tendon. 24 Prevertebral layer. Lamina prevertebralis. A: It draws back the hyoid bone. I: Facial nerve. A Layerthatliesbetweenthevertebralcolumnand 17 E pharyngeal constrictors as well as the 10 M. stylohyoideus. o: Styloid process. i: Lesser esophagus, covers the scaleni muscles and contains the sympathetic trunk and phrenic nerve. C 18 horn of hyoid bone. It accompanies the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and can pass 25 Carotid sheath. Vagina carotica. Connective through it via a fissure. A: It pulls the hyoid back- tissue investing the neurovascular bundle 19 ward and upward. I: Facial nerve. A E (carotid artery, jugular vein and vagus nerve) 11 M. mylohyoideus. Muscle of the floor of the and continuous with the pretracheal layer. C 20 mouth. o: Mylohyoid line of mandible. i: Body of hyoid bone. A: Draws the hyoid forward and upward and forms the diaphragma oris. I: Mylohy- 21 oid nerve. A B 12 M. geniohyoideus. o: Mental spine. i: Body of 22 hyoid bone. A: Draws the hyoid forward and upward. I: C1 via the hypoglossal nerve. B 23 13 Infrahyoid muscles. Mm. infrahyoidei. The muscles below the hyoid bone (infrahyoid m.). I: 24 Ansa cervicalis. A 14 M. sternohyoideus. o: Posterior surface of ma- 25 nubrium sterni. i: Body of hyoid bone. A: Draws the hyoid downward. I: see p. 13. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 83

1 10 9 8 2

910 3 8 4 E Segment of A 11 5

19 6 16 7

14 8 18 9 11 12 11 10 17 11

A Muscles of hyoid bone B Muscles of floor of mouth 12 from above and behind 13 23 22 14

80.26 15 25 16 15 23 17 22 18 24 19 3 2 20 5 C Fasciae of the neck 21 4 11 22

D Deep neck muscles, 24 anterior view 25

1 MUSCLES OF THORAX. Musculi thoracis. A−F 18 Internal intercostal membrane. Membrana in- 1 2 [M. sternalis]. Muscle that occasionally (4%) tercostalis interna. Continuation of the internal crosses the pectoralis major muscle parallel and intercostal muscles from the rib angle to the 2 proximal to the sternum. A vertebrae. E 19 Innermost intercostal muscles. Mm. inter- 3 M. pectoralis major. Consists of the three parts costales intimi. Internal portion of the internal listed below (nos. 4−6). o: Clavicle, sternum, first 3 intercostal muscles separated by the intercostal 4−6costalcartilagesandrectussheath.i:Crestof vessels. F greater tubercle and humerus. A: Adduction and 4 medial rotation of arm. I: Medial and lateral pec- 20 Subcostal muscles. Mm. subcostales. Internal toral nerves. A intercostal muscles that pass over 1−2 ribs. I: see p. 17. E 5 4 Clavicular part. Pars clavicularis. The portion originating from the clavicle. A 21 M. transversus thoracis. Situated on the inner surface of the anterior thoracic wall, it radiates 6 5 Sternocostal part. Pars stenocostalis. The por- obliquely upward from the sternum to costal tion arising from the sternum and ribs. A cartilages 2−6. I: see p. 17. C 7 6 Abdominal part. Pars abdominalis. The portion 22 Thoracic fascia. Fascia thoracica. Epimysium of arising from the rectus sheath. A the inner thoracic musculature. 8 7 M. pectoralis minor. It lies beneath the pec- 23 Diaphragm. Diaphragma [thoraco-abdomi- toralis major. o: Ribs 3−5. i: Coracoid process. A: nale]. Dome-shaped, muscular partition be- Draws scapula forward and downward and ribs tween the thoracic and abdominal cavities. I: 9 upward. Accessory respiratory muscle. I: see Phrenic nerve. C D p. 3. A 24 Lumbar part of diaphragm. Pars lumbalis dia- 10 8 M. subclavius. o: 1st costal cartilage. i: Lower phragmatis. Medial part of the diaphragm aris- surface of clavicle. A: Stabilizes sternoclavicular ing from the lumbar vertebral bodies, inter- joint against tension. I: Subclavian nerve. A vertebral discs and fibrous arches. D 11 9 Pectoral fascia. Fascia pectoralis. It covers the 25 Right crus of lumbar part. Crus dextrum. o: pectoralis major muscle, is attached to the L1−3(4). D 12 clavicle and sternum and is continuous with the 26 Left crus of lumbar part. Crus sinistrum. o: axillary fascia. L1−2(3). D 13 10 Clavipectoral fascia. Fascia clavipectoralis. Fas- 27 Costal part of diaphragm. Pars costalis dia- cia attached to the coracoid process and the phragmatis. The part of the diaphragm originat- clavicle. It covers the pectoralis minor and sub- ing from ribs 7−12. C D 14 clavius muscles. A 28 Sternal part of diaphragm. Pars sternalis dia- 11 M. serratus anterior. o: Ribs 1−9. i: Medial mar- phragmatis. The part of the diaphragm arising 15 gin of scapula. A: Supports, lowers and rotates from the sternum. C D the scapula and draws it forward. It assists in 29 Aortic (opening) hiatus. Hiatus aorticus. Pas- raising the arm high above the horizontal plane. 16 sageway for the aorta between the right and left I: Long thoracic nerve. A crus of the lumbar part. D 12 Mm. levatores costarum. Muscles behind and 17 30 Esophageal (opening) hiatus. Hiatus oe- below the long back muscles. o: Thoracic trans- sophageus. Passageway for the esophagus and verse processes. i: Ribs. I: Posterior ramus of spi- the vagus nerves above the aortic opening. D nal nerve. B 18 31 Central tendon. Centrum tendineum. Clover- 13 Mm. levatores costarum longi. o: Transverse leaf-shaped, tendinous central area of the dia- 19 processes.i:Passesoveraribtoinsertonthenext phragm. D lower rib. A: Elevates the ribs. B 32 Foramen for the inferior vena cava. Foramen 20 14 Mm. levatores costarum breves. o: Transverse venae cavae. Opening in the central tendon for process. i: Next lower rib. B the inferior vena cava. D 15 External intercostal muscles. Mm. inter- 33 Medial arcuate ligament. Lig. arcuatum medi- 21 costales externi. They extend obliquely forward ale. Tendinous arch between the body and trans- and downward between the ribs. A: Inspiration, verseprocessofL1orL2formingthepassageway 22 bracing of the ribs. I: Intercostal nerves. A E F for the psoas muscle. D 16 External intercostal membrane. Membrana in- 34 Lateral arcuate ligament. Lig. arcuatum tercostalis externa. Membrane that replaces the laterale. Tendinous arch over the quadratus lum- 23 external intercostal muscles anteriorly between borum muscle between the transverse process the costal cartilages. A of L1 and the 12th rib. D 24 17 Internal intercostal muscles. Mm. intercostales 35 Median arcuate ligament. Lig. arcuatum medi- interni. They pass obliquely backward and anum. Tendinous arch over the aortic hiatus. D 25 downward between the ribs. A: Partially expira- tory, bracing of the ribs. I: Intercostal nerves. E F Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 85

1 10 8 2

4 14 12 3 13 7 4 3

5 5 2 11 6 11 6 15 16 B Levator muscles of ribs 7 28 8

9 A Muscles of thorax, anterior view 31 32 30 10

27 11

35 12 29 33 26 13 34 21 25 14

24 16 D Diaphragm, inferior view 27 28 17

C Anterior thoracic wall, 18 posterior view 15 19 15 20 17 18 21 20 15 17 22 20 19 23

E Posterior thoracic wall, F Intercostal muscles 24 anterior view 25

1 ABDOMINAL MUSCLES. Musculi abdominis. 19 M. cremaster. Muscle fibers derived primarily 1 2 M. rectus abdominis. o: Costal cartilages 5−7. i: from the internal oblique abdominal muscle. It Pubis and symphysis. A: Forward flexion of invests the spermatic cord and elevates the 2 trunk, lowering of thorax, elevation of pelvis. I: testis. A Intercostal nerves 7−12. A E 20 M. transversus abdominis. o: Inner surface of ribs 7− 12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, in- 3 3 Tendinous intersections. Intersectiones tendineae. The 3−4 intermediate tendons of the rec- guinal ligament. i: Rectus sheath. I: Intercostal tus abdominis muscle. They fuse with the ante- nerves 7−12, iliohypogastric, ilio-inguinal, geni- 4 rior wall of the rectus sheath. A tofemoral nerves. A 21 Conjoined tendon. Falx inguinalis (tendo con- 4 Rectus sheath. Vagina m. recti abdominis. junctivus). Fibers arching from the aponeurosis Covering of the rectus abdominis muscle formed 5 of the transversus muscle into the pectineal liga- by the aponeuroses of the flat abdominal ment. A E muscles. A 6 22 Linea alba. The white tendinous line (raphe) 5 Anterior layer of rectus sheath. Lamina anterior. A formed by the abdominal aponeuroses. It is sit- 6 Posterior layer of rectus sheath. Lamina posterior. uated between the right and left rectus abdom- 7 A inis muscles. A E 7 Arcuate line. Linea arcuata. Caudal end of the 23 Umbilical ring. Anulus umbilicalis. Fibrous ring 8 posterior layer of the rectus sheath. A around the umbilicus in the linea alba. A 8 M. pyramidalis. Muscle enclosed within the 24 Adminiculum lineae albae. Inferior attach- 9 split anterior layer of the rectus sheath. It passes ment of the linea alba at the symphysis. A E from the pubis and symphysis to the linea alba. I: 25 Suspensory ligament of penis (clitoris). Lig. Subcostal nerve. A 10 suspensorium penis/clitoridis. It radiates from 9 External abdominal oblique muscle. M. ob- the pubis into the deep fascia of the penis (cli- liquus externus abdominis. o: Outer surface of toris). A 11 ribs 5−12. i: Iliac crest, rectus sheath, linea alba. 26 Fundiform ligament of penis. Lig. fundiforme A: Lowering of thorax, rotation of trunk, lateral penis. Elastic band arising from the abdominal flexion. I: Intercostal nerves 5−12. A B D 12 fascia and linea alba and extending sling-like 10 Inguinal ligament. Lig. inguinale (Arcus ingui- onto the penis. A nalis). The lower edge of the external oblique 27 Lumbar triangle. Trigonum lumbale. Weak area 13 aponeurosis. It passes from anterior superior of the back bordered by the latissimus dorsi, ex- iliac spine to the pubic tubercle. D E ternal abdominal oblique m. and iliac crest. B 14 11 Lacunar ligament. Lig. lacunare. Connective 28 Transversalis fascia. Fascia transversalis. Fascia tissue fibers arching downward to the pubis at between the peritoneum and abdominal the medial attachment of the inguinal ligament. musculature. A E 15 D 29 Deep inguinal ring. Anulus inguinalis profun- 12 Pectineal ligament. Lig. pectineale. Continua- dus. Inner inguinal ring at the transition of the 16 tion of the lacunar ligament along the pecten transversalis fascia into the internal spermatic pubis. D fascia. A E 17 13 Reflected ligament. Lig. reflexum. Curved band of 30 Inguinal canal. Canalis inguinalis. Walls: Ingui- fibers passing upward from the medial attach- nal ligament, external oblique aponeurosis, in- ment of the inguinal ligament and forming the ternal oblique and transversus abdominis 18 medial lining of the superficial inguinal ring. D muscles, interfoveolar ligament. It contains the 14 Superficial inguinal ring. Anulus inguinalis su- spermatic cord. E 19 perficialis. External opening of the inguinal 31 Interfoveolar ligament. Lig. interfoveolare. canal. A D Thickened portion of the transversalis fascia behind the inguinal canal. A E 20 15 Medial crus.Crusmediale.Groupoffibersofthe external oblique aponeurosis ascending ob- 32 M. quadratus lumborum. o: Iliac crest and liquely medial to the superficial inguinal ring. D processes of lumbar vertebrae. i: 12th rib, transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae. A: Lowers 21 16 Lateral crus. Crus laterale. Group of fibers of the ribs, lateral flexion. I: 12th intercostal nerve, lum- external oblique aponeurosis ascending lateral bar plexus. C 22 to the superficial inguinal ring. D 33 Linea semilunaris. Arched musculotendinous 17 Intercrural fibers. Fibrae intercrurales. Curved margin of the transversus abdominis muscle. 23 fibers between the medial and lateral crura. D 18 Internal abdominal oblique muscle. M. obliquus internus abdominis. o: Thoracolumbar 24 fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament. i: Ribs 10−12 and rectus sheath. A: Lowering of ribs, forward 25 and lateral flexion. I: Intercostal nerves 8−12, iliohypogastric and ilio-inguinal nerves. A B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 87

1 2 2

4 4 9 5 2 3 9 3 4

22 5 3 23 6 3 5 18 6 7 20 9 2 7 18 8 9 28 27 9

18 8 10 24 B Lumbar triangle 11 14 21 XII 12

19 25 26 31 29 I 13

A II Abdominal muscles, anterior view 14 III 32 15 IV 16 9 V 17

C Musculus quadratus lumborum, 18 anterior view 15 16 19

17 28 2 20 22 29 14 21 21 31 10 13 22 12 11 24 30 23

24 D Inguinal region, anterior view E Inguinal region, posterior view 25

1 COCCYGEAL MUSCLES. Musculi coccygei. 17 M. coracobrachialis. o: Coracoid process. i: 1 2 M. coccygeus. o: Ischial spine. i: Coccyx and ad- Middle third of humerus anteriorly. A: Forward joining sacrum. It lies medial to the sacrospinous flexion, weak adduction and medial rotation of 2 ligament. I: Spinal nerve. A. See also p. 174. 13. the arm. I: Musculocutaneous nerve. C D E 3 [[Ventral (anterior) sacrococcygeus muscle]]. 18 M. brachialis. o: Lower 2/3 of anterior surface of humerus. i: Ulnar tuberosity. A: Flexion of the 3 M. sacrococcygeus ventralis. Occasional rudiment of the primitive coccygeal musculature elbow joint. I: Musculocutaneous nerve. D E F passing anteriorly from the sacrum to the coc- 19 M. triceps brachii. Three-headed upper arm 4 cyx. A muscle with common attachment to the 4 [[Dorsal (posterior) sacrococcygeus muscle]]. olecranon. G 5 M. sacrococcygeus dorsalis. Rudimentary rem- 20 Long head of triceps. Caput longum. o: In- nant of coccygeal musculature passing posteri- fraglenoidtubercle.i:Olecranon.A:Extensionof orly from the sacrum to the coccyx. A the elbow joint, adduction of the shoulder joint. 6 5 MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB. Musculi mem- It separates the medial (triangular) from the bri superioris. lateral (quadrangular) space. B C D G 7 6 M. deltoideus. o: Spine of scapula, acromion 21 Lateral head of triceps. Caput laterale. o: Post- clavicle. i: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus. A: erior surface of humerus lateral and proximal to groove for radial nerve. i: Olecranon. A: Exten- 8 Lateral and medial rotation, abduction, adduction, forward and backward flexion. I: Axillary sion of the elbow joint. F G nerve. B E F G 22 Medial head of triceps. Caput mediale. o: Me- 9 7 M. supraspinatus. o: Supraspinous fossa. i: dial and distal to groove for radial nerve. i: Greater tubercle of humerus. A: Abduction, me- Olecranon. A: Extension of the elbow joint. F G 10 dial and lateral rotation. I: Suprascapular nerve. 23 Superior and inferior apertures. [[Aperturae BEFG superior et inferior]]. Medial and lateral ends of 8 M. infraspinatus. o: Infraspinous fossa. i: the fascial cone for the large neurovascular 11 Greater tubercle of humerus. A: Lateral rotation. bundles in the axilla. I: Suprascapular nerve. B F G 24 M. anconaeus. o: Lateral humeral epicondyle. 12 9 M. teres minor. o: Beside the infraspinatus Continuation of medial head of triceps. i: Lateral muscle. i: Greater tubercle. A: Lateral rotation margin of olecranon and posterior surface of and weak adduction. I: Axillary nerve. B F G ulna. A: Extension of the elbow joint. I: Radial 13 nerve. G 10 M. teres major. o: Lateral margin of scapula. i: Crest of lesser tubercle. A: Medial rotation and 25 M. articularis cubiti. Articular muscle of elbow. 14 adduction with dorsiflexion of arm. I: Subscapu- Its fibers pass from the triceps brachii to the ar- lar nerve. B D E G ticular capsule. A: Tenses the capsule. I: Radial nerve. 15 11 M. subscapularis. o: Subscapular fossa. i: Lesser tubercle. Medial rotation of arm. I: Subscapular 26 M. pronator teres. o: Medial epicondyle of nerve. C D E humerus and coronoid process of ulna. i: Middle 16 of lateral surface of radius. A: Pronation and flex- 12 M. biceps brachii. Two-headed upper arm ion of the elbow joint. I: Median nerve. D muscle with the three parts described below 17 (nos. 13−15). i: Radial tuberosity and ulna via the 27 Humeral head of pronator teres. Caput bicipital aponeurosis. A: Flexion and supination humerale. The portion arising from the medial epicondyle. D E 18 of the elbow joint. I: Musculocutaneous nerve. D 13 Long head of biceps. Caput longum. o: Su- 28 Ulnar head of pronator teres. Caput ulnare. praglenoid tubercle. i: Radial tuberosity and The part arising from the coronoid process. D 19 ulna. A: Flexion and supination of the elbow joint, weak abduction of the shoulder joint. C D 20 14 Intertubercular tendon sheath. Vagina tendinis intertubercularis. Synovial sheath for the tendon of the long head of the biceps in the inter- 21 tubercular groove. D 15 Short head of biceps. Caput breve. o: Coracoid 22 process. i: Radial tuberosity of ulna. A: Flexion of the elbow joint and supination, forward flexion 23 of the arm at the shoulder joint. C D 16 Bicipital aponeurosis. Aponeurosis m. bicipitis brachii (aponeurosis bicipitalis) [[lacertus 24 fibrosus]]. Medial expansion of the biceps tendon that attaches to the forearm fascia. A: Trans- 25 mits the pull of the biceps to the ulna when the arm is supinated. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 89

6 7 2

20 3 8 4 9 15 3 17 2 4 13 5

10 20 6 11 7 B Scapula, posterior view

A Right half of pelvis, medial view C Scapula, anterior view 8

711 7 7 10

14 8 11 11 9 8 6 9 12 10 10 21 10 13 20 6 6 17 21 14 12 20 17 18 15

13 15 18 22 16

19 17 22 22 18 18 18 27 19 27 24 20 16 26 E Humerus, F Humerus, 21 28 anterior view posterior view 22 D G Upper arm, anterior view Upper arm, posterior view 23

1 M. flexor carpi radialis. o: Medial epicondyle of 15 M. extensor digitorum. o: Lateral epicondyle of 1 humerus. i: Base of 2nd metacarpal bone. A: Pro- humerus. i: Distal phalanges 2−5 via their dorsal nation, flexion and radial abduction of the wrist aponeurosis. A: Extension of fingers and dor- 2 joint. I. Median nerve. A siflexion of the wrist joint. I: Radial nerve. C 2 M. palmaris longus. o: Medial epicondyle of 16 Intertendinous connections. Connexus inter- humerus. i: Palmar aponeurosis. A: Tenses tendineus [[juncturae tendineum]]. Oblique ten- 3 aponeurosis and flexes the wrist joint and fin- dinous connections between the extensor ten- gers 2−5 at the metacarpophalangeal joints. Its dons of the fingers on the dorsum of the hand. C 4 tendon lies above the flexor retinaculum. I: Me- 17 M. extensor digiti minimi. o: Lateral epicon- dian nerve. A dyle of humerus. i: Dorsal aponeurosis of 5th fin- 3 M. flexor carpi ulnaris. o: Medial epicondyle of ger. A: Extension of little finger, abduction and 5 humerus, olecranon and ulna. i: Pisiform bone as dorsiflexion of the wrist joint. I: Radial nerve. C well as the hamate and 5th metacarpal bones via 18 M. extensor carpi ulnaris. o: Lateral epicondyle 6 the pisohamate and pisometacarpal ligaments. of humerus, radial collateral ligament, posterior A: Ulnar abduction and flexion of the wrist joint. surface of ulna. i: Base of 5th metacarpal. A: Dor- I: Ulnar nerve. A siflexion, ulnar abduction. I. Radial nerve. C D 7 4 Humeral head of flexor carpi ulnaris. Caput 19 Humeral head of extensor carpi ulnaris. humerale. The part arising from the epicondyle Caput humerale. The part arising from the 8 of the humerus. humerus. 5 Ulnar head of flexor carpi ulnaris. Caput ul- 20 Ulnar head of extensor carpi ulnaris. Caput nare. The portion originating from the ulna. E 9 ulnare. The portion arising from the ulna. F 6 M. flexor digitorum superficialis. o: Medial 21 M. supinator. o: Lateral epicondyle, radial col- epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna lateral ligament, supinator crest of ulna. i: Ante- 10 and anterior surface of radius. i: Middle phalanx rior surface of radius. A: Supination. I: Radial of fingers 2−5. A: Flexion of all joints it crosses. nerve. D E F Each tendon is perforated by the corresponding 11 22 M. abductor pollicis longus. o: Dorsal side of tendon from the flexor digitorum profundus. I. interosseous membrane and adjacent surfaces Median nerve. A B of radius and ulna. i: Base of 1st metacarpal. A: 12 7 Humeroulnar head of flexor digitorum su- Radial abduction and dorsiflexion of the meta- perficialis. Caput humeroulnare. The portion carpophalangeal joint of the thumb. Supination. arising from the humerus and ulna. A E F 13 I: Radial nerve. C D F 8 Radial head of flexor digitorum superfi- 23 M. extensor pollicis brevis. o: Radius (extensor cialis. Caput radiale. The portion arising from side) and interosseous membrane. i: Base of pro- 14 the radius. A E ximal phalanx of thumb. A: Abduction and ex- 9 M. flexor digitorum profundus. o: Upper half tension of thumb at the metacarpophalangeal 15 of ulna. i: Base of distal phalanges of fingers 2−5. joint. I: Radial nerve. C D F A: Flexion of all joints crossed. The tendon per- 24 M. extensor pollicis longus. o: Interosseous forates the corresponding superficial flexor ten- membrane and dorsal surface of ulna. i: Distal 16 don. I: Median and ulnar nerves. B E F phalanx of thumb. A: Adducts and extends the 10 M. flexor pollicis longus. o: Middle of anterior thumb. Supinator. I: Radial nerve. C D F 17 surface of radius and usually the medial epicon- 25 M. extensor indicis. o: Interosseous membrane dyle. i: Distal phalanx of thumb. A: Flexion of and dorsal surface of ulna. i: Dorsal aponeurosis joints crossed. I: Median nerve. B E of index finger. A: Extends the index finger and 18 11 M. pronator quadratus. o: Lower fourth of wrist joint. I: Radial nerve. D F anterior surface of ulna. i: Lower fourth of ante- 26 M. palmaris brevis. o: Ulnar side of palmar 19 rior surface of radius. A: Pronation. I: Median aponeurosis. i: Skin of ulnar aspect of hand. I. nerve. A B E Ulnar nerve. A 12 M. brachioradialis. o: Intermuscular septum 20 and lateral margin of humerus. i: Styloid process of radius. A: Flexion of the elbow joint. It brings 21 the arm from the extreme pronation and supination position to the intermediate position. I: Radial nerve. A C E 22 13 M. extensor carpi radialis longus. o: Lateral intermuscular septum, lateral epicondyle. i: Ex- 23 tensor side of metacarpal 2. A: Radial abduction and dorsiflexion of the wrist joint. Flexion of the elbow joint. I: Radial nerve. A C 24 14 M. extensor carpi radialis brevis. o: Lateral epicondyle of humerus. i: Proximal extensor side of 25 third metacarpal. A: Extension and radial abduction of wrist joint. I: Radial nerve. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 91

88.18 1

88.16 88.19 2 12 88.12 3

12 88.26 88.24 88.24 13 4 21 2 21 1 5 6 13 9 88.26 15 6 3 18 7 14 24 7 8 22 8 6 10 22 9 17 23 23 25 11 11 10 14 18 22 26 13 11 24 25 23 23 12 A Superficial muscles of forearm, 13 anterior view 16 24 6 B Deep muscles C Superficial extensor D Deep extensor muscles 14 of forearm, muscles of forearm of forearm anterior view 15

57 16

11 9 17

11 18 E Radius and ulna with 10 interosseous membrane, anterior view 21 8 12 19

20 23 20 21 22 21

F Radius and ulna with 22 interosseous membrane, posterior view 792425 23

1 M. abductor pollicis brevis. o: Scaphoid bone 15 Axillary fascia. Fascia axillaris. Situated on the 1 and flexor retinaculum. i: Lateral sesamoid bone adipose body of the axilla. It unites the lateral mar- and, radially, the proximal phalanx of the thumb. gins of the pectoral and latissimus dorsi muscles. G 2 A: Abduction and flexion of the thumb. I: Median 16 Deltoid fascia. Fascia deltoidea. Strongly fused in- nerve. B vesting fascia of the deltoid muscle. 2 M. flexor pollicis brevis. o: Carpal bones, base of 17 Brachial fascia. Fascie brachii (brachialis). Fascia 3 1st metacarpal and flexor retinaculum. i: Lateral enclosing the upper arm muscles. F sesamoid bone, radially aspect of proximal 4 phalanx of thumb. A: Adducts and flexes thumb. B 18 Medial intermuscular septum of the arm. Sep- 3 Superficial head of flexor pollicis brevis. tum intermusculare brachii mediale. Tendinous Caput superficiale. The portion situated on the sheet for muscle origin between the medial mar- 5 tendon of the flexor pollicis longus and innervated gin of the humerus and the brachial fascia. F by the median nerve. B 19 Lateral intermuscular septum of the arm. Sep- 6 4 Deep head of flexor pollicis brevis. Caput pro- tum intermusculare brachii laterale. Tendinous fundum. The portion situated below the tendon of sheet for muscle attachment between the lateral the flexor pollicis longus and innervated by the margin of the humerus and the brachial fascia. F 7 ulnar nerve. B 20 Antebrachial fascia. Fascia antebrachii. Fascia en- 5 M. opponens pollicis. o: Trapezium and flexor ret- veloping the forearm muscles. A 8 inaculum. i: First metacarpal. A: Adduction and 21 Fascia of the dorsum of the hand. Fascia dorsalis opposition of thumb. I: Median nerve. B manus. Fascia situated on the dorsal tendons of the 9 6 M. adductor pollicis. o: Capitate, radiate carpal hand. E ligament, metacarpal bone 3. i: Medial sesamoid 22 Extensor retinaculum. Retinaculum extensorum bone, ulnar aspect of base of proximal phalanx of [[lig. carpi dors.]].Transverse fascial fibers over the 10 thumb. A: Adduction and opposition of thumb. I: 6 conduction canals of the 10 extensor tendons. E Ulnar nerve. B 23 Superficial transverse metacarpal ligament. Lig. 7 Caput ob- 11 Oblique head of adductor pollicis. metacarpale transversum superficiale. Transverse liquum. The portion arising from the capitate and reinforcement of the palmar fascia of the hand at radiate carpal ligament. B the level of the heads of the metacarpals. A 12 8 Transverse head of adductor pollicis. Caput 24 Palmar aponeurosis. Aponeurosis palmaris. transversum. The portion originating from the 3rd Membranous expansion of the tendon of the pal- metcarpal bone. B 13 maris longus muscle. A 9 M. abductor digiti minimi. o: Pisoform and flexor retinaculum. i: Base of proximal phalanx of little 25 Transverse fasciculi. Fasciculi transversi. Trans- 14 finger and dorsal aponeurosis. A: Abduction, flex- versely oriented fibrous bundles of the palmar ion and extension of the little finger. I. Ulnar nerve. aponeurosis. A 15 B 26 Flexor retinaculum. Retinaculum flexorum [[lig. 10 M. flexor digiti minimi brevis. o: Hook of hamate carpi transversum]]. Stout fibrous band between and flexor retinaculum. i: Base of proximal the scaphoid, trapezoid, pisiform and hamate 16 phalanx of little finger. A: Flexion of finger at the bones. It binds the flexor tendons. B metacarpophalangeal joint. I: Ulnar nerve. B 27 Fibrous sheaths of fingers. Vaginae fibrosae digi- 17 11 M. opponens digiti minimi. o: Hook of hamulus torum manus. Fibrous synovial tunnel for the digi- and flexor retinaculum. i: Head and shaft of 5th tal flexor tendons. B 18 metacarpal. A: Draws the little finger toward the 28 Annular part of fibrous sheath. Pars anularis palm of the hand. I: Ulnar nerve. B vaginae fibrosae. Very compact circular fibers of 12 Mm. lumbricales. o: Tendons of flexor digitorum the fibrous sheath located between the joints. B 19 profundus. i: Dorsal aponeuroses of fingers 2−5. A: 29 Cruciate part of fibrous sheath. Pars cruci- Flexion of finger at the metacarpophalangeal formis vaginae fibrosae. Crossed fibers that rein- joints, extension at the interphalangeal joints. I: force the joints. B 20 Ulnar and median nerves. B C 30 Synovial sheaths of the fingers. Vaginae syn- 13 Mm. interossei dorsales. o: Arises by two heads oviales digitorum manus. Tendon sheaths of the 21 from the metacarpals. i: Dorsal aponeurosis of fin- digital flexor tendons. gers 2−4. A: Spreading of fingers 2−4 away from axis of middle finger, radial and ulnar abduction of 31 Vincula tendinum. Connective tissue fasciculi 22 middle finger, flexion of finger at the metacar- (mesotendons) transporting vessels to the ten- pophalangeal joint and extension of the inter- dons. C phalangeal joints. I. Ulnar nerve. C D E 23 32 Vinculum longum. Longer fasciculus at the level 14 Mm. interossei palmares. o: Metacarpal bones 2, of the proximal phalanx. C 4 and 5. i: Dorsal aponeuroses of fingers 2, 4 and 5. 33 Vinculum breve. Shorter fasciculus near the in- 24 A: Adduction of index, ring and little fingers sertions of the tendons. C toward the middle finger, flexion of the metacar- 25 pophalangeal joints, extension of the inter- 34 Chiasma tendinum. Crossing of the tendons of the phalangeal joints. I: Ulnar nerve. B D flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 93

2 23 23 3

27 29 5 25 27 6 28 24 90.26 12 7

8 14 14 9 20 8 6 9 10 7 10 A Palmar aponeurosis and fasciae 3 11 1 5 90.10 11 B Palm muscles 26 12

90.1 4 31 13 90.15 14

17 15 33 32 18 19 C Tendons of finger 16 34 17 12 13 90.6 90.9 F Cross section of upper arm 18

14 19

13 20 13 13 15 21

21 22

22 23

24 D Interosseous muscles, schematic E Dorsum of hand G Cross section of thorax 25

1 MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB. Musculi membri 14 M. quadratus femoris. o: Ischial tuberosity. i: 1 inferioris. Intertrochanteric crest. A: Lateral rotation and 2 M. iliopsoas. Comprised of two muscles, the adduction of thigh. I: Sacral plexus. A D E 2 psoas major and iliacus. o: Lesser trochanter. A: 15 M. sartorius. o: Anterior superior iliac spine. i: Most important flexor and pre-elevator muscle Medial to tibial tuberosity. A: Flexion, abduc- of the legs; medial and lateral rotation of thigh tion, lateral rotation of thigh at the hip joint, 3 at the hip joint. B C D flexion and medial rotation of leg at the knee 3 M. iliacus. o: Iliac fossa. i: Lesser trochanter. A: joint. I: Femoral nerve. C E 4 Flexion, medial and lateral rotation of thigh at 16 M. quadriceps femoris. The muscle group the hip joint. I: Femoral nerve and lumbar comprising the three vasti muscles and the rec- 5 plexus. C tus femoris. I: Femoral nerve. 4 M. psoas major. o: Bodies and transverse 17 M. rectus femoris. o: Anterior inferior iliac processes of L1−4. i: Lesser trochanter. A: Flex- spine = straight head and upper margin of 6 ion, medial and lateral rotation of thigh at the acetabulum. = reflected head. i: Tibial tuberos- hip joint. I: Lumbar plexus. C ity. A: Flexion of thigh at the hip joint, exten- 7 5 [M. psoas minor]. o: Bodies of T12 and L1. i: sion of leg at the knee joint. B C E Iliac fascia. I: Lumbar plexus. C 18 M. vastus lateralis. o: Greater trochanter, lateral lip of linea aspera. i: Quadriceps tendon. 6 M. gluteus maximus. o: Posterior, external sur- 8 A: Extension of leg at the knee joint. B C D face of ilium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament. i: Iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity, 19 M. vastus intermedius. o: Anterior surface of 9 lateral intermuscular septum, linea aspera. A: femur. i: Quadriceps tendon. A: Extension of leg Extension, lateral rotation, abduction and ad- at the knee joint. B D 10 duction of thigh at the hip joint. I: Inferior 20 M. vastus medialis. o: Distal to intertrochan- gluteal nerve. A D E teric line, medial lip of linea aspera. i: Quadri- 7 M. gluteus medius. o: External surface of ceps tendon. A: Extension of leg at the knee 11 ilium. i: Greater trochanter. A: Abduction, me- joint. C D dial and lateral rotation, flexion and extension 21 M. articularis genus. o: Anterior surface of 12 of thigh at the hip joint. I: Superior gluteal femur. i: Knee joint capsule. A: Tenses capsule. nerve. A D E I: Femoral nerve. D 13 8 M. gluteus minimus. o: External surface of 22 M. pectineus. o: Pecten pubis. i: Pectineal line ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal below the lesser trochanter. A: Flexion, adduc- lines. i: Greater trochanter. A: Abduction, me- tion and lateral rotation of thigh at the hip joint. 14 dial and lateral rotation, flexion and extension I: Femoral and obturator nerves. B C D E of the thigh at the hip joint. I: Superior gluteal 23 M. adductor longus. o: Near the symphysis. i: nerve. A D E 15 Medial lip of linea aspera. A: Adduction and 8a Gluteal aponeurosis. Aponeurosis glutealis. flexion of thigh at the hip joint. I: Obturator Deep, sheet-like tendon of origin of the gluteus nerve. B C D E 16 maximus lying on the gluteus medius. 24 M. adductor brevis. o: Inferior ramus of pubis. 9 M. tensor fasciae latae. o: Near the anterior su- i: Medial lip of linea aspera. A: Adduction, flex- 17 perior iliac spine. i: Above the iliotibial tract ion, extension and lateral rotation of thigh at lateral to the tibial tuberosity. A: Flexion, ab- the hip joint. I: Obturator nerve. B D E duction and medial rotation of thigh at the hip 25 M. adductor magnus. o: Ischial tuberosity, 18 joint. Flexion, extension and final rotation at ischial ramus. i: Medial lip of linea aspera and the knee joint. I: Superior gluteal nerve. C E with a long tendon to the medial epicondyle. A: 19 10 M. piriformis. o: Anterior surface of sacrum. i: Adduction and extension of thigh at the hip Greater trochanter, inner side of apex. A: Ab- joint. I: Obturator and sciatic nerves. B C D E duction, extension and lateral rotation of thigh 20 25 a M. adductor minimus. Uppermost part of the at the hip joint. I. Sacral plexus. A D adductor magnus muscle. It arises from a more 11 M. obturator internus. o: Inner surface of ob- anterior part of the pelvis. 21 turator membrane and environment. i: Tro- 26 M. gracilis. o: Inferior ramus of pubis medial to chanteric fossa. A: Lateral rotation, abduction the adductor magnus muscle. i: Medial to tibial and adduction of thigh. I: Sacral plexus. A D 22 tuberosity. A: Adduction, flexion and extension 12 M. gemellus superior. o: Ischial spine. i: Ten- of thigh at the hip joint. Flexion and medial ro- 23 don of obturator internus and trochanteric tation of the knee joint. I: Obturator nerve. A C E fossa. A: Lateral rotation, adduction and abduction of thigh. I: Sacral plexus. A D E 24 13 M. gemellus inferior. o: Ischial tuberosity. i: Tendon of obturator internus, trochanteric 25 fossa. A: Lateral rotation, adduction and abduction of thigh. I: Sacral plexus. A D E Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 95

7 1 22 2 8 3 96.1 5 10 2 4 4 24 4 12 22 11 7 13 5 23 3 14 6 96.3 96.5 6 9 25 7 26 25 18 2 19 22 96.6 8 23 98.18 9 98.14

15 10 17 98.14 25 17 A Deep muscles of hip, 26 11 posterior view 12 11; 12; 13 11; 12; 13 10 18 20 13 7 10 B Thigh, anterior view 8 14 14 18 2 6 2 15 22 20 24 16 18 7 17 25 19 8 9 C 20 6 Thigh, 18 15 anterior view 23 19 17 21 20

12 22 21 13 23 24 22 26 25 23 14 25 24 D Femur, posterior and anterior views E Hip bone, lateral view 25

1 M. obturator externus. o: External surface of 14 M. gastrocnemius. The superficial calf muscle 1 obturator membrane and environment. i: Tro- with two heads (lateral, medial). A: Flexes the chanteric fossa. A: Lateral rotation and adduc- knee joint, plantar flexes and supinates the 2 tion of thigh at the hip joint. I: Obturator nerve. A ankle joint. A B C D 2 M. biceps femoris. o: Arises from the pelvis 15 Lateral head of gastrocnemius. Caput laterale. o: and femur via two heads. i: Head of fibula. I: Proximal to the lateral femoral condyle. i: 3 Sciatic nerve, tibial part. A B E F Achilles tendon. A B C 3 Long head of biceps femoris. Caput longum. 16 Medial head of gastrocnemius. Caput laterale. o: 4 o: Ischial tuberosity. i: Head of fibula. A: Exten- Proximal to the medial femoral condyle. i: sion, adduction and lateral rotation of thigh at Achilles tendon. A B C D the hip joint; flexion and lateral rotation of the 5 knee joint. I: Tibial nerve. A B 17 M. soleus. o: Proximal ends of fibula and tibia. i: Achilles tendon. A: Plantar flexes and supi- 4 Short head of biceps femoris. Caput breve. o: nates the foot. B F 6 Lateral lip of linea aspera. i: Head of fibula. A: Flexion and lateral rotation of the knee joint. I: 18 Tendinous arch of soleus muscle. Arcus tendineus Common peroneal nerve. A B musculi solei. Tendinous arch above the inter- 7 osseous membrane. Passageway for the tibial 5 M. semitendinosus. o: Ischial tuberosity. i: Me- nerve and posterior tibial artery and vein. B dial to tibial tuberosity [pes anserinus]. A: Ex- 8 tension, medial rotation and adduction at the 19 Tendo calcaneus [[Achilles tendon]]. The ten- hip joint; flexion and medial rotation at the don of the triceps surae at the tuber of the cal- 9 knee joint. I: Tibial nerve. A D E caneus. B C 6 M. semimembranosus. o: Ischial tuberosity. i: 20 M. plantaris. o: Above the lateral femoral con- Medial condyle of tibia and oblique popliteal dyle. i: Achilles tendon or tuberosity of the cal- 10 ligament. It is partially covered by the semiten- caneus. I: Tibial nerve. B C dinosus muscle. A: Extension, adduction and 21 M. popliteus. o: Lateral femoral condyle. i: 11 medial rotation of thigh at the hip joint; flexion Posterior surface of tibia. A: Flexion of knee and medial rotation of the knee joint. Tenses joint and medial rotation of leg. B C F knee joint capsule. I: Tibial nerve. A B F 12 22 M. tibialis posterior. o: Tibia, fibula, interos- 7 M. tibialis anterior. o: Lateral surface of tibia, seous membrane. i: Navicular, cuneiforms, interosseous membrane, fascia of leg (crural cuboid and metatarsals 2−4. One bundle of 13 fascia). i: Medial aspect of medial cuneiform fibers extends backward to the sustentaculum st bone and 1 metatarsal. A: Dorsiflexion and tali of the calcaneus. A: Plantar flexor and supi- supination of foot. I: Deep fibular nerve. D E 14 nator. I: Tibial nerve. C F 8 M. extensor digitorum longus. o: Lateral tibial 23 M. flexor digitorum longus. o: Tibia. i: Distal condyle, interosseous membrane, fibula. i: Dor- phalanges of toes 2−5. A: Plantar flexion and 15 sal aponeurosis of toes 2−5. A: Dorsiflexion and supination of foot, flexion of toes. I: Tibial pronation of foot, extension of toes. I. Deep nerve. C F fibular nerve. D E 16 24 M. flexor hallucis longus. o: Fibula. i: Distal 9 M. peroneus tertius (m. fibularis tertius). phalanx of big toe. A: Plantar flexion and supi- Muscle split off from the extensor digitorum nation of foot, flexion of big toe. I: Tibial nerve. 17 longus and inserting into the base of the 5th CF metacarpal. A: Dorsiflexion and pronation of 18 foot. I: Deep fibular nerve. D 25 M. extensor hallucis brevis. o: Dorsal surface 10 M. extensor hallicus longus. o: Interosseous of calcaneus. i: Proximal phalanx of big toe. A: membrane and fibula. i: Distal phalanx of big Extends the big toe. I: see p. 26. D 19 toe. A: Dorsiflexion of foot, extension of big toe. 26 M. extensor digitorum brevis. o: Dorsal sur- I: Deep fibular nerve. D E face of calcaneus. i: Dorsal aponeuroses of toes 20 11 M. peroneus longus [[m. fibularis longus]]. o: 2−4. A: Extends toes. I: Deep fibular nerve. D Fibula and crural fascia. i: Medial cuneiform bone and 1st metatarsal after an oblique course 21 below the dorsum of the foot. A: Plantar flexion anf pronation of foot. I: Superficial fibular 22 nerve. C D E F 12 M. peroneus brevis [[m. fibularis brevis]]. o: 23 Distal 2/3 of fibula. i: Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal. A: Plantar flexion and pronation. I: Superfi- cial fibular nerve. C D E F 24 13 M. triceps surae. Muscle group consisting of the gastrocnemius and soleus; it forms the 25 Achilles tendon (tendo calcaneus). I: Tibial nerve. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 97

94.12 3 1 94.10 6 94.11 2 4 16 94.13 2 16 20 15 15 3 94.14 1 5 20 4 21 21 18 16 5 11 94.25 7 6 3 94.18 17 22 7 12 16 15 11 8 2 5 23 4 8 9

2 10 24 10 6 11

12 12 8 19 25 9 13 19 26 14 22 12 14 16 15 23 11 8 24 15 16 A Thigh, B Lower leg, C Deep muscles of D Lower leg, posterior view posterior view lower leg, posterior view anterior view 17 57 18

20 E Tibia and fibula, anterior view 82 11 8 10 12 21 211 24 12 22 17 23 21 6 F Tibia and fibula, 24 posterior view 22 23 25

1 M. abductor hallucis. Abductor muscle of great 11 Mm. interossei dorsales pedis. o: Arises by two 1 toe. o: Medial process of tuber calcanei. i: Me- heads from adjacent metatarsal bones. i: Base of dial sesamoid and proximal phalanx of big toe. the proximal phalanx, plantar ligament. A: Ab- 2 A: Medial abduction, supports the longitudinal duction and flexion of toes at the metatar- arch. I. See 2. A B sophalangeal joints and extension at the interphalangeal joints. I: Lateral plantar nerve. C 3 2 M. flexor hallucis brevis. Short flexor muscle of the great toe. Origin: Cuneiform I, long plantar 12 Mm. interossei plantares. o: Single-headed ligament, tendon of the posterior tibial m. and from metatarsal bones 3−5. i: Base of proximal 4 plantar aponeurosis. Forms a groove for trans- phalanges. A: Adduction and flexion of toes at mission of the flexor hallucis longus m., stabi- the metatarsophalangeal joints. I: cf. p. 11. C lizes the longitudinal arch. A B 13 Fascia lata. Fascia of thigh which envelops the 5 entire thigh musculature. D 2a Medial head. Caput mediale. o: Tendon of the 14 Iliotibial tract. Tractus iliotibialis. Vertical 6 abductor m. of the great toe, sesamoid bone and proximal phalanx. thick band of fascia lata that extends from the anterior segment of the iliac crest to the lateral 7 2b Lateral head. Caput laterale. o: Tendon of the tibial condyle and into which radiate the tensor adductor m. of the great toe, lateral sesamoid fasciae latae and gluteus maximus. D bone and proximal phalanx of the great toe. 15 Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh. Sep- 8 3 M. adductor hallucis. Important muscle for the tum intermusculare femoris laterale. Firm con- transverse arch of the foot consisting of the fol- nective tissue layer extending from the fascia 9 lowing two heads. lata to the lateral lip of the linea aspera between the biceps femoris and vastus lateralis muscles. 4 Oblique head. Caput obliquum. o: Metatarsals 16 Medial intermuscular septum of thigh. Sep- 10 2−4, lateral cuneiform and cuboid bones. i: tum intermusculare femoris mediale. Stout con- Lateral sesamoid bone and proximal phalanx of nective tissue layer extending from the fascia 11 big toe together with the transverse head. A: lata to the medial lip of the linea aspera between Important for stabilization of transverse and the vastus medialis, sartorius and adductor longitudinal arches. B muscles. 12 5 Transverse head. Caput transversum. o: Cap- 17 Adductor canal. Canalis adductorius. Channel sules of metatarsophalangeal joints 3−5. i: between adductors, vastus medialis and [vasto- 13 Lateral sesamoid bone. A: Primary function is adductor membrane]. It ends with the hiatus to support the transverse arch of the foot. A B tendineus within the adductor magnus. D 18 Hiatus tendineus (adductorius). Opening near 6 M. abductor digiti minimi. o: Calcaneus and 14 the attachment of the adductor magnus at the plantar aponeurosis. i: Laterally on proximal level of the inferior margin of the adductor lon- phalanx of 5th toe. A: Plantar flexion and abduc- gus. 15 tion of the 5th toe. I: Lateral plantar nerve. A B 19 Iliac fascia. Fascia iliaca. Fascia over the iliac and th 16 7 M. flexor digiti minimi brevis. o: Base of 5 inferior portion of the psoas muscles. It attaches metatarsal, long plantar ligament. i: Proximal to the iliac crest and arcuate line as well as the in- phalanx of little toe. A: Flexion and abduction guinal ligament. D 17 of little toe. I: Lateral plantar nerve. A B 20 Muscular lacuna. Lacuna musculorum. Com- 7a [M. opponens digiti minimi]. Muscle occasion- partment for passage of the iliopsoas muscle and 18 ally split off from the flexor digiti minimi the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous brevis. o: Distal half of 5th metatarsal. nerves between the ilium, inguinal ligament and iliopectineal arch. E 19 8 M. flexor digitorum brevis. o: Tuber calcanei 21 Iliopectineal arch. Arcus iliopectineus. Portion and plantar aponeurosis. i: Middle phalanges of of the iliac fascia between the inguinal ligament toes 2−5 via divided tendons. A: Flexes toes and 20 and the iliopubic [iliopectineal] eminence. It supports the longitudinal arch of the foot. I: separates the vascular and muscular lacunae. E Medial plantar nerve. A B 22 Vascular lacuna. Lacuna vasorum. Compart- 21 9 M. quadratus plantae (m. flexor accessorius). ment between the pubis, inguinal ligament and o: Calcaneus. i: Lateral border of tendon of flexor iliopectineal arch for passage of the femoral 22 digitorum longus. A: Flexes toes and supports artery and the femoral branch of the geni- longitudinal arch of foot. I: Lateral plantar nerve. tofemoral nerve. E B 23 23 Femoral triangle. Trigonum femorale. Triangle 10 Mm. lumbricales pedis. Lumbrical muscles of between the sartorius and adductor longus the foot. o: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus. i: muscles and the inguinal ligament. D 24 Bases of proximal phalanges 2−5. A: Flexion at 24 Femoral canal. Canalis femoralis. Passage the metatarsophalangeal joint. Brings toes within the medial segment of the vascular 25 closer to the big toe. I: Medial and lateral plantar lacuna that extends from the inguinal ligament nerves. A B to the saphenous opening. E Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles 99

10 8 3

4 2 2 5 5 5 10 4 6 7 7 12 6 96.24 7 8 6 11 96.23 8 1 9 1 9 100.17 10

8 11

A Superficial plantar muscles B Deep plantar muscles C Interosseous muscles 14

19 17

23 18

20 19 14 17 13 22 20 13 21 21 24 86.11 22

D Thigh, lateral and anterior medial view E Vascular lacuna 24 25

1 Femoral ring. Anulus femoralis. Entrance into 15 Inferior (fibular) peroneal retinaculum. Reti- 1 the femoral canal bordered by the femoral vein, naculum mm. peroneorum (fibularium) in- inguinal ligament, falx inguinalis and pectineal ferius. Lower band that holds the peroneal ten- 2 ligament. A dons in place. It passes from the extensor retinaculum to the outer surface of the calcaneus. 2 Femoral septum. Septum femorale. Fibrous A fibrous tract goes to the peroneal trochlea membrane that closes the entrance of the and separates the upper lying peroneus brevis 3 femoral canal. A from the peroneus longus muscle. C 3 Saphenous opening. Hiatus saphenus. Large 4 opening in the fascia lata directly below the in- 16 Fascia dorsalis pedis. Thin fascia on the dor- guinal ligament for passage of the great sum of the foot connected above with the inferior extensor retinaculum. C D 5 saphenous vein. B 4 Falciform margin. Margo falciformis. Curved, 17 Plantar aponeurosis. Aponeurosis plantaris. Tough, tendinous sheet on the sole of the foot 6 principal lateral margin of the saphenous opening. B extending from the tuber calcanei to as far as the middle phalanges. It braces the longitudinal 5 Superior horn. Cornu superius. Upper, curved arch of the foot. E 7 portion of the falciform margin. B 18 Transverse fasciculi. Fasciculi transversi. 6 Inferior horn. Cornu inferius. Lower, curved por- Transverse fibrous sheets in the distal plantar 8 tion of the falciform magin. B aponeurosis. E 7 Cribriform fascia. Fascia cribrosa. Loose, per- 19 Superficial transverse metatarsal ligament. 9 forated connective tissue lamina covering the Lig. metatarsale transversum superficiale. saphenous opening. B Transverse fibrous tract in the vicinity of the 10 8 Fascia of the leg (crural fascia). Fascia cruris. distal transverse fibers of the plantar Superficial investing fascia of the leg which aponeurosis. E G serves partially for muscle attachment and is 11 19 a Synovial bursae (sacs) and sheaths. Bursae et fused to the free bony margins of the tibia. C D F vaginae synoviales. 9 Anterior intermuscular septum of leg. Septum 20 Synovial sheaths of the digits of the foot. 12 intermusculare cruris anterius. Connective Vaginae synoviales tendinum digitorum pedis. tissue septum between the peroneal and exten- Synovial portion of the tendon sheaths for the 13 sor compartments. F flexors of the toes. G 10 Posterior intermuscular septum of leg. Sep- 21 Vincula tendinum. Connective tissue tract 14 tum intermusculare cruris posterius. Connec- passing obliquely through the tendon sheaths tive tissue septum between the peroneal and bearing blood vessels. G flexor compartments. F 15 22 Fibrous sheaths of the digits of the foot. 11 Superior extensor retinaculum. Retinaculum Vaginae fibrosae tendinum digitorum pedis. mm. extensorum superius. Transverse Tough fibrous sheath that reinforces the tendon 16 thickened (about two finger’s breadth) of the sheaths on the flexor side of the toes. G crural fascia that hold the extensor tendons in place. C D 23 Annular part of fibrous sheath. Pars anularis 17 vaginae fibrosae. Circular tracts in the fibrous 12 Flexor retinaculum. Retinaculum mm. flex- sheaths between the joints. G orum. Fibrous band on the long flexor tendons 18 that extends from the medial malleolus to the 24 Cruciate part of fibrous sheath. Pars cruci- calcaneus. It forms an osteofibrous compart- formis vaginae fibrosae. Crucitate connective ment for the posterior tibial m., then divides tissue tracts in the fibrous sheaths over the 19 into two parts. The lower portion forms com- joints. G partments for the flexor digitorum longus and 20 flexor hallucis longus muscles. The tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery and vein lie between the two membranous parts. D 21 13 Inferior extensor retinaculum. Retinaculum mm. extensorum inferius. Usually cruciate 22 band that supports the extensor tendons, extending from both malleoli to the foot margins of the opposite side, primarily to the calcaneus. 23 CD 14 Superior peroneal (fibular) retinaculum. Reti- 24 naculum mm. peroneorum (fibularium) superius. Upper band that holds peroneal tendons 25 in place; it extends from the lateral malleolus to the calcaneus. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Muscles, synovial bursae and sheaths 101

1 86.20 86.18 2

5 3

3 7 4 4 86.21 2 5 6 1 6 A Vascular lacuna from behind 7

B Fascia lata in inguinal region 8 8 11 9 13 10 14 11 8 15 16 11 13 12 16 12 13 C Foot, lateral view 14

15 19 D Foot, medial view 16

17 18 24 18 17 8 19 23 22 20 9 20 21 8 10 24 21

22 8 20 19 19 23

24 E Plantar surface of foot F Cross-section of lower leg G Toes, plantar view 25

1 Tendon sheath of superior oblique muscle. 16 Intratendinous bursa of olecranon. [B. in- 1 Vagina tendinis m. obliqui superioris. Synovial tratendinea olecrani]. Synovial bursa within sheath of the superior oblique m. of the eyeball, the triceps tendon near the olecranon. F 2 situated at the site where its tendon passes 17 Subtendinous bursa of triceps brachii. B. sub- through the trochlea. See p. 364. 12 tendinea m. tricipitis brachii. Synovial bursa 2 Synovial bursa of tensor veli palatini. Bursa m. between the triceps tendon and the olecranon. 3 tensoris veli palatini. Synovial bursa between F the pterygoid hamulus and the tendon of the 18 Bicipitoradial bursa. B. bicipitoradialis. Syn- 4 tensor veli palatini muscle. See pp. 116.20, 117. ovial bursa between the biceps tendon and the C anterior part of the radial tuberosity. F 5 3 Subcutaneous bursa of the laryngeal promi- 19 [B. cubitalis interossea]. Synovial bursa be- nence. B. subcutanea prominentiae laryngealis. tween the biceps tendon and the ulna or ob- Synovial bursa between the skin and the laryn- lique cord. F geal prominence of the thyroid cartilage. A 6 20 Tendon sheath of abductor pollicis longus and 4 Retrohyoid bursa. B. retrohyoidea. Synovial extensor pollicis brevis muscles. Vag. ten- 7 bursa between the body of the hyoid bone and dinum mm. abductoris longi et extensoris the median thyrohyoid ligament. A brevis pollicis. Common tendon sheath forming 5 Infrahyoid bursa. B. infrahyoidea. Synovial the first tendon compartment on the dorsum of 8 bursa between the upper end of the sternohy- the hand. G oid muscle and the thyrohyoid membrane. A B 21 Tendon sheath of extensor carpi radialis lon- 9 5a Synovial bursae of upper limb. Bursae membri gus and brevis muscles. Vag. tendinum mm. superioirs. extensorum carpi radialium. Common tendon 10 6 Subtendinous bursa of trapezius. B. subten- sheath forming the second tendon compart- dinea m. trapezii. Synovial bursa between the ment on the dorsum of the hand. G trapezius muscle (ascending part) and the 22 Tendon sheath of extensor pollicis longus 11 spine of the scapula. C muscle. Vag. tendinis m. extensoris pollicis 7 [B. subcutanea acromialis]. Synovial bursa be- longi. Forms the third tendon compartment. G 12 tween acromion and the skin. D 23 Tendon sheath of extensor digitorum and ex- 8 Subacromial bursa. B. subacromialis. Synovial tensor indicis muscles. Vag. tendinum mm. extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis. Tendon 13 bursa between the acromion, coracoacromial ligament and supraspinous tendon. It and its sheath forming the fourth tendon compart- tendons lie on the joint capsule. D E ment on the dorsum of the hand. G 14 9 Subdeltoid bursa. B. subdeltoidea. Synovial 24 Tendon sheath of extensor digiti minimi bursa between the deltoid muscle and the muscle. Vag. tendinis m. extensoris digiti min- 15 greater tubercle of the humerus. It often com- imi. Forms the fifth tendon compartment on municates with the subacromial bursa. D the dorsum of the hand. G 10 Coracobrachial bursa. [b. m. coracobrachialis]. 25 Tendon sheath of extensor carpi ulnaris 16 Synovial bursa between the tendons of the sub- muscle. Vag. tendinis m. extensoris carpi ul- scapularis and coracobrachialis muscles below naris. Forms the sixth tendon compartment on 17 the apex of the coracoid process. D the dorsum of the hand. G 11 Subtendinous bursa of infraspinatus muscle. 26 Sheath of extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. Vag. m. extensoris carpi radialis brevis. 18 B. subtendinea m. infraspinati. Synovial bursa between the tendon of the infraspinatus and Synovial bursa at the attachment between the the capsule of the shoulder joint. E tendon and base of the 3rd metacarpal. 19 12 Subtendinous bursa of subscapularis muscle. B. subtendinea m. subscapularis. Synovial 20 bursa between the tendon of the subscapularis and the capsule of the shoulder joint. It communicates with the joint cavity. D 21 13 Subtendinous bursa of teres major muscle. B. subtendinea m. tertis majoris. Synovial bursa 22 between the tendon of the teres major and the humerus. D 23 14 Subtendinous bursa of latissimus dorsi muscle. B. subtendinea m. latissimi dorsi. Syn- ovial bursa between the tendons of the teres 24 major and latissimus dorsi. D 15 Subcutaneous bursa of olecranon. B. subcu- 25 tanea olecrani. Synovial bursa between the olecranon and the skin. F Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Synovial bursae and sheaths 103

5 4 2 5 6 3 3 4

6 A Sagittal section B Larynx, C Right shoulder, of larynx lateral view posterior view 7

7 8

8 9 8 10 10

9 12 11 11

14 14

D Shoulder joint, anterior view E Shoulder joint, posterior view 15 13 16

17 16 18 17 15 19

20 24 22 21 21 19 23 20 22 18

25 23

24 F Section of elbow joint sawed open G Wrist and hand, dorsal view 25

1 Tendon sheath of flexor carpi radialis muscle. 15 Subtendinous iliac bursa. B. subtendinea iliaca. 1 Vag. tendinis m. flexoris carpi radialis. In- Synovial bursa between the lesser trochanter dividual tendon sheath for the flexor carpi and the iliopsoas tendon. C radialis at the insertion of the tendon to the 16 Superior bursa of biceps femoris muscle. B. m. 2 nd base of the 2 metacarpal bone. A bicipitis femoris superior. Synovial bursa be- 2 Common sheath of flexor muscles. Vag. com- tween the origins of the biceps femoris and 3 munis mm. flexorum. Common tendon sheath semimembranosus muscles. B for the two long flexors of the fingers. A 17 Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa. B. subcu- 4 3 Tendon sheath of flexor pollicis longus tanea prepatellaris. Synovial bursa directly be- muscle. Vag. tendinis m. flexoris pollicis longi. tween the skin and the fascia in front of the 5 Separate synovial sheath for the long flexor of knee. D the thumb. A 18 Subfascial prepatellar bursa. [B. subfascialis 4 Tendon sheaths for flexors in region of fin- prepatellaris]. Synovial bursa between the in- 6 gers. Vag. tendinum digitorum manus. A vesting fascia of the knee and the tendon of the quadratus femoris muscle. D 4a Synovial bursae of lower limb. Bursae membri 7 inferioris. 19 Subtendinous prepatellar bursa. [B. subtendinea prepatellaris]. Synovial bursa directly on 5 Subcutaneous trochanteric bursa. Bursa sub- the knee joint below the tendon of the quadra- 8 cutanea trochanterica. Synovial bursa on the tus femoris. D tendon of the gluteus maximus between the skin and greater trochanter. B 20 Suprapatellar bursa. B. suprapatellaris. Syn- 9 ovial bursa between the quadriceps tendon and 6 Trochanteric bursa of gluteus maximus. B. the femur. It almost always communicates with trochanterica m. glutei maximi. Synovial bursa the joint cavity. D 10 between the tendon of the gluteus maximus and the greater trochanter. B 21 Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa. B. subcutanea infrapatellaris. Synovial bursa between 11 7 Trochanteric bursae of gluteus medius. Bb. the ligamentum patellae and the skin. D trochantericae m. glutei medii. This designa- 22 Deep infrapatellar bursa. B. infrapatellaris pro- 12 tion comprises two synovial bursae, an anterior one between the tendon of insertion of the glu- funda. Synovial bursa between the ligamentum teus medius and the greater trochanter and a patellae and the tibia. D 13 posterior one between this tendon and the piri- 23 Subcutaneous bursa of tibial tuberosity. B. formis muscle. B C subcutanea tuberositas tibiae. Synovial bursa 14 8 Trochanteric bursa of gluteus minimus. B. tro- between the tibial tuberosity and the skin. It is chantericae m. glutei minimi. Synovial bursa mostly involved in kneeling. D between the tendon of insertion of the gluteus 24 Subtendinous bursae of sartorius muscle. Bb. 15 minimus and the greater trochanter. B C subtendineae m. sartorii. Synovial bursae be- 9 Bursa of piriformis muscle. B. m. piriformis. tween the sartorius tendon and the tendons of 16 Synovial bursa between the piriformis tendon, the gracilis and semitendinosus situated below femur and superior gemellus muscle. B it. E 17 10 Ischial bursa of obturator internus muscle. B. ischiadica (sciatica) m. obturatoris interni. Syn- ovial bursa between the cartilage-covered sur- 18 face of the lesser sciatic notch and the tendon of the obturator internus. B 19 11 Subtendinous bursa of obturator internus muscle. B. subtendinea m. obturatoris interni. Synovial bursa below the insertion of the obtu- 20 rator internus. B 12 Intermuscular bursae of gluteal muscles. Bb. 21 intermusculares mm. gluteorum. 2−3 synovial bursae that extend inferiorly from the gluteus 22 maximus to the linea aspera. B 13 Ischial bursa of gluteus maximus muscle. B. ischiadica (sciatica) m. glutei maximi. Synovial 23 bursa between the ischial tuberosity and the inferior surface of the gluteus maximus. B 24 14 Iliopectineal bursa. [B. iliopectinea]. Synovial bursa between the iliopsoas muscle and the 25 pelvic bone. It lies above and often communicates with the hip joint. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Synovial bursae and sheaths 105

4 3

9 4 8 7 5 4 10 11 5 6 3 6 7 13 2 8 16 12 9

B Deep hip region, 10 1 2 dorsal view 3 11

A Palmar view of hand 12

14 13 7 20 8 14 C Hip joint, anterior view 15

18 15 16 17 19 17

19 22 20 21 21 23 24 22

23 D Knee, sagittal section sawed open E Knee, anterior view 24

1 Anserine bursa. B. anserina. Synovial bursa on 15 Common tendon sheath for peroneal muscles. 1 the tibial collateral ligament below the tendons Vag. tendinum mm. peroneorum (fibularium) of the semitendinosus, gracilis and sartorius communis. It lies below the peroneal reti- 2 muscles. It occasionally communicates with naculum and extends to the cuboid bone. C the subtendinous bursa of the sartorius. A 16 Subtendinous bursa of tibialis anterior 2 Inferior subtendinous bursa of biceps femoris muscle. B. subtendinea m. tibialis anterioris. 3 muscle. B. subtendinea m. bicipitis femoris in- Synovial bursa between the tibialis anterior ferior. Synovial bursa located partially on the tendon and the medial cuneiform bone. D 4 fibular collateral ligament below the tendon of 17 Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa. B. sucutanea insertion of the biceps femoris. B calcanea. Synovial bursa between the skin and 3 Subpopliteal recess. Recessus subpopliteus the posterior surface of the calcaneus. D 5 [bursa m. poplitei]. Synovial bursa on the 18 Bursa of calcaneal [[Achilles]] tendon. B. ten- lateral femoral condyle below the tendon of dinis calcanei [Achilles]. Synovial bursa be- 6 origin of the popliteal muscle. It always com- tween the calcaneus and the Achilles tendon. D municates with the knee joint cavity, more 19 Tendon sheath of peroneus longus muscle at rarely with the tibiofibular joint. B 7 the sole of the foot. Vag. tendinis m. peronei 4 Lateral subtendinous bursa of gastrocnemius (fibularis) longi plantaris. D muscle. B. subtendinea m. gastrocnemii later- 20 Tendon sheaths for the flexors of the toes. alis. Synovial bursa between the lateral condyle 8 Vagg. tendinum digitorum pedis. D of the femur and the lateral gastrocnemius tendon. B 9 5 Medial subtendinous bursa of gastrocnemius muscle. B. subtendinea m. gastrocnemii medi- 10 alis. Synovial bursa between the medial condyle of the femur and the medial gastrocne- 11 mius tendon. A B 6 Bursa of semimembranosus muscle. B. m. semimembranosi. Synovial bursa between the 12 semimembranosus tendon and the upper margin of the tibia. A 13 7 Subcutaneous bursa of lateral malleolus. B. subcutanea malleoli lateralis. Synovial bursa between the skin and the lateral malleolus. C 14 8 Subcutaneous bursa of medial malleolus. B. subcutanea malleoli medialis. Synovial bursa 15 between the skin and the medial malleolus. D 9 Tendon sheath of tibialis anterior muscle. Vag. 16 tendinis m. tibialis anterioris. It begins just below the extensor retinaculum. D 10 Tendon sheath of extensor hallucis longus 17 muscle. Vag. tendinis m. extensoris hallucis longi. Sheath extending below the extensor ret- 18 inaculum and further distal. C D 11 Tendon sheath of extensor digitorum longus muscle. Vag. tendinum m. extensoris digitorum 19 pedis longi. Sheath extending below the extensor retinaculum and further distal. C 20 12 Tendon sheath of flexor digitorum longus muscle. Vag. tendinum m. flexoris digitorum pedis longi. It lies behind and below the medial 21 malleolus covered by the flexor retinaculum. D 13 Tendon sheath of tibialis posterior muscle. 22 Vag. tendinis m. tibialis posterioris. It resides below the flexor retinaculum and begins at the 23 point where it is crossed over by the flexor digitorum longus. D 14 Tendon sheath of flexor hallucis longus 24 muscle. Vag. tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi. It extends up to the proximal end of the sole, 25 where it crosses under the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Synovial bursae and sheaths 107

3 5 6 4

1 6

8 5 4 9

3 A Right knee joint, posterior view 10 2 11

10 13

B Right knee joint, posterior view 14 10 7 15 15 11 16

18 9 8 C Foot, lateral view 13 10 19 12 14 20 18 21 17 22 16 19 12 14 20 23 D Foot, medial view 24

1 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Apparatus digestorius 26 Sublingual papilla. Caruncula sublingualis. A 1 (systema alimentarium). small mucosal eminence on either side of the 2 ORAL CAVITY. Cavitas oris. frenulum. It receives the opening of the sub- 2 mandibular duct and the major sublingual 3 Vestibule of mouth. Vestibulum oris. Space be- duct. B tween the rows of teeth and the lips or cheeks. BC 27 Sublingual fold. Plica sublingualis. Mucosal 3 fold overlying the sublingual gland and extend- 4 Oral fissure. Rima oris. Mouth opening being posterolaterally from the sublingual papilla. tween the lips. A 4 B 5 Lips. Labia oris. 28 Parotid papilla. Papilla ductus parotidei. Small 5 6 Upper lip. Labium superius. A B C mucosal elevation at the opening of the parotid 7 Philtrum. Groove extending from nasal septum duct lateral to the second upper molar tooth. B to upper lip. A 29 Transverse palatine folds. Plicae palatinae 6 8 Tuberculum. Small eminence on upper lip mark- transversae. Mucosal folds running trans- ing end of philtrum. A versely on the anterior part of the hard palate. D 7 9 Lower lip. Labium inferius. A B C 30 Incisive papilla. Papilla incisiva. Small mucosal 10 Commissure of lips. Commissura labiorum. elevation over the incisive foramen at the ante- 8 Transition of upper lip into lower lip at the rior end of the palatine raphe. D angle of the mouth. A B 30 a GLANDULAE ORIS. The glands of the mouth. 11 Angle of mouth. Angulus oris. A 9 31 Small glands of the oral cavity. Glandulae 12 Cheek. Bucca. Lateral wall of vestibule of salivariae minores. mouth. A 10 32 Labial glands. Gll. labiales. Small salivary 13 Buccal fat pad. Corpus adiposum buccae. [[Bi- glands at the inner aspect of the lips. B chat]]. Encapsulated body of fat between the 11 buccinator and masseter muscles. A 33 Buccal glands. Gll. buccales. Small mucous salivary glands at the inner aspect of the 14 Oral cavity proper. Cavitas oris propria. True cheeks. B 12 oral cavity enclosed anteriorly and laterally by the teeth and extending as far as the isthmus of 34 Molar glands. Gll. molares. Salivary glands cor- fauces (oropharyngeal isthmus). C responding to the buccal glands situated 13 beneath the mucosal at the level of the molar 15 Palate. Palatum. Partition between oral and teeth. B nasal cavities. 14 35 Palatine glands. Gll. palatinae. Salivary glands 16 Hard palate. Palatum durum. Hard, bony part situated beneath the mucosa of the palate. of the palate. C D (Two large groups right and left of the midline.) 15 17 Soft palate. Palatum molle (velum palatinum). D Soft, posterior part of the palate. C D 36 Lingual glands. Gll. linguales. Numerous 16 18 Palatine raphe. Raphe palati. Median mucosal mucous, serous and mixed glands primarily in ridge at the junction of the right and left bony the lateral and posterior areas of the tongue. B palatal processes. D 17 37 Anterior lingual glands. Gl. lingualis anterior 19 Oral mucosa. Tunica mucosa oris. Mucous [[gl. apicis linguae, Nuhn’s glands]]. Mixed membrane of oral cavity consisting of glands near the apex of the tongue providing 18 stratified, nonkeratinized squamous several drainage ducts on the undersurface of epithelium throughout and underlying mixed the tongue. B glands. 19 20 Frenulum of upper lip. Frenulum labii superioris. Median mucosal fold between the gums 20 and upper lip. B 21 Frenulum of lower lip. Frenulum labii inferi- 21 oris. Median mucosal fold between the gums and lower lip. B 22 22 Gums. Gingivae. Mucous membrane united firmly with the teeth and jaw bones. B D 23 Gingival (gum) margin. Margo gingivalis. B D 23 24 Gingival (interdental) papilla. Papilla gingivalis (interdentalis). B D 24 25 Gingival sulcus. Sulcus gingivalis. Shallow furrow between the gum margin and the tooth. Its 25 deepening leads to cavity formation. See p. 113. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Digestive system 109

13 10 1

2 7 12 6 8 3 411 9 4

20 22 5 6 6 A Face, anterior view 7 37 32 36 33 8 28 34 9 10 10 27 11 26 23 12 9 24 3 21 22 13 B Mouth with tongue elevated 14

24 16 17 30 29 23 18 14 18 6 16 16 19 3 17 9 20 22 21 35 17 17 22

C Sagittal section of oral cavity D Palate, inferior view 24

1 Major salivary glands. Glandulae salivariae 21 Root of tooth. Radix dentis. Portion of the 1 majores. tooth covered by cementum. E 2 Sublingual gland. Glandula sublingualis. Pre- 22 Apexofrootoftooth.Apex radicis dentis. E 2 dominantly mucous gland situated on the my- 23 Clinical root. Radix clinica. Portion of the tooth lohyoid muscle diaphragma oris. It contains situated below the gum. C several drainage ducts. D 3 24 Occlusal (masticatory) surface. Facies oc- 3 Major sublingual duct. Ductus sublingulis clusalis (masticatoria) dentis. B E major. Main drainage duct of the sublingual 25 Vestibular (facial) surface. Facies vestibularis 4 gland. It opens at the sublingual caruncle next (facilis) dentis. Tooth surface facing the vesti- to the submandibular duct. D bule. D G 4 Minor sublingual ducts. Ductus sublinguales 5 25 a Buccal surface. Facies buccalis dentis. Tooth minores. About 40 small ducts that drain the surface facing the cheek. sublingual gland and open along the sublingual 6 fold and the sublingual caruncle. D 25 b Labial surface. Facies labialis dentis. Tooth surface facing the lips. 5 Submandibular gland. Glandula submandibu- 7 laris. Predominantly serous salivary gland lo- 26 Lingual and palatine surfaces. Facies lingualis/ cated almost entirely below the mylohyoid. D F palatalis dentis. Tooth surfaces facing the tongue and palate, respectively. A G 8 6 Submandibular duct. Ductus submandibularis. Duct that drains the submandibular 27 Approximal surface. Facies approximalis. gland. It loops around the posterior margin of Tooth surface facing the adjacent tooth. G 9 the mylohyoid accompanied by glandular 28 Mesial surface. Facies mesialis. Vertical con- tissue and opens at the sublingual caruncle. D tact surface of a tooth turned away from the last molar. G 10 7 Parotid gland. Glandula parotidea. Salivary gland located behind and on the mandibular 29 Distal surface. Facies distalis. Vertical contact ramus. F surface of a tooth facing away from the first in- 11 8 Superficial part. Pars superficialis. The parts cisor. G of the parotid gland located superficial to the 29 a Contingent area. Area contingens. Direct contact 12 facial nerve. F surface of adjacent teeth. 9 Deep part. Pars produnda. Parts of the parotid 30 Cingulum. Ridge near the neck of a tooth con- gland located deep with respect to the facial necting both marginal crests at the lingual sur- 13 nerve. F face of incisor and canine teeth. A 10 Accessory parotid gland. Glandula parotidea 31 Marginal crest. Crista marginalis. Lateral 14 accessoria. Portion of the parotid gland located marginal ridge on the lingual surface of the in- on the masseter muscle near the parotid ex- cisor and canine teeth which goes over into the 15 cretory duct. F cingulum at the neck region. A 11 Parotid duct. Ductus parotideus. Excretory 32 Incisal margin. Margo incisalis. Occlusal edge duct of the parotid gland. It passes around the of incisor and canine teeth. A 16 anterior margin of the masseter and opens near the second upper molar tooth. F 17 12 TEETH. Dentes. A B C D E G 13 Crown of tooth. Corona dentis. Portion of the 18 tooth covered by enamel. E 14 Cusp of tooth. Cuspis dentis [[tuberculum]]. 1− 5 protuberances on the occlusal surface of 19 tooth (with the exception of the incisors). E 15 Apex of cusp. Apex cuspidis. E 20 16 Dental tubercle. Tuberculum dentis. Distinct eminence on the side of the crown, especially 21 in canine and incisor teeth. A 17 Transverse ridge. Crista transversalis. Trans- 22 verse connecting ridge between adjacent cusps. B 18 Triangular ridge. Crista triangularis. Triangu- 23 lar connecting ridge between the cusps of the molars. B 24 19 Clinical crown. Corona clinica. Portion of the tooth projecting above the gum. C 25 20 Neck of tooth. Cervix [[collum]] dentis. Portion of the tooth at the enamel-cementum border. E Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Digestive system 111

19 1 32 24 2 17 26 26 3 31

18 23 4 16 30 5

6 A Incisor tooth and canine tooth, B First and second molars, C Incisor, sagittal lingual surface occlusal surface section 7

8 14 15 9 24 13 10 25 20 11 4 12 3 2 21 13 22 14 D Oral cavity, E First lower molar medial view 15 6 5 16

17 10 11 8 18

7 19 9 20 27 28 28 29 21 28 26 5 22 25 29

29 23

24 F Salivary glands, lateral view G Teeth of lower jaw 25

1 Pulp cavity of tooth. Cavitas dentis (pulparis). 20 Incisor teeth. Dentes incisivi. Cutting teeth lo- 1 Cavity in the dentin. Towards the root, it be- cated on both sides of the midline at the 1st and comes continuous with the root canal. A 2nd positions of the dental arch. D 2 2 Pulp chamber in the crown. Cavitas coronae. 21 Canine teeth. Dentes canini. Teeth located at Crown portion of the pulp cavity. A the 3rd position of the dental arch. D 3 3 Root canal of tooth. Canalis radicis dentis. 22 Premolar teeth. Dentes premolares. Teeth oc- Canal between the pulp cavity and the apical cupying the 4th and 5th positions of the dental foramen. A arch. D 4 4 Apical foramen of root of tooth. Foramen apicis 23 Molar teeth. Dentes molares. Teeth located at radicis dentalis. The opening of the root canal at the 6th,7th and 8th positions of the dental arch. D 5 the apex of the root. A 24 Wisdom tooth. Dens serotinus [molaris ter- 5 Pulp of tooth. Pulpa dentis. Contents of the tius]. Tooth located at the 8th position of the 6 pulp cavity consisting of loose, finely fibered dental arch. D connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves. 25 Deciduous (milk) teeth. Dentes decidui. 6 Crown pulp. Pulpa coronalis. Pulp within the 7 26 Permanent teeth. Dentes permanentes. Teeth crown portion of the pulp cavity. that develop after the deciduous teeth. 8 7 Root pulp. Pulpa radicularis. Pulp within the root canal portion of the pulp cavity. 27 Diastema. Space between adjacent teeth. 28 TONGUE. Lingua. D E 9 8 Dental papilla. Papilla dentis. A mass of mesenchyme present in the bell stage of tooth 29 Body of tongue. Corpus linguae. Portion of the development. B tongue situated between the apex and root. E 10 9 Dentine. Dentinum [[substantia eburnea]]. Pre- 30 Root of tongue. Radix linguae. Anchoring re- dominant mass of a tooth consisting of inor- gion of the tongue at the mandible and hyoid 11 ganic and organic material (especially col- bone. Also the posterior, vertical segment of the lagenous fibers). A C tongue. E 12 10 Enamel. Enamelum [[substantia adamantina]]. 31 Dorsum of tongue. Dorsum linguae. E The extremely hard substance surrounding the 32 Anterior, oral portion of tongue. Pars pre- crown of the tooth like a mantle. A C sulcalis (anterior). The part of the dorsum of 13 11 GOMPHOSIS. Type of fibrous joint in which a the tongue situated anterior to the sulcus ter- conical process, e. g., a tooth, is inserted into a minalis. 115 B 14 socket, e. g., alveolus of the jaw (dentoalveolar articulation). 33 Posterior, pharyngeal part of tongue. Pars postsulcalis (posterior). The vertical portion of 15 12 Periodontium. Tissues that invest and support the dorsum of the tongue between the sulcus the tooth within the alveolus. It consists of the terminalis and the epiglottis. 115 B following parts: A 16 34 Inferior surface of tongue. Facies inferior lin- 13 Periodontium protectoris [[gingiva]]. The guae. D E outer part of the periodontium with the external border epithelium. A 35 Fimbriated fold. Plica fimbriata. Serrated fold 17 lateral to the frenulum. It is a remnant of the in- 14 Periodontium insertionis. Portion of the peri- ferior tongue. D 18 odonium touching the tooth. It consists of the inner border epithelium and the periodontal 36 Lateral margin of tongue bordering the teeth. ligament. A Margo linguae. D 19 15 Periodontal ligament. Desmodontium. All con- 37 Apex of tongue. Apex linguae. D E nective tissue fibers which are anchored in the 20 cementum and, with their vessels and nerves, extend partly into the gum and partly into the alveolar wall. A 21 16 Cementum. Substance similar to bone. It surrounds the tooth from the enamel border to the 22 apex of the root and receives the fibers of the periodontal ligament. A 23 17 Alveolar bone. Os alveolare. Bony wall of the alveolus. A 24 18 Superior dental arch. Arcus dentalis superior. Curved row of teeth of the maxilla. 25 19 Inferior dental arch. Arcus dentalis inferior. Curved row of teeth of the mandible. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Digestive system 113

10 108.25 3

12 2 4 9 14 13 5

1 6 15 8 7 17 8 16 3 B Tooth development 9 10

11 4 12 A Longitudinal section of tooth 910 13

20 14 C Enamel-dentin border 21 15 37

35 31 16 34 36 17

114.2 24 37 18 30 23 29 19 34

22 20 21 21 20 21

D Mouth with tongue elevated E Tongue, sagittal section 23

1 Mucous membrane of tongue. Tunica mucosa 18 TONGUE MUSCULATURE. Musculi linguae (lin- 1 linguae. C guales). The following eight tongue muscles are 2 Frenulum of tongue. Frenulum linguae. Mu- innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (XII). 2 cosal fold extending from the floor of the 19 M. genioglossus. o: Mental spine of mandible. mouth to the inferior side of the tongue. D; see i: Fan-shaped distribution within the tongue also p. 113. D from the apex to the base. A: It pulls the tongue 3 3 Lingual papillae. Papillae linguales. Collective forward or towards the chin. I: Hypoglossal term for the following five different types of nerve. C D 4 mucosal formations: A B 20 M. hyoglossus. o: Body and greater horn of 4 Filiform papillae. Papillae filiformes. Fine, al- hyoid bone. i: Coming from below, it radiates into the lateral parts of the tongue and pene- 5 most threadlike epithelial elevations on a connective tissue core. Their tips that are often trates up to the mucosa. A: It draws the base of cleft. A the tongue backward and downward. I: Hypo- glossal nerve. D 6 5 Conical papillae. Papillae conicae. Special form of filiform papilla. They are somewhat 21 M. chondroglossus. o: Lesser horn of hyoid. i: 7 larger, longer and exhibit conical apices which Same as hyoglossus. I: Hypoglossal nerve. D bend backwards. A 22 M. styloglossus. o: Styloid process. i: Coming from behind and above, it radiates to the lateral 8 6 Fungiform papillae. Papillae fungiformes. Mushroom-like papillae which are not pointed parts of the tongue and interweaves with the at the tip, but terminate with a small plateau. A hyoglossus. A: It draws the tongue backward 9 B and upward. I: Hypoglossal nerve. D 7 Vallate (circumvallate) papillae. Papillae val- 23 Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue. M. longitudinalis superior. Longitudinal bundles of 10 latae. 7−12 large papillae located in front of the sulcus terminalis. They are circular in cross- muscle just below the mucosa that extend from section and are surrounded by a moat, the wall the apex of tongue to the region of the hyoid 11 of which contains taste buds. A B bone. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C 8 Lenticular papillae. Papilla lentiformes. Short 24 Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue. M. fungiform papillae. A longitudinalis inferior. Longitudinal fibrous 12 system situated close to the inferior surface of 9 Foliate papilla. Papillae foliatae. Several paral- the tongue. It passes from the base to the apex lel folds containing taste buds at the post- of the tongue. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C 13 erolateral margin of the tongue. B D 25 Transverse muscle of tongue. M. transversus 10 Median groove of tongue. Sulcus medianus linguae. Transversely oriented muscle fibers 14 linguae. Shallow, median longitudinal groove extending between the longitudinal system of situated above the lingual septum. B C fibers. o: Lingual septum. i: Mucous membrane 15 11 Sulcus terminalis [[”V” linguae]]. Bilateral along lateral margins of tongue. A: Extension of groove passing obliquely forward from the tongue together with the vertical muscle of the foramen caecum. It lies behind the row of val- tongue. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C 16 late papillae which run parallel to it. B 26 Vertical muscle of tongue. M. verticalis lin- 12 Foramen caecum linguae. Pit situated at the guae. Vertical muscle fibers coursing from the 17 apex of the sulcus terminalis. It is the embryo- back of the tongue to the inferior surface. I: Hy- logical remains of the thyroglossal duct. B poglossal nerve. C 18 13 Thyroglossal duct. Ductus thyroglossalis. Embryological connection between thyroid gland and tongue. At the site of the future fora- 19 men caecum, it extends downward from the base of the tongue as an epithelial cone. 20 14 Lingual tonsil. Tonsilla lingualis. Accumulation of lymphatic tissue (lingual follicles) which is irregularly distributed over the root of the 21 tongue. B D 15 Lingual follicles. Folliculi linguales. Dome- 22 shaped protrusions of the mucosa, 1−5 mm in diameter, caused by masses of lymphatic tissue beneath them. Each has a central crypt. A 23 16 Lingual septum. Septum lingualis. Connective tissue plate with a special fibrous architecture 24 located in the midsagittal plane. C 17 Lingual aponeurosis. Aponeurosis lingualis. 25 Stout connective tissue framework of the tongue between the muscles and the mucosa. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Digestive system 115

8 6 1 5 4 2 15 6 3 15 7 15 4

6 A Surface of tongue, enlarged 7 123101725 8

10 9 6 112.32 26 10

16 24 11 196.5 9 12

7 13 19 11 12 112.33 C Cross-section of tongue 14 14 15 9 116.22 14 16

17 2 22 B Dorsum of tongue, overview 18 118.27 19 19 118.22 20 20 118.29 21 21

82.12 22

D Tongue muscles 24

1 Pharynx. Passageway for air and food. 14− 19 M. levator veli palatini. o: Petrous portion of 1 16 cm long, it extends from the fornix to the temporal bone in front of the lower opening of beginning of the esophagus in front of the 6th the carotid canal. i: Palatine aponeurosis. It 2 cervical vertebra. E passes through the pharyngeal wall above the 2 FAUCES. Space between soft palate and base of superior constrictor muscle and moves the soft tongue. E palate backward and upward, thereby taking 3 along the dorsomedial part of the auditory tube 3 Isthmus of fauces. Isthmus faucium. Space be- cartilage below the pharyngeal opening of the tween right and left palatoglossal and pala- auditory tube. I: Vagus (X) nerve. C 4 topharyngeal arches. 20 M. tensor veli palatini. o: Spine of sphenoid, 4 Soft palate. Palatum molle (velum palatinum). scaphoid fossa and anterior (lateral) lip of car- The dorsal portion projects downward in front 5 tilaginous auditory tube. i: After looping of the posterior pharyngeal wall and assists in around the pterygoid hamulus, it radiates into swallowing by closing off like a valve the na- the palatine aponeurosis, stiffens the anterior sopharyngeal space from the oral cavity. A D E 6 (lateral) membranous wall of the auditory tube 5 Uvula. Uvula palatina. Conical process project- and tenses the soft palate. I: Mandibular nerve. 7 ing downward from the posterior margin of the C soft palate. A D E 21 M. uvulae. o: Palatine aponeurosis. i: Connec- 6 Palatoglossal arch. Arcus palatoglossus. Mu- tive tissue of uvulae. I: Vagus nerve. C 8 cosal fold overlying the palatoglossal muscle 22 M. palatoglossus. o: Transversus linguae and extending from the palate to the tongue in muscle. i: Palatine aponeurosis. A: Elevates the front of the tonsillar fossa. A 9 base of the tongue, depresses the palate and 7 Palatopharyngeal arch. Arcus palatopharyn- narrows the isthmus of fauces. I: Vagus nerve. D geus. Mucosal fold overlying the palatopharyn- 10 23 M. palatopharyngeus [[m. pharyngopalat- geal muscle and extending between the palate inus]]. o: Palatine aponeurosis, pterygoid and pharyngeal wall behind the tonsillar fossa. hamulus and medial plate of pterygoid process. A 11 i: Lateral wall of pharynx and thyroid cartilage. 8 Salpingopalatine fold. Plica salpingopalatina A: It lowers the palate and constricts the isth- 12 [[plica palatotubalis]]. Fold extending from the mus of fauces. I: Vagus nerve. D anterior lip of the auditory tube to the soft pa- 24 PHARYNGEAL CAVITY. Cavitas pharyngis. Space late in front of the tubal elevation. A enclosed by the pharyngeal walls. 13 Palatine tonsil. 9 Tonsilla palatina. Tonsil sit- 25 Pharyngeal fornix. Fornix pharyngis. Roof of uated between the palatoglossal and pala- the pharyngeal cavity beneath the sphenoid 14 topharyngeal arches. A bone. E 10 Tonsillar pits. Fossulae tonsillae. Pit-like open- 26 Nasopharynx. Pars nasalis pharyngis. The por- 15 ings of the tonsillar crypts visible on the sur- tion of the pharyngeal cavity located behind face. B the choanae. E 11 Tonsillar crypts. Cryptae tonsillares. Epithelial 16 27 Nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoids). Tonsilla invaginations extending into the tonsil from pharyngealis (adenoidea). It lies at the pharyn- the tonsillar pits. B geal fornix. E 17 12 Capsule of tonsil. Capsula tonsillaris. Fibrous 28 Tonsillar pits. Fossulae tonsillares. Openings capsule covering the organ. of crypts visible on surface of tonsil. See also 18 13 Triangular fold. Plica triangularis. Triangular p. 116.10. B fold emanating from the palatoglossal arch in 29 Tonsillar crypts. Cryptae tonsillares. Epithelial front of the tonsil. A invaginations emanating from the tonsillar 19 14 Semilunar fold. Plica semilunaris. Arched fold pits. See also p. 116.11. B between the palatoglossal and palatopharyn- 20 geal arches. It forms the upper boundary of the tonsillar fossa. A 15 Tonsillar fossa. Fossa tonsillaris. Recess for the 21 tonsil bordered by the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches as well as by the triangular 22 and semilunar folds. D 16 Supratonsillar fossa. Fossa supratonsillaris. Su- perior portion of tonsillar fossa not occupied by 23 the tonsil. A 17 Muscles of palate and fauces. Musculi palati et 24 faucium. 18 Palatine aponeurosis. Aponeurosis palatina. It 25 is formed primarily by the tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Digestive system 117

10; (28) 1

8 2

11; (29) 3 4 4 14 5 6 5 16 B Palatine tonsil, microscopic view 13 9 6 7 7

A Tonsillar fossa 9 and soft palate 19 10

20 11 102.2 12 20 21 13 4 C Nasal cavity from behind and muscles of soft palate 14 22 5 23 15

15 25 16

27 26 17 4 18 5

D Muscles of tonsillar fossa 2 118.8 19 1 20

21 118 .12 22

23 E Head, sagittal section 24

1 Pharyngeal bursa. [Bursa pharyngealis]. Blind 20 Pharyngeal raphe. Raphe pharyngis. Connective 1 pouch in the roof of the pharynx; it is more tissue band between the right and left pharyn- frequently present in children, less often in geal muscles, extending posteriorly in the mid- 2 adults. A line. C 2 Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube. Ostium 21 Pterygomandibular raphe. Raphe pterygoman- pharyngeum tubae auditivae (auditoriae). Open- dibularis. Tendinous seam between the buccina- 3 ing found in the nasopharynx. A tor muscle and the superior pharyngeal constrictor. It extends from the pterygoid hamulus to the 3 Torus tubarius. Elevation produced by the dor- mandible. D 4 somedial cartilage of the auditory tube posterior to the tube opening. A 22 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. M. constrictor pharyngis superior. Uppermost con- 5 4 Salpingopharyngeal fold. Plica salpingopharyngea. strictor of the pharynx consisting of the four Mucosal fold overlying the salpingopharyngeal parts described below, which attach to the muscle and extending obliquely downward from pharyngeal raphe. I: Pharyngeal plexus. C D 6 the dorsomedial lip of the auditory tube cartilage. A 23 Pterygopharyngeal part. Pars pterygophary- nea. o: Medial plate of pterygoid process and 5 Torus levatorius. Elevation situated in front of pterygoid hamulus. D 7 the dorsomedial lip of the cartilage of the audi- 24 Buccopharyngeal part. Pars buccopharyngea. o: tory tube and below the tube opening. It overlies Pterygomandibular raphe. D the levator veli palatini muscle. A 8 25 Mylopharyngeal part. Pars mylopharyngea. o: 6 Tubal tonsil. Tonsilla tubaria. Submucosal lym- Posterior end of mylohyoid line of mandible. D phatic tissue near the opening of the auditory 9 tube. 26 Glossopharyngeal part. Pars glossopharyngea. o: Intrinsic muscles of tongue. D 7 Pharyngeal recess. Recessus pharyngeus 27 M. stylopharyngeus. o: Styloid process. i: Be- 10 [[Rosenmüller’s]]. Lateral recess of the na- tween superior and middle pharyngeal constric- sopharyngeal space behind the auditory tube. A tors radiating into the pharyngeal wall, thyroid 11 8 Oropharynx. Pars oralis pharyngis. The portion cartilage and epiglottis. I: Glossopharyngeal (IX) of the pharyngeal cavity located behind the oral nerve. C cavity. See p. 117. E 28 M. salpingopharyngeus. o: Dorsomedial lip of 12 9 Vallecula epiglottica. Fossa between the median auditory tube cartilage and part of longitudinal and lateral glossoepiglottic folds. B musculature of pharyngeal wall. i: Lateral wall of 13 10 Median glossoepiglottic fold. Plica glos- pharynx. A: Prevents backward displacement of soepiglottica mediana. Unpaired mucosal fold lo- the levator veli palatini muscle. I: Pharyngeal cated in the median plane between the base of plexus. A 14 the tongue and the epiglottis. B 29 Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle. M. con- 11 Lateral glossoepiglottic fold. Plica glos- strictor pharyngis medius. More centrally located 15 soepiglottica lateralis. Bilateral mucosal fold be- pharyngeal constrictor arising from the hyoid tween the base of the tongue and the epiglottis. B bone. o: Pharyngeal raphe. I: Pharyngeal plexus. C 30 Chondropharyngeal part. Pars chondropharyn- 12 Laryngopharynx. Pars laryngea pharyngis. The 16 gea. o: Lesser horn of hyoid. D portion of the pharyngeal cavity situated behind the larynx. See p. 117. E 31 Ceratopharyngeal part. Pars ceratopharyngea. o: Greater horn of hyoid. D 17 13 Piriform recess. Recessus piriformis. Channel between the aryepiglottic fold and the thyrohyoid 32 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. M. con- membrane or thyroid cartilage. B strictor pharyngis inferior. o: Larynx. I: Pharyn- 18 geal plexus. C D 14 Plica nervi laryngei. Mucosal fold in the pir- 33 Thyropharyngeal part. Pars thyropharyngea. o: iform recess produced by the underlying internal Oblique line of thyroid cartilage. D 19 branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal artery. B 34 Cricopharyngeal part. Pars circopharyngea. o: Cricoid cartilage. D 20 15 Pharyngobasilar fascia. Fascia pharyngobasilaris. Membranous wall of the uppermost 34 a Buccopharyngeal fascia. Fascia buccopharyn- muscle free portion of the pharynx. It corre- gealis. Continuation of the buccopharyngeal fas- 21 sponds to the thickened tela submucosa. C D E cia into the loose tissue connecting the pharynx to the deep cervical fascia. 16 Submucosa. Tela submucosa. Connective tissue 35 Peripharyngeal space. Spatium peripharyn- layer between the mucosa and muscularis. A 22 geum. Connective tissue space associated with 17 Mucosa. Tunica mucosa. Pharyngeal mucous the pharynx. membrane lined by stratified squamous or pseu- 36 Retropharyngeal space. Spatium retropharyn- 23 dostratified ciliated columnar (nasopharynx) geum. The portion of the peripharyngeal space epithelium. between the pharynx and the prevertebral layer 24 18 Pharyngeal glands. Gll. pharyngis. Small sub- of the cervical fascia. A epithelial mixed salivary glands. 37 Lateropharyngeal space. Spatium latero- 25 19 Muscularis of pharynx. Tunica muscularis pharyngeum. Portion of the peripharyngeal space pharyngis. Muscular layer of pharyngeal wall. A lateral to the pharynx. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Digestive system 119

2 7

2 3 9 11 3 1 4 5 10 5 28 14 13 6 4 36 7 19 16 8

A B Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube Base of tongue and laryngeal opening 9

15 11 15 15 23 12 22 24 13 21 14 27 29 25 15 30 31 26 16 32 17 20 32 33 18

34 19

21 C Pharyngeal muscles D Pharyngeal muscles from behind from right 22

E Attachment of the 24 pharyngobasilar fascia 25

1 DIGESTIVE TRACT (ALIMENTARY CANAL). 20 Angular notch. Incisura angularis. Radio- 1 [[Canalis alimentarius]]. graphically evident notch at the deepest point of 2 ESOPHAGUS. Oesophagus. 23−26 cm long pas- the lesser curvature. D 2 sage extending from below the cricoid cartilage 21 Cardiac part of stomach. Pars cardiaca. The at the level of C6 to the cardiac part of the portion of the stomach into which the stomach. A B esophagus opens. D 3 3 Cervical part. Pars cervicalis. The segment of 22 Cardiac orifice. Ostium cardiacum (cardia). the esophagus situated in front of the cervical Opening of the esophagus into the cardiac 4 vertebral column (from C6−T1). A stomach. D 4 Thoracic part. Pars thoracica. The portion of 23 Fundic stomach. Fundus gastricus (ventricu- 5 the esophagus extending from T1 to the pas- laris). Fundus (dome) of the stomach located sageway through the diaphragm (about T11). A beneath the diaphragm. D 5 Abdominal part. Pars abdominalis. The short 23 a Fornix of stomach. Fornix gastricus (ventricu- 6 esophageal segment between the diaphragm laris). Forms the upper boundary of the lower and the stomach. A diaphragm. 7 6 Tunica adventitia. Loose connective tissue investment which binds the esophagus to the 24 Cardiac notch. Incisura cardiaca. Acute angle surrounding tissues and permits its movement. between the esophagus and the stomach wall. D 8 C 25 Body of stomach. Corpus gastricum (ventricu- 7 Tunica muscularis. Two layers of muscle, inner lare). Portion of stomach situated between the 9 circular and outer longitudinal, occupying the cardia/fundus and pylorus. D esophageal wall and consisting of skeletal 26 Gastric canal. Canalis gastricus (ventricularis). 10 muscle in the upper third, smooth muscle in Channel formed by the longitudinal mucosal the lower third. C folds along the lesser curvature of the stomach. 8 Cricoesophageal tendon. Tendo cricoe- D 11 sophageus. Tendon that attaches the longitudi- 27 Pyloric part of stomach. Pars pyloricum. Distal nal muscle fibers of the esophagus to the poste- segment of the stomach beginning with the 12 rior wall of the cricoid cartilage. B angular notch and ending with the pylorus. D 9 Bronchoesophageal muscle. M. bronchoe- 28 Pyloric antrum. Antrum pyloricum. Initial seg- sophageus. Smooth muscle fibers from the left ment of the pyloric stomach beginning at the 13 main bronchus to the esophagus. B angular notch. It may be temporarily closed off 10 Pleuroesophageal muscle. M. pleuroe- from the rest of the gastric lumen during the 14 sophageus. Smooth muscle tract between the passage of a peristaltic wave. D esophagus and the left mediastinal pleura. B 29 Pyloric canal. Canalis pyloricus. Lower termi- 15 11 Tela submucosa. Movable layer between the nal segment of the stomach, about 2−3 cm long. muscularis and mucosa consisting predomi- D nantly of collagenous connective tissue with 16 blood vessels, nerves and glands. C 12 Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane lining of 17 the esophagus consisting of stratified, nonkeratinized squamous epithelium, lamina propria (connective tissue) and muscularis mucosae. C 18 13 Lamina muscularis mucosae. Distinct layer of smooth muscle between the submucosa and 19 lamina propria. C 14 Esophageal glands. Gll. esophageae. Discrete mixed glands scattered throughout the submu- 20 cosa. C 15 STOMACH. Gaster (Ventriculus). It extends from 21 the end of the esophagus to the pylorus. A D 16 Anterior surface of stomach. Paries anterior D 22 17 Posterior surface of stomach. Paries posterior. 18 Greater curvature of stomach. Curvatura ga- 23 strica (ventricularis) major. Large curvature of the stomach profile directed toward the left and downward. D 24 19 Lesser curvature of stomach. Curvatura gastrica (ventricularis) minor. Small curvature of 25 stomach directed toward the right and upward. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Digestive system 121

2 3 3

12 4 2 13

4 14 5 11 6

7 5 7 15 8

6 9 A C Esophagus and stomach Microscopic cross-section 10 of esoghagus 11 8 12 23 24 13

16 21 14

22 15

122.12 9 17 19 26 10 25 18

27 20 19

20 28 21 29 18 22 16 23

24 B Esophagus from behind D Stromach from front right 25

1 Pylorus. Distal end of the stomach reinforced by 20 SMALL INTESTINE. Intestinum tenue. It com- 1 a strong band of circular muscle. A prises the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. 2 Pyloric opening. Ostium pyloricum. Lumen of 21 Tunica serosa. Peritoneal covering containing 2 the pylorus connecting the stomach with the simple squamous epithelium. F duodenum. A 22 Tela subserosa. Connective tissue underlying 3 3 Serous membrane. Tunica serosa. Serous, peri- the serosa. F toneal covering containing simple squamous 23 Tunica muscularis. Two principal muscle layers epithelium. B of the intestinal wall. F 4 4 Tela subserosa. Connective tissue component 24 Longitudinal layer. Stratum longitudinale. of the serosa underlying the epithelium. B Outer layer of longitudinally coursing muscle 5 5 Tunica muscularis. Muscular coat of the fibers. F stomach comprised of three types of fibers 25 Circular layer. Stratum circulare. Inner layer of 6 (longitudinal, circular, oblique). A B circularly coursing muscle fibers. F 6 Longitudinal layer. Stratum longitudinale. Ex- 26 Tela sumucosa. Displaceable layer between the 7 ternal layer of longitudinal muscle fibers sit- muscularis mucosae and the muscularis con- uated primarily along the greater and lesser cur- sisting primarily of collagenous connective vatures. A B tissue bearing blood vessels and nerves. F 8 7 Circular layer. Stratum circulare. Middle layer 27 Tunica mucosa. Intestinal mucous membrane of circular muscle. A B consisting of simple columnar epithelium, con- 9 8 Pyloric sphincter. M. sphincter pyloricus. Thick nective tissue (lamina propria) and muscularis layer of circular muscle around the pylorus. A mucosae. 28 Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth 9 Oblique fibers. Fibrae obliquae. Inner layer of 10 muscle between the lamina propria and submu- obliquely coursing fibers of the tunica muscu- cosa. Its action produces folds in the mucosa. F laris. A B 11 29 Circular folds [Valves of Kerckring]. Plicae 10 Tela submucosa. Displaceable layer between circulares. Permanent folds of mucosa and sub- the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis; it mucosa spanning nearly 2/3 of the intestinal is composed primarily of collagenous connec- 12 lumen and projecting up to 8 mm high, perpen- tive tissue bearing vessels and nerves. B dicular to the intestinal axis. E F 13 11 Tunica mucosa. Gastric mucous membrane 30 Intestinal villi. Villi intestinales. Fingerlike pro- consisting of simple columnar epithelium, con- jections about 0.5−1.5 mm in length. F nective tissue (lamina propria) and muscularis 14 mucosae. B 31 Intestinal glands. Gll. intestinales. Cryptlike glands. F 12 Gastric folds. Plicae gastricae. Mucosal folds 15 extending primarily in a longitudinal direction. 32 Solitary lymphatic follicles. Folliculi lym- See p. 121 D phatici solitarii. Solitary lymphatic nodules in the lamina propria (p. 405.42) F 16 13 Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth muscle between the lamina propria and the 33 Aggregated lymphatic follicles [[Peyer’s submucosa. Its contraction produces folds in the patches]]. Folliculi lymphatici aggregati. Aggre- 17 mucosa. B gation of several lymphatic nodules in the ileum. 14 Gastric (mamillated) areas. Areae gastricae. 18 Mamillated areas on the mucosal surface that are bounded by shallow grooves and have a diameter of 1−6 mm. B 19 15 Villous folds. Plicae villosae. Epithelial ridges invisible to the naked eye between the openings 20 of glands. B C D 16 Gastric pits (foveolae). Foveolae gastricae. 21 Openings of the gastric glands between the villous folds. B C D 22 17 Gastric glands proper. Glandula gastrica propria. Tubular glands in the fundus and body of the stomach made up of 4 cell types. B C 23 18 Pyloric glands. Glandula pylorica. Mucoid glands in the pyloric part of the stomach con- 24 sisting of two cell types. D 19 Lymphatic nodules (follicles). [[Folliculi lym- 25 phatici gastrici]]. Small aggregations of lymphatic tissue in the lamina propria. C D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Digestive system 123

14 2 15 5 3 9 16 4 11 7 17 5 8 13 10 6 6 2 9 9 7 7 5 7 4 6 8 1 3 9 A Stomach musculature B Stomach wall, overview 16 19 10 16 15 19 11

15 12

13 D Mucosa of pylorus 17 14

15 18 16

C Tunica mucosa, 17 fundus ventriculi 18 30 29 19 31

32 20

29 22 28 26 25 23 24 23 22 29 21 24 E Intestinal canal F Intestinal wall, histological section 25

1 DUODENUM. Initial segment of the small in- 19 Ileocecal valve. Valva ileocaecalis (Valva ilealis). 1 testine, about 25−30 mm long, between the py- Two-lipped valve at the entrance of the ileum lorus and the duodenojejunal flexure. A into the large intestine. D 2 2 Superior part. Pars superior. Horizontal begin- 19 a Papilla ilealis. B ning part of the duodenum. A 20 Opening of ileocecal valve. Ostium valvae 3 3 Ampulla [[bulbus duodeni]]. Functional dilata- ilealis. Transverse, slitlike aperture of ileum at tion at the beginning of the duodenum. It is entrance into the large intestine in the cadaver. briefly visible in radiograms. A D 4 4 Descending part. Pars descendens. Lateral, ver- 21 Frenulum valvae ilealis. Fold formed by the tical segment. A union of the lips of the ileocecal valve. B D 5 5 Horizontal (inferior) part. Pars horizontalis 21 a Ostium papillae ilealis. B (inferior). Horizontal segment below the head 22 Vermiform appendix. Appendix vermiformis. 6 of the pancreas. A Appendage of the cecum, usually 9 cm long, 6 Ascending part. Pars ascendens. Segment of with abundant lymphatic tissue. B C D duodenum lying to the left of the head of the 23 Ostium appendicis vermiformis. Opening of 7 pancreas and ascending up to the duodenoje- vermiform appendix into the cecum. D junal flexure. A 24 Aggregated lymphatic nodules of ver- 8 7 Superior duodenal flexure. Flexura duodeni miform appendix. Folliculi lymphatici aggre- superior. Flexure between the superior and gati appendicis vermiformis. Lymphatic tissue horizontal parts of the duodenum medial to the within the wall of the appendix. 9 gallbladder. A 25 COLON. Portion of large intestine extending 8 Inferior duodenal flexure. Flexura duodeni in- from the ileocecal valve to the rectum. 10 ferior. Flexure between the descending and 26 Ascending colon. Colon ascendens. Segment of horizontal parts of the duodenum. A large intestine ascending retroperitoneally on the right side. C 11 9 Duodenojejunal flexure. Flexura duodenojejunalis. Flexure between the duodenum and je- 27 Right colic flexure. Flexura coli dextra. Flexure junum. A between the ascending and transverse colon. C 12 10 Suspensory muscle of duodenum. M. suspen- 28 Transverse colon. Colon transversum. Trans- sorius duodeni. Bundle of smooth muscle which verse segment of large intestine situated in- 13 attaches the duodenojejunal flexure to the dia- traperitoneally between the right and left colic phragm or to the celiac trunk. A flexures. C 14 11 Longitudinal folds of duodenum. Plicae longi- 29 Left colic flexure. Flexura coli sinistra. Flexure tudinales duodeni. Longitudinal mucosal folds between the transverse and descending colon on the left side of the posterior wall of the de- below the left subphrenic space. In its vicinity 15 scending part of the duodenum produced by the lies Cannon-Böhm’s ring, the boundary be- pancreatic and bile ducts. A tween the cranial (vagus nerve) and sacral para- sympathetics. C 16 12 Greater duodenal papilla. Papilla duodeni 30 Descending colon. Colon descendens. Segment major. Elevation at the end of the longitudinal of large intestine extending retroperitoneally on fold at the openings of the common bile duct the left side between the left colic flexure and 17 and pancreatic duct. A sigmoid colon. C 13 Lesser duodenal papilla. Papilla duodeni 31 Sigmoid colon. Colon sigmoideum. Portion of 18 minor. Elevation located superior to the greater colon lying intraperitoneally between the de- duodenal papilla, usually at the opening of the scending colon and the rectum. C accessory pancreatic duct. A 19 32 Semilunar folds of colon. Plicae semilunares 14 Duodenal glands [[Brunner’s glands]]. Glan- coli. Crescentic contraction folds between two dulae duodenales. Mucous glands located pre- 20 haustra comprising all layers of the intestinal dominantly in the submucosa of the duodenum. wall. C D JEJUNUM. 15 Middle segment of the small in- 33 Haustra (sacculationes) coli. Outpocketings 21 testine. It extends about 2.5 meters from the between two semilunar folds. C D duodenojejunal flexure. A C 34 Appendices epiploicae (omentales). Serosa- 22 16 ILEUM. Terminal segment of small intestine, covered appendages containing adipose tissue, about 3.5 mm long. C located on the free and omental tenia. C 23 17 LARGE INTESTINE. Intestinum crassum. About 1.5−1.8 m long; it extends from the cecum to the anus and consists of tenia, haustra and ap- 24 pendices epiploicae. 18 CECUM. Caecum. Initial portion of the large in- 25 testine, ca. 7 cm long, located below the opening of the ileum. C D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Digestive system 125

246.21 216.28 1

2 21a 19a 248.1 3 7 3 4 2 10 21 5 9 128.1 13 6 4 11 6 12 7

15 8 5 8 9 22 10 A Portal vein, inferior vena cava, B Cecum in the living body aorta and duodenum 11

12 29 28 13 27 32 28 14

15 15 16

26 19 30 32 17 19 33 20 16 18 32 21

23 19 34 18 20

22 18 21 22 31 22

C Small and large intestines, D Cecum in the cadaver 23 anterior view 24

1 Tunica muscularis. Bilayered muscle wall of 21 M. rectococcygeus. Thin plate of smooth 1 colon. B muscle extending from the 2nd to 3rd coccygeal 2 Longitudinal layer. Stratum longitudinale. vertebrae to the rectum. C 2 Distinct outer layer of longitudinally oriented 22 M. rectourethralis. Smooth muscle fibers ex- muscle of variable thickness. B tending from the membranous part of the urethra to the rectum. C 3 3 Taeniae coli. About 1 cm wide, thickened bands of longitudinal muscle fibers. B 23 Transverse rectal folds. Plicae transversae 4 Taenia mesocolica. Tenia located at the attach- recti. Usually three lateral transverse folds. The 4 ment of the mesocolon in the posteromedial middle is the largest (Kohlrausch) and projects part of the ascending and descending colon. A about 6 mm above the anus from the right side, the others from the left. C 5 5 Taenia omentalis. Tenia of transverse colon lo- 24 ANAL CANAL. Canalis analis. Terminal segment cated at the attachment of the greater omentum of the digestive tube beginning with the anal in the posteromedial part of the ascending and 6 columns. D descending colon. A 25 Anal columns. Columnae anales. Six to ten 6 Taenia libera. Free tenia located between the longitudinal folds provided with abundant 7 tenia mesocolica and tenia omentalis. A venous plexuses. D 7 Circular layer. Stratum circulare. Inner layer of 26 Anal sinuses. Sinus anales. Recesses between 8 circularly coursing muscle fibers of the colon. B the anal columns. D 8 Tela submucosa. Displaceable layer between 27 Anal valves. Valvulae anales. Small transverse the muscularis mucosa and the muscularis, con- 9 folds bordering the anal sinuses distally. D sisting mainly of collagenous connective tissue containing nerves and blood vessels. B 28 Anorectal line. Linea anorectalis. Upper border 10 of anal canal formed by the puborectal muscle at 9 Tunica mucosa. Villus-free mucous coat of the the level of the levator sling just above the anal colon comprised of simple, goblet-cell rich, columns. D 11 columnar epithelium, connective tissue and lamina muscularis mucosae. B 29 Anal pecten. [[Pecten analis]]. A lighter stripe between the anal valves and the anocutaneous 12 10 Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth line. It is firmly connected with the underlying muscle cells between the lamina propria and tissues by fibrous longitudinal muscles. D submucosa. Its contraction produces a wrin- 13 kling of the mucosa. B 30 Anocutaneous line. [[Linea anocutanea]].Lower border of anal pecten at the level of the lower 11 Intestinal glands. Glandulae intestinales. margin of the internal anal sphincter. D 14 Tubular glands of the colonic mucosa. B 31 External anal sphincter. M. sphincter ani exter- 12 Solitary lymphatic nodules. Nodi lymphatici nus. Circular layer of skeletal muscle lying on the 15 solitarii. Individual lymphatic nodules dis- internal anal sphincter. C D See p. 174.14−17 persed throughout the lamina propria. B 32 Anus. Lower opening of anal canal surrounded RECTUM. 16 13 Tenia-free segment, about 15 cm by the subcutaneous and superficial parts of the long, located between the sigmoid colon and the external anal sphincter. C D anus. C 17 14 Sacral flexure. Flexura sacralis. Anteriorly concave bend in the rectum that conforms with the 18 sacrum. C 15 Perineal flexure. Flexura perinealis. Anteriorly convex bend in the rectum located just above 19 the anus. C 16 Ampulla recti. Dilated portion of the rectum 20 above the anal canal. C 17 Tunica muscularis. Muscular wall of rectum. C 21 18 Longitudinal layer. Stratum longitudinale. Layer of longitudinally oriented muscle fibers 22 distributed uniformly throughout the entire circumference of the rectum. C 23 19 Circular layer. Stratum circulare. Inner layer of circularly oriented muscle fibers of the tunica muscularis; no semilunar folds form in this part 24 of the rectum. C 20 Internal anal sphincter. M. sphincter ani inter- 25 nus. Thickened muscular ring of the circular layer at the anus, ca. 1−2 cm in height. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Digestive system 127

178.5 5 2

4 3

11 6 6 6 178.14 7 9 12 8 10 A Right colic flexure 9 8 10 1 7 11

3212

B Wall of colon, histological section 13

18 14

19 15

14 28 16 174.9 23 17 25 26 16 18 19 21 19 17 31 27 29 24 15 20 31 22 30 21

22 32 20 32 23 C Rectum D Anus, frontal section 24

1 PANCREAS. Organ 13−15 cm in length that lies 19 Accessory pancreatic duct. Ductus pancreati- 1 partly in the duodenal loop, partly behind the cus accessorius. Additional excretory duct usu- omental bursa at the level of L1−2. A B ally found draining into the minor duodenal papilla (p. 124.13) above the major duodenal 2 2 Head of pancreas. Caput pancreatis. It is nestled papilla. B within the loop of the duodenum. A 20 Accessory pancreas. (Pancreas accessorium). 3 Uncinate process. Processus uncinatus. Hook- 3 Pancreatic tissue dispersed within the wall of shaped process passing behind the superior the stomach or duodenum. mesenteric vessels. A B 4 21 Endocrine pancreas. Pars endocrina pancreatis. 4 Pancreatic notch. Incisura pancreatis. Groove Part of the pancreas consisting of about 1 million between the uncinate process and the remain- 5 Langerhans‘ islets, which produce glucagon and ing part of the head of the pancreas. A B insulin. 5 Body of pancreas. Corpus pancreatis. Part of the 6 22 LIVER. Hepar. It is divided into segments on the pancreas lying mainly in front of the vertebral basis of the branchings of its blood vessels and column. It arises from the dorsal anlage of the biliary ducts. The individual segments are not 7 pancreas. A B represented uniformly in the literature. The In- 6 Anterior surface. Facies anterior. Anterosupe- ternational Nomenclature Committee has 8 riorly directed anterior (front) surface of the adopted Hjortsjö’s classification. C pancreas. A 23 Diaphragmatic surface. Facies diaphragmatica. Surface of liver facing the diaphragm. C 9 7 Posterior surface. Facies posterior. Posteriorly directed dorsal (back) surface of the pancreas. B 24 Superior part. Pars superior. The cranially 8 Inferior surface. Facies inferior. Anteroinferi- directed superior portion of the diaphragmatic 10 orly directed inferior surface of the pancreas. It liver surface. C is bounded above by the root of the transverse 25 Cardiac impression. Impressio cardiaca. Flat im- 11 mesocolon. A pression made by the heart on the left side of the 9 Superior margin. Margo superior. Superior liver in front of the inferior vena cava. C 12 margin of the pancreas located between the 26 Anterior part. Pars anterior. The anteriorly anterior and posterior surfaces. A B directed portion of the diaphragmatic liver sur- 13 10 Anterior margin. Margo anterior. Anterior face. C margin of the pancreas, which corresponds to 27 Right part. Pars dextra. Portion of the diaphrag- the line of attachment of the transverse meso- matic surface directed toward the right side of 14 colon (p. 178.5). It also forms the lower boun- the body. C dary of the omental bursa at the posterior abdominal wall. A 28 Posterior part. Pars posterior. The posteriorly 15 directed portion of the diaphragmatic surface. C 11 Inferior margin. Margo inferioris. Inferior margin of the pancreas situated between the lower 29 Bare area. Area nuda. [[Pars affixa]]. Bare por- 16 anterior and posterior surfaces. A tion of the diaphragmatic surface not covered by peritoneum. C 12 Tuber omentale. Prominence on the body of 17 pancreas near the head. It projects into the 30 Groove for vena cava. Sulcus venae cavae. Deep omental bursa and is caused by the vertebral groove for reception of the inferior vena cava. C 18 column. A B 31 Fissure for lig. venosum. Fissura ligamenti venosi. 13 Tail of pancreas. Cauda pancreatis. Upper left Groove for the venous ligament extending from the liver hilum to the inferior vena cava between 19 tail of the pancreas that lies in contact with the spleen. A B the caudate lobe and left lobe. C 20 14 Capsule of pancreas. Capsula pancreatis. 15 Exocrine pancreas. Pars exocrina pancreatis. 21 The bulk of the pancreas where pancreatic juice is produced. 16 Pancreatic lobule. Lobulus pancreaticus. The 22 macroscopically visible lobule of the pancreas. A 17 Pancreatic duct. Ductus pancreaticus. Main ex- 23 cretory duct of the pancreas opening on the greater duodenal papilla together with the bile 24 duct. B 18 Sphincter muscle of pancreatic duct. M. 25 sphincter ductus pancreatici. Circular muscle before the duct opening. See p. 135 A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Digestive system 129

5 1

916 2 12 6 13 3

4 4 2 5 3 11 8 10 6 248.20 220.1 7

A Duodenum and pancreas, anterior view 8 79 17 19 12 9

10 13 124.13 11 4 5 17 124.12 12 B Pancreas dissected, 3 duodenum fenestrated, 13 from behind 14

15 23 178.22 26 16

17 25

29 24 18

28 29 27 21

30 22 178.24 31

130.26 246.24 23 C Liver, superior view 178.23 24

1 Visceral surface. Facies visceralis. Posteroinfe- 19 Anterior segment of liver. Segmentum an- 1 rior, partially concave surface of liver facing the terius. C D viscera. 20 Posterior segment of liver. Segmentum post- 2 2 Fossa of gallbladder. Fossa vesicae biliaris. erius. C D Fossa on the visceral surface of the liver that 21 Left lobe of liver. Lobus hepatis sinister. Its right lodges the gallbladder. A 3 border corresponds to a line connecting the in- 3 Fissure for round ligament. Fissura ligamenti ferior vena cava and fundus of gallbladder. A B C teretis. Fissure on the visceral surface of the liver 22 Medial segment. Segmentum mediale. C D 4 that lodges the ligamentum teres hepatis. A 23 Quadrate part. Pars quadrata. Part belonging 4 Round ligament of liver. Lig. teres hepatis. The to the quadrate lobe. D 5 connective tissue remains of the umbilical vein. B 24 Lateral segment. Segmentum laterale. C D 25 Quadrate lobe. Lobus quadratus. Liver lobe sit- 6 5 Ligamentum venosum. [[Arantii]]. Venous ligament of liver, the fibrous remains of the ductus uated between the gallbladder, round ligament venosus. B and hilum. A B 7 6 Hilum of liver. Porta hepatis. Fissure between 26 Caudate lobe. Lobus caudatus. Liver lobe sit- the caudate and quadrate lobes in which run the uated between the inferior vena cava, hilum and ligamentum venosum. A B 8 hepatic artery proper, portal vein and hepatic duct. A B 27 Papillary process. Processus papillaris. Portion 7 Tuber omentale. Bulge on the visceral surface of caudate lobe projecting caudally. A B 9 of the left lobe to the left of the ligamentum ve- 28 Caudate process. Processus caudatus. nosum. A B Parenchymal connection between the caudate 10 8 Esophageal impression. Impressio oe- and right lobes cranial to the hilum. A B sophagea. Groove on the left lobe where the 29 Tunica serosa. Peritoneal covering containing 11 liver is indented by the esophagus. A simple squamous epithelium. 9 Gastric impression. Impressio gastrica. Im- 30 Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer beneath pression caused by contact of the stomach with the serosa. 12 the visceral surface of the left lobe of the liver. A 31 Tunica fibrosa. Immobile connective tissue 10 Duodenal impression. Impressio duodenalis. capsule of liver; thick, especially in the bare area 13 Impression caused by contact of the duodenum not covered by peritoneum. with the right side of the visceral surface of the 32 Ligament of vena cava. [[Lig. venae cavae]]. 14 liver next to the neck of the gallbladder. A B Connective tissue bridging over the inferior 11 Colic impression. Impressio colica. Impression vena cava. caused by contact of the colon with the visceral 15 surface of the right lobe of liver to the right of the gallbladder. A 16 12 Renal impression. Impressio renalis. Impres- sion caused by contact of the right kidney with the visceral surface of the right lobe. It overlaps 17 the bare area. A 13 Suprarenal impression. Impressio su- 18 prarenalis. Impression caused by contact of the right suprarenal gland with the bare area on the 19 right side near the inferior vena cava. A 14 [Appendix fibrosa hepatis]. Connective tissue band occasionally present at the upper end of 20 the left lobe of the liver. A 15 Inferior margin. Margo inferior. Border be- 21 tween the diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces of the liver. A 22 16 Incisura lig. teretis. Notch for round ligament at the lower border of the liver. A B 23 17 Lobes of liver. Lobi hepatis. The four macroscopically visible lobes of the liver, which are described below. 24 18 Right lobe of liver. Lobus hepatis dexter. Its border to the left lobe corresponds to the line 25 connecting the inferior vena cava and fundus of the gallbladder. A B C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Digestive system 131

14 1

8 32 28 13 2

4 9 26 12 7 5 21 27 18 6

6 7

10 8 3 25

15 9 2 11 A Liver from behind and below 10 16 15 15 11

246.21 12

13 18 21 24 5 22 14 26 20 19 7 15 28 27 16

6 17 21 C Liver segments, 18 18 anterior view 4 10 19 25 20

24 22 21 16 20 178.22 134.1 22 23 B Hepatic porta 19 23

24 D Liver segments, posterior view 25

1 Hepatic lobules. Lobuli hepatis. They measure 1 1−2 mm in size. A 2 Perivascular fibrous capsule. Capsula fibrosa 2 perivascularis. Connective tissue sheath accompanying the liver vessels and biliary ducts until their terminal branches. A 3 3 Interlobular arteries. Arteriae interlobulares. Branches of the hepatic artery proper between 4 the liver lobules. A 4 Interlobular veins. Venae interlobulares. 5 Branches of the portal veins between the liver lobules. A 5 Central veins. Venae centrales. Efferent veins in 6 the center of the liver lobule. A 6 Interlobular ductules. Ductuli interlobulares. 7 Biliary drainage channels between the liver lobules. A 8 7 Ductuli biliferi. Biliary drainage channels which connect the interlobular ductules with the right and left hepatic ducts. 9 8 Common hepatic duct. Ductus hepaticus communis. Duct between the cystic duct and the 10 junction of right and left hepatic ducts. B 9 Right hepatic duct. Ductus hepaticus dexter. 11 Duct arising from the right lobe of liver. B 10 Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. Anterior branch of the right hepatic duct. B 12 11 Posterior branch. Ramus posterior. Posterior branch of the right hepatic duct. B 13 12 Left hepatic duct. Ductus hepaticus sinister. Duct arising from the left lobe of the liver. B 14 13 Lateral branch. Ramus lateralis. Lateral branch of the left hepatic duct. B 14 Medial branch. Ramus medialis. Medial branch 15 of the left hepatic duct. B 15 Right duct of caudate lobe. Ductus lobi caudati 16 dexter. Branch coming from the right half of the caudate lobe and usually leading into right he- 17 patic duct. B 16 Left duct of caudate lobe. Ductus lobi caudati sinister. Branch arising from the left half of the 18 caudate lobe and emptying usually into the left hepatic duct. B 19

2 2 3

7 5 4 3 6 8

A Two liver lobules 9

12 15 16 13 11 14 13 14 15 10 9 12 8 16

B Branches of the hepatic duct, 20 anterior view 21

1 GALLBLADDER. Vesica biliaris (fellea). 8− 17 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Apparatus respira- 1 12 cm long, pear-shaped reservoir for bile. A torius (systema respiratorium). 2 Fundus of gallbladder. Fundus vesicae biliaris. 18 EXTERNAL NOSE. Nasus externus. E 2 Caudally directed rounded end of gallbladder. A 19 Root of nose. Radix nasi (nasalis). Upper por- 3 Body of gallbladder. Corpus ves. biliaris. Por- tion of the nose which lies between the two or- 3 tion of gallbladder between the fundus and bits. D E neck. A 20 Dorsum (bridge) of nose. Dorsum nasi. E 4 Neck of gallbladder. Collum vesicae biliaris. 21 Tip of nose. Apex nasi. E 4 The portion of the gallbladder continuous with 22 Alae (wings) of nose. Alae nasi. Winglike the cystic duct. A structures forming the lateral borders of the 5 5 Tunica serosa. Peritoneal lining of the gallblad- nares. E der. B 23 Nasal cartilages. Cartilagines nasi (nasalis). 6 6 Tela subserosa. Connective tissue underlying Pieces of cartilage which form the non-osseous the peritoneum. B supporting skeleton of the nose. C 7 Tunica muscularis. Muscle layer in the wall of 7 24 Lateral nasal cartilage. [Cartilago nasi later- the gallbladder. B alis]. No longer classified as independent left 8 Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of gall- and right plates of cartilage, but as part of the 8 bladder with simple columnar epithelium nasal septum with which each is partially comprised of tall prismatic cells. B fused. C 9 9 Plicae mucosae. Mucosal folds that project 25 Greater alar cartilage. Cartilago alaris major. into the lumen, thus producing a loculate relief Hook-shaped cartilage surrounding the nares pattern. A B and forming the tip of the nose. C 10 10 Cystic duct. Ductus cysticus. Duct that drains 26 Medial crus. Crus mediale. The part of the the gallbladder. It joins the common hepatic greater alar cartilage that forms the anterior 11 duct to form the common bile duct (ductus and lower part of the nasal septum. C D choledochus). A 27 Lateral crus. Crus laterale. The part of the 11 Spiral fold. Plica spiralis. A spiral elevation in greater alar cartilage that curves laterally 12 the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct. around the nares. C A 28 Lesser alar cartilages. Cartilagines alares 13 12 Bile duct. Ductus choledochus (biliaris). Duct minores. Single, small plates of cartilage which formed by the union of the cystic duct and supplement the greater alar cartilage. C 14 common hepatic duct; it passes into the greater 29 Accessory nasal cartilages. Cartilagines duodenal papilla. A nasales accessoriae. Small pieces of cartilage 13 Sphincter muscle of bile duct. M. sphincter occasionally present between the cartilaginous 15 ductus choledochi. Thickened, annular muscle nasal septum and greater alar cartilage that that forms sphincter directly before the hepa- supplement the cartilaginous nasal skeleton. 16 topancreatic ampulla. A 30 Cartilaginous nasal septum. Cartilago septi 14 Hepatopancreatic ampulla. Ampulla hepato- nasi. Large independent piece of cartilage in the pancreatica. Dilatation in the wall of the wall of the nasal septum between the perpen- 17 duodenum immediately after the opening of dicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer. D the pancreatic duct into the bile duct. A 30 a Lateral process. Processus lateralis. Dorsolateral 18 15 M. sphincter ampullae hepatopancreaticae cartilaginous ridge of the nasal septum fused (sphincter ampullae). Thickened annular above with the lateral nasal cartilage. D sheath of muscle that invests the ampulla 19 31 Posterior process. Processus posterior (sphe- (sphincter of Oddi). A noidalis). Variably long process between the 16 Biliary glands. Gll. biliares. Mucous glands in vomer and the perpendicular plate; it can ex- 20 the wall of the biliary excretory ducts. tend as far as the sphenoid. D 32 Vomeronasal cartilage. Cartilago vomer- 21 onasalis [[Jacobson’s cartilage]]. Narrow strip of cartilage on the lower end of the nasal septum between the cartilaginous nasal septum and 22 the vomer. D 33 Mobile part of nasal septum. [[Pars mobilis 23 septi nasi]]. Anterioinferior, very mobile part of the nasal septum which contains the medial crus of the greater alar cartilage. 24

132.8 1

3 11 10 12 4 4 16 9 5

8 7 13 7 8 15 128.18 14 3 9 5 10 6 11 A Gallbladder, B Wall of gallbladder cystic and bile ducts 2 9 and pancreatic duct 12

19 15

16 32.2 30a 24 30 17 31 28 26 18 25 32 19

20 26 27 19

C Nasal cartilages D Cartilaginous nasal septum 21 20 22

22 21 23

E External nose 24

1 NASAL CAVITY. Cavitas nasalis. A B C 17 Cavernous plexus of concha. Plexus cavernosi 1 2 Nasal openings (nostrils). Nares. They are sur- concharum. Venous plexuses especially preva- rounded by the nasal alae and nasal septum. B C lent in the region of the inferior concha and posterior nasal cavity. 2 3 Choanae. Posterior openings of nasal cavity. C 18 Agger nasi. Ridge-like elevations comprising 4 Nasal septum. Septum nasale. Nasal partition the remains of an earlier accessory concha 3 comprised of bony, cartilaginous and mem- directly in front of the middle nasal concha. A branous parts. C 19 Sphenoethmoidal recess. Recessus sphenoeth- 4 5 Membranous part. Pars membranacea. Con- moidalis. Recess above the superior nasal connective tissue portion of nasal septum at the tip cha between the anterior wall of the sphe- of the nose. C 5 noidal sinus and the roof of the nasal cavity. A 5a Cartilaginous part. Pars cartilagina. Portion of 20 Superior nasal meatus. Meatus nasi superior. the nasal septum situated between the mem- Nasal passage above the middle nasal concha. A 6 branous and bony parts. 21 Middle nasal meatus. Meatus nasi medius. 6 Bony part of nasal septum. Pars ossea. Per- Nasal passage between the middle and inferior 7 pendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer. C nasal concha. A 7 Vomeronasal (Jacobson’s) organ. Organum 22 Atrium of middle meatus. Atrium meatus 8 vomeronasale. Blind sac occasionally present medii. Area at the beginning of the middle above the incisive canal. It is a vestige of an ear- meatus in front of the middle and above the in- lier phylogenetic accessory organ of smell. A C ferior concha. A 9 8 Vestibule of nose. Vestibulum nasi (nasale). 23 Inferior nasal meatus. Meatus nasi inferior. Anterior segment of nasal cavity extending up Lower nasal passage between the inferior nasal 10 to the limen nasi. It is covered by squamous concha and the floor of the nasal cavity. A epithelium which changes to ciliary epithelium 23 a Aperture of nasolacrimal duct. Apertum duc- at the limen. A B 11 tus nasolacrimalis. Opening of the nasolacrimal 9 Limen nasi. Ridge at the end of the vestibule duct provided with a flap-like mucosal fold. See produced by the margin of the alar cartilage. A p. 364.23 12 B 24 Nasopharyngeal meatus. Meatus nasopharyn- 10 Olfactory sulcus. Sulcus olfactorius. Groove on geus. Junction of the three nasal passages be- 13 the olfactory area passing between the root of hind the conchae. A the middle nasal concha and the bridge of the 25 Incisive duct. [Ductus incisivus]. Blind sac oc- nose. A B 14 casionally present on the floor of the nasal cav- 11 Superior nasal concha (turbinate). Concha ity near the septum, about 2 cm behind the ex- nasalis superior. Small, upper concha situated ternal nasal opening. A 15 in front of the sphenoidal sinus. A B 12 Middle nasal concha (turbinate). Concha 16 nasalis media. Most of the openings of the paranasal sinuses lie below it. A B 17 13 Inferior nasal concha (turbinate). Concha nasalis inferior. Lowest and longest of the nasal conchae. It covers the opening of the nasolacri- 18 mal duct. A B 14 [[Tunica mucosa nasi]]. Nasal mucous mem- 19 brane consisting primarily of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. 20 15 Respiratory region. Regio respiratoria. Part of the nasal mucosa with ciliated epithelium. It begins in the vestibule and lines the entire 21 nasal cavity except for the olfactory region. 16 Olfactory region. Regio olfactoria. Area about 22 the size of a nickel containing olfactory cells; it is located superiorly on the nasal septum and on the lateral nasal wall below the cribriform 23 plate. A 16 a Nasal (olfactory) glands. Glandulae nasales. 24 Predominantly serous, tubular glands. Their thin secretions cleanse the olfactory 25 epithelium and can enhance odorous substances. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Respiratory system 137

1 10 2 19 138.3 3 16 18 11 20 4 22 12 9 21 5 8 13 24 6

7 7; 25 23 10 8 138.3 A Lateral nasal wall 9 with sphenoidal sinus 11 10

1 12 11 9 8 13 12

2 13

B Lateral nasal wall 15

4 17 6 18

5 19 3 2 20

21 7 22 C Nasal septum 23

1 Paranasal sinuses. Sinus paranasales. A B 19 Superior thyroid tubercle. Tuberculum thy- 1 2 Maxillary sinus. Sinus maxillaris. Situated roideum superior. Small lateral prominence on below the orbit and lateral to the nose, it opens the outside of the thyroid lamina at the upper 2 below the middle nasal concha. A end of the oblique line. C D 3 Sphenoidal sinus. Sinus sphenoidalis. Paired 20 Inferior thyroid tubercle. Tuberculum thyroideum inferius. Small lateral prominence at 3 sinus within the sphenoid bone behind the sphenoethmoidal recess and above the na- the lower end of the oblique line. C D sopharyngeal cavity; it opens into the 21 Oblique line. Linea obliqua. Oblique ridge on 4 sphenoethmoidal recess. B the outside of the thyroid cartilage for the at- 4 Frontal sinus. [[Cellulae ethmoidales]]. Sinus tachment of the sternothyroid and thyrohyoid 5 frontalis. Sinus in the squama of the frontal muscles and the inferior constrictor muscle of bone and often also in the orbital part, it opens the pharynx. C D below the middle concha. A B 22 Superior horn (cornu). Cornu superius. Super- 6 ior process of thyroid cartilage. It serves for the 5 Ethmoidal sinus. Sinus ethmoidales. System of attachment of the thyrohyoid ligament. C D cavities with pea-sized air cells between the 7 nasal cavity and orbit. It is divided into the fol- 23 Inferior horn (cornu). Cornu inferius. Inferior lowing parts. A process of posterior margin of thyroid cartilage for articular connection with the cricoid car- 8 6 Anterior sinus. Sinus anteriores. Anterior tilage. C D group of ethmoidal air cells which opens below the middle nasal concha. A 24 Thyroid foramen. [Foramen thyroideum]. Hole 9 occasionally present laterally below the super- 7 Middle sinus. Sinus medii. Middle group of ior tubercle for passage of the superior laryn- ethmoidal air cells which opens below the geal artery and vein. C 10 middle nasal concha. A 25 Thyrohyoid membrane. Membrana thyrohy- 8 Posterior sinus. Sinus posteriores. Posterior oidea. Membrane rich in elastic fibers between 11 group of ethmoidal air cells which opens below the upper posterior margin of the hyoid bone the superior nasal concha. A and the thyroid cartilage. C 9 Ethmoidal bulla. Bulla ethmoidalis. Rudimen- 12 26 Median thyrohyoid membrane. Lig. thyrohy- tary nasal concha in the form of a vesicular, oideum medianum. Median reinforcement of bulging ethmoidal air cell located below the the thyrohyoid membrane with abundant elas- 13 middle nasal concha. B tic fibers. C 10 Infundibulum ethmoidale. Recess in front of 26 a Pre-epiglottic fat body. Corpus adiposum 14 the ethmoidal bulla in the middle nasal meatus. prae-epiglotticum. Space-filling adipose body It receives the openings of the maxillary and between epiglottis, thyronhyoid membrane frontal sinuses. B 15 and hyo-epiglottic ligament. C See 143 C 11 Hiatus semilunaris. Semilunar fissure be- 27 Lateral thyrohyoid ligament. Ligamentum tween the ethmoidal bulla and the uncinate thyrohyoideum laterale. Ligament extending 16 process. B from the superior horn to the posterior end of 12 LARYNX. It lies between the pharynx and tra- the greater horn of the hyoid bone. It provides 17 chea. C lateral reinforcement for the thyrohyoid mem- 13 LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES AND JOINTS. Car- brane. C 18 tilagines et articulationes laryngeales. 28 Cartilago triticea. Elastic cartilage, the size of 14 Thyroid cartilage. Cartilago thyroidea. Largest a grain of wheat, in the thyrohyoid ligament. C 19 laryngeal cartilage that partially encloses the others. C D 15 Laryngeal prominence. Prominentia laryngea. 20 Prominence in the midline of the neck produced by the thyroid cartilage. It is more pro- 21 nounced in males (Adam’s apple). C D 16 Right/left lamina. Lamina dextra/sinistra. 22 Lateral plates of the thyroid cartilage meeting in the midline like the bow of a ship. C D 17 Superior thyroid notch. Incisura thyroidea su- 23 perior. Deep, median notch in the upper portion of the thyroid cartilage, between the right 24 and left thyroid laminae. C D 18 Inferior thyroid notch. Incisura thyroidea in- 25 ferius. Shallow median notch at the lower margin of the thyroid cartilage. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Respiratory system 139

2 4 3

6 5 7 8 6 4

93 7 2 2 8

10 9 11 10

A Paranasal sinuses without 11 sphenoidal sinus 12

13 B 27 Lateral nasal wall 28 without middle 14 nasal concha 27 26 15 25 22 26a 22 16 16 17 19 17 15 14 24 16 17 18 16 21 15 14 19 20 19 16 21 23 20 20 21 18 23 22

D 23 C Larynx Thyroid cartilage 24

1 Cricoid cartilage. Cartilago cricoidea. Ring of 18 Triangular fovea. Fovea triangularis. Gland- 1 cartilage lying at the upper end of the trachea filled depression above the oblong fovea. C that articulates with the thyroid cartilage. A B D 19 Medial surface. Facies medialis. C 2 2 Arch of cricoid cartilage. Arcus cartilaginis cri- 20 Posterior surface. Facies posterior. C coideae. Anterior and lateral parts of cricoid cartilage. A B 21 Apex of arytenoid cartilage. Apex cartilaginis 3 arytenoideae. It arches posteriorly from the 3 Lamina of cricoid cartilage. Lamina cartilaginis arytenoid cartilage. C D cricoideae. Tall posterior plate of the cricoid 4 cartilage. A B 22 Muscular process. Processus muscularis. Short process that projects posterolaterally from the 4 Articular surface for arytenoid cartilage. Fa- arytenoid cartilage for attachment of the poste- 5 cies articularis arytenoidea. Oblique, oval artic- rior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. C ular facet for the arytenoid cartilage located laterally at the upper margin of the cricoid 23 Cricoarytenoid joint. Articulatio cricoaryte- 6 lamina. A noidea. Cylindrical joint between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages. It permits oscillating 5 Articular surface for thyroid cartilage. Fa- movements around an obliquely placed cylin- 7 cies articularis thyroidea. Somewhat promi- drical axis and gliding movements parallel to nent articular facet for the thyroid cartilage sit- the axis. D uated inferiorly on the lateral margin of the 8 lamina. A 24 Articular capsule of cricoarytenoid joint. Capsula articularis cricoarytenoidea. Thin- 6 Cricothyroid joint. Articulatio cricothyroidea. walled, flaccid capsule of joint between cricoid 9 Articulation between the thyroid and cricoid and arytenoid cartilages. D cartilages. It permits tilting movements as well 25 Cricoarytenoid ligament. Lig. cricoaryte- as horizontal and vertical gliding movements. B 10 noideum. Important elastic ligament for the 7 Cricothyroid joint capsule. Capsula articu- closure of the rima glottidis. It passes posteri- laris cricothyroidea. Thin articular capsule. B 11 orly from the cricoid lamina to the medial part 7a Ceratocricoid ligament. Lig. ceratocri- of the arytenoid. D coideum. Capsular reinforcement for limitation 26 Cricopharyngeal ligament. Lig. cricopharyn- 12 of shearing movements. B geum. Fiber tract beginning at the corniculate 8 Median cricothyroid ligament. Lig. cricothy- cartilage. After attachment to the posterior side 13 roideum medianum. Strong vertical ligament of the cricoid, it passes beneath the overlying in the midline between the thyroid and cricoid pharyngeal mucosa. D cartilages. B D 27 Sesamoid cartilage. [Cartilago sesamoidea]. 14 9 Cricotracheal ligament. Lig. cricotracheale. Piece of elastic cartilage occasionally present in Elastic membrane between the cricoid cartilage the anterior end of the vocal ligament and near 15 and the first tracheal cartilage. B D the arytenoid cartilage. D 10 Arytenoid cartilage. Cartilago anytenoidea. 28 Corniculate cartilage. Cartilago corniculata 16 Pyramid-like cartilage on the cricoid cartilage. [[Santorini]]. Small elastic cartilage at the apex CD of the arytenoid cartilage. It produces the corniculate tubercle. C D 11 Articular surface. Facies articularis. Cylindrical, 17 concave joint surface below the muscular 29 Corniculate tubercle. Tuberculum cornicu- process for articulation with the cricoid. C latum. Mucosa-covered prominence over the corniculate cartilage directly above the apex of 18 12 Base of arytenoid. Basis cartilaginis aryte- the arytenoid cartilage. See page 142.9 noideae. Undersurface of arytenoid cartilage. C 19 13 Anterolateral surface. Facies anterolateralis. Surface directed anterolaterally for muscular insertion and origin. C 20 14 Vocal process. Processus vocalis. Anteriorly directed process for attachment of the vocal 21 ligament. C 15 Arcuate crest. Crista arcuata. Cartilaginous 22 ridge which begins between the oblong and triangular foveae, arches around the triangular fovea and ends at the colliculus. C 23 16 Colliculus. Small projection at the end of the arcuate crest. C D 24 17 Oblong fovea. Fovea oblonga. Depression on the anteroinferior surface of the arytenoid car- 25 tilage for attachment of the thyroarytenoid muscle. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Respiratory system 141

4 4 4 3 3 5

8 3 6 2 5 5 1 2 6; 7; 7a 7 9 9 8 A Cricoid cartilage, left and posterior view 9

10 B Thyroid and cricoid cartilages 28 21 15 21 21 from left 28 11 16 12 15 18 20 13 14 14 13 17 19 22 22 22 14 12 11 15 C Right arytenoid cartilage, lateral, 21 medial and posterior views 16

28 17 16 144.11 10 18 27 25 144.13 26 19 27 23 24 20 26 8 1 21

22 9 23 D Sagittal section of larynx, medial view 24

1 Cuneiform cartilage. Cartilago cuneiformis. 18 M. vocalis. o: Inner surface of thyroid cartilage 1 Variably small cartilage beneath a small group near the midline. i: Vocal process and oblong of glands in the aryepiglottic fold. D fovea of arytenoid cartilage. A: By its tension it 2 2 Cuneiform tubercle. Tuberculum cuneiforme. alters the intrinsic vibrations of the vocal cord. Prominence in the aryepiglottic fold caused by I: Recurrent laryngeal nerve. E the cuneiform cartilage. If the cartilage is ab- 19 Thyroepiglottic muscle. [[M. thyroepiglotti- 3 sent, it can also be produced by glands. B D cus]]. Now the thyroepiglottic part of the thy- 3 Epiglottis. Elastic cartilage shaped like a shoe- roarytenoid muscle. See p. 20 D 4 horn. B C E 20 Thyroarytenoid muscle. M. thyroarytenoideus. 4 Stalk of epiglottis. Petiolus epiglottidis. o: Anterior inner surface of thyroid cartilage. i: Downward pointing end of the epiglottic car- Muscular process and lateral surface of aryte- 5 tilage that is attached to the thyroid cartilage noid cartilage. A: Synergist in closure of rima by connective tissue. A D glottidis. I: Recurrent laryngeal nerve. D E 6 5 Epiglottic tubercle. Tuberculum epiglotticum. 20 a Thyroepiglottic part. Pars thyroepiglottica. o: Small prominence at the posterior surface of Anterior, inner surface of thyroid cartilage. i: the mucosa above the stalk. B Epiglottis and quadrangular membrane. I: Re- 7 6 Epiglottic cartilage. Cartilago epiglottica. current laryngeal nerve. D See p. 19. Skeleton of epiglottis consisting of elastic car- 21 Oblique arytenoid muscle. M. arytenoideus 8 tilage. A C D obliquus. o: Posterior surface of muscular 7 Thyroepiglottic ligament. Lig. thyroepiglotti- process. i: Apex of contralateral arytenoid car- cum. Ligament attaching the stalk of the tilage. A: Draws the arytenoid cartilages closer 9 epiglottis to the posterior surface of the thyroid together. Synergist in closure of rima glottidis. I. cartilage. A D Recurrent laryngeal nerve. B 10 8 Hyoepiglottic ligament. Lig. hyoepiglotticum. 21 a Aryepiglottic part. Pars aryepiglottica. o: Ligament between the hyoid and epiglottis. C Apex of arytenoid cartilage. i: Margin of 11 9 Corniculate tubercle. Tuberculum cornicu- epiglottis. Foundation of aryepiglottic fold. A: latum. Mucosa-covered prominence over the Depresses the epiglottis. See 11. corniculate cartilage just above the apex of the 22 Transverse arytenoid muscle. M. arytenoideus 12 arytenoid cartilage. B D transversus. o: Posterior surface of arytenoid 10 Laryngeal musculature. Musculi laryngis. B C cartilage. i: Same surface of contralateral aryte- 13 DE noid cartilage. A: Approximates arytenoid car- 11 [[M. aryepiglotticus]]. Now the aryepiglottic tilages. Synergist in closure of rima glottidis. I: part of the arytenoid muscle. See p. 21 a. B D Recurrent laryngeal nerve. B 14 12 M. cricothyroideus. o: Anterolateral aspect of 23 Laryngeal cavity. Cavitas laryngis. E cricoid cartilage. i: Interiorly at outer and inner 24 Laryngeal inlet (aditus). Aditus laryngis. En- 15 surfaces of the thyroid cartilage lamina. A: trance into larynx between the epiglottis, ary- Tenses vocal ligament by lifting the cricoid car- epiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch. B E tilage forward and tilting back the lamina and 25 Aryepiglottic fold. Plica aryepiglottica. Mu- 16 the arytenoid cartilage. I: Superior laryngeal cosal fold over the aryepiglottic muscle. It ex- nerve (different innervation than other intrin- tends from the apex of the arytenoid cartilage sic laryngeal muscles). C E 17 to the lateral margin of the epiglottis. B D 13 Straight part. Pars recta. Anterior, somewhat 26 Interarytenoid notch. Incisura interaryte- more steeply coursing fibers. C 18 noidea. Mucosa-covered slit between the two 14 Oblique part. Pars obliqua. Posterior, more apices of the arytenoids. B horizontally coursing fibers. C 27 Vestibule of larynx. Vestibulum laryngis. 15 Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. M. cri- 19 Upper part of laryngeal cavity extending as far coarytenoideus posterior. o: Posterior surface as the vestibular [ventricular] folds. E of cricoid cartilage. i: Muscular process of 20 arytenoid cartilage. A: By swinging the vocal 28 Rima vestibuli. Interval between the two vesti- process upward and outward, it opens the rima bular folds. E 21 glottidis. It is the only abductor of the vocal 29 Vestibular (ventricular) fold. Plica vestibu- folds. I: Recurrent laryngeal nerve. B D laris [ventricularis]. Fold produced by the vesti- 16 Ceratocricoid muscle. [M. ceratocricoideus]. bular ligament. It lies between the laryngeal 22 Anatomic variant. o: Inferior horn of thyroid ventricle and vestibule. E cartilage. i: Inferior margin of cricoid cartilage. 29 a Intermediate laryngeal cavity. Cavitas laryngis 23 I: Recurrent laryngeal nerve. B intermedia. Space between the vestibular and 17 Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. M. cricoaryte- vocal folds. noideus lateralis. o: Upper lateral margin of cri- 24 coid cartilage. i: Anteriorly at muscular process of arytenoid cartilage and adjacent area. A: 25 Synergist in closing of rima glottidis. I: Recur- rent laryngeal nerve. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Respiratory system 143

1 6 3 25 2

24 3

2 4 5 11 4 9 26 5 7 22 21 6

15 7

8 16 9

10 A Laryngeal cartilages, posterior view B Laryngeal musculature, posterior view 11

12 138.26a 6 8 13 3 3 14 25 27 6 11 15 23 2 24 16 1 28 9 17 19 29 4 7 20 18 18

23 20 13 19 17 12 12 14 15 20

22 C Larynx, anterolateral view D Larynx, left lamina of thyroid E Larynx, frontal section, cartilage removed posterior view 23

1 Ventricle of larynx. Ventriculus laryngis 17 TRACHEA. Airway characterized by its cartilage- 1 [[Morgagni]]. Lateral outpocketings between containing wall and its branches, the bronchi. E the vocal and vestibular folds. B C D 18 Cervical part. Pars cervicalis. The cervical seg- 2 2 Saccule (appendix) of larynx. Sacculus laryn- ment of the trachea extending from C6 to C7. gis [[appendix ventriculi laryngis]]. Small blind sac directed upward from the ventricle. B 19 Thoracic part. Pars thoracica. The thoracic seg- 3 ment extending from T1 to T4. 3 Glottis. Voice-producing part of the larynx consisting of the two vocal folds and the interval 20 Tracheal cartilages. Cartilagines tracheales. 4 (Rima glottidis) between them. A Horseshoe-shaped cartilages of the tracheal wall. E F H 4 Rima glottidis. Space between the two aryte- 5 noid cartilages and the vocal cords. A 21 Tracheal muscle. Musculus trachealis. Smooth 5 Vocal fold. Plica vocalis. Mucosal fold sup- muscle between the free ends of the horseshoe- ported by the underlying vocal ligament and shaped tracheal cartilages. H 6 laterally by the vocalis muscle. A 22 Annular ligaments of trachea. Ligg. anularia 6 Intermembranous part. Pars intermem- tracheae, Ligg. trachealia. Connective tissue 7 branacea. Portion of the rima glottidis extend- bridges between the tracheal cartilages. E F ing from the thyroid cartilage to the apex of the 23 Membranous wall. Paries membranaceus. 8 vocal process. A Posterior wall of trachea. F 7 Intercartilaginous part. Pars intercar- 24 Bifurcation of trachea. Bifurcatio tracheae [tra- tilaginea. Portion of rima glottidis between the 9 chealis]. Asymmetrical division of trachea at arytenoid cartilages. A level of T4. E G 7a Interarytenoid fold. Plica interarytenoidea. 25 Carina tracheae. Ridge projecting into the Mucosalfoldbetweenthearytenoidcartilages.A 10 lumen of the trachea at its bifurcation and pro- 8 Infraglottic cavity. Cavitas infraglottica. Lowest viding an aerodynamic effect. G 11 portion of laryngeal cavity. It is enclosed by the conus elasticus and extends from the rima glot- 26 Tunica mucosa. Tracheal mucosa lined by pseu- tidis to the trachea. C dostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. H 12 9 Fibroelastic membrane of larynx. Membrana fibroelastica laryngis [[membrana elastica 27 Tracheal glands. Gll. tracheales. Mixed glands 13 laryngis]].Submucosa of laryngeal wall provided in the submucosa. H with abundant elastic fibers. It begins at the 28 BRONCHI. Branches of trachea. quadrangular membrane and ends at the lower 14 margin of the conus elasticus. B 29 Bronchial tree. Arbor bronchialis. The entire branching system of the bronchi. 10 Quadrangular membrane. Membrana quad- 15 rangularis. Membrane spread out between the 30 MAIN BRONCHUS (RIGHT AND LEFT). Bronchus epiglottis, aryepiglottic fold and vestibular fold. principalis (dexter et sinister). Right and left CD stem bronchi arising directly from the trachea. E 16 11 Vestibular ligament. Lig. vestibulare. It strength- ens the lower margin of the quadrangular mem- 17 brane. C 12 Conus elasticus (membrana cricovocalis). 18 Reinforced fibroelastic membrane between the vocal ligament and cricoid. D 13 Vocal ligament. Lig. vocale. It lies between the 19 vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage and forms the upper end of the 20 conus elasticus. C 14 Tunica mucosa. Laryngeal mucous membrane provided with nonkeratinized, stratified 21 squamous epithelium only on the upper part of the posterior surface of the epiglottis and on the 22 vocal folds; the rest of the larynx is lined with pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. B 23 15 Laryngeal glands. Gll. laryngeales. Mixed glands occupying the submucosa of the laryn- 24 geal wall. B 16 Lymph nodes of larynx. [[Nodi lymphatici 25 laryngis]]. Lymphatic nodules are abundant in the submucosa of the ventricle. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Respiratory system 145

2 5 2 6 4 3 7 4 7a 14 10

A Entrance to larynx from above 1 5 9

328.12 13 11 1 6 15 8 7 16 8

10 B Laryngeal ventricle C Sagittal section 9 of larynx 1 10 12 11 D Larynx, posterolateral view, left lamina of thyroid cartilage removed 12

14 20 15

22 16

23 20 17 22 27 20 25 18 26 F Cross section G Bifurcation 19 of trachea, from above posterior view 24 20

21 30 22 20° >35° 21 23

E Trachea and bronchi from front H Cross secton of trachea, histologic section 24

1 Lobar and segmental bronchi. Bronchi lobares 16 Left inferior lobar bronchus. Bronchus lobaris 1 et segmentales. Bronchi for the five lobes of the superior sinister. Lobar bronchus for the left lung and their 20 segments. A B upper lobe. A B 2 2 Right superior lobar bronchus. Bronchus 17 Apicoposterior segmental bronchus (B I + lobaris superior dexter. Bronchus for the super- II). Bronchus segmentalis apicoposterior. ior lobe of the right lung. It arises just after the Bronchus for the left apical segment located 3 tracheal bifurcation. A B posterosuperiorly. A B 3 Apical segmental bronchus (B I). Bronchus 18 Anterior segmental bronchus (B III). 4 segmentalis apicalis. Bronchus for the apical Bronchus segmentalis anterior. Bronchus for the segment extending inferiorly as far as the 3rd rib. anterior segment of the left upper lobe situated 5 AB in front of the apical segment. A B 4 Posterior segmental bronchus (B II). 19 Superior lingular bronchus (B IV). Bronchus 6 Bronchus segmentalis posterior. Bronchus for lingularis superior. Bronchus for the second the posterior segment extending forward about lowest segment of the left upper lobe extending as far as the midaxillary line. A B posteriorly as far as the border of the lower lobe. 7 AB 5 Anterior segmental bronchus (B III). Bronchus segmentalis anterior. Bronchus for the 20 Inferior lingular bronchus (B V). Bronchus 8 anterior segment extending backward about as lingularis inferior. Bronchus for the mainly ante- far as the midaxillary line. A B rior lowest segment of the upper lobe. A B 21 Left inferior lobar bronchus. Bronchus lobaris 6 Right middle lobar bronchus. Bronchus lobaris 9 inferior sinister. Lobar bronchus for the left medius dexter. Lobar bronchus for the middle lower lobe extending dorsally up to the 4th lobe of the right lung. A 10 thoracic vertebra. A B 7 Lateral segmental bronchus (B IV). 22 Superior segmental bronchus (B VI). Bronchus segmentalis lateralis. Bronchus for the Bronchus segmentalis superior. Bronchus for the 11 lateral segment located on the dorsal surface of apical segment located posterosuperiorly in the the middle lobe. A B lower lobe. B 12 8 Medial segmental bronchus (B V). Bronchus 23 Subapical segmental bronchus. [[Bronchus segmentalis medialis. Segmental bronchus aris- segmentalis subapicalis]]. Bronchus for an oc- 13 ing anteromedially from the middle lobe. A B casionally present accessory segment. 9 Right inferior lobar bronchus. Bronchus 24 Medial basal segmental bronchus (B VII). lobaris inferior dexter. Lobar bronchus for the 14 Bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis (cardia- right inferior lobe extending posteriorly up to cus). Bronchus for the medial basal segment th the 4 rib. A B which does not reach the lateral lung surface. A 15 10 Superior segmental bronchus (B VI). 25 Anterior basal segmental bronchus (B VIII). Bronchus segmentalis superior. Bronchus for the Bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior. Bronchus 16 apical segment which borders only on the upper for the anterior basal segment adjoining the lobe. B lower anterior border. A B 17 11 Subapical segmental bronchus. [[Bronchus 26 Lateral basal segmental bronchus (B IX). segmentalis subapicalis]]. Occasionally present Bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis. accessory bronchus. Bronchus for the basal middle segment located 18 12 Medial basal segmental bronchus (B VII). between the anterior and posterior basal seg- Bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis (cardia- ments. A B 19 cus). Bronchus for the medial segment that does 27 Bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior not reach the external surface of the lower lobe. (B X). Bronchus for the posterior basal segment AB of the lower lobe situated below the apical seg- 20 ment. A B 13 Anterior basal segmental bronchus (B VIII). Bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior. Bronchus 21 for the wedge-shaped anterior end of the lower lobe. A B 22 14 Lateral basal segmental bronchus (B IX). Bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis. Bronchus for the small lateral segment situated 23 between the anterior and posterior segments. A B 24 15 Posterior basal segment bronchus (B X). Bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior. 25 Bronchus for the segment extending posteriorly up to the vertebral column. A B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Respiratory system 147

144.17 1

3 3

2 4 4 5 16 17 144.30 5 18 6 7 7 6 19 8 21 20 8 9 25 9 13 24 10 27 12 26 11 15 14 12

A Bronchial tree, anterior view 13 144.17 14

3 16

2 4 17

17 16 18 18 5 144.30 19 19 20 21 20 9 7 21 22 8 25 10 22

27 13 26 12 23 14 15 24 B Bronchial tree, posterior view 25

1 Segmental bronchial branches. Rami 21 Root of lung. Radix [pediculus] pulmonis. It 1 bronchiales segmentorum. Branches of in- consists of the main bronchus, blood vessels, dividual segmental bronchi. lymph vessels/nodes and autonomic plexuses. B 2 2 Tunica muscularis. Muscle layer in the wall of 22 Lingula of left lung. Lingula pulmonis sinistri. the bronchus. Portionoftheupperlobeoftheleftlungbetween 3 3 Tela submucosa. Connective tissue layer the cardiac notch and the oblique fissure. C D beneath the bronchial mucosa. 22 a Culmen of left lung. Culmen pulmonis sinistri. Upper lobe without lingula. 4 4 Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of the bronchi lined by ciliated columnar epithelium. 23 Upper lobe. Lobus superior. Extends posteriorly 5 Bronchial glands. Gll. bronchiales. Mixed as far as the 4th rib. On the right side its lower 5 glands located below the mucosa. border runs anteriorly somewhat along the 4th rib. On the left side it passes as far as the car- 6 LUNGS. Pulmones. They occupy the greater por- tilage-bone border of the 6th rib. A B C D 6 tion of the thoracic space. A B C D 24 Middle lobe. Lobus medius (pulmonis dextri). 7 RIGHT/LEFT LUNGS. Pulmo dexter/sinister. Right Presentonlyin theright lung, itliesin front of the 7 lobes are larger; left lobes smaller (10%). A B C D midaxillary line between the 4th and 6th ribs. A B 8 Base of lung. Basis pulmonis (pulmonalis). 8 Lower lung segment bordering on the dia- 25 Lower lobe. Lobus inferior. It extends mainly phragm. A B C D dorsal. Its superior border courses obliquely posterosuperior to anteroinferior. It begins para- 9 9 Apex of lung. Apex pulmonis (pulmonalis). Api- vertebrally at the 4th rib and ends at the intersec- cal portion of the lung partially occupying the tion of the midclavicular line and the 6th rib. A B C superior thoracic aperture. A B C D D 10 10 Costal surface. [[Facies costalis]]. Lung surface 26 Oblique fissure. Fissura obliqua. Oblique fissure bordering the ribs. A C between the lower and upper lobes of the left 11 11 Medial surface. [[Facies medialis]]. Medial lung lung, between the lower and upper lobes, as well surface facing the mediastinum. B D as the middle lobe, of the right lung. Accordingly, itpassesparavertebrallyfromthe4th ribuptothe 12 12 Pars vertebralis. Dorsal portion Vertebral part. 6th rib in the midclavicular line. A B C D of medial surface of each lung adjacent to the vertebral column. B D 27 Horizontal fissure of right lung. Fissura hori- 13 zontalis (pulmonis dextri). Fissure separating 13 Mediastinal surface. Facies mediastinalis. the middle and upper lobes at the level of the 4th Lung surface bordering the mediastinum and rib. A B 14 lying in front of the vertebral part. B D 14 Cardiac impression of lung. Impressio cardi- 15 aca. Indentation on the medial surface of both lungs produced by the heart. B D 16 15 Diaphragmatic surface. Facies diaphragmatica. Concaveinferior surface of thelung facing the di- 17 aphragm. A B C D 16 Interlobar surface. Facies interlobaris. Surface of lung tissue found in the spaces between the 18 lobes. 17 Anterior margin. Margo anterior. Sharp ante- 19 rior border at the junction of the medial and costal surfaces of the lung. A B C D 20 18 Cardiac notch. Incisura cardiaca [pulmonis sinistri]. Notch on the anterior margin of the left upper lobe produced by the cardiac impression. 21 CD 19 Margo inferior. Inferior margin of lung. Sharp 22 borderatthejunctionofthecostalanddiaphrag- matic surfaces. The margin is less sharp at the transition of the diaphragmatic surface to the 23 medial surface. A B C D 20 Hilum of lung. Hilum pulmonis. Site of entry of 24 bronchi and vessels on the medial surface. Es- sentially, the bronchi lie posteriorly, the pulmo- 25 nary artery craniad and the pulmonary veins caudad. B D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Respiratory system 149

9 9 1

23 3 23 17 17 4 13 144.30 26 21 5 10 20 11 27 190.14 6 14 12 26 230.2 7 24 24 152.23 8 25 25 9

19 19 26 15 8 10 8 15 19 11 A Right lung, lateral view B Right lung, medial view 12 9 9 13

14 17 15 17 190.29 23 26 23 16

144.30 13 11 17 26 10 12 20 18 230.2 14 19 26 18 152.23 18 20 25 25 22 21

22 19 22 8 8 15 15 19 23 C D Left lung, lateral view Left lung, medial view 24

1 BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS. Segmenta 19 Superior lingular segment (S IV). Segmen- 1 bronchopulmonalia. Lung segments supplied by tum lingulare superius. It lies predominantly individual bronchi and arteries and separated by on the inferior lingular segment. B 2 veins and connective tissue septa. A B 20 Inferior lingular segment (S V). Segmentum 2 Upper lobe of right lung. (According to Dor- lingulare inferius. It lies between the superior land’s lobus superior pulmonis dextri). Pulmo lingular segment and the oblique fissure. B 3 dexter, lobus superior. A 21 Lower lobe of left lung. (Lobus inferior pul- 3 Apical segment of upper lobe of right lung. monis sinistri). Pulmo sinister, lobus inferior 4 Segmentum apicale (S I). It is inserted like a B wedge between the anterior and posterior seg- 22 Superior segment (S VI). Segmentum su- ments. A 5 perius. Apical portion of lower lobe situated 4 Posterior segment of upper lobe of right posterosuperiorly near the vertebral column. lung. Segmentum posterius (S II). It lies be- B 6 tween the apical segment and the lower lobe. A 23 Subapical segment. [[Segmentum subapi- 5 Anterior segment of upper lobe of right cale]]. Accessory segment occasionally pre- 7 lung. Segmentum anterius (S III). It lies be- sent below the superior segment of the lower tween the apical segment and the middle lobe. A lobe. 8 6 Middle lobe of right lung. (Lobus medius pul- 24 Medial basal (cardiac) segment (S VII). Seg- monis dextri). Pulmo dexter, lobus medius. A mentum basale mediale (cardiacum). It is 7 Lateral segment of middle lobe. Segmentum often an inseparable part of the anterior 9 laterale (S IV). It occupies the dorsal portion basal segment. B of the middle lobe and does not reach the 25 Anterior basal segment (S VIII). Segmentum 10 hilum. A basale anterius. It lies between the oblique 8 Medial segment of middle lobe. Segmentum fissure and the lateral basal segment. B 11 mediale (S V). It forms the medial and dia- 26 Lateral basal segment (S IX). Segmentum phragmatic surfaces of the middle lobe. A basale laterale. It lies between the anterior 9 Lower lobe of right lung. (Lobus inferior pul- and posterior basal segments. B 12 monis dextri). Pulmo dexter, lobus inferior. A 27 Posterior basal segment (S X). Segmentum 10 Superior segment. Segmentum superius basale posterius. It lies beside the vertebral 13 (S VI). Posterosuperiorly situated apical por- column below the superior segment of the tion of lower lobe. A lower lobe. B 14 11 Subapical segment. [[Segmentum subapicale]]. An accessory segment occasionally present below the superior segment. 15 12 Medial basal (cardiac) segment (S VII). Seg- mentum basale mediale (cardiacum). It does 16 not reach the lateral surface of the lung and is only seen from the medial and inferior sur- 17 faces. A 13 Anterior basal segment (S VIII). Segmentum basale anterius. It lies between the middle 18 lobe and diaphragm. A 14 Lateral basal segment (S IX). Segmentum 19 basale laterale. It lies between the posterior and anterior basal segments. A 20 15 Posterior basal segment (S X). Segmentum basale posterius. Located between the vertebral column and lateral basal segment. A 21 16 Upper lobe of left lung. (Lobus superior pulmonis sinistri). Pulmo sinister, lobus superior. 22 B 17 Apicoposterior segment (S I + II). Segmen- 23 tum apicoposterius. It comprises two wedge- shaped segments (apical and posterior) which lie between the oblique fissure and the 24 anterior segment of the upper lobe. B 18 Anterior segment (S III) of upper lobe. Seg- 25 mentum anterius. It lies between the superior lingular and apicoposterior segments. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Respiratory system 151

1 I

3 2

3 148.26 II III 4 4 5 2 5

6 VI 7 10 IV 8 9 12 7 148.27 V 9 VII 6 X 8 10 IX 15 VIII 11 14 13 12

I 13 A Segments 17 of the right lung 14 II 17 III 148.26 18 15 16

19 17 IV 16 VI 18

22 19

V 21 20 20 VII 21 24 VIII IX X 22 25 26 27 148.22 23

B Segments 24 of the left lung 25

1 Bronchioles. Bronchioli. Noncartilaginous 16 Mediastinal part of parietal pleura (mediastinal 1 segments of the respiratory tree directly fol- pleura). Pars mediastinalis. Portion of the lowing the bronchi. They are lined initially by parietal pleura lining the mediastinum. B C 2 pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar 17 Costal part of parietal pleura (costal pleura). Pars epithelium which is subsequently replaced by costalis. It lines the ribs. B C simple cuboidal epithelium. A 3 18 Diaphragmatic part of parietal pleura (diaphrag- 2 Respiratory bronchioles. Bronchioli respira- matic pleura). Pars diaphragmatica. It covers torii. Last bronchiolar segment the wall of the diaphragm. B 4 which already consists partially of alveoli. A 19 Pleural recesses. Recessus pleurales. Fissure- 3 Alveolar ducts. Ductuli alveolares. Terminal shaped spaces formed by the parietal pleura 5 branches of the respiratory bronchioles the for reception of the lungs during inspiration. walls of which contain only alveoli. A 20 Costodiaphragmatic recess. Recessus cos- 6 4 Alveolar sacs. Sacculi alveolares. Blind, ex- todiaphragmaticus. Pleural recess between panded ends of the alveolar ducts. A the descending sides of the diaphragm and the lateral wall of the thorax. B 7 5 Pulmonary alveoli. Alveoli pulmonis. Small- est outpocketings, 0.1−0.9 mm. in diameter, 21 Costomediastinal recess. Recessus costome- the thin walls of which permit the exchange diastinalis. Anterior pleural space between 8 of gases. A the costal and mediastinal pleura; it is more extensive on the left than on the right. C 6 THORACIC CAVITY. Cavitas thoracis 9 (thoracica). Internal thoracic space enclosed 22 Phrenicomediastinal recess. Recessus by the ribs and limited inferiorly by the dia- phrenicomediastinalis. Pleural recess situated phragm. B C dorsally between the diaphragm and the me- 10 diastinum. 7 Pleuropulmonary regions. Regiones pleuropulmonales. Regions connecting the pleura 23 Pulmonary ligament. Lig. pulmonale. Double 11 and lungs. fold extending from the right and left sides of the hilum, connecting the visceral and medi- 8 Endothoracic fascia. Fascia endothoracica. astinal pleura. Between both folds the lung 12 Displaceable layer of loose connective tissue abuts against the mediastinal connective between the parietal pleura and chest wall. B tissue free of pleura. B. See also p. 149 B D 13 9 Suprapleural membrane. Membrana supra- 24 Mediastinum. Thoracic area between both pleuralis [[Sibson]]. Thickened portion of the pleural sacs. It extends from the anterior sur- endothoracic fascia in the region of the face of the vertebral column to the posterior 14 pleural cupola. B surface of the sternum and from the upper 10 Phrenicopleural fascia. Fascia phrenico- thoracic aperture to the diaphragm. B 15 pleuralis. Portion of the endothoracic fascia 25 Superior mediastinum. Mediastinum su- which connects the parietal pleura with the perius. Portion of the mediastinum above the 16 diaphragm. B heart. It contains the arch of the aorta together with its branches, as well as the bra- 11 Pleural cavity. Cavitas pleuralis. Capillary fis- chiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, tra- sure-like space between the parietal and 17 chea, esophagus, vagus nerves, thoracic duct, visceral pleura containing a small amount of thymus, etc. B serous fluid. B C 18 26 Inferior mediastinum. Mediastinum inferius. 12 Pleura. Serous membrane consisting of Collective term for the following three divi- simple squamous epithelium and underlying sions. 19 connective tissue. It comprises two portions (visceral and parietal pleura) which become 27 Anterior mediastinum. Mediastinum an- continuous at the hilum. The visceral (pulmo- terius. Area between the pericardium and 20 nary) pleura covers the lungs whereas the sternum. C parietal pleura lines the chest wall, dia- 28 Middle mediastinum. Mediastinum medium. 21 phragm and mediastinum. B Area occupied by the heart, pericardium and 13 Cupula (dome) of pleura. Cupula pleurae. It phrenic nerves with their accompanying vessels. C 22 covers the apex of the lung at the superior thoracic aperture and forms the boundary be- 29 Posterior mediastinum. Mediastinum post- tween the neck and thorax. B erius. Area between the pericardium and the vertebral column. It contains the esophagus, 23 14 Visceral (pulmonary) pleura. Pleura viscer- vagus nerves, descending aorta, thoracic duct alis (pulmonalis). Portion of the pleura that and the azygos and hemiazygos veins. C 24 envelops the lung and passes into the interlobar spaces. B C 25 15 Parietal pleura. Pleura parietalis. Serous lining of the space in which the lungs lodge. B C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Respiratory system 153

9 13 1 25 2

4 14 5 15 23 6 8 12 3 24 7 4 11

11 16 8 5 10 12 9 17 18 10 20 11 A Bronchiole and B Frontal section alveolar ducts through both lungs 12

IX 16

15 29 18 246.21 19 14 28 11 20 16 17 21 27 22 C Horizontal section at level 21 21 23 of the ninth thoracic vertebra. View from below 24

1 UROGENITAL SYSTEM. Apparatus urogenitalis 26 Renal cortex. Cortex renalis. About 6 mm 1 (systema urogenitale). Urinary and genital or- thick, it consists of glomeruli and predomi- gans. nantly convoluted uriniferous tubules. With 2 2 URINARY ORGANS. Organa urinaria. the renal columns, it extends up to the wall of the renal pelvis. F 3 KIDNEY. Ren (nephros). A B F 27 Convoluted part (cortical labyrinth). Pars 3 4 Lateral margin. Margo lateralis. Convex lateral convoluta. Cortical region consisting of glomer- border of kidney. A uli and convoluted uriniferous tubules. F 4 5 Medial margin. Margo medialis. Border of the 28 Radiating part (medullary rays). Pars radi- kidney which becomes concave at the hilum. A ata. Collecting tubules coursing radially into 5 6 Renal hilum. Hilum renale. Site of entry and the cortex from the medulla. F exit of renal blood vessels and ureter. A 29 Cortical lobules. Lobuli corticales. Areas 7 Renal sinus. Sinus renalis. Very concave cavity delimited by interlobular arteries. 6 at the medial border for the renal hilum. B D 29 a Medullary rays. Radii medullares. Consisting 8 Anterior surface. Facies anterior. Curved ante- of pale collecting tubules which project into the 7 rior surface of the kidney. A D cortex. F 9 Posterior surface. Facies posterior. Nearly flat 30 Renal medulla. Medulla renalis. Medullary 8 posterior surface of the kidney. D tissue in the shape of renal pyramids and consisting of the straight portions of the urinifer- 10 Upper pole of kidney. Extremitas superior. A B ous tubules and the collecting ducts. F 9 11 Lower pole of kidney. Extremitas inferior. B 31 Renal pyramids. Pyramides renales. Six to 20 12 Renal fascia. Fascia renalis. Fibrous sheath that pyramidal areas separated by renal columns. 10 separates the adipose capsule from the per- They form the medullary substance. F irenal fat. D 32 Base of pyramid. Basis pyramidis. It lies at the 11 13 Pararenal fatty body. Corpus adiposum para- corticomedullary border. F renale. Fat pad between the posterior layer of 33 Renal papillae. Papillae renales. Rounded apical the renal fascia and the transversalis fascia. D portion of the renal pyramid projecting into the 12 14 Fatty capsule. Capsula adiposa. Fatty capsule of renal calyx. F the kidney, more prominent posteriorly and 34 Area cribrosa. Surface of renal papillae with 13 medially. D sieve-like perforations created by the openings 15 Fibrous capsule. Capsula fibrosa. Tough organ of the uriniferous tubules. F 14 capsule fused with the surface of the kidney, 35 Papillary foramina. Foramina papillaria. Holes but removable. D F in the area cribrosa produced by the openings 16 Renal segments. Segmenta renalia. Five seg- of the uriniferous tubules. 15 ments of the kidney corresponding to the blood 36 Renal columns. Columnae renales. Cortical supply regions of the branches of the renal substance which extends toward the hilum be- 16 artery. tween the renal pyramids. F 17 Superior segment. Segm. superius. Upper seg- 37 Renal corpuscle. Corpusculum renale. Com- 17 ment extending up to the posterior surface. A B posed of a glomerulus and its capsule; it lies in 18 Upper anterior segment. Segm. anterius su- the convoluted part of the cortex. E perius. A 38 Glomerulus. Capillary tuft within a renal cor- 18 19 Lower anterior segment. Segm. anterius in- puscle. E ferius. A 39 Glomerular [[Bowman’s]] capsule. Capsula 19 20 Inferior segment. Segm. inferius. It reaches as glomerularis [[Bowman’s]]. The capsule around far as the posterior and anterior surfaces. A B a capillary tuft (glomerulus) of a renal cor- 20 puscle. It is continuous with a convoluted 21 Posterior segment. Segm. posterius. B tubule. E 22 Renal (uriniferous) tubule (nephron). Tubulus 21 renalis. Tubular system representing the structural unit of the kidney in which filtration and selective reabsorption take place. C 22 23 Convoluted uriniferous tubules. [[Tubuli renales contorti]]. Tortuous parts of the renal 23 tubules. C 24 Straight segments of renal tubules. [[Tubuli 24 renales recti]]. C 25 Renal lobes. Lobi renales. Still preserved in the 25 newborn, they correspond to renal pyramids with cortical caps. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Urogenital system 155

10 23 10 1

4 17 17 2 5 18 3 8 21 23 4 19 6 7 22 5

20 20 22 6 4 7 11 24 A Kidney segments, B Kidney segments C Schema 8 anterior view posterior view of a nephron 9

12 8 15 7 10 14 11

14 12

15 13 26 12 15 27 9 36 16 D Cross-section through 28 kidney in situ 17 15 18 156.15 31 19 37 20 38 30 21 39 29a 22

23 34 32 33 24 E Glomerulus, semischematic F Section of left kidney 25

1 Renal arteries. Arteriae renales. 20 Abdominal part of ureter. Pars abdominalis. 1 2 Interlobar arteries. Arteriae interlobares. Ar- Part of ureter that extends from the renal pel- teries that run between the pyramids. B vis to the terminal line of the pelvis. 2 3 Arcuate arteries. Arteriae arcuatae. Arising 21 Pelvic part of ureter. Pars pelvica. Part of ure- from the interlobar arteries, they take an ter that extends from the terminal line to the urinary bladder. 3 arched course along the medullo-cortical border. B 22 Tunica adventitia. Superficial connective tissue which unites the ureter with the sur- 4 4 Interlobular arteries. Arteriae interlobulares. Radially oriented branches of the arcuate arter- rounding tissues and permits ureteral mobil- ies lying between two medullary rays. B ity. C 23 Tunica muscularis. Muscular layer in the wall 5 5 Afferent glomerular arteriole. Arteriola glomeru- of the ureter. C laris afferens (vas afferens). Arteriole arising 6 from an interlobular artery and entering a renal 24 Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane lined by corpuscle where it subdivides to form the capil- transitional epithelium with underlying con- lary tuft (glomerulus). B nective tissue. C 7 6 Efferent glomerular arteriole. Arteriola glomeru- 25 Urinary bladder. Vesica urinaria. Receptacle laris efferens (vas efferens). Arteriole leaving that holds about 350−500 ml or more of 8 the glomerulus and forming a capillary net- urine. D work between the convoluted tubules. B 26 Apex of urinary bladder. Apex vesicae (vesi- 9 7 Capsular branches. Rami capsulares. Small ar- calis). Anterosuperiorly directed apical portion teries passing from the cortex to the capsule. B of urinary bladder. D 8 Straight arterioles. Arteriolae rectae (vasa 27 Body of urinary bladder. Corpus vesicae. Por- 10 recta). Straight vessels coursing from the effer- tion of the urinary bladder situated between ent glomerular arterioles to the capillary net- the fundus and apex. D 11 work of the tubules or coming from the arcuate 28 Fundus of urinary bladder. Fundus vesicae. arteries into the medulla. B Posterior wall of the urinary bladder lying op- 9 Renal veins. Venae renales. posite to the apex, specifically in its lower 12 segment between the ureters. D 10 Interlobar veins. Venae interlobares. Veins coming from the periphery between the renal 29 Cervix (neck) or urinary bladder. Cervix ves- 13 pyramids. B icae. The urethra arises from it. D 11 Arcuate veins. Venae arcuatae. Veins that run 30 Median umbilical ligament. Lig. umbilicale 14 an arched course along the corticomedullary medianum. Fibrous cord derived from the ura- border. B chus; it extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus. D 15 12 Interlobular veins. Venae interlobulares. Lobular veins corresponding to the interlobular 31 Urachus. Connecting passage between the arteries. B cloaca and allantois present only during 16 embryonic development. 13 Straight venules. Venulae rectae. Fine veins in the medullary substance which open into the 17 arcuate veins. B 14 Stellate venules. Venulae stellatae. Veins form- 18 ing a stellate network beneath the capsule and emptying into the interlobular veins. B 19 15 Renal pelvis. Pelvis renalis. Funnel-shaped beginning of the ureter occupying the renal hilum. A 20 16 Renal calices. Calices renales. More or less long tubular processes of the renal pelvis that drain 21 the renal papillae. A 17 Major calices of kidney. Calices renales ma- 22 jores. Two to three primary tubular diverticula of the renal pelvis. A 23 18 Minor calices of kidney. Calices renales minores. Seven to 13 calices formed by further division of the major calices. Each receives a renal 24 papilla. A 19 Ureter. Excretory duct of the kidney situated 25 retroperitoneally. It connects the renal pelvis with the urinary bladder. A C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Urogenital system 157

1 18 2 7 14 16 18 3 17 16 4 6 17 5 5 15 17 12 6 4 7 8

3 8 19 3 9 A Left renal pelvis, frontal view 11 13 8 10 22 2 10 11

12 B Renal vessels, schematic 13

23 14

15 30 27 26 16

25 18 24 28 19 C Cross section of ureter 29 20

D Urinary bladder, sagittal section 23

1 Tunica serosa. Peritoneal covering of the uri- 24 Tunica albuginea. Tough connective tissue cap- 1 nary bladder. C sule of the testis. D 2 Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer 25 Mediastinum testis. Connective tissue mass 2 beneath the serosa of the urinary bladder. C projecting into the interior of the testis from the 3 Tunica muscularis. Entire musculature of the posterior margin of the tunica albuginea. D 3 urinary bladder with the following four parts. 26 Septa of testis. Septula testis. Connective tissue 4 Detrusor muscle of bladder. Musculus detru- partitions radiating out from the mediastinum sor vesicae. True musculature of the wall of to the tunica albuginea. D E 4 the bladder. It consists of an inner and outer 27 Lobules of testis. Lobuli testis. Compartmental- longitudinal layer as well as a middle circular ized lobules of testicular parenchyma formed by 5 layer. B C the septa. D E 5 M. pubovesicalis. Smooth muscle extending 28 Parenchyma testis. Specific testicular tissue made up of seminiferous tubules. D 6 from the lower portion of the pubic symphysis to the neck of the bladder. A 29 Convoluted seminiferous tubules. Tubuli sem- 6 M. rectovesicalis. Smooth muscle passing from iniferi contorti. Tortuous testicular tubules 7 the longitudinal musculature of the rectum to which occupy the lobules of the testis. E the lateral base (fundus) of the bladder. A 30 Straight seminiferous tubules. Tubuli semi- 8 7 M. rectourethralis. Smooth muscle extending niferi recti. Short straight tubules extending from the longitudinal muscules of the rectum to from the convoluted seminiferous tubules to the the urethra in males. See p. 126.22 A rete testis. E 9 8 Tela submucosa. Connective tissue layer 31 Rete testis. Network of canals within the medi- beneath the mucosa of the bladder. It is absent in astinum testis. Lined by simple cuboidal 10 the trigone. C epithelium, they connect the straight seminiferous tubules with the efferent ductules. E 9 Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of the uri- 11 nary bladder. It is lined by transitional 32 Efferent ductules of testis. Ductuli efferentes epithelium. C testis. 10−12 ductulus between the rete testis and the duct of the epididymis. D E 10 Trigone of bladder. Trigonum vesicae. Triangu- 12 lar region between the openings of the ureters and the exit site of the urethra. Here the mucosa 13 is firmly united with the muscularis and con- sequently there are no folds. B 14 11 Interureteric ridge. Plica interureterica. Trans- verse mucosal fold between the two ureteric openings. B 15 12 Ostium ureteris. Slit-like opening of the ureter. B 16 13 Ostium urethrae internum. Initial portion of the urethra at the anterior apex of the trigone. B 17 14 Uvula of bladder. Uvula vesicae. Sagittal ridge located behind the urethral opening and above the middle lobe of the prostate. B 18 15 INTERNAL MALE GENITALIA: Organa genitalia masculina interna. 19 16 Testis (Orchis). It measures about 5 cm in length. D E 20 17 Superior end of testis. Extremitas superior. D 18 Inferior end of testis. Extremitas inferior. D 21 19 Lateral, flattened surface of testis. Facies lateralis. D 22 20 Medial, flattened surface of testis. Facies medialis. D 21 Anterior, free margin of testis. Margo anterior. 23 D 22 Posterior margin of testis. Margo posterior, at- 24 tached to a serous reflected fold. D 23 Tunica vaginalis testis. Serous covering of the 25 testis formed developmentally by the vaginal process of the peritoneum. See also p. 162.1−6 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Urogenital system 159

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6 5

5 7 6

12 A Muscles of neck of urinary bladder 7 11 10 8 9 14 8 13 9

10 4 11

2 B Urinary bladder and prostate, 13 opened, frontal view 1 C Wall of urinary bladder 14

32 15 17 16

17 26 30 24 29 18 27 25 160.1 22 26 19 31 27 20 21 28 30 21

19 26 22

18 24 D Testicle and epididymis E Testicle, schematic 25

1 Epididymis. Lying on the posteromedial surface 19 Ejaculatory duct. Ductus ejaculatorius. Sper- 1 of the testis, it serves as a storage receptacle for matic duct formed by the union of the ductus sperm. A deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle. It 2 2 Head of epididymis. Caput epididymidis. It is traverses the prostate and empties into the occupied by the efferent ductules. A prostatic urethra. B 20 Seminal vesicle. Vesicula seminalis. Er- 3 3 Body of epididymis. Corpus epididymidis. Middle segment of the epididymis consisting of roneously designated as a receptacle for sperm, the convolutions of the duct of the epididymis. A this organ is a vesicular gland which consists of a coiled tube, about 12 cm in length. B C 4 4 Tail of epididymis. Cauda epididymidis. Infe- 21 Tunica adventitia. Connective tissue covering rior, terminal portion of the epididymis con- of the seminal vesicle. C 5 sisting of the convolutions of the duct of the epididymis. A 22 Tunica muscularis. Muscular layer in the wall of the seminal vesicle. C 6 5 Lobules (cones) of epididymis. Lobuli coni epididymidis. Wedge-shaped lobules in the 23 Tunica mucosa. Multilocular mucous mem- head of the epididymis separated by connective brane of the seminal vesicle lined by a simple 7 tissue and formed by one or two efferent duc- secretory epithelium. C tules. A 24 Excretory duct. Ductus excretorius. Efferent 8 6 Duct of epididymis. Ductus epididymidis. duct of the seminal vesicle. It unites with the Coiled duct, 5−6 meters long, beginning at the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct. B end of the head of the epididymis where it re- 25 Spermatic cord. [[Funiculus spermaticus]]. It 9 ceives the efferent ductules. It terminates at the consists of the ductus deferens, accompanying end of the tail where it is continuous with the vessels, nerves and connective tissue, together 10 ductus deferens. A with its coverings. D 7 Aberrant ductules. Ductuli aberrantes. Blind 26 Tunicae funiculi spermatici. Coverings of the branches of the efferent ductules and duct of the spermatic cord and the testis, described below. 11 epididymis representing vestiges of the caudal D mesonephric tubules. 27 External spermatic fascia. Fascie spermatica 12 8 [Ductulus aberrans superior]. Superior aber- externa. Outer covering of the spermatic cord, rant ductule in the head of the epididymis. which is continuous with the fascia of the external oblique m. of the abdomen. It also envelops 9 [Ductulus aberrans inferior]. Inferior aber- 13 the testis together with its remaining coverings. rant ductule in the tail of the epididymis. A D 10 Appendix testis. Vesicular appendage superior 14 28 M. cremaster. Elevator of the testis. It is derived to the testis (vestige of the paramesonephric mainly from internal abdominal oblique duct). A muscle. D 15 11 [Appendix epididymidis]. Appendix of epid- 29 Cremasteric fascia. Fascia cremasterica. Con- idymis. Pedunculate appendage at the head of nective tissue on and between the cremaster 16 the epididymis (vestige of the mesonephros). A muscle fibers. D 12 Paradidymis. Bilateral blind ductules superior 30 Internal spermatic fascia. Fascia spermatica in- 17 to the head of the epididymis and in front of the terna [tunica vaginalis communis]]. The finger- spermatic cord (remnant of mesonephric like inner covering of the spermatic cord, which tubules). A is derived from the transverse fascia. It lies 18 13 Ductus deferens. Spermatic duct, about 60 cm beneath the cremaster muscle and surrounds long, between the epididymis and the seminal the testis, epididymis and ductus deferens to- 19 vesicle. It is initially coiled and then becomes gether with blood vessels and nerves. D straight. A B D E 31 Vestige of vaginal process. [Vestigium proces- 14 Ampulla of ductus deferens. Ampulla ductus sus vaginalis]. Remnant of the not completely 20 deferentis. Oval enlargement of ductus deferens obliterated embryological vaginal process of the just prior to joining the duct of the seminal ves- peritoneum. D 21 icle. B 15 Diverticula of ampulla. Diverticula ampullae. Lateral sacculations in the wall of the ampulla of 22 the ductus deferens. B 16 Tunica adventitia. Connective tissue covering 23 of the ductus deferens. E 17 Tunica muscularis. Relatively very thick muscle 24 layer of the ductus deferens. E 18 Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of ductus 25 deferens lined by pseudostratified, stereocil- iated, columnar epithelium. E Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Urogenital system 161

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3 14 4 20 20 5 24 13 6 19 9 7

4 8

6 9

A Testicle and epididymis B Postate and seminal vesicle, 10 opened, frontal view 11 13 176.23 12 21 13 22 86.28 23 26 14

25 15

27 16 C Seminal vesicle, histological section 28 31 17

29 18 30 19 16 20 17 18 21 22

23 E Sperm duct (ductus deferens), D Coverings of the spermatic cross section cord and the testis 24 25

1 Tunica vaginalis testis. Double-layered serous 19 Capsule of prostate. Capsula prostatica. Pro- 1 covering of the testis, a remnant of the vaginal vided with smooth muscle fibers, it is firmly process of the peritoneum. A fused to the prostate. D 2 2 Parietal layer. Lamina parietalis [[peri- 20 Parenchyma. Glandular component of the pros- orchium]]. External layer of the serous tunica tate. vaginalis testis. A 21 Prostatic ductules. Ductuli prostatici. 15−30 3 3 Visceral layer. Lamina visceralis [[eporchium]]. glandular excretory ductules which open into Layer of the tunica vaginalis testis that attaches the prostatic urethra. C 4 superiorly to the testis. A 22 Substantia muscularis.Smoothmusclesituated 4 Superior ligament of epididymis. Lig. epid- between the glandular alveoli. C 5 idymidis superius. Reflected fold of the tunica 23 M. puboprostaticus. Tracts of smooth muscle vaginalis testis located superiorly at the head of contained within the puboprostatic (pubovesi- the epididymis. A cal) ligament extending from the pubic symphy- 6 5 Inferior ligament of epididymis. Lig. epididy- sis to the prostate. midis inferius. Reflected fold of the tunica vagi- 24 Bulbourethral [[Cowper’s]] gland. Glandula 7 nalis testis situated inferiorly at the tail of the bulbourethralis [[Cowper’s]]. Pea-sized mucous epididymis. A gland located in the urogenital diaphragm. E 6 Sinus of epididymis. Sinus epididymidis. Ser- 25 Duct of bulbourethral gland. Ductus gl. bul- 8 ous cleft between the testis and epididymis. It is bourethralis.Excretoryductofthebulbourethral accessible laterally and is bordered above and gland, 3−4 cm long. E 9 below by the superior and inferior ligaments of 26 EXTERNAL MALE GENITALIA. Organa genitalia the epididymis. A masculina externa. E 7 Descent of testis. [[Descensus testis]]. Down- 27 Penis. Male copulatory organ consisting of 10 ward migration of the fetal testis during the last cavernous bodies and the urethra. E weeks of pregnancy. It descends from the peri- 28 Root of penis. Radix penis. Portion of the penis 11 toneal cavity into the scrotal sac via the inguinal attached to the pubis. E canal. 29 Body (shaft) of penis. Corpus penis. Portion of 8 [[Gubernaculum testis]].Fetalconnectivetissue the penis situated between the root and the 12 band which arises from the caudal gonadal fold glans. E and guides the testis during its descent. 30 Crus penis. Cavernous body attached to the infe- 13 9 Genitoinguinal ligament. [[Lig. genitoingui- rior ramus of the pubis. E nale]]. Embryonic precursor of the guber- 31 Dorsum penis. Flattened upper surface of penis. naculum testis. 14 32 Urethral surface. Facies urethralis. Underside of 10 Prostate. Prostata (glandula prostatica). Chest- penis. It bears the urethra within the corpus nut-sizedorganconsistingof30−50tubulo-alve- spongiosum. E 15 olarglands.Situatedbelowtheurinarybladder,it is penetrated by the urethra. B C D 11 Base of prostate. Basis prostatae. Part of the 16 prostate fused with the urinary bladder. B 12 Apex of prostate. Apex prostatae. Portion of 17 prostate directed downward and forward and containing the urethra. B 18 13 Anterior surface. Facies anterior. Surface of the prostate facing the symphysis. B D 14 Posterior surface. Facies posterior. Surface of 19 the prostate facing the rectum. B 15 Inferolateral surface. Facies inferolateralis. Sur- 20 face of the prostate directed downward and lateral. D 21 16 Right/left lobe. Lobus (dexter/sinister). Part of the prostate arising from the caudal anlage. B D 17 Isthmus of prostate.Isthmusprostatae.Median 22 part of the prostate located in front of the urethra and connecting the right and left lobes. It is 23 devoid of glands and possesses a fibromuscular stroma. D 18 Middle lobe. [Lobus medius]. Prostatic lobe sit- 24 uated between the ejaculatory duct and the urethra. It tends to undergo hormone-induced 25 hypertrophy in the elderly, thus closing the urethral canal like a valve. B D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Urogenital system 163

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18 5 6 2 1 13 3 6 14 5 7

16 8 12 9

10 A Right testicle with epididymis and B Prostate, sagittal section investing layers, lateral view 11 21 12

21 14

29 27 16

17 C Prostate, histologic view 32 18 13 19 15 17 19 25 20

16 16 30 30 21 18 28 28 22

24 23 D Prostate, horizontal section E Penis from below 24

1 Glans penis. Expanded end of the corpus spon- 22 Preputial glands. Gll. preputiales. Sebaceous 1 giosum penis. A D glands, mainly on the corona of the glans. 2 Corona glandis. Raised posterior margin of the 23 Male urethra. Urethra masculina. D 2 glans. A D 24 Prostatic part of urethra. Pars prostatica. Por- 3 Septum glandis. Median partition in the glans. tion of male urethra passing through the pros- 3 C tate. D 4 Collum glandis. Neck of glans. Constricted por- 25 Urethral crest.Cristaurethralis.Mucosalfoldin tion behind the corona. A the dorsal wall of the prostatic urethra continu- 4 ous with the uvula of the urinary bladder. D 5 Prepuce (foreskin) of penis. Preputium penis. Double layer of skin over the glans. A 26 Colliculus seminalis. Elevated portion (veru- 5 montanum) of the urethral crest containing the 6 Frenulum of prepuce. Frenulum preputii. Re- openings of the ejaculatory duct. D flected fold passing from the prepuce to the un- 6 derside of the glans. A 27 Prostatic utricle. Utriculus prostaticus. Blind sac in the colliculus seminalis measuring up to 7 Raphe penis. Seam on the skin on the underside 1 cm in length and representing a rudiment of of the penis that forms during development. B 7 the paramesonephric duct. D 8 Corpus cavernosum penis. Cavernous body 28 Prostatic sinus. Sinus prostaticus. Furrow on 8 divided into two halves by the septum of the both sides of the colliculus seminalis containing penis. A B D the openings of the prostatic ductules. D 9 9 Corpus spongiosum penis.Cavernousbodysur- 29 Membranous part of urethra. Pars mem- rounding the urethra. A B D branacea. Portion of the male urethra passing 10 Bulb of penis. Bulbus penis. Posterior thickened through the urogenital diaphragm. D 10 end of the corpus spongiosum. D 30 Spongy part of urethra.Parsspongiosa.Portion 11 Tunica albuginea of corpora cavernosa.Tunica of male urethra surrounded by the corpus spon- 11 albuginea corporum cavernosorum. Tough con- giosum. D nective tissue covering of the corpora cavernosa. 31 Navicular fossa of urethra. Fossa navicularis 12 B urethrae. Oval dilatation of the male urethra 12 Tunica albuginea of corpus spongiosum. before its external opening. A D Tunica albuginea corporis spongiosi. Less firm 13 32 Valveofnavicularfossa.[Valvulafossaenavic- connective tissue covering of the corpus spon- ularis]. Mucosal fold on the upper wall of the giosum. B navicular fossa. 14 13 Septum of penis. Septum penis [[septum pec- 33 External urethral orifice. Ostium urethrae ex- tiniforme]]. Pectinate partition between the ternum. D 15 right and left corpus cavernosum. Gaps are present. B 34 Urethral lacunae. Lacunae urethrales. Numer- ous outpocketings in the urethral mucosa with 14 Trabeculae corporum cavernosorum. Connec- the openings of the urethral glands. D 16 tivetissuetractswithinthecorporacavernosain- 35 Urethral glands. Gll. urethrales. Small mucous terspersed with smooth muscle. A B D glands opening into the urethral lacunae. 17 15 Trabeculae corporis spongiosi. Connective 36 Ductus (canales) paraurethrales. Inconstant tissue tracts within the corpus spongiosum in- paraurethralductsthatdraintheurethralglands. terspersed with smooth muscle. B 18 They open in the vicinity of the external urethral 16 Cavernae corporum cavernosorum. Wide- orifice. meshed, blood-filled spaces within the corpora 19 cavernosa. B D 17 Cavernae corporis spongiosi Blood-filled, 20 finely meshed spongy network within the corpus spongiosum. A B 21 18 Helicine arteries. Arteriae helicinae. Coiled branches of the deep artery of the penis. D 22 19 Cavernous veins. Vena cavernosae. Dilated veins in the cavernous bodies. 23 20 Superficial fascia of penis. Fascia penis superficialis. Delicate subcutaneous fascia with individual smooth muscle fibers, continuous with 24 the tunica dartos of the scrotum. B 21 Deep fascia of penis. Fascia penis profunda. 25 Deeper, somewhat tougher fascia surrounding the three cavernous bodies. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Urogenital system 165

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2 1 3

6 4

9 17 31 5

A End of penis, longitudinal section 6

25 7 250.11 252.5 24 26 20 27 8 21 28 346.22 9 11 224.17 29 10 10

11 11 13 20 14 12 21 8 16 13 23 14

14 9 15 18 15

16 30 127 17 8 17 B Penis, cross section 16 9 18

34 19

20 2 21 31 1 22

23 33

D Penis with prostate and base of bladder 24 C Glans, cross-section 3 opened from dorsal up to the urethra 25

1 Scrotum. The scrotal sac containing the two 23 Follicular epithelium. Epithelium folliculare 1 testes. A (stratum granulosum). Granular, stratified layer 2 Raphe of scrotum. Raphe scroti (scrotalis). of follicular epithelial cells. B 2 Developmental median skin suture on the 24 Cumulus oophorus (ovifer). Mass of follicular scrotum. A epithelial cells projecting into the antrum of the follicle. It surrounds the ovum. B C 3 3 Septum of scrotum. Septum scroti (scrotale). Median connective tissue partition in the 25 Ovum (oocyte). Ovocytus. B scrotum. A 26 Corpus luteum. Endocrine gland arising from 4 4 Dartos muscle. Tunica [musculus] dartos. Layer the follicular and thecal cells of the ruptured fol- of subcutaneous smooth muscle fibers that licle. C 5 wrinkle the skin of the scrotum. A 27 Corpus albicans.Connectivetissuereplacement 5 INTERNAL FEMALE GENITALIA. Organa geni- of the degenerated corpus luteum. C 6 talia feminina interna. B C D 28 Ovarian ligament. Lig. ovarii proprium [[chorda 6 Ovary. Ovarium. Intraperitoneal, almond- utero-ovarica]]. Ligament between the uterine shaped gonad, about 2.5−4.5 cm long and 0.5− extremity of the ovary and the tubal angle. It 7 1 cm thick. C D arises from the caudal gonadal fold. D 7 Hilum of ovary. Hilum ovarii. Place of entry and 29 Uterine (Fallopian) tube, oviduct. Tuba uterina 8 exit of the ovarian vessels and attachment site of (salpinx). Thin connection tube, about 10 cm in the mesovarium. C length, extending from the region of the ovary to 9 8 Medial surface. Facies medialis. Surface of the the uterus. D ovary directed medial to the intrapelvic space. D 30 Abdominal opening of uterine tube. Ostium 9 Lateral surface. Facies lateralis. Surface of the abdominale tubae uterinae. Opening at the base 10 ovary adjoining the wall of the pelvis. D of the infundibulum which communicates with the peritoneal cavity. D 10 Free margin. Margo liber. Free margin of the 11 ovary lying opposite the hilum of the ovary. C D 31 Infundibulum of uterine tube. Infundibulum tubae uterinae. Funnel-shaped beginning of the 11 Mesovarian border. Margo mesovaricus. Mar- uterine tube at the ovary. D 12 gin of attachment of the mesovarium lying opposite the free margin. D 32 Fimbriae of uterine tube. Fimbriae tubae. Fringe-like processes of the infundibulum. D 13 12 Tubal extremity. Extremitas tubaria (tubalis). Upper pole of the ovary that faces the uterine 33 Ovarian fimbria. Fimbria ovarica. An especially tube. D long fimbria projecting from the base of the infundibulum to the ovary where it is attached. D 14 13 Uterine extremity. Extremitas uterina. Lower pole of the ovary facing the uterus. D 34 Ampulla of uterine tube. Ampulla tubae uterinae. Lateral 2/3 of the tube. Its lumen tapers 15 14 Tunica albuginea. Thin organ capsule beneath toward the isthmus. D the epithelial covering of the ovary, sometimes called the ”germinal epithelium.” C 35 Isthmus of uterine tube. Isthmus tubae uter- 16 inae. Narrow medial 1/3 of the tube. D 15 Stroma of ovary. Stroma ovarii. Highly nu- cleated connective tissue framework of the 36 Uterine part of uterine tube. Pars uterina. Por- 17 ovary. C tion of the tube within the wall of the uterus. D 16 Cortex of ovary. Cortex ovarii. Cortical region of 37 Uterine opening of uterine tube. Ostium uter- 18 the ovary with follicles of variable maturity. C inum tubae. Opening of the tube into the uterine 17 Medulla of ovary. Medulla ovarii. Tissue and cavity. D 19 massofbloodvesselsthatformthecentralareaof the ovary. C 18 Primary ovarian follicles. Folliculi ovarici pri- 20 marii. Immature ovarian follicles, each con- sistingofanovumsurroundedbyasinglelayerof 21 follicular epithelial cells without a lumen. C 19 Vesicular ovarian [[Graafian]] follicles.Folliculi 22 ovarici vesiculosi. Maturing ovarian follicles, each with a fluid-filled cavity (antrum). B C 20 [[Thecae folliculi]]. Specific connective tissue 23 investments of the follicles. B 21 Theca externa. External, fibrous layer of the 24 theca folliculi. B 22 Theca interna. Internal cell and vessel-rich 25 layer of the theca folliculi. It produces estradiol when the follicle is mature. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Urogenital system 167

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4 6

1 B Ripening follicle 7

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A Scrotum, frontal view 9 26 19 10

17 12 10 15 13

C 18 27 7 Ovary 15 16 16 34 35 36 12 29 11 13 28 37 168.9 17

31 19

20 6 8 32 30 33 21 22 10 9 23 D Uterine tube, ovary and uterus, posterior view 24

1 Tunica serosa.Peritonealcoveringoftheuterine 22 Palmate folds. Plicae palmatae. Mucosal folds 1 tube. B in the cervix organized like leaves of a palm tree. 2 Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer beneath C 2 the peritoneal covering of the uterine tube. B 23 Cervical glands Gll. cervicalis (uteri). Branched, 3 Tunica muscularis.Layerofmuscleinthewallof tubular mucous glands in the mucosa of the cervix. 3 the uterine tube. B 4 Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane lined by cil- 24 Parametrium. Connective tissue between the iated columnar epithelium with glandular cells two layers of the broad ligament. A 4 forming abundantly branched folds. B 25 Paracervix. Continuation of the parametrium 5 Tubal folds. Plicae tubariae (tubales). Exten- into the cervical region. 5 sively branched mucosal folds which in some 26 Tunica serosa (perimetrium). Peritoneal cover- areasfilluptheentirelumenoftheuterinetube.B ing of the uterus. A 6 6 Uterus [[Metra]]. It measures about 7.5 cm in 27 Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer beneath length. A C the peritoneal covering of the uterus. A 7 Body of uterus. Corpus uteri. Portion of the 7 28 Tunica muscularis (myometrium). Very thick uterus situated between the cervix and fundus. muscular layer of the wall of the uterus. Its fibers Itslumenisflattenedfromanteriortoposterior.C are arranged in a spiral system. A 8 8 Fundus of uterus. Fundus uteri. Dome of the 29 Tunica mucosa (endometrium). Mucous mem- uterus lying above the entrance of the uterine brane of uterus lined by simple columnar tube. C 9 epithelium and glands. It undergoes changes 9 Right/left horn of uterus. Cornu uteri dextrum/ corresponding to the menstrual cycle. A sinistrum. Pointed extension of the uterus at the 10 entrance of the uterine tube owing to the in- 30 Uterine glands. Gll. uterinae. Simple, branched, complete union of both paramesonephric ducts. tubular glands within the endometrium. A 11 See p. 167 D 31 M. recto-uterinus. Smooth muscle within the 10 Right/left margin of uterus. Margo uteri dex- rectouterine fold. C ter/sinister. Blunt lateral margins of the uterus to 32 Round ligament of uterus. Lig. teres uteri. 12 which the broad ligament of the uterus is at- Derived from the caudal gonadal fold, it extends tached. A fromthetubeangletothelabiummajusbywayof 13 11 Intestinal surface. Facies intestinalis. Surface of the broad ligament and the inguinal canal. C uterus facing posterosuperiorly and bordering 33 [[Processus vaginalis peritonei]]. Transient on the intestine. C 14 developmental diverticulum of the peritoneum 12 Cavity of uterus. Cavitas uteri. It is lined by mu- extending through the inguinal canal. In rare cosa. A C cases it is the site of a congenital inguinal hernia in the female. 15 13 Vesical surface. Facies vesicalis. Uterine surface directed anteroinferiorly and facing the urinary 16 bladder. C 14 Isthmus uteri. Portion of the uterus between the 17 body and cervix. It is about 1 cm long. C 15 Cervix uteri. More tubular lower third of the uterusadjacenttotheisthmusandabout2.5 cm 18 long. C 16 Supravaginal part of cervix.Portiosupravagi- 19 nalis cervicis. Portion of the cervix surrounded on all sides by connective tissue. C 20 17 Vaginal part of cervix. Portio vaginalis cervicis. Cone-shaped portion of the cervix that projects into the vagina and is covered on all sides by 21 vaginal epithelium. C 18 External os of uterus. Ostium uteri. Opening 22 of the uterine lumen into the vagina. It is pit-like in nullipara and becomes slit-like after childbirth. C 23 19 Anterior lip. Labium anterius. Anterior border of the uterine ostium. C 24 20 Posterior lip. Labium posterius. Posterior border of uterine ostium. C 25 21 Cervical canal. Canalis cervicis uteri. Tube- shaped canal of the cervix. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Urogenital system 169

27 26 1

28 2

12 24 5

6 28 24 10 10 7

30 29 8 1 A Cross section of uterus 9 2 10 5 11 3 12

6 12 11 13

B Cross section of uterine tube4 14

22 31 16

32 7 17 8 21 18 13 20 18 19 19 20

23 14 16 17 24 C Sagittal section of female pelvis 15 25

1 Vagina. Flat canal, about 10 cm long, leading 21 Paroophoron. Tubules derived from the caudal 1 into the uterus. A part of the mesonephros and situated between 2 Fornix vaginae.Recessbetweenthevaginalpart the lowermost branches of the ovarian artery. B 2 of the cervix and the wall of the vagina. A 22 Vestigial ductus deferens. [Ductus deferens 3 Anterior part.Parsanterior.Anterior,shallower vestigialis]. Remains of the embryonic mesonephric duct in the female. 3 fornix of the vagina. A 4 Posterior part. Pars posterior. Posterior fornix 23 FEMALE EXTERNAL SEX ORGANS. Organa geni- of the vagina with its clinically very significant talia feminina externa. C D 4 relationship to the peritoneal cavity. A 24 Female pudendum. Pudendum femininum. Ex- 5 Lateral part. Pars lateralis. Lateral connection ternal female genitalia. C D 5 between the anterior and posterior parts of the 25 Mons pubis. Pad of fat situated in front of and fornix vaginae. above the pubic symphysis. C 6 6 Anterior wall of vagina. Paries anterior. A 26 Labium majus pudendi. Greater lip of the pu- 7 Posterior wall of vagina. Paries posterior. A dendum. A fold of skin the outer surface of which is covered with hair. The internal surface is 7 8 Hymen. Cutaneous fold emanating especially smooth and hairless, resembling mucosa. C from the posterior wall of the vagina and, as a virginal membrane, partially closing off the en- 27 Anterior labial commissure. Commissura la- 8 trance (introitus) to the vagina. C biorum anterior. Anterior right and left labia majora. C 9 Hymenal caruncle.Carunculaehymenales.Fle- 9 shyremainsofthehymeninthewallofthevagina 28 Posterior labial commissure. Commissura la- after childbirth. A D biorum posterior. Posterior junction of the labia majora. C 10 10 Tunica muscularis. Relatively thin layer of muscle in the vagina. A 29 Pudendal fissure. Rima pudendi. Fissure between the labia majora. C 11 11 Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of the vaginalinedbyglycogen-rich,stratified,nonker- 30 Labium minus pudendi. Thinner fold of skin atinized squamous epithelium. A devoid of hair and provided with abundant sebaceous glands. C 12 12 Rugae vaginales. Transverse folds (rugae) in the vaginal mucosa. A 31 Frenulum of pudendal labia. Frenulum labiorum pudendi. Sharp-edged fold in front of the 13 13 Columns of rugae. Columnae rugarum. Two posterior labial commissure where the labia longitudinal ridges in the anterior and posterior minora meet. C 14 walls of the vagina produced by underlying venous plexuses. 32 Vestibule of vagina. Vestibulum vaginae. Space enclosed by the labia minora. C 14 Posterior column of rugae. Columna rugarum 15 posterior. It lies in the posterior wall of the 33 Fossa of vestibule of vagina. Fossa vestibuli vagina. A D vaginae. Part of the vestibule between the frenulum and the vaginal opening. C 16 15 Anterior column of rugae. Columna rugarum anterior.Itliesintheanteriorwallofthevagina.A 34 Bulb of vestibule.Bulbusvestibuli.Bodyoferec- D tile tissue corresponding to the male corpus 17 spongiosum, found primarily at the root of the 16 Urethral carina of vagina. Carina urethralis labia majora. C vaginae. Longitudinal ridge produced by the 18 urethra in the lower part of the anterior column 35 Intermediate part of bulb of vestibule. Pars of the rugae. A C D intermedia [commissura] bulborum. Bridge uniting right and left bulbi vestibuli at the cli- 19 16 a Tunica spongiosa. Layer of spongy vascular toris. plexuses outside of the tunica muscularis. A 20 17 Epoophoron. Developmental derivative of the mesonephros within the mesosalpinx. B 18 Duct of epoöphoron. Ductus epoophorontis 21 longitudinalis. Remnant of the mesonephric duct and some of its tubules. It lies in the me- 22 sosalpinx. B 19 Transverse ductules of epoöphoron. Ductuli 23 transversi epoöphorontis. Remains of 10−20 transversely coursing mesonephric tubules which open into the duct of the epoophoron. B 24 20 Appendices vesiculosae. Dispersed remains of mesonephric tubules in the vicinity of the infun- 25 dibulum of the uterine tube. They terminate in vesicles. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Urogenital system 171

1 4 20 2 3 17 3

19 7 4 18 10 5 1 11 6 21 6 12 14 15 16a 7 16a 8

16 9 9

11 A Urinary bladder, urethra, vagina, B Development of the female uterus and rectum, sagittal section urogenital system 12

25 14 27 15 29 26 16

34 30 18 16 32 16 15 19 9 172.3 8 20 33 14 31 21 28 22

C External female virginal genitalia D External female genitalia 23 24

1 Orifice (introitus) of vagina. Ostium vaginae. 20 Paraurethral duct. [Ductus paraurethrales]. 1 Opening of vagina into vestibule. A Glandular duct, 1−2 cm long, which opens into 2 Lesser vestibular glands. Gll. vestibulares the female urethra near the urethral orifice. D 2 minores. Simple, tubular mucosal glands near 21 Urethral crest. Crista urethralis. A thick longi- the urethra. tudinal fold in the posterior wall of the female urethra. D 3 3 Greater vestibular [[Bartholin’s]] gland. Gl. vestibularis major [[Bartholini]]. Pea-sized 22 EMBRYOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY. Nomina mucousglandsituatedposteriorlyintheurogen- ontogenetica. 4 italdiaphragm.Itopensintothelowerthirdofthe 23 Decidual membranes. [[Membranae deciduae]]. vestibule between the labium minus and hymen Mucous membranes of the pregnant uterus. C or hymenal caruncle. A 5 24 Decidua parietalis.Mucosalliningofthepartof 4 Clitoris. Erectile portion of the female puden- the uterine wall not occupied by the embryo. C dum. Its two cavernous bodies unite at the ante- 6 riorendsofthelabiaminoratoformtheglanscli- 25 Decidua capsularis. Uterine mucosa between toridis. A the embryo and the uterine cavity. C 26 Decidua basalis. Mucous membrane between 7 5 Crus of clitoris. Crus clitoridis. Portion of the cli- the embryo and the uterine wall. C toris attached to the inferior pubic ramus. A 27 Placenta. Organ of metabolic interchange be- 6 Body of clitoris. Corpus clitoridis. Shaft of cli- 8 tween mother and fetus. It consists of tropho- toris formed by the two cavernous bodies. A blast and uterine mucosa (endometrium). E 7 Glans of clitoris. Glans clitoridis. Acorn-shaped 9 28 Uterine part. [[Pars uterina]]. Part of the cap of the clitoris connected with the bulb of the placenta consisting of the basal plate (decidua vestibule by a thin cord. A 10 basalis) and placental septa. E 8 Frenulum of clitoris. Frenulum clitoridis. 29 Fetal part. [[Pars fetalis]]. Part of the placenta Double fold approaching the clitoris inferiorly consisting of the chorion and amnion. E 11 from the labia minora. A 30 Umbilical cord. Funiculus umbilicalis. Cord 9 Prepuce of clitoris. Preputium clitoridis. Fold derived from the embryological connecting 12 formed by the union of the two folds of the labia stalk. E minora above the clitoris. A 31 Primordial kidney. Mesonephros. Develops 13 10 CORPUS CAVERNOSUM OF CLITORIS. Corpus subsequent to the pronephros and is involved in cavernosum clitoridis (dextrum/sinistrum). the development of the permanent meta- Right and left cavernous bodies that join to form nephros. B 14 the body of the clitoris. A 32 Mesonephric [Wolffian] duct. Ductus mesone- 11 Septum of corpus cavernosum. Septum cor- phricus. Excretory duct formed by the prone- 15 porum cavernosorum. Incomplete connective phros. It forms the ductus deferens in the male. B tissue partition between the right and left corpora cavernosa. 33 Paramesonephric [[Müllerian]] duct. Ductus 16 paramesonephricus. Duct formed by an 12 Fascia clitoridis. Connective tissue layer cover- epithelial invagination lateral to the mesone- ing the clitoris. phric duct. It gives rise to the uterus, uterine tube 17 13 Urethra feminina. Female urethra. Canal for and a part of the vagina. B passage of urine in females, about 2.5 to 4 cm 34 Primitive urogenital sinus. Sinus urogenitalis 18 long. D primitivus. Anterior portion of the cloaca sepa- 14 External opening of female urethra. Ostium ratedbytheembryonicurorectalseptum.Itgives 19 urethrae externum femininae. It is situated rise to the inferior pole of the urinary bladder, 2−3 cm below the clitoris. A urethra and vestibule of the vagina. B 15 Tunica muscularis. Layer of female urethra con- 20 sisting primarily of circular smooth muscle fibers. D 21 16 Tunica spongiosa. Submucosal layer of erectile tissue containing a plexus of veins. D 22 17 Tunica mucosa. Mucous coat of the female urethra.Thepartleavingthebladderislinedwith transitional epithelium, the more distal part by 23 stratified columnar epithelium. D 18 Urethral glands. Gll. urethrales. Small mucous 24 glands opening into the urethra. D 19 Urethral lacunae. Lacunae urethrales. Small 25 pits in the urethral mucosa into which the urethral glands open. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Urogenital system 173

6 9 4 10 4 7 8 31 5

5 6 14 32 7 33

1 8 3 9

34 10

A External female genitalia, B Development of the 11 with pubic bone female urogenital system 12

26 13 25 14 24 15

C Gravid uterus, 30 16 schematic 17 16 15 17 18

19 19 20 21 29 21 20 22 18 28 23

24 D Female urethra E Placenta, schematic 25

1 PERINEUM. Segment between anus and geni- 19 Parietal pelvic fascia. Fascia pelvis parietalis. 1 talia. Portionofthepelvicfascialiningthepelvicwall.A 2 Perineal raphe. Raphe perinealis. Raphe along B 2 the medial line of the perineum; it is continuous 20 Obturator fascia. Fascia obturatoria. Especially with the scrotal raphe. strong portion of the pelvic fascia situated on the obturator internus muscle. A B 3 3 Perineal muscles. Musculi perinei (perineales). 4 Perineal body.Centraltendonofperineum.Cen- 21 Visceral pelvic (endopelvic) fascia. Fascia trum tendineum perinei. Tough fibromuscular pelvis visceralis [[f. endopelvina]]. Portion of the 4 massinthemedianplaneoftheperineum where pelvic fascia that invests the pelvic viscera. B the perineal muscles unite between the rectum 22 Prostatic fascia. Fascia prostatae. Fascia of pros- 5 and vagina or urethra. A tate which fuses with the surrounding tissues. C 5 PELVIC DIAPHRAGM. Diaphragma pelvis. 23 Peritoneoperineal fascia. Fascie peritoneoper- Muscular floor of pelvis formed mainly by the le- inealis. Collective term for 24 and 25. 6 vator ani muscle. A B 24 Rectovesical septum. Septum rectovesicale. 6 M. levator ani. Funnel-shaped muscle extend- Connective tissue partition between the rectum 7 ing from the pubis and obturator fascia to the and urinary bladder. It is a part of the pelvic and anus and the anococcygeal ligament. I: Pudendal prostatic fascia. C 8 nerve and S3−4. A B 25 Rectovaginal septum. Septum rectovaginale. 7 M. pubococcygeus. Fibers of the levator ani Connective tissue partition between the rectum passing from the pubis to the perineal body, and vagina. It is a part of the pelvic fascia. 9 sphincter ani muscle and coccyx. A B 26 Superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm. Fascia 8 M. levator prostatae (m. pubovaginalis). diaphragmatis pelvis superior. Fascial covering 10 Fibers of the pubococcygeus muscle radiating on the superior surface of the pelvic diaphragm into the fascia of the prostate or the wall of the (facing the pelvis). B vagina. A 27 Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia. Arcus ten- 11 9 M. puborectalis. Muscle running posteriorly dineus fasciae pelvis. Tendinous reinforcement from the pubis and looping around the perineal of the pelvic fascia that arches from the symphy- 12 flexure of the rectum. A sis downward to the ischial spine. It corresponds 10 M. iliococcygeus. Muscle passing from the ten- tothebandwherethevisceralvesselsandnerves leave the lateral wall of the pelvis and where the 13 dinous arch of the levator ani to the coccyx and the anococcygeal ligament. A B pelvic connective tissue is especially firmly united with the pelvic wall. A 11 Tendinous arch of levator ani muscle. [Arcus 14 tendineus m. levatoris ani]. Arched tendinous 28 Puboprostatic (pubovesical) ligament. Lig. thickening of the obturator fascia at the origin of puboprostaticum (pubovesicale). Reinforced the levator ani. A B connective tissue permeated with smooth 15 muscle passing from the pubic symphysis to the 12 Anococcygeal ligament. Lig. anococcygeum. prostate (to the neck of the bladder in females). C Tough connective tissue tract between the anus 16 and coccyx. A C 29 Inferior fascia of pelvic diaphragm. Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis inferior. Fascia covering 13 M. coccygeus. Fan-shaped muscle fibers pass- the levator ani muscle on the side of the ischio- 17 ingfromtheischialspinetothelateralsurfacesof anal fossa. B the sacrum and coccyx. They are fused with the 18 sacrospinous ligament. I: S4−5. A 14 M. sphincter ani externus. External anal sphincter. Skeletal muscle that consists of the 19 three parts listed below. I: Pudendal nerve. B C 15 Subcutaneous part. Pars subcutanea. More su- 20 perficial portion of the external anal sphincter radiating into the dermis in front of and behind the anus. B C See p. 177 B 21 16 Superficial part. Parssuperficialis.Fibersofex- ternal anal sphincter which spread out between 22 the perineal body and the anococcygeal ligament. B C 23 17 Deep part. Pars profunda. Purely circular por- tionoftheexternalanalsphincterwhichattainsa height fo 3−4 cm. B C 24 18 Pelvic fascia. Fascia pelvis. Connective tissue covering of the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall. 25 It is the caudal continuation of the transversalis fascia. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Urogenital system 175

2 8 27 3 11 19 4 20 4 7 5 6 5

6 9 44.5

10 7 12 13 8 9 A Pelvic floor 10 from above 11

94.11 12

11 21 13 19 10 6 14 20 7 26 9 15 5 16 29 17 17 14 16 18

15 19

20 B Frontal section through the true pelvis (pelvis minor) 21 24 17 12 22 22 15 23 28 16 24 C Male pelvic viscera 25

1 Urogenital diaphragm. [[Diaphragm urogeni- 15 Pudendal [[Alcock’s]] canal. Canalis pudendalis 1 tale]]. Fibromuscular wall spread out between the [[Alcock]]. Splitting of obturator fascia in lateral right and left inferior rami of the pubis. A B E wallofischioanalfossatoformatunnelforpassage 2 2 Deep perineal space. Spatium perinei profun- of the pudendal vessels and nerves. A dum. Space between the inferior and superior 16 Retropubic space. Spatium retropubicum fascia of the urogenital diaphragm. Contents: [[spatium praevesicale; cavum Retzii]]. Space be- 3 Deep transversus perinei and sphincter urethrae tween the urinary bladder and the pubis filled muscles; bulbo-urethral glands; nerves and ves- with loose connective tissue and bounded inferi- sels for the penis. A orly by the puboprostatic ligament. C 4 PERITONEUM. 3 M. transversus perinei profundus. Trapezoid- 17 Serous membrane that lines the shaped muscular plate stretched out in the pubic peritoneal cavity. 5 arch. I: Pudendal nerve. A B E F 18 Abdominal cavity. [[Cavitas abdominalis]]. 4 M. sphincter urethrae. Muscular fibers sur- 19 Peritoneal cavity. Cavitas peritonealis. Space in 6 rounding the membranous part of the urethra. I: abdominal cavity enclosed by peritoneum. Pudendal nerve. A E F 19 a Extraperitoneal space. Spatium extraperitoneale. 4a M. compressor urethrae. Muscle fibers that ex- Space in connective tissue with no relationship to 7 tend distally from the m. sphincter urethrae to the peritoneum. the ramus of the ischium. F 20 Retroperitoneal space. Spatium retroperi- 8 4b M. sphincter urethrovaginalis. Muscle fibers toneale. Space between the peritoneum and the that extend distally from the m. compressor transversalis fascia. urethrae to the bulb of the vestibule. F 21 Extraperitoneal fascia. Fascia extraperitonealis. 9 Connective tissue layer of varying thickness 5 Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm. Fascia beneath the peritoneum. diaphragmatis urogenitalis superior. Fascia of the 10 deep transverse perinei muscle located on the 22 Extraperitoneal organ. Organum extraperi- side of the ischio-anal fossa. A toneale. Organ in extraperitoneal space. 23 Parietal peritoneum. Peritoneum parietale. Peri- 11 6 Perineal membrane [Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm]. Membrana perinei [fascia dia- toneum of abdominal wall. D phragmatis urogenitalis inferior]. Fascia on the 24 Tunica serosa. Serous membrane lined by 12 anteroinferior surface of the deep transverse per- smooth, simple peritoneal epithelium. inei muscle. 25 Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer beneath 7 Transverse perineal ligament. Lig. transversum the serosa. 13 perinei. Thickened fusion of both fasciae of the 26 Visceral peritoneum. Peritoneum viscerale. Peri- urogenital diaphragm at the anterior, upper mar- toneum covering the abdominal viscera. D 14 gin of the deep transverse perinei muscle. E 27 Tunica serosa. See 24. 8 Superficial perineal space. Spatium perinei su- 28 Tela subserosa. See 25. 15 perficiale. Space between the superficial perineal 29 Epiploic foramen [[of Winslow]]. Foramen fascia and the inferior fascia of the urogenital dia- omentale (epiploicum). Opening into the lesser phragm. It contains the root of the penis. A sac behind the hepatoduodenal ligament. D 16 9 M. transversus perinei superficialis. Inconstant 30 Omental bursa [[lesser sac of peritoneum]]. separated portion of the deep transverse perineal Bursa omentalis. A peritoneal cavity situated muscle. It radiates out into the perineal body. I: mainly behind the stomach. D 17 Pudendal nerve. B 31 Vestibule of omental bursa. Vestibulum bursae 10 M. ischiocavernosus. Muscle that arises from the omentalis. Portion of the omental bursa situated 18 ramus of the ischium, lies on the crus of the penis near the caudate lobe of the liver and bounded by and attaches to its tunica albuginea. I: Pudendal the gastropancreatic folds on the left. D nerve. A B 19 32 Upper omental recess. Recessus superior omen- 11 M. bulbospongiosus [[m. bulbocavernosus]]. talis. Upwardly directed recess between the infe- Muscle that arises from the perineal body and the rior vena cava and the esophagus. D 20 median raphe of the corpus spongiosum, then 33 Lower omental recess. Recessus inferior omen- passes lateral to them and extends to the inferior talis. Lower portion of the omental bursa located perineal membrane and the dorsum of the penis. between the stomach and transverse colon, or, in 21 In the female it follows the course of the bulb of the some cases, between the anterior and posterior vestibule. I: Pudendal nerve. A B; see also layers of the greater omentum. D page 225 D 22 34 Splenic recess. Recessus splenicus (lienalis). Left 12 Superficial perineal fascia. Fascia perinei superfi- portion of lower omental recess bounded by cialis. Fascia forming the anteroinferior border of splenic ligaments. D 23 the superficial perineal space. A 35 Gastropancreatic folds. Plicae gastropancreat- 13 ISCHIOANAL FOSSA. Fossa ischioanalis. Space be- icae. Folds in the posterior wall of the lesser sac 24 tween the levator ani and obturator internus formed by the left gastric and common hepatic ar- muscles. It is bordered anteroinferiorly by the uro- teries. D genital diaphragm. A B 35 a Hepatopancreatic fold. Plica hepatopancreatica. 25 14 Fat body of ischioanal fossa. Corpus adiposum Also called plica gastropancreatica dextra. Peri- fossae ischioanalis. A pad of fat in the ischioanal toneal fold that encloses the common hepatic Feneis,fossa. Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000artery. Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Peritoneum 177

13 6 4 5 1

2 13 11 3 15 10 4 21 3 8 1 5 9 6 12 11 3 10 7 A Frontal section of male pelvis 13 8

9 32 10 23 B Male perineal musculature 11 31 30 from below 34 29 12 35 26 13

14 16 15

16 C Urinary bladder, lateral view

33 17

4 18 D Posterior wall of omental bursa and adjacent organs 19 4a 4b 20

44.20 21 172.13 7 44.3 22 4 3 170.1 3 23

E Urogenital F Female urogenital sphincter 24 diaphragm according to Oelrich 25

1 Dorsal mesentery. [[Mesenterium dorsale 19 Splenorenal (lienorenal, phrenicosplenic) 1 commune]]. Embryologically original, com- ligament. Lig. splenorenale (lienorenale, mon, dorsal suspensory ligament of the still phrenicosplenicum). Peritoneal fold that ex- 2 undifferentiated intestinal tube. tends from the diaphragm, kidney and pan- 2 Mesentery. Mesenterium. Dorsal peritoneal creas to the hilum of the spleen; on the right, it fold for the fixation of the intraperitoneal small is continuous with the transverse mesocolon. B 3 intestine. It transports blood vessels and 20 Hepatic ligaments. Ligg. hepatis. nerves. B 21 Coronary ligament. Lig. coronarium. The line 4 3 Root of mesentery. Radix mesenterii. Line of or reflection of the parietal peritoneum that ex- attachment that extends from the posterior tends from the diaphragmatic surface to the wall of the abdominal cavity near the second visceral peritoneum of the liver at the margin of 5 lumbar vertebra to the right iliac fossa. A the bare area. A 4 Mesocolon. Peritoneal fold bearing vessels and 22 Falciform ligament of liver. Lig. falciforme (he- 6 nerves; it attaches and supplies the colon. patis). Peritoneal fold from the anterior and in- 5 Transverse mesocolon. Mesocolon transver- ferior sides of the liver to the anterior abdomi- sum. Suspensory ligament of the transverse nal wall. B 7 colon. A B 23 Right triangular ligament. Lig. triangulare 6 Mesocolon of ascending colon. Mesocolon dextrum. Triangular peritoneal fold between 8 ascendens. It fuses with the posterior abdomi- the right lobe of the liver and the diaphragm. It nal wall in the 4th embryonic month. forms the right end of the coronary ligament. A 7 Mesocolon of descending colon. Mesocolon 24 Left triangular ligament. Lig. triangulare sin- 9 descendens. It fuses with the posterior abdomi- istrum. Triangular peritoneal fold between the nal wall in the 4th embryonic month. liver and diaphragm. It forms the left end of the 10 8 Sigmoid mesocolon. Mesocolon sigmoideum. coronary ligament. A Suspensory ligament of sigmoid colon. B 25 Hepatorenal ligament. Lig. hepatorenale. Continuation of the coronary ligament at- 11 9 Mes-oappendix [[mesenteriolum]]. Suspen- sory ligament of vermiform appendix. B tached to the right kidney. A 10 Lesser omentum. Omentum minus. Peritoneal 26 Folds and recesses. Plicae et fossae (recessus). 12 sheet extending mainly between the stomach 27 Fascia retinens rostralis. Band passing upward and liver. at the duodenojejunal flexure, in some cases together with the suspensory muscle of the 13 11 Hepatogastric ligament. Lig. hepatogastricum. Part of the lesser omentum between the duodenum. See 124.10. A stomach and liver. B 28 Superior duodenal fold (duodenojejunal fold). 14 12 Hepatoduodenal ligament. Lig. hepa- Plica duodenalis superior (plica duodenoje- toduodenale. Part of lesser omentum between junalis). Peritoneal fold on the left side of the duodenojejunal flexures and in front of the su- 15 the duodenum and liver. It contains the hepatic artery proper, bile duct and the portal vein. B perior duodenal recess. It contains the inferior mesenteric vein. A 13 Hepatocolic ligament. [Lig. hepatocolicum]. 16 Inconstant continuation of the hepatoduodenal 29 Superior duodenal recess. Recessus ligament toward the right at the right colic duodenalis superior. Peritoneal recess behind the superior duodenal fold. A 17 flexure or near the transverse colon. B 14 Greater omentum. Omentum majus. Doubled 30 Inferior duodenal fold (duodenomesocolic peritoneal apron hanging down from the fold). Plica duodenalis inferior (plica duode- 18 stomach and transverse colon; it contains vari- nomesocolica). Peritoneal fold just in front of able amounts of fat. B duodenojejunal flexure. A 19 15 Gastrophrenic ligament. Lig. gastrophrenicum. 31 Inferior duodenal recess. Recessus duodenalis Upper continuation of the phrenicosplenic and inferior. Peritoneal recess behind the inferior gastrosplenic ligaments between the stomach duodenal fold. A 20 and diaphragm. A B 32 Paraduodenal fold. [Plica paraduodenalis]. 16 Gastrosplenic (gastrolienal) ligament. Lig. Peritoneal fold located on the left side of the 21 gastrosplenicum (gastrolienale). Peritoneal duodenum. A connection from the lesser curvature of the 33 Paraduodenal recess. [Recessus para- stomach to the hilum of the spleen. B duodenalis]. Peritoneal recess behind the para- 22 17 Gastrocolic ligament. Lig. gastrocolicum. Peri- duodenal fold that opens toward the right. A toneal connection between the lesser curvature 34 Retroduodenal recess. [Recessus retroduo- 23 of the stomach and the omental tenia of the denalis]. Peritoneal recess between the aorta transverse colon. It is attached to the gastros- and the duodenum that opens toward the left. plenic ligament. B A 24 18 Phrenicocolic ligament. Lig. phrenicocolicum. Peritoneal fold on the left side of the body, be- 25 tween the diaphragm and the descending colon. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Peritoneum 179

1 24 2 21 15 23 3 25 27 5 4

6 28 32 29 7 3 33 31 8 34 30 9

A Posterior 11 abdominal wall 22 15 16 12

11 15 19 12 16 17 13 17 5 18 18

19 14 20 2 21 9 22 8 23 B Abdominal cavity after removal of stomach, 24 small intestine and sigmoid colon 25

1 Intersigmoid recess. Recessus intersig- 18 Lateral umbilical fold [epigastric fold]. Plica 1 moideus. Peritoneal recess left of and below the umbilicalis lateralis [[plica epigastrica]]. Peri- root of the sigmoid mesocolon. A toneal fold produced by the inferior epigastric 2 2 Superior ileocecal recess. Recessus ileocaecalis artery. A B superior. Peritoneal recess above the opening 19 Lateral inguinal fossa. Fossa inguinalis later- of the ileum into the cecum. A alis. Depression lateral to the lateral umbilical 3 3 Vascular cecal fold. Plica caecalis vascularis. fold corresponding to the deep inguinal ring. B Peritoneal fold in front of the superior ileocecal 20 Transverse vesical fold. Plica vesicalis trans- 4 recess; it contains a branch of the ileocolic versa. Peritoneal fold extending transversely artery. A over the moderately filled bladder. It disappears when the bladder is full. A 5 4 Inferior ileocecal recess. Recessus ileocaecalis inferior. Peritoneal recess below the opening of 21 Paravesical fossa. Fossa paravesicalis. Shallow the ileum into the cecum. A depression lateral to the bladder. It is bounded 6 5 Ileocecal fold. Plica ileocaecalis. Peritoneal fold laterally by the ductus deferens. B in front of inferior ileocecal recess that extends 22 Urogenital peritoneum. Peritoneum urogeni- 7 inferiorly up to the appendix. A tale. Peritoneum of the reproductive organs. 6 Retrocecal recess. Recessus retrocaecalis. Peri- 23 Vaginal process of peritoneum. [[Processus toneal fold often present on the right side of the vaginalis peritonei]]. Finger-like diverticulum 8 body behind the cecum or ascending colon. A of the peritoneum that extends through the in- 7 Cecal folds. Plicae caecales. Peritoneal folds guinal canal accompanying the descent of the 9 outside the cecum. They correspond to the testis. semilunar folds in the colon. A 24 Broad ligament of uterus. Lig. latum uteri. Per- 8 Paracolic sulci. Sulci paracolici. Occasional itoneal duplication between the uterus and 10 pockets left of the descending colon. A lateral pelvic wall for transmission of vessels and nerves. A 9 Subphrenic recess. Recessus subphrenici. Peri- 11 toneal recess between the diaphragm and both 25 Mesometrium. Portion of the broad ligament lobes of the liver, right and left of the falciform passing to the uterus. A 26 Mesosalpinx. Mesentery of uterine tube. A 12 ligament; it is bounded posterosuperiorly by the coronary ligament. C 27 Mesovarium. Mesentery of ovary. A 10 Subhepatic recess. Recessus subhepatici. 28 Suspensory ligament of ovary. Lig. suspen- 13 Recess between the liver and transverse colon sorium ovarii. Ligament derived from the or adjoining viscera. C cranial gonadal fold; it suspends the ovary su- 14 11 Hepatorenal recess. Recessus hepatorenalis. periorly and contains the ovarian vessels. A Portion of the subhepatic recess bounded by 29 Ovarian fossa. Fossa ovarica. Depression at the the kidney and suprarenal gland. C origin of the internal and external iliac arteries. 15 12 Anterior parietal peritoneum. Peritoneum 30 Rectouterine fold. Plica rectouterina. Peri- parietale anterius. toneal fold between the rectum and uterus. A 16 13 Median umbilical fold. Plica umbilicalis medi- 31 Rectouterine pouch [[pouch of Douglas]]. Ex- ana [[plica umbilicalis media]]. Fold passing cavatio rectouterina. Deepest part of abdominal 17 from the apex of the urinary bladder to the cavity between the rectum, uterus and the two umbilicus. It contains the remains of the ura- rectouterine folds. A chus. A B 32 Vesicouterine pouch. Excavatio vesicouterina. 18 14 Supravesical fossa. Fossa supravesicalis. Shal- Peritoneal space between the uterus and blad- low depression in front of the urinary bladder der. A 19 between the median and medial umbilical 33 Rectovesical pouch. Excavatio rectovesicalis. folds. B Deepest part of the abdominal cavity between 15 Medial umbilical fold. Plica umbilicalis medi- the rectum and bladder in the male. 20 alis [[plica umbilicalis lateralis]]. Fold corresponding to the obliterated umbilical artery. It 21 is located in the anterior abdominal wall between the median umbilical (obliterated urachus) and lateral umbilical (inferior epigastric 22 artery) folds. A B 16 Medial inguinal fossa. Fossa inguinalis medi- 23 alis. Depression lying opposite the external inguinal ring between the medial and lateral ubilical folds. B 24 17 Inguinal trigone. Trigonum inguinale. Triangu- lar area between the lateral margin of the rec- 25 tus abdominis, inguinal ligament and lateral umbilical fold (inferior epigastric artery). B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Peritoneum 181

1320 15 18 1

32 3

32 4

26 24 6 5 25 7 27 6 28 30 4 7 1 5 8 8 9

10 31 28 3 2 11 A View of the female true pelvis (pelvis minor) from above 12

13 9 10 14

11 16 13 17 15 15 C Liver recess 18 19

17 20 18 21 19 17 22 16

21 14 23

24 B Anterior abdominal wall, posterior view 25

1 ENDOCRINE GLANDS. Glandulae endocrinae. 19 Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe). Smaller 1 Ductless glands. posterior portion of the pituitary gland derived from the diencephalon. It serves only as a 2 Thyroid gland. Glandula thyroidea. Gland that storage depot for hormones. D 2 produces the metabolism-stimulating hormones thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine. Patho- 20 Infundibulum. Funnel-like stalk of the pituitary. D 3 logical enlargement of the thyroid is called goiter. A B 21 Neural lobe. Lobus nervosus. True posterior 3 Right and left lobe. Lobus glandulae thyroidea lobe of pituitary gland. It is a hormon storage 4 (dexter/sinister). Either of the lobes (right/left) area. D of the thyroid situated on either side of the tra- 22 Pineal body (gland). Corpus pineale (glandula 5 chea. A pinealis). Structure derived from the dien- 4 Isthmus of thyroid gland. Isthmus glandulae cephalon; it lies above the quadrigeminal plate (lamina tecti). D 6 thyroideae. Band of tissue connecting the right and left lobes of the thyroid. A 23 Thymus. Lymphatic organ situated behind the sternum. It undergoes regression at puberty. E 5 Pyramidal lobe. [Lobus pyramidalis]. Remnant 7 occasionally found as a median cord of thyroid 24 Right/left lobe of thymus. Lobus (dexter/sinis- tissue. A ter). E 8 6 Accessory thyroid glands. Glandulae thy- 25 Accessory thymic nodules. [Noduli thymici ac- roideae accessoriae. Dispersed islands of thy- cessorii]. Scattered islands of thymic tissue. 9 roid glandular tissue, e. g., at the base of the 26 Thymic lobules. Lobuli thymi. Lobules of thy- tongue. mus formed by connective tissue trabeculae. E 10 7 Fibrous capsule. Capsula fibrosa. Double- 27 Cortex of thymus. Cortex thymi. Lymphocyte- layered capsule of thyroid gland. rich cortical area. 8 Stroma. Connective tissue that forms the 28 Medulla of thymus. Medulla thymi. Lympho- 11 framework of the thyroid gland. C cyte-poor medullary region containing Has- sell’s (thymic) corpuscles. 9 Parenchyma. Cells essential for thyroid func- 12 tion. C 29 Adrenal (suprarenal) gland. Glandula suprarenalis (adrenalis). Gland sitting like a cap 10 Lobules. Lobuli. Segments of thyroid medially on the upper pole of the kidney; it 13 parenchyma partitioned by connective tissue. B develops from two sources. F 11 Superior parathyroid gland. Glandula para- 30 Anterior surface of adrenal gland. Facies ante- 14 thyroidea superior. Superior lentil-sized rior. F epithelial body located behind the thyroid. It 31 Posterior surface of adrenal gland. Facies produces parathormone, which regulates cal- posterior. 15 cium and phosphorus metabolism. B 32 Renal surface. Facies renalis. Inferolaterally 12 Inferior parathyroid gland. Glandula parathy- 16 directed concave adrenal surface facing the kid- roidea inferior. Inferior lentil-shaped epithelial ney. F body located behind the thyroid. It produces 17 parathormone, which regulates calcium and 33 Superior margin. Margo superior. Upper mar- phosphorus metabolism. B gin between the anterior and posterior surfaces of the adrenal gland. F 18 13 Hypophysis (pituitary gland). Hypophysis (glandula pituitaria). Gland located within the 34 Medial margin. Margo medialis. Margin be- sella turcica; it is the most versatile functioning tween the anterior and posterior surfaces of the 19 endocrine gland. D adrenal gland. F 35 Hilum. Site of exit of central vein. It may be 14 Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe). Large ante- directed forward, downward or upward. F 20 rior lobe of pituitary derived from stomodeal ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch). The cell types 36 Central vein. Vena centralis. Principal vein of within its parenchyma are functionally and his- the adrenal gland. It exists anterosuperiorly or 21 tochemically different. D anteroinferiorly. F 15 Pars tuberalis. Portion of adenohypophysis 37 Adrenal cortex. Part of the adrenal gland that 22 covering the hypophyseal stalk. D originally developed from the coelomic epithelium. It is divided into three zones. G 16 Pars intermedia. Narrow middle part of the 23 adenohypophysis containing colloidal cysts. D 38 Adrenal medulla. Part of the adrenal gland that arises from the neural crest. It consists of chro- 17 Pars distalis. Anterior, largest segment of the maffin cells, sympathetic ganglion cells and 24 adenohypophysis. D venous sinuses. G 18 [[Pars pharyngea]]. Adenohypophyseal tissue 39 Accessory suprarenal glands. Glandulae su- 25 that forms the remains of Rathke’s pouch prarenales accessoriae. Scattered adrenal glan- beneath the pharyngeal mucosa. dular tissue. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Endocrine glands 183

5 11 11 4

2 5 33 10 10 4 6 12 12 7

A Thyroid gland, anterior view B Thyroid gland, posterior view 9

89 10

22 14 20 C Thyroid gland, histologic section 15 19 15 14 16 17 21 16 13

D Hypophysis 33 17

29 18 23 34 19 26 36 24 20 32 24 35 F Suprarenal gland 21

37 38 22

24 E Thymus G Cross section of suprarenal gland 25

SYSTEMA CARDIOVASCULARE. Cardiovascular 17 Incisure of apex of heart. Incisura apicis cor- 1 system. dis. Notch on the right near the apex of the 1 Pericardium. Enveloping and gliding system of heart at the site where the longitudinal inter- 2 the heart comprising two layers, one of fibrous ventricular grooves become continuous. B tissue and the other of bilayered serous tissue. 18 Anterior interventricular groove. Sulcus in- A 3 terventricularis anterior. Longitudinal groove 2 Fibrous pericardium. Pericardium fibrosum. on the anterior heart surface above the inter- Tough, external, connective tissue layer of the ventricular septum; it contains the anterior in- 4 pericardium. It is partially fused with the dia- terventricular branch of the left coronary phragm. artery. B D 5 3 Sternopericardiac ligaments. Ligg. ster- 19 Posterior interventricular groove. Sulcus in- nopericardiaca. Connective tissue reinforcing terventricularis posterior. Longitudinal groove the pericardium at the sternum. on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart 6 marking the position of the interventricular 4 Serous pericardium. Pericardium serosum. septum; it contains the posterior interventricu- Layer of simple squamous epithelium (me- lar branch of the right coronary artery. D 7 sothelium) which lines the fibrous pericardium (parietal layer) and covers the surface of the 20 Coronary (atrioventricular) groove. Sulcus heart (visceral layer). Its visceral and parietal coronarius. Groove that courses around the 8 layers become continuous in the region of the heart marking the atrioventricular boundary. B great vessels. D 9 5 Parietal layer. Lamina parietalis. Serous layer 21 Right/left ventricle of heart. Ventriculus of the pericardium. It lines the fibrous peri- [dexter/sinister] cordis. Due to functional re- cardium. quirements, the left ventricular wall is thicker 10 than the right. C 6 Visceral layer. Lamina visceralis [epicardium]. Serous layer covering the surface of the heart 22 Interventricular septum. Septum interventric- 11 (epicardium). It consists of mesothelium and a ulare. Partition between the right and left ven- fibrous lamina propria. tricle marked externally by the anterior and posterior interventricular grooves. 12 7 Pericardial cavity. Cavitas pericardialis. Space between the parietal and visceral layers of the 23 Pars muscularis. Muscular part of the inter- 13 serous pericardium. It contains a film of serous ventricular septum; by far the largest and fluid. thickest part. C 8 Transverse sinus of pericardium. Sinus trans- 24 Pars membranacea. Membranous part of the 14 versus pericardii. Narrow passage in the peri- interventricular septum. Located superiorly at cardial space behind the aorta and pulmonary the exit of the aorta. It is the shortest, thinnest 15 trunk and in front of the veins. A and most fibrous part of the interventricular 9 Oblique sinus of pericardium. Sinus obliquus septum and arises from the endocardium. C 16 pericardii. Recess in the pericardial space that 25 Atrioventricular septum. Septum atrioventric- extends between the right pulmonary veins ulare. Portion of the membranous part of the and inferior cava and between the right and left interventricular septum between the right 17 pulmonary veins. A atrium and left ventricle above the root of the 10 HEART. Cor. septal cusp. C 18 11 Base of heart. Basis cordis. Dorsally directed 26 Right/left atrium of heart. Atrium [dextrum/ upper, broad surface of the nearly cone-shaped sinistrum] cordis. Thin-walled chambers. C 19 heart lying opposite to the apex. It is formed 27 Auricle of atrium. Auricula atrialis. Finger-like mainly by the posterior wall of the left atrium. diverticulum of the right and left atrium. B C 12 Sternocostal surface. Facies sternocostalis 28 Interatrial septum. Septum interatriale. Parti- 20 [anterior]. Anteriorly directed convex surface of tion between the right and left atrium. the heart. B D 29 Ostium atrioventriculare (dext. et sin.). Atri- 21 13 Diaphragmatic surface. Facies diaphragmatica oventricular opening (right/left) between the [inferior]. Inferior surface of heart that touches atrium and ventricle. D the diaphragm. D 22 30 Ostium of pulmonary trunk. Ostium trunci 14 Pulmonary surface. Facies pulmonalis. Lateral pulmonalis. Opening between the right ven- surface of heart that lies in contact with the tricle and the pulmonary trunk. D 23 lungs. D 31 Ostium of aorta. Ostium aortae. Opening be- 15 Right margin. Margo dexter. Right margin of tween the left ventricle and aorta. C D 24 the heart. It is often sharp-edged in the cadaver. B 25 16 Apex cordis. Apex of heart directed forward, toward the left and downward. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Heart 185

4 8 27 5 27 20 20 6

9 7 18 8 12 9

15 10

A Pericardium with great vessels B Heart, anterior view 17 16 11 19 13 12

29 14 15 14 29 31 16 31

186.6a 17 14 26 18 27 12 19 18 25 30 24 20 D Base of heart without atria 21 23 21 20 22

24 C Opened heart, left anterior view 25

1 Trabeculae carneae. Muscular cords projecting 12 a Subendocardial rami. Rami subendocardiales. 1 into the lumen of the heart. A Superficial branches of the impulse-conducting system (Purkinje fibers). D 2 Vortex of heart. Vortex cordis. Whorled ar- 2 rangement of heart muscle cells at the apex of 13 Endocardium. Internal serous lining of the the heart. B heart containing simple squamous epithelium (endothelium). 3 3 Papillary muscles. Musculi papillares. Cone- shaped muscles projecting into the lumen of 14 Right atrium. Atrium dextrum. A D the heart. They are connected to the valvular 15 Pectinate muscles. Mm. pectinati. Muscular 4 cusps via chordae tendineae and regulate the bundle in the right atrium emanating from the position of the cusps. A D terminal crest. They resemble the teeth of a 5 4 Chordae tendineae. Tendinous filaments be- comb. A tween the papillary muscles and the atri- 16 Sulcus terminalis. Terminal groove. Visible at 6 oventricular valve. A D the border between the embryonic sinus veno- 5 Right/left fibrous trigone. Trigonum fibrosum sus and the atrium proper. It surrounds the dextrum/sinistrum. Connective tissue wedge opening regions of both venae cavae. D 7 between the aorta and the atrioventricular 17 Terminal crest. Crista terminalis. Curved opening anteriorly and posteriorly. C muscular ridge in the interior of the right atrium at the border between the atrium 8 6 Right/left fibrous ring. Anulus fibrosus dexter/ proper and the embryonic sinus venosus. It sinister. Fibrous rings between the atria and marks the course of the sulcus terminalis. A 9 ventricles that give attachment to the atrioventricular valves. C 18 Sinus venarum cavarum. Smooth-walled space for blood from both venae cavae. It is 6a Tendon of infundibulum. Tendo infundibuli. bounded by the terminal crest. A 10 Vestige of the embryonic spiral septum. C; see also page 185 D 19 Fossa ovalis. Depression in the interatrial septum caused by the fetal foramen ovale. A 11 7 Myocardium. Transversely striated heart muscle fibers with intercalated discs including 20 Limbus fossae ovalis. Slightly raised margin of 12 the impulse-conducting system. A D the fossa ovalis. A 7a Conducting system of heart. Systema condu- 21 [Foramen ovale]. Embryological opening in the interatrial septum that is present until birth. 13 cens cordis. D 22 Right auricle. Auricula dextra. Diverticulum of 8 Sinoatrial (SA) node. Nodus sinuatralis [[Keith- right atrium. A Flack sinus node]]. Ribbon-like specialized car- 14 diac muscle situated in front of the entrance of 23 Opening of superior vena cava. Ostium venae the superior vena cava. It represents the pri- cavae superioris. A 15 mary impulse formation center (pacemaker) 24 Opening of inferior vena cava. Ostium venae which determines the rhythm of the heart. D cavae inferioris. A 16 9 Atrioventricular (AV) node. Nodus atri- 25 Intervenous tubercle. Tuberculum interveno- oventricularis [[node of Aschoff-Tawara]]. Small sum. Small elevation on the lateral wall of the complex of specialized cardiac muscle fibers in right atrium between the openings of the venae 17 the interatrial septum below the fossa ovalis cavae. A and in front of the opening of the coronary 26 Valve of inferior vena cava. Valvula venae sinus. After a latency period, the impulse trans- 18 cavae inferioris [[valvula Eustachii]]. Semilunar mitted to it myogenically from the SA node is fold at the opening of the inferior vena cava. conducted further into the ventricle via the During fetal life it directs the blood into the bundle of His and its crura. In case of SA node 19 foramen ovale. A failure the AV node can take over the control of heart rhythm as a secondary pacemaker. D 27 Valve of coronary sinus. Valvula sinus 20 coronarii [[valvula Thebesii]]. Semilunar fold at 10 Atrioventricular (AV) bundle. Fasciculus atri- the opening of the coronary sinus. A oventricularis. Bundle of impulse-conducting 21 fibers between the AV node and the papillary 27 a Opening of the coronary sinus. Ostium sinus muscles. D coronarii. A 22 11 Trunk [[bundle of His]]. [[truncus]]. Initial seg- 28 Foramina venarum minimarum. Numerous ment of the AV bundle that extends up to the openings of small veins [vv. Thebesii minimae] site where it divides into a right and left crus at which convey blood from the tissues of the 23 the membranous part of the septum. D heart directly into the right atrium or other heart spaces. A 12 Crus (dextrum/sinistrum). Right/left crus of 24 the impulse-conducting system which extends right and left into the interventricular septum 25 as far as the papillary muscles where they both ramify. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Heart 187

22 4 23 28 5 15 14 17 6 25 18 19 1 7 24 20 1 26 8 3 A Right atrium and ventricle opened 9

28 27 7 10 27a 11 4 12

13 2 14

15 B Apex of the heart from below 16 8 17 6 16 6 5 14 18 9 19 11 10 12 3 20 4 12a 12a 5 21 3 6a 22 7 23

24 C Valves of the heart from above D Internal conduction system of heart 25

1 Right ventricle. Ventriculus dexter. C 21 a Musculi pectinati. Muscular trabeculae in the 1 2 Right atrioventricular opening. Ostium atri- left atrium that resemble the teeth of a comb. oventriculare dextrum. Opening between the 22 Valve of foramen ovale. Valvula foraminis 2 right atrium and the right ventricle. A ovalis [falx septi]. Floor of the fossa ovalis 3 Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve. Valva derived from the septum primum. In the fetus it is pushed into the left atrium by the flow of 3 atrioventricularis dextra (v. tricuspidalis). Valvular apparatus between the right atrium blood. B and right ventricle comprised of three parts 23 Ostia venarum pulmonalium. Openings of pul- 4 which arise from the fibrous ring and, by means monary veins into the left atrium. B of the chordae tendineae, are attached to the 24 Left ventricle. Ventriculus sinister. B papillary muscles of the right ventricle. A 5 25 Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum. Left atri- 4 Anterior cusp. Cuspis anterior. A C oventicular opening between the left atrium 6 5 Posterior cusp. Cuspis posterior. A and left ventricle. A 6 Septal cusp. Cuspis septalis. It arises from the 26 Left atrioventricular (mitral) valve. Valva atri- septum. A oventricularis sinistra (v. mitralis) [[valvula bi- 7 7 Supraventricular crest. Crista supraventricu- cuspidalis]]. Valvular apparatus between the laris. Muscular ridge which separates the conus left atrium and left ventricle. It consists of two 8 arteriosus from the rest of the ventricle. C parts which arise from the fibrous ring and are united with the papillary muscles of the left 8 Conus arteriosus [infundibulum]. Funnel- ventricle by means of chordae tendineae. A 9 shaped, smooth-walled outflow tract in front of the opening into the pulmonary trunk. It repre- 27 Anterior cusp. Cuspis anterior. Cusp situated sents the embryonic bulbus cordis. C anterior to the interventricular septum. A B 10 9 Opening of pulmonary trunk. Ostium trunci 28 Posterior cusp. Cuspis posterior. Cusp situated pulmonalis. Beginning of the pulmonary trunk posterior to the lateral wall. A B 11 flanked by the pulmonary valve. A 28 a Cuspides commissurales. 10 Valve of pulmonary trunk. Valve trunci pul- 12 monalis. It is made up of three parts. A 11 Anterior semilunar cusp of pulmonary 13 valve. Valvula semilunaris anterior. A 12 Right semilunar cusp of pulmonary valve. Valvula semilunaris dextra. A 14 13 Left semilunar cusp of pulmonary valve. Valvula semilunaris sinistra. A 15 14 Nodules of semilunar cusps. Noduli valvularum semilunarium. Small thickenings in the middle 16 of each free margin of the semilunar cusps that seal the wedge-like space between the three cusps when closed. C 17 15 Lunules of semilunar cusps. Lunulae valvularum semilunarium. Thin, crescentic area on both 18 side of the nodules at the margin of the cusps. C 16 Anterior papillary muscle. Musculus papillaris 19 anterior. Large anteriorly situated muscle. C 17 Posterior papillary muscle. Musculus papillaris posterior. C 20 18 Septal papillary muscles. [[Musculi papillares septales]]. Short papillary muscles sometimes 21 found arising from the interventricular septum. C 22 19 Septomarginal trabecula. Trabecula septomarginalis. Muscular bundle extending from the interventricular septum to the base of the 23 anterior papillary muscle and containing the right crus of the bundle of His. C 24 20 Left atrium. Atrium sinistrum. B 21 Left auricle. Auricula sinistra. Hollow finger- 25 like diverticulum of the left atrium located left of the pulmonary trunk. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Heart 189

1 25 2 5 3 28 26 3 4 6 27 4

2 5 13 12 6 9 10 11 7 14 8 A Valves of the heart from above

8 9 15 7 10

4 11 1 18 12

13 17 16 19 14

17 23 23 21 18 C Right ventricle opened 20 22 19

27 21 28 22

23 24 24 B Left atrium opened 25

1 Ostium aortae. Opening of left ventricle lead- 21 Lateral branch. Ramus lateralis. Branch to the 1 ing into the aorta. A lateral segment. B 1a Trabeculae carneae. Muscle bundles project- 22 Branch to medial segment. Ramus medialis. 2 ing into the lumen of the heart. A B 2 Aortic valve. Valva aortae. Tripartite valvular 22 a Branches to inferior lobe. Rami lobi inferioris. 3 apparatus lying at the beginning of the aorta. A 23 Superior (apical) branch to inferior lobe. 3 Posterior semilunar cusp of aortic valve. Ramus superior (apicalis) lobi inferioris. Branch Valvula semilunaris posterior. A to superior (apical) segment of right lower lobe. 4 4 Right semilunar cusp of aortic valve. Valvula B semilunaris dextra. A 24 Basal part. Pars basalis. Branches supplying 5 5 Left semilunar cusp of aortic valve. Valvula the basal segments of lower lobe. B semilunaris sinistra. A 25 Medial [cardiac] basal branch. Ramus basalis 6 6 Nodules of semilunar cusps. Noduli valvu- medialis [[cardiacus]]. Branch to medial basal larum semilunarium. Thickenings in the segment. B 7 middle of each free margin of a semilunar cusp 26 Anterior basal branch. Ramus basalis anterior. that seals the wedge-shaped space between Branch to anterior basal segment. B the three cusps when closed. A 27 Lateral basal branch. Ramus basalis lateralis. 8 7 Lunules of semilunar cusps. Lunulae valvu- Branch to lateral basal segment. B larum semilunarium. Thin, crescentic areas 28 Posterior basal branch. Ramus basalis posterior. 9 near the margin of the semilunar cusps on Branch to posterior basal segment. B either side of their nodules. A 29 Left pulmonary artery. A. pulmonalis sinistra. 8 Anterior papillary muscle. Musculus papillaris B 10 anterior. A 29 a Branches to upper lobe. Rami lobi superioris. 9 Posterior papillary muscle. Musculus papil- 11 laris posterior. A 30 Apical branch. Ramus apicalis. Branch to upper part of apicoposterior segment. B 10 ARTERIES. Arteria. Blood vessels which trans- 12 port blood away from the heart. 31 Anterior descending branch. Ramus anterior descendens. Branch to lower part of anterior 11 PULMONARY TRUNK. Truncus pulmonalis. segment. B 13 Arterial trunk between the right ventricle and the beginning of the left and right pulmonary 32 Posterior branch. Ramus posterior. Branch to arteries. B lower part of apicoposterior segment. B 14 12 Sinuses of pulmonary trunk. Sinus trunci pul- 33 Anterior ascending branch. Ramus anterior monalis. Three dilatations of the wall of the ascendens. Branch to upper part of anterior 15 pulmonary trunk, each at the root of a semi- segment. B lunar valve. B 34 Lingual branch. Ramus lingularis. Branch sup- 13 Bifurcation of pulmonary trunk. Bifurcatio plying the two lingular segments. B 16 trunci pulmonalis. Division of the pulmonary 35 Upper lingular branch. Ramus lingularis super- trunk into its two branches. B ior. Branch to superior lingular segment. B 17 14 Right pulmonary artery. A. pulmonalis dextra. 36 Lower lingular branch. Ramus lingularis inferior. It lies behind the ascending aorta. B Branch to inferior lingular segment. B 18 14 a Branches to superior lobe. Rami lobi super- 36 a Lower lobe branches. Rami lobi inferioris. ioris. 37 Upper branch to lower lobe. Ramus superior 19 15 Apical branch. Ramus apicalis. Branch to the lobi inferioris. Branch to superior segment of apical segment. B left lower lobe. B 16 Posterior descending branch. Ramus poste- 38 Basal part. Pars basalis. Branches to basal part 20 rior descendens. Branch to the lower part of the of left lower lobe. B posterior segment. B 39 Medial basal branch. Ramus basalis medialis. 21 17 Anterior descending branch. Ramus anterior Branch to medial basal segment. B descendens. Branch to the lower part of the 40 Anterior basal branch. Ramus basalis anterior. 22 anterior segment. B Branch to anterior basal segment. B 18 Anterior ascending branch. Ramus anterior 41 Lateral basal branch. Ramus basalis lateralis. ascendens. Branch to the upper part of the Branch to lateral basal segment. B 23 anterior segment. B 42 Posterior basal branch. Ramus basalis posterior. 19 Posterior ascending branch. Ramus posterior Branch to posterior basal segment. B 24 ascendens. Branch to the upper part of the posterior segment. B 25 20 Main branches for middle lobe. Rami lobi medii. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Heart, Arteries 191

2 1 5 3 3 4 6 188.27 7 4 5

8 7

1a 9 8

13 A Left ventricle opened 14 19

16 15 30 32 16 15 18 33 17 14 29 13 17 31 18 11 20 19 21 38 23 34 12 35 20 22 24 37 21 36 25 22

26 40 39 42 23 27 28 41 24 B Pulmonary arteries 25

1 Ductus arteriosus [[Botalli]]. Short arterial duct 20 Septal interventricular branches. Rami inter- 1 in the fetus between the division of the pulmo- ventriculares septales. Perforating branches for nary trunk and the arch of the aorta. It is patent anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum. C 2 until birth. A 21 Circumflex branch. Ramus circumflexus. 2 Ligamentum arteriosum. Connective tissue re- Branch coursing in left coronary groove as a mains of the ductus arteriosus. B continuation of left coronary artery. C D 3 3 AORTA. Principal artery of the body. B 22 Anastomotic atrial branch. Ramus atrialis 4 ASCENDING AORTA. Pars ascendens aortae. anastomoticus. Branch of the circumflex 4 Proximal ascending part of the aorta up to the branch of the LCA that supplies the atrial sep- site where it loses its pericardium. B tum. It anastomoses with branches of the right coronary artery. 5 5 Bulb of aorta. Bulbus aortae. Bulbous enlargement of the aorta caused by the aortic sinus. It 22 a Atrioventricular branches. Rami atrioventric- lies distal to the root of the aorta. C ulares. Distal portion of circumflex branch in 6 atrioventricular groove. D 6 Aortic sinus. Sinus aortae. Dilatation of the aortic lumen at the level of each of the three aortic 23 Left marginal branch. Ramus marginalis sin- 7 valvular cusps. C ister. Branch at outer margin of left ventricle. C 7 Right coronary artery. A. coronaria dextra. It 24 Intermediate atrial branch. Ramus atrialis in- 8 arises in the region of the right aortic sinus and termedius. Atrial branch on posterior side. D courses in the right coronary groove. C D 25 Left posterior ventricular branch. Ramus 7a Atrioventricular branches. Rami atrioventricu- posterior ventriculi sinistri. Inconstant branch 9 lares. Branches that occupy the atrioventricular on posterior side of left ventricle. D groove and supply the AV node D. 26 Sinuatrial node branch. [Ramus nodi 10 8 Branch to conus arteriosus. Ramus coni arteri- sinuatrialis]. Branch that frequently (45%) ex- osi. Inferior branch. C tends from beginning of left coronary artery to SA node. C 11 9 Branch to sinuatrial node. Ramus nodi sinuatrialis. Most frequent branch (55%) that 27 Atrioventricular node branch. [Ramus nodi leads to a vascular plexus at the entrance of the atrioventricularis]. Branch that occasionally 12 superior vena cava and then to the SA node. C supplies the AV node. 9a Atrial branches. Rami atriales. Branches to 27 a Atrial branches. Rami atriales. Branches to left 13 right atrium. C atrium. 10 Right marginal branch. Ramus marginalis dex- 14 ter. Inferior branch to outer margin of the right ventricle. C D 11 Intermediate atrial branch. Ramus atrialis in- 15 termedius. Superior branch on posterior side of right atrium. D 16 12 Posterior interventricular branch. Ramus interventricularis posterior. Terminal branch of right coronary artery lying in posterior inter- 17 ventricular groove. D 13 Septal interventricular branches. Rami inter- 18 ventriculares septales. Branches in interventricular septum. D 19 14 Branch to atrioventricular node. Ramus nodi atrioventricularis. Branch extending from the beginning of the branch of the right coronary 20 artery to the AV node. D 15 Right posterolateral branch. [Ramus post- 21 erolateralis dexter]. Branch occasionally found at posterior wall of left ventricle. D 22 16 Left coronary artery. A. coronaria sinistra. Artery arising in region of left aortic sinus. C 17 Anterior interventricular branch. Ramus in- 23 terventricularis anterior. Branch coursing in anterior interventricular groove. C 24 18 Left branch to conus arteriosus. Ramus coni arteriosi. Rare. C 25 19 Lateral branch. Ramus lateralis. Left branch at anterior wall of left ventricle. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 193

2 3 1 3

4 2 4

9 A B Fetal heart Aorta and pulmonary trunk, 10 anterior view 11

26 13

6 14

9 5 16 24 15 21 14 9a 22a 18 25 16 17 8 7a 11 23 17 7 15 7 18 19 12 10 20 19 10 13 20

C Cardiovascular system D Cardiovascular system 22 anterior view posterior view 23

1 ARCH OF AORTA. Arcus aortae. Part of aorta sit- 16 Posterior glandular branch. Ramus glandu- 1 uated between the ascending and descending laris posterior. It mainly supplies the upper parts. A portion of the thyroid gland but also the posterior portion. A 2 2 Isthmus aortae. Narrowing of aorta between left subclavian artery and ligamentum arterio- 16 a Lateral glandular branch. Ramus glandularis 3 sum. A lateralis. It mainly supplies the lateral portion 3 Para-aortic bodies. Corpora para-aortica. Ir- of the thyroid gland. A regular islands of chromaffin tissue scattered 17 Ascending pharyngeal artery. A. pharyngea 4 beside the aorta. ascendens. It arises from the posteroinferior 4 Brachiocephalic trunk. Truncus brachio- aspect of the external carotid artery and passes 5 cephalicus. First branch of arch of aorta. It between the pharynx and the musculature of divides into subclavian and right common the styloid process up to the base of the skull. A 6 carotid arteries. A 18 Posterior meningeal artery. A. meningea post- 5 (A. thyroidea ima). Inconstant (10%) unpaired erior. Artery that lies lateral to the internal artery for thyroid gland arising from the bra- carotid artery and passes through the jugular 7 chiocephalic trunk or directly from the aorta. A foramen. It supplies the dura of the posterior cranial fossa. A 6 COMMON CAROTID ARTERY. A. carotis com- 8 munis. Devoid of branches, it runs on each side 19 Pharyngeal branches. Rami pharyngeales. of trachea and larynx below the sternoclei- Branches that supply the wall of the pharynx. A 9 domastoid muscle. A 20 Inferior tympanic artery. A. tympanica infe- 7 Carotid body. Glomus caroticum. Chemorecep- rior. It reaches the tympanic cavity through the tympanic canaliculus. A 10 tor at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. It contains capillary tufts, epithelioid cells and abundant nerve endings. It responds 11 predominantly to the oxygen content of the blood, less strongly to carbon dioxide changes. A 12 8 Carotid sinus. Sinus caroticus. Slight dilatation at the division of the common carotid artery. It 13 contains baroreceptors. A 8a Carotid bifurcation. Bifurcatio carotica. Site of 14 division of the common carotid artery. A 9 EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY. A. carotis externa. 15 It extends from the carotid bifurcation to its terminal division into the superficial temporal and maxillary arteries at the neck of the 16 mandible. A 10 Superior thyroid artery. A. thyroidea superior. 17 First branch of external carotid artery. It mainly supplies parts of the larynx and the thyroid 18 gland. A 11 Infrahyoid branch. Ramus infrahyoideus. It courses along the hyoid bone and anastomoses 19 with the branch from the opposite side. A 12 Sternocleidomastoid branch. Ramus sterno- 20 cleidomastoideus. Branch that supplies the sternocleidomastoid muscle. A 21 13 Superior laryngeal artery. A. laryngea superior. It penetrates the thyrohyoid membrane and 22 lies beneath the mucosa of the piriform recess. A 14 Cricothyroid branch. Ramus cricothyroideus. 23 Branch that supplies the cricothyroid muscle and the interior of the larynx. It anastomoses 24 with the branch from the opposite side. A 15 Anterior glandular branch. Ramus glandularis 25 anterior. It mainly supplies the anterior portion of the thyroid gland. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 195

20 18 1

4 19

17 5

9 6 11 10 13 7 7 12 8a 8 16 8

14 16a 9

10 15 6 11

5 13

14 4 15 2 1 1 16

23 A Arch of aorta and vessels of neck 24

1 Lingual artery. A. lingualis. Second anterior 13 b Lateral nasal branch. Ramus lateralis nasi. It 1 branch of external carotid artery. It is covered supplies the base of the nasal ala. C by the hyoglossus muscle and passes laterally 14 Angular artery. A. angularis. Terminal branch 2 into the tongue. A B C of facial artery. It anastomoses with the oph- 2 Suprahyoid branch of lingual artery. Ramus thalmic artery. C suprahyoideus. It anastomoses at the hyoid 3 15 Occipital artery. A. occipitalis. Second dorsal bone with the infrahyoid branch and the branch of external carotid artery. It passes me- branch from the opposite side. B dial to the mastoid process at the occiput and 4 3 Sublingual artery. A. sublingualis. Arising at anastomoses with the superficial temporal, the anterior margin of the hyoglossus, it passes vertebral, deep cervical and posterior auricular 5 between the mylohyoid and the sublingual arteries. C D gland and extends up to the gingiva. B 16 Mastoid branch of occipital artery. Ramus 4 Rami dorsales linguae. Dorsal lingual branches mastoideus. It passes through the mastoid 6 of lingual artery that supply the base of the foramen to the diploë and dura. It also supplies tongue. B mastoid cells. C 7 5 Deep lingual artery. A. profunda linguae. As 17 Auricular branch of occipital artery. Ramus the main branch of the lingual artery, it passes auricularis. It passes beneath the sternoclei- between the genioglossus and inferior longi- domastoid muscle and runs obliquely behind 8 tudinal muscles of the tongue to the apex of the the pinna. C tongue and anastomoses with the artery from 18 Sternocleidomastoid branch. Ramus sterno- 9 the opposite side. B cleidomastoidei. Small branches of occipital 6 Linguofacial trunk. [Truncus linguofacialis]. artery that supply the sternocleidomastoid muscle. C 10 Occasionally present common trunk of lingual and facial arteries. A 19 Meningeal branch. [Ramus meningeus]. In- 7 Facial artery. A. facialis. Third anterior branch constant branch of the occipital artery that oc- 11 of external carotid artery. It runs below the sty- casionally passes through the parietal foramen loyoid muscle, first upward, then laterad, and and supplies the dura mater. C 12 crosses the mandible at the anterior margin of 20 Occipital branches. Rami occipitales. Usually the masseter. A B C very tortuous branches of occipital artery that penetratethetrapeziusandsupplytheocciput.C 13 8 Ascending palatine artery. A. palatina ascendens. Arising from the proximal portion of the 21 Descending branch of occipital artery. Ramus facial artery, it passes medial to the styloglos- descendens. It passes beneath the splenius 14 sus muscle at the lateral wall of the pharynx to capitis to supply the muscles there. C supply the palatal arches and adjacent muscu- 22 Posterior auricular artery. A. auricularis poste- 15 lature, often also the tonsils from above. It and rior. Third dorsal branch of external carotid the ascending pharyngeal artery can replace artery. It lies under the parotid gland on the sty- each other. C loid process between the mastoid process and 16 9 Tonsillar branch. Ramus tonsillaris. Branch the ear. C D frequently arising from the ascending palatine 23 Stylomastoid artery. A. stylomastoidea. Slen- 17 artery and supplying the palatine tonsils. C der companion artery of facial nerve. It courses 10 Submental artery. A. submentalis. It lies with it through the stylomastoid foramen to the caudal to the mylohyoid muscle and supplies hiatus of the canal for the greater petrosal nerve, 18 mainly this muscle and the submandibular and then into the middle and inner ear. D gland. It anastomoses with the sublingual 24 Posterior tympanic artery. A. tympanica poste- 19 artery. C rior. It passes with the chorda tympani from the 11 Glandular branches. Rami glandulares. Direct facial canal to the tympanic membrane. D branches for the submandibular gland. C 25 Mastoid branches. Rami mastoidei. Branches 20 of posterior tympanic artery that supply the 12 Inferior labial artery. A. labialis inferior. Artery mastoid cells. D for the lower lip situated between the muscle 21 and the mucosa. It anastomoses with the sub- 26 Stapedial branch. [Ramus stapedialis]. Slender mental and mental arteries as well as the branch that supplies the stapedial muscle. 22 artery of the opposite side. C 27 Auricular branch. Ramus auricularis. It supplies 13 Superior labial artery. A. labialis superior. the posterior side of the pinna with perforating branches as well as the anterior side and the 23 Artery for the upper lip situated between the muscle and mucosa. It anastomoses with the small auricular muscles. D transverse facial and infra-orbital arteries as 28 Occipital branch. Ramus occipitalis. Branch that 24 well as the artery of the opposite side. C courses above the mastoid process and anasto- 13 a Nasal septal branch. Ramus septi nasi. It con- moses with the occipital artery. D 25 nects with the cavernous body of the septum 28 a Parotid branch. Ramus parotideus. It supplies (Kiesselbach’s area). C the parotid gland. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 197

7 6 3 4 194.17 7 1 1 4

194.9 3 5 5 200.10

194.10 6 194.6 2 7

A Linguofacial trunk B Branches of external carotid artery 8

19 9

20 13

14 17 14 22 13b 16 15 13a 21 18 9 13 16 8 C Branches of external 7 17 carotid artery 15 7 12 18 1 19 11 10 23 24 20

27 21 28a 22 25 22 23 28 15 24 D Branches of external carotid artery 25

1 Superficial temporal artery. A. temporalis su- 16 Middle meningeal artery. A. meningea media. 1 perficialis. One of two terminal branches of the It passes medial to the lateral pterygoid muscle external carotid artery. It passes upward in front and through the foramen spinosum into the 2 of the pinna accompanied by the auriculotem- middle cranial fossa where it ramifies. B C poral nerve. A B 17 Accessory ramus. Ramus accessorius. Acces- 2 Parotid branch. Ramus parotideus. It supplies sory branch from the middle meningeal artery 3 the parotid gland. A or from the maxillary artery that extends to the 3 Transverse facial artery. A. transversa faciei adjacent muscles, the auditory tube and 4 (facialis). Branch that is covered by the parotid through the foramen ovale to the dura up to the gland and passes below the zygomatic arch to trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion. B 5 the cheek. A 18 Petrosal branch. Ramus petrosus. Small 4 Anterior auricular branches. Rami auriculares branch that arises directly after the entrance of anteriores. Several small branches to the pinna the middle meningeal artery into the cranial 6 and the external acoustic meatus. A cavity and anastomoses with the stylomastoid artery via the hiatus of the canal for the greater 5 Zygomatico-orbital artery. A. zygomatico- petrosal nerve. C 7 orbitalis. It passes above the zygomatic arch to the lateral margin of the orbit. A 19 Superior tympanic artery. A. tympanica superior. It arises close to the petrosal branch and 8 6 Middle temporal artery. A. temporalis media. It passes into the tympanic cavity with the lesser passes above the zygomatic arch beneath the petrosal nerve. C temporalis muscle. A 9 20 Frontal branch. Ramus frontalis. Anterior, 7 Frontal branch. Ramus frontalis. Anterior large terminal branch in the cranium. It lies in a branch of superficial temporal artery. It anasto- bony groove often closed to form a canal. C 10 moses with its counterpart from the opposite side as well as with the supra-orbital and su- 21 Parietal branch. Ramus parietalis. Terminal pratrochlear arteries from the internal carotid. branch passing to the posterior half of the 11 A cranium. C 22 Ramus orbitalis. It runs 8 Parietal branch. Ramus parietalis. Posterior Orbital branch. through the superior orbital fissure in the branch of superficial temporal artery. It anasto- 12 direction of the lacrimal gland. C moses with its counterpart from the opposite side as well as with the posterior auricular and 23 Anastomotic branch connecting the orbital 13 occipital arteries. A branch and the lacrimal artery. Ramus anastomoticus [[cum a. lacrimalis]]. C 9 Maxillary artery. A. maxillaris. Larger terminal 14 branch of external carotid artery. It arises 23 a Pterygomeningeal artery. A. pterygo- beneath the temporomandibular joint, passes meningea. Artery that supplies the pterygoid lateral or medial to the lateral pterygoid muscle muscles, the tensor veli palatini, and the audi- 15 and ramifies in the pterygopalatine fossa. A B tory tube; it emerges from the maxillary and middle meningeal arteries and passes through 10 Deep auricular artery. A. auricularis profunda. the foramen ovale to the trigeminal ganglion 16 It passes backward and upward to the temporo- and the dura mater. mandibular joint, external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane. B 24 Masseteric artery. A. masseterica. Artery that 17 supplies the masseter muscle passing laterally 11 Anterior tympanic artery. A. tympanica ante- through the mandibular notch. B rior. Accompanied by the chorda tympani, it 18 passes through the petrotympanic fissure into 25 Anterior deep temporal artery. A. temporalis the tympanic cavity. B profunda anterior. Artery passing upwards into the temporalis muscle. B 19 12 Inferior alveolar artery. A. alveolaris inferior. It passes between the medial pterygoid muscle 25 a Posterior temporal artery. A. temporalis post- and mandibular ramus into the mandibular erior. 20 canal up to the mental foramen. B 26 Pterygoid branches. Rami pterygoidei. 13 Dental rami. Rami dentales. Branches to roots Branches that supply the pterygoid muscles. B 21 of the teeth. B 27 Buccal artery. A. buccalis. Artery that passes 13 a Peridental branches. Rami peridentales. downward and forward onto the buccinator muscle to supply the cheek and gingiva. B 22 14 Mylohyoid branch. Ramus mylohyoideus. Branch that exits in front of the mandibular 28 Posterior superior alveolar artery. A. alveolaris superior posterior. It passes posteriorly 23 canal and accompanies the mylohyoid nerve in the mylohyoid groove; it runs anteriorly into the maxilla and the maxillary sinus and beneath the mylohyoid muscle and anasto- supplies the upper molar teeth and their ging- 24 moses with the submental artery. B iva. B 15 Mental branch. Ramus mentalis. Terminal 29 Dental branches. Rami dentales. They supply 25 branch of inferior alveolar artery. It supplies the the maxillary molars. B chin. B 29 a Peridental branches. Rami peridentales. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 199

3 8 7 4

25 5

6 5 11 16 17 6

28 7 10 29 4 1 8 9 9 2 3 26 27 24 10 1 9 11

14 12 12 13 15 A Superficial temporal artery B Maxillary artery 13

16 20 17 21 23 22 18

19 18 16 20 19 21

23 C Middle meningeal artery 24

1 Infraorbital artery. A. infraorbitalis. Terminal 14 Caroticotympanic arteries. Aa. caroticotym- 1 branch of maxillary artery. It passes to the face panicae. Slender arteries extending from the via the inferior orbital fissure, groove and canal. carotid canal to the tympanic cavity. C 2 A 15 Pterygoid branch. Ramus pterygoideus. 2 Anterior superior alveolar arteries. Aa. alve- Branch that accompanies the nerve of the pter- olares superiores anteriores. They leave the in- ygoid canal in the lateral wall of the sphenoid 3 fraorbital artery in the infraorbital canal and sinus. C pass through bone to the anterior teeth. A 16 Cavernous part of internal carotid. Pars caver- 4 3 Dental branches. Rami dentales. Terminal nosa. Segment in the cavernous sinus; it ex- branches passing to the teeth. A tends up to the vicinity of the optic canal. C 5 3a Peridental branches. Rami peridentales. 17 Basal tentorial branch. Ramus basalis ten- 4 Artery of pterygoid canal. A. canalis ptery- torii. Branch of ICA that extends across the goidei. It traverses the pterygoid canal and petrosal ridge to the tentorium. C 6 passes posteriorly to the auditory tube and its 18 Marginal tentorial branch. Ramus marginalis environment. A B tentorii. Branch of ICA located near the ten- 7 4a Pharyngeal branch. Ramus pharyngeus. torial notch. C Branch to the pharyngeal mucosa. 19 Meningeal branch. Ramus meningeus. Branch 8 5 Descending palatine artery. A. palatina de- of ICA that supplies the dura mater of the scendens. It descends through the greater middle cranial fossa. C palatine canal. A B 20 Branch to trigeminal ganglion. Ramus gan- 9 6 Greater palatine artery. A. palatina major. It glionis trigeminalis. C passes through the greater palatine foramen to 21 Nerve branches. Rami nervorum. 10 the anterior palate and the neighboring ging- 22 Cavernous sinus branch. Ramus sinus caver- iva. B nosi. Twig from the cavernous part of the ICA. C 11 7 Lesser palatine arteries. Aa. palatinae 23 Inferior hypophysial artery. A. hypophysialis minores. They leave the greater palatine artery inferior. It supplies the posterior lobe of the hy- and canal and pass through the lesser palatine pophysis. C 12 foramina to the soft palate. B 24 Cerebral part of internal carotid artery. Pars 7a Pharyngeal branch. Ramus pharyngeus. cerebralis. As the terminal intradural segment, 13 Branch that supplies the pharyngeal mucosa up it extends from the exit of the ophthalmic to the level of the tonsil and gingiva. artery at the last bend of the carotid up to the 8 Sphenopalatine artery. A. sphenopalatina. It terminal branches that form the anterior and 14 passes through the sphenopalatine foramen middle cerebral arteries. C into the nasal cavity. B 25 Superior hypophysial artery. A. hypophysialis 15 9 Lateral posterior nasal branches. Aa. nasales superior. It supplies the hypophysial stalk, in- posteriores laterales. As the terminal branches fundibulum and part of the lower hypothalamus. C 16 of the sphenopalatine artery, they supply the nasal cavity laterally and posteriorly. B 26 Clival branch. Ramus clivi. Branch that sup- 9a Posterior septal branches. Rami septales plies the clivus. C 17 posteriores. Branches of the sphenopalatine artery that supply the posteroinferior part of 18 the nasal septum. B 10 INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (ICA). Arteria carotis interna. It extends branchless from the 19 bifurcation of the common carotid to the base of the skull where it extends through the 20 carotid canal up to its terminal division into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. B C 11 Cervical part of internal carotid artery. Pars 21 cervicalis. Branchless segment that extends up to the site where it enters the carotid canal in 22 the petrous part of the temporal bone. B C 12 Carotid sinus. Sinus caroticus. It is occasionally 23 displaced from the end of the common carotid artery (p. 194.8) to the beginning of the internal carotid. Site of baroreceptors. B 24 13 Petrous part of internal carotid artery. Pars petrosa. Segment coursing through the carotid 25 canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 201

4 2 1 3

5 1 4

2 3 24 7 17 A Infraorbital artery 8

25 18 9

16 16 10 26 21 14 20 11

19 22 23 13 12 15 13

11 14 202.16b 8 4 9 15 9a C Branches of internal carotid artery 16 9 5 17 7 18 6 11 19

20 10 21 12 22

B Lateral nasal artery 23

1 Ophthalmic artery. A. ophthalmica. It passes 16 Anterior meningeal branch. Ramus meningeus 1 from the anterior convex arch of the internal anterior. Branch from the part of the anterior eth- carotid artery through the optic canal into the moidal artery lying in the cranial fossa. It supplies 2 orbit accompanied by the optic nerve. A the dura. A 2 Central retinal artery. A. centralis retinae. It 16 a Anterior septal branches. Rami septales anteri- passes into the optic nerve from below about ores. Branches that extend from the anterior eth- 3 1 mm behind the eyeball. Distribution: internal moidal artery to the upper portion of the nasal layers of the retina. A septum. 3 Lacrimal artery. A. lacrimalis. Exits lateral to the 16 b Lateral anterior nasal branches. Rami nasales 4 ophthalmic artery and passes to the lacrimal anteriores lateralis. Branches of the anterior eth- gland along the upper margin of the lateral rectus moidal artery that extend to the upper lateral 5 muscle. A wall of the nasal septum and the anterior upper 4 Anastomotic branch [with middle meningeal ethmoidal air cells. See p. 201 B artery]. Ramus anastomoticus [cum a. meningea 17 Medial palpebral arteries. Aa. palpebrales medi- 6 media]. Branch that anastomoses with the orbital ales. Paired arteries for each eyelid, upper and branch of the middle meningeal artery. It oc- lower. They arise from the ophthalmic artery and 7 casionally replaces the ophthalmic artery. A anastomose with the lateral palpebral artery via 5 Lateral palpebral arteries. Aa. palpebrales the superior and inferior palpebral arches. A B laterales. They arises from the lacrimal artery and 18 Superior palpebral arch. Arcus palpebralis su- 8 pass lateral to the eyelids. A B perior. Connects the medial and lateral palpebral 5a Recurrent meningeal branch. Ramus mening- arteries superiorly on the tarsal plate. B eus recurrens. Branch of the lacrimal artery that 19 Inferior palpebral arch. Arcus palpebralis infe- 9 runs through the superior orbital fissure into the rior. Connects the medial and lateral palpebral ar- cranial cavity. It anastomoses with the anasto- teries inferiorly on the tarsal plate. B 10 motic branch. 20 Supratrochlear artery. A. supratrochlearis [[a. 6 Short posterior ciliary arteries. Aa. ciliares post- frontalis med.]]. Terminal branch of the ophthal- eriores breves. 10−15 arteries which penetrate mic artery which passes through the frontal 11 the sclera circumferentially around the optic notch to the forehead. Anastomoses with the nerve and supply the choroid. A contralateral, supraorbital and superficial tem- 12 7 Long posterior ciliary arteries. Aa. ciliares poste- poral arteries. A B riores longae. Lateral and medial arteries which 21 Dorsal nasal artery. A. dorsalis nasi (a. nasi ex- pass between the sclera and choroid to the ciliary terna). It penetrates the orbicularis oculi and 13 body. A B passes downward to the bridge of the nose. Anas- 8 Muscular arteries. Branches that supply the eye tomoses with the facial artery. A B 14 muscles. 22 Anterior choroidal artery [[AChA]]. Arteria 9 Anterior ciliary arteries. Aa. ciliares anteriores. choroidea anterior. Usually arises from the inter- They arise from the lacrimal artery or muscular nal carotid artery. It follows the optic tract and 15 branches, penetrate the sclera and supply the enters the choroid plexus of the inferior horn of choroid and ciliary body. A B the lateral ventricle, where it occasionally passes 10 Anterior conjunctival arteries. Aa. conjuncti- up to the interventricular foramen. C D 16 vales anteriores. Branches arising from the ante- 23 Choroidal branches of lateral ventricle. Rami rior ciliary arteries and supplying the conjunc- choroidei ventriculi lateralis. Branches that 17 tivae. B supply the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. 11 Posterior conjunctival arteries. Aa. conjuncti- CD vales posteriores. They arise from the lacrimal 24 Choroidal branches to third ventricle. Rami 18 and supraorbital arteries. A choroidei ventriculi tertii. Branches that supply 12 Episcleral arteries. Aa. episclerales. Twigs of the the choroid plexus of the third ventricle. C 19 anterior ciliary arteries situated on the sclera. B 25 Branches to anterior perforated substance. 13 Supraorbital artery. A. supraorbitalis [[a. Rami substantiae perforatae anterioris. AChA frontalis lat.]]. It passes below the roof of the orbit branches that supply internal capsule. D 20 and through the supraorbital notch to the fore- 26 Branches of optic tract. Rami tractus optici. head. A B Branches to the AchA that supply the optic tract. D 21 13 a Diploic branch. Ramus diploicus. Branch to bone. 27 Branches to lateral geniculate body. Rami cor- 14 Posterior ethmoidal artery. A. ethmoidalis post- poris geniculati lateralis. AChA branches that 22 erior. It passes below the superior oblique muscle supply the lateral genticulate body. D and through the posterior ethmoidal foramen to 28 Branches to internal capsule. Rami capsulae in- the posterior ethmoidal air cells and the posterior ternae. AChA branches that supply the posterior 23 part of the nasal cavity. A part of the internal capsule. 15 Anterior ethmoidal artery. A. ethmoidalis ante- 29 Branches to globus pallidus. Rami globi pallidi. 24 rior. It passes upward through the anterior eth- AChA branches that supply the globus pallidus. moidal foramen into the anterior cranial fossa 30 Branches to tail of caudate nucleus. Rami and through the cribriform plate into the nasal caudae nuclei caudati. AChA branches that supply 25 cavity and frontal sinus as well as the anterior the tail of the caudate nucleus. ethmoidal cells. A 31 Branches to tuber cinereum. Rami tuberis cin- Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000erei. AChAThieme branches that supply the tuber cin- All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms andereum. conditions D of license. Arteries 203

13 910 1 21 11 5 20 2

16 3 17 9 7 4 13 15 18 20 12 5 3 6 6 14 2 5 4 17 7

1 21 8 7 19 9

A Ophthalmic artery B Facial branches of ophthalmic artery 11

14 22 25 15 35 31 22 26 16 24 33

23 27 17

34 23 18

C Anterior choroidal artery D Anterior choroidal artery 23 from above from below

32 Branches to hypothalamic nuclei. Rami nu- 34 Branches to red nucleus. Rami nuclei rubri. AChA 24 cleorum hypothalamicorum. AChA branches that branches that pass through the crus cerebri and supply the hypothalamic nuclei. supply the red nucleus. D 25 33 Branches to substantia nigra. Rami substantiae 35 Branches to amygdaloid body. Rami corporis nigrae. AChA branches that pass through the crus amygdaloidei. Branches of the AchA that supply Feneis,cerebri Pocket and supply Atlas the of substantia Human nigra. Anatomy D © 2000the Thieme medial amygdaloid nucleus. C All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 204 Arteries

1 Anterior cerebral artery. A. cerebri anterior. 17 Parieto-occipital artery. A. parieto-occipitalis. 1 One of the two terminal arteries of the internal Branch of the anterior cerebral artery that sup- carotid artery. It runs posteriorly above the cor- plies the parieto-occipital sulcus. B 2 pus callosum and supplies the greater part of 18 Middle cerebral artery. A. cerebri media. Sec- the medial surface of the cerebrum. A ond terminal branch of internal carotid artery. 2 Precommunical part. Pars precommunicalis. It lodges in the lateral sulcus between the fron- 3 Portion of the anterior cerebral artery proximal tal and temporal lobes and supplies the greater to the anterior communicating branch. A part of the lateral cerebral surface. A 4 3 Anteromedial central arteries (anteromedial 19 Sphenoidal part. Pars sphenoidalis. First part thalamostriate arteries). Aa. centrales an- of the middle cerebral artery. It takes a horizon- teromediales (aa. thalamostriatae anterome- tal course somewhat parallel to the lesser wing 5 diales). Branches arising from the anterior cere- of the sphenoid bone. A bral arteries and passing into the thalamus and 20 Anterolateral central arteries. Aa. centrales 6 curpus striatum from below. A anterolaterales (aa. thalamostriatae anter- 4 Short central artery. A. centralis brevis. Short olaterales). Branches that penetrate the ante- 7 branch of anterior cerebral artery passing into rior perforated substance. the cerebrum. A 21 Medial branches. Rami mediales. They pass 5 Long central artery (recurrent artery). A. through the lentiform nucleus to the caudate 8 centralis longa (a. recurrens) [[Heubner]]. Ret- nucleus and internal capsule. A rograde branch that runs parallel to the ante- 22 Lateral branches. Rami laterales. They course 9 rior cerebral artery. It penetrates the anterior laterally around the lentiform nucleus to the perforated substance and supplies the middle internal capsule and caudate nucleus. A and lateral parts of the lentiform nucleus, the 10 head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior 23 Insular part. Pars insularis. Collective term for limb of the internal capsule. A branches of the middle cerebral artery that supply the insula. D 11 6 Anterior communicating artery. A. communicans anterior. Unpaired connection between 24 Insular arteries. Aa. insulares. Branches that the right and left anterior cerebral arteries. A supply the insula. D 12 7 Anteromedial central branches. Rami cen- 25 Lateral frontobasal artery. A. frontobasalis trales anteromediales. Anteromedial central lateralis (ramus orbitofrontalis lateralis). 13 branches that penetrate uniformly into the Branch that supplies the lateroinferior frontal cerebral substance. A lobe. C D 14 8 Postcommunical part of anterior cerebral 26 Anterior temporal artery. A. temporalis ante- artery. Pars postcommunicalis (r. pericallosa). rior. Branch that supplies the frontal end of the The part distal to the anterior communicating two upper temporal gyri. C D 15 artery. B 27 Middle temporal artery. A. temporalis media. 9 Medial frontobasal artery (medial orbito- Branch supplying the middle portion of the 16 frontalis branch). A. frontobasalis medialis (r. temporal lobe. C D orbitofrontalis medialis). Branch to the lower 28 Posterior temporal artery. A. temporalis post- surface of the frontal lobe. B 17 erior. Branch supplying the posterior portion of 10 Callosomarginal artery. A. callosomarginalis. the temporal lobe. C D Segment of the anterior cerebral artery located 29 Terminal part. Pars terminalis (pars corticalis). 18 in the sulcus of the corpus callosum. B Terminal ramifications of the middle cerebral 11 Anteromedial frontal branch. Ramus artery. 19 frontalis anteromedialis. Branch to the lower 30 Artery of central sulcus. A. sulci centralis. C D half of the medial side of the frontal lobe. B 31 Artery of precentral sulcus. A. sulci pre- 12 Mediomedial frontal branch. Ramus frontalis centralis. C D 20 mediomedialis. Branch to the middle portion of the medial side of the frontal lobe. B 32 Artery of postcentral sulcus. A. sulci postcentralis. C D 21 13 Posteromedial frontal branch. Ramus frontalis posteromedialis. Branch to the poste- 33 Anterior and posterior parietal arteries. Aa. parietales anterior et posterior. Branches that 22 rior portion of the medial surface of the frontal lobe. B supply the parietal lobe. C D 14 Cingular branch. Ramus cingularis. Branch 34 Artery of angular gyrus. A. gyri angularis. C D 23 that supplies the cingulate sulcus. B 15 Paracentral artery. A. paracentralis. Branch of 24 the anterior cerebral artery that supplies the area behind the central sulcus. B 25 16 Precuneal artery. A. precunealis. It supplies the region in front of the cuneus. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 205

265 7 1 1

3; 4 2

19 18 3 18 21; 22 4

A 13 Anterior and middle cerrebral arteries 7 12 15 16 8

14 9 17 11 10 8 10

12 9 13 B Anterior cerebral artery 32 33 14 30 31 15 25 34 16 28 27 17 26 18

30 32 19 31 33 20

24 34 C Middle cerebral artery 21 23

25 22 28 27 23 26 D Insular arteries 24

1 SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY. Arteria subclavia. It 17 Basilar artery. A. basilaris. Unpaired, thick trunk 1 lodges between the scalenus anterior and me- that extends from the right and left vertebral ar- dius in the groove for the subclavian artery on teries to its termination as the posterior cerebral 2 the 1st rib. At the lateral margin of the 1st rib it arteries. A B D continues as the axillary artery. A 18 Anterior inferior cerebellar artery. A. inferior 2 Vertebral artery. A. vertebralis. It originates be- anterior cerebelli. It supplies the anterior part of 3 hind the scalenus anterior, passes through the the inferior surface of the cerebellum. B D foramina transversaria cranially from C6−C1, 19 Labyrinthine artery. A. labyrinthi [ramus mea- 4 and then, after proceeding over the arch of the tus acustici interni]. Branch of the anterior infe- atlas behind its lateral mass, runs anteriorly rior cerebral artery (or basilar artery) that ac- through the posterior atlanto-occipital mem- companies the vestibulocochlear nerve into the 5 brane and the foramen magnum into the cranial inner ear. B D cavity. A B D 20 Pontine arteries. Aa. pontis. Branches that 6 3 Prevertebral part of vertebral artery. Pars pre- supply the pons. B D vertebralis. This short segment lies in front of the 21 Mesencephalic arteries. Aa. mesencephalicae. entrance into the foramen transversarium of C6. 22 Superior cerebellar artery. A. superior cere- A 7 belli. It passes around the mesencephalon and 4 Vertebral part of vertebral artery. Pars trans- through the cisterna ambiens to the surface of 8 versaria (cervicalis). It ascends through the the cerebellum below the tentorium. B D foramina transversia of C6 to C1. A 23 Posterior cerebral artery. A. cerebri posterior. 5 Spinal branches. Rami spinales (radiculares). Terminal branch of basilar artery. It supplies the 9 Branches passing with the spinal nerves to occipital lobe and 2/3 of the temporal lobe of the supply the spinal cord, the meningeal coverings cerebrum. B C D of the spinal cord and the vertebral bodies. A 10 24 Precommunical part of posterior cerebral 6 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. They artery. Pars precommunicalis. Short trunk supply the surrounding muscles. A which extends up to the entrance of the poste- 11 7 Atlantal (suboccipital) part. Pars atlantica. Por- rior communicating artery. B tionofthevertebralarterythatwindsaroundthe 25 Posteromedial central arteries. Aa. centrales 12 atlas and occupies the suboccipital triangle. A posteromediales. Branches in the posterior per- 8 Intracranial part of vertebral artery. Pars in- forated substance that supply the thalamus, tracranialis. It lies within the cranium. A 13 lateralwallofthirdventricleandglobuspallidus. 9 Anterior meningeal branch. Ramus meningeus B [anterior]. Branch at the anterior circumference 26 Postcommunical part of posterior cerebral 14 of the foramen magnum. It supplies bone and artery. Pars postcommunicalis. It is that portion dura. A following the posterior communicating artery. It 15 10 Posterior meningeal branch. Ramus mening- curves around the mesencephalon and passes eus [posterior]. Branch at the posterior cir- through the cisterna ambiens and tentorial cumference of the foramen magnum. It supplies notch to the inferior surface of the cerebrum. B 16 bone and dura. A 27 Posterolateral central arteries. Aa. centrales 11 Anterior spinal artery. A. spinalis anterior. The posterolaterales. Individual branches that 17 right and left arteries join to form an unpaired supply the posterior portion of the thalamus, the vesselintheanteriormedianfissureofthespinal quadrigeminal plate, pineal body and the medial cord. A B geniculate body. C 18 12 Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). A. 28 Thalamic branches.Ramithalamici.Branchesto inferior posterior cerebelli. It mainly supplies posterior portion of thalamus. C 19 the lower posterior portion of the cerebellum. A 29 Posteromedial choroid branches. Rami BD choroidei posteriores mediales. Branches in the 13 Choroid branch of PICA. Ramus choroideus roof of the third ventricle. C 20 ventriculi quarti. It supplies the choroid plexus 30 Posterolateral choroid branches. Rami of the fourth ventricle. choroidei posteriores laterales. Branches that 21 14 Tonsillar branch of PICA. Ramus tonsillae cere- supply the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. belli. Branch that supplies the tonsil of the cere- C bellum. 31 Peduncular branches. Rami pedunculares. 22 15 Medial and lateral medullary branches of Branches that supply the cerebral peduncles. D PICA. Rami medullares medialis et lateralis. 23 Branches that supply the medulla oblongata and the inferior cerebellar peduncle. 16 Posterior spinal artery. A. spinalis posterior. 24 Slender longitudinal vessel, occasionally paired, behind the spinal cord. It arises intracranially 25 from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery or the vertebral artery. B D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 207

1 17 2

8 12 21; 22 9 11 3

4 7 10 25 N III 5 5 26 2 6 23; 24 4 22 20 7 6 8 17 9 N VI 18 19 10 3 2 2 11 12 11 12 9

16 13 1 14

A Vertebral artery B Arteries of base of the brain 15

16 23 30 31 29 17

18 29 N III 28 19 22 20 20 19 23 30 17 21 27 18 N VI 22 12 2 23 16 24 C Posterior cerebral artery D Basilar artery 25

1 Terminal portion of posterior cerebral artery. 21 Thalamic branch. Ramus thalamicus. Long 1 Parsterminalis(corticalis).Itsuppliesalmostex- branch which passes to the thalamus from clusively the posterior cerebral cortex mainly at below. A C 2 the base of the brain. 22 Hypothalamic branch. Ramus hypothalami- 2 Lateral occipital artery. A. occipitalis lateralis. cus. Branch to the hypothalamus. A C Trunk for the three temporal lobe arteries. A B 3 23 Branch to tail of caudate nucleus. Ramus 3 Anterior temporal branches. Rami tem- caudae nuclei caudati. It is located medial to the porales anteriores. A B choroid fissure. C 4 4 Middle temporal branches. Rami temporales 24 Posterior cerebral artery. A. cerebri posterior. (intermedii mediales). A B Paired terminal branch of basilar artery. Since 5 5 Posterior temporal branches. Rami tem- the latter is formed by the union of the right and porales posteriores. A B left vertebral arteries, this produces a strong anastomosis of both vertebral arteries. A C 6 6 Medial occipital artery. A. occipitalis medialis. Twig for the sagittal surface of the posterior half 7 of the cerebrum. A B 7 Dorsal branch to corpus callosum. Ramus corporis callosi dorsalis. Small, short branch to 8 the splenium of the corpus callosum. A 8 Parietal branch. Ramus parietalis. Anterior 9 branch to posterior portion of the parietal lobe. A 9 Parieto-occipital branch. Ramus parieto- 10 occipitalis. It supplies the parieto-occipital sulcus. A B 10 Calcarine branch. Ramus calcarinus. It sup- 11 plies the calcarine sulcus. A B 11 Occipitotemporal branch. Ramus occipi- 12 totemporalis. Lower branch extending into the temporal lobe. A B 13 12 Cerebral arterial circle [[Circle of Willis]]. Cir- culus arteriosus cerebri [[Willisii]]. Anastomos- ing arterial circle between the main tributaries 14 of the cerebrum, i. e., between the internal carotid and the posterior cerebral arteries. B C 15 13 Internal carotid artery. A. carotis interna. Main anterior tributary in the cranial cavity. B C 16 14 Anterior cerebral artery. A. cerebri anterior. Anterior terminal branch of internal carotid artery. It supplies chiefly the greater portion of 17 the medial and orbital surfaces of the cerebrum. C 18 15 Anterior communicating artery. A. communicans anterior. Anastomosis between right 19 and left anterior cerebral arteries. C 16 Anteromedial central arteries. Aa. centrales anteromediales. Short branches penetrating 20 equally into the base of the brain. C 17 Middle cerebral artery. A. cerebri media. 21 Lateral terminal branch of internal carotid artery. It frequently gives off the posterior com- 22 municating artery. C 18 Posterior communicating artery. A. communicans posterior. Paired anastomoses be- 23 tween the internal carotid or middle cerebral artery and the posterior cerebral artery. A C 24 19 Chiasmatic branch. Ramus chiasmaticus. Branch to the optic chiasm. C 25 20 Oculomotor nerve branch. Ramus nervi oculomotorii. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 209

3 8 9 4 21 7 10 22 5

6 6 2 18 24 5 11 7 3 4 8 A Posterior cerebral artery, medial view 9

13 10 3 11 12 2 12 4 13

6 5 14

9 15 15 10 16 11 14 17 17 16 13 18 B Posterior cerebral artery 21 19 22 19 23 18 20 20 21

N III 24 22

C Cerebral arterial circle 23

1 Internal thoracic [[mammary]] artery. A. 18 Esophageal branches. Rami oesophageales. A 1 thoracica interna [[a. mammaria interna]]. It B arises from the subclavian artery and descends 19 Tracheal branches. Rami tracheales. A B 2 along the anterior, inner surface of the thorax as far as the diaphragm. A B 20 Ascending cervical artery. A. cervicalis ascendens. It lies medial to the phrenic nerve and the 2 Mediastinal branches. Rami mediastinales. scalenus anterior and can reach as far as the base 3 Branches that supply the mediastinum. B of the skull. A B 3 Thymic branches. Rami thymici. Branches that 4 supply the thymus. B 21 Spinal branches. Rami spinales. They pass through the intervertebral foramina to the spi- 4 Bronchial branches. [Rami bronchiales]. nal cord. A B Branches to the bronchi. B 5 22 Transverse cervical (colli) artery. A. transversa 4a Tracheal branches. [Rami tracheales]. Branches cervicis (colli). The vessel may vary greatly. The 6 to the trachea. second most frequent variant (25%) is repre- 5 Pericardiophrenic artery. A. pericardiaco- sented here. Originating usually (75%) from the phrenica. Accompanies the phrenic nerve and subclavian artery, it frequently passes through 7 supplies the pericardium and the diaphragm. B the brachial plexus, supplies the upper part of 6 Sternal branches. Rami sternales. Branches that the trapezius with its branches and ramifies 8 supply the sternum. B alongside the dorsal scapular nerve. A B 7 Perforating branches. Rami perforantes. Ves- 23 Superficial branch. Ramus superficialis. It 9 sels that extend through intercostal spaces 1−6 arises either as a superficial ramus from the to the surface of the thorax. B transverse cervical artery or as an independent superficial cervical artery from the thyrocervical 10 8 Medial mammary branches. Rami mammarii trunk and passes beside the accessory nerve to mediales. Larger perforating branches that the descending part of the trapezius and the le- supply the mammary gland. B vator scapulae and splenius muscles. A B 11 9 Lateral costal branch. [Ramus costalis lateralis]. 23 a Ascending branch. Ramus ascendens. Normal variant. Arises from the internal thoracic 12 artery and runs lateral and parallel to it. B 23 b Descending branch. Ramus descendens. 10 Anterior intercostal branches. Rami inter- 24 Deep branch (dorsal scapular artery). costales anteriores. Anterior tributaries in the Ramus profundus (a. dorsalis scapulae). This 13 intercostal spaces. B vessel arises either as a deep branch of the trans- 11 Musculophrenic artery. A. musculophrenica. verse cervical artery or directly from the sub- 14 Passing behind the costal arch, it gives off addi- clavian artery (67%) and accompanies the dorsal tional anterior intercostal branches from the 7th scapular nerve. It supplies the medial border of the scapula and adjacent muscles. A B 15 intercostal space onward. B 12 Superior epigastric artery. A. epigastrica su- 24 a Dorsal scapular artery. [A. dorsalis scapulae]. perior. Continuation of the internal thoracic Old designation for the deep branch. 16 artery after entering the abdominal cavity between the sternal and costal parts of the dia- 17 phragm [[Larrey’s space = sternocostal triangle]]. B 13 Thyrocervical trunk. Truncus thyrocervicalis. 18 Variably common stem of the inferior thyroid, transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries. A 19 B 14 Inferior thyroid artery. A. thyroidea inferior. It 20 passes along the anterior margin of the scalenus anterior as far as the level of C6 and then behind the common carotid artery to the thyroid gland. 21 AB 15 Inferior laryngeal artery. A. laryngealis infe- 22 rior. It passes upward behind the trachea, penetrates the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and supplies part of the larynx. A B 23 16 Glandular branches. Rami glandulares. They supply the inferior and posterior surfaces of the 24 thyroid gland and the parathyroids via inferior and ascending branches. A 25 17 Pharyngeal branches. Rami pharyngeales. They supply the wall of the pharynx. A B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 211

1 A Thyrocervical trunk 17 2 21 15 3

20 16 14 4 22 19 23 5 18 13 6 24 7

8 21 15 1 20 17 14 9 22 14 18 23 19 10 13 24 82.2 11 1 1 12

13 9 10 3 14 4 2 15 5 6 16

17 8 18 7 19

22 12 11 23

B Internal thoracic [[mammary]] 24 artery and thyrocervical trunk 25

1 Suprascapular artery. A. suprascapularis. 19 Lateral mammary branches. Rami mammarii 1 Generally arises from the thyrocervical trunk, laterales. A crosses over the scalenus anterior, runs above 20 Subscapular artery. A. subscapularis. Arises at 2 the superior transverse scapular ligament into the lateral margin of the subscapularis muscle the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae and and supplies it, the latissimus dorsi and teres anastomoses with the circumflex scapular major muscles. A 3 artery. A 21 Thoracodorsal artery. A. thoracodorsalis. 2 Acromial branch. Ramus acromialis. It pene- Branch to the latissimus dorsi and teres major. 4 trates the attachment of the trapezius and A passes to the acromion. A 22 Circumflex scapular artery. A. circumflexa 3 Costocervical trunk. Truncus costocervicalis. scapulae. It passes through the triangular 5 Origin: posterior wall of subclavian artery be- space to the infraspinous fossa and anasto- hind the scalenus anterior. B moses with the suprascapular artery. A 6 4 Deep cervical artery. A. cervicalis profunda. It 23 Anterior circumflex humeral artery. A. cir- courses posteriorly between the transverse cumflexa anterior humeri. It arises below the processes of C7 and T1, then upwards on the latissimus dorsi at the same level or deeper 7 semispinalis. It supplies the nuchal muscula- than the posterior circumflex humeral artery ture. B and passes in front of the surgical neck of the 8 5 Highest intercostal artery. A. intercostalis su- humerus to the coracobrachialis and biceps. It prema. Common trunk for the first two inter- anastomoses with the posterior circumflex costal arteries. B humeral artery. A 9 6 First and second posterior intercostal arter- 24 Posterior circumflex humeral artery. A. cir- ies. Aa. intercostalis posterior prima et cumflexa posterior humeri. It passes with the 10 secunda. They pass in the first two intercostal axillary nerve through the quadrangular space spaces, respectively. B to the shoulder joint and the deltoid muscle. It anastomoses with the anterior circumflex 11 7 Dorsal branches. Rami dorsales. Branches for the muscles and skin of the back. B humeral, suprascapularis and thoracoacromial arteries. A 8 Spinal branches. Rami spinales. Branches to the 12 spinal cord via intervertebral foramina T1−2. B 25 Brachial artery. A. brachialis. It forms a continuation of the axillary artery from the lower ARTERIES OF THE UPPER LIMB. Arteriae mem- margin of the pectoralis major in the medial bri superioris. 13 bicipital groove up to its division into the radial 9 Axillary Artery. Arteria axillaris. Continuation and ulnar arteries. A of the subclavian artery as far as the lower 26 Superficial brachial artery. [A. brachialis su- 14 margin of the pectoralis major. A B perficialis]. Anatomic variant in which the 10 Subscapular branches. Rami subscapulares. brachial artery lies on the median nerve in- 15 Individual branches to the subscapularis stead of below it. A muscle. A 27 Profunda brachii artery. A. profunda brachii. 16 11 Superior thoracic artery. A. thoracica superior. Companion artery of the radial nerve in the Variable branch to the subclavius, intercostals groove for the radial nerve. A 1−2 and serratus anterior muscles. A 28 Nutrient arteries of humerus. Aa. nutriciae 17 12 Thoracoacromial artery. A. thoracoacromialis. (nutrientes) humeri. Branches to the bone It arises at the upper margin of the pectoralis marrow of the humerus. A minor and ramifies in all directions. A 18 29 Deltoid branch. Ramus deltoideus. Branch 13 Acromial branch. Ramus acromialis. Branch coursing laterally behind the humerus, then su- passing superolaterally through the deltoid periorly and externally to the deltoid muscle. A 19 muscle to the acromion. A 30 Middle collateral artery. A. collateralis media. 14 Acromial network. Rete acromiale. Arterial It arises behind the humerus and descends to 20 network on the acromion. A the articular network of the elbow. A 15 Clavicular branch. Ramus clavicularis. Small 31 Radial collateral artery. A. collateralis 21 branch to the clavicle and the subclavius radialis. It passes with the radial nerve to the muscle. A articular network of the elbow and gives off an 16 Deltoid branch. Ramus deltoideus. Branch anterior branch to the radial recurrent artery. A 22 passing posterolaterally for the deltoid and 32 Superior ulnar collateral artery. A. collateralis pectoralis major muscles. A ulnaris superior. Often arising near the pro- 23 17 Pectoral branches. Rami pectorales. Branches funda brachii artery, it passes with the ulnar passing inferiorly for the serratus anterior and nerve to the articular network of the elbow. A pectoral muscles. A 33 Inferior ulnar collateral artery. A. collateralis 24 18 Lateral thoracic artery. A. thoracica lateralis. It ulnaris inferior. Originating above the medial passes downward at the lateral margin of the epicondyle of the humerus, it passes on the 25 pectoralis minor to supply the pectoral and brachialismuscleandthroughtheintermuscular serratus anterior muscles. A septum to the articular network of the elbow. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 213

14 15 2 9 13 15 1 1

11 3 12

16 18 4 17 10 5 24 20 6 22 19 23 7 27 21

29 8 25 26 9 28 10

30 13 31 32

33 14 4 15 3 5 210.13 16 206.2 194.6 17 9 7 18

6 8 19 A Subclavian and brachial arteries 20

21 6 210.1 22

23 B Arteria subclavia 24

1 Radial artery. A radialis. It begins at the division 17 Posterior branch. Ramus posterior. Together 1 ofthebrachialarteryandcoursesonthepronator withtheulnarnerveitascendsbehindthemedial teres, then lateral to the flexor carpi radialis epicondyletoanastomosewiththearticularnet- 2 (where its pulsations are readily palpable) up to work of the elbow and the superior ulnar col- the hand. B lateral artery. B 3 2 Radial recurrent artery. A. recurrens radialis. 18 Articular network of elbow. Rete articulare cu- Retrograde artery ascending medial to the radial biti.Arterialplexusaroundtheelbowjoint,espe- nerve to anastomose with the radial collateral cially behind it. B 4 artery. B 19 Common interosseous artery. A. interossea 3 Palmar carpal branch.Ramuscarpalispalmaris. communis. Short segment that extends from its 5 Small branch at the distal margin of the pronator originfromtheulnararterytoitsdivisionintothe quadratus. It joins the carpal network. B anterior and posterior interosseous arteries. B 6 4 Superficial palmar branch. Ramus palmaris su- 20 Posterior interosseous artery. A. interossea perficialis. Small arterial branch coursing posterior. It passes between the interosseous through the thenar eminence to the superficial membraneandtheobliquecordtothedorsalsur- 7 palmar arch. B face and supplies the extensor muscles of the forearm. A B 5 Dorsal carpal branch. Ramus carpalis dorsalis. 8 Branch passing transversely across the dorsum 21 Recurrent interosseous artery. A. interossea of the wrist below the long extensor tendons. A recurrens. It passes deep to the anconeus muscle to anastomose with the middle collateral artery. 9 6 Dorsal carpal network. Rete carpale dorsale. B Arterial network on the dorsum of the wrist. A 22 Anterior interosseous artery. A. interossea 10 7 Dorsal metacarpal arteries. Aa. metacarpales anterior. It runs on the interosseous membrane dorsales. Four arteries arising from the dorsal and then beneath the pronator quadratus to carpal branch or the dorsal carpal network and anastomose with the dorsal carpal network. B 11 passing dorsally in the direction of the interdigital spaces. A 23 Accompanying artery of median nerve. A. combitans nervi mediani. Long, slender vessel(median 12 8 Dorsal digital arteries. Aa. digitales dorsales. artery) which accompanies the median nerve. B Twoshortarteriesarisingfromeachofthedorsal 24 Palmar carpal branch.Ramuscarpalispalmaris. 13 metacarpalarteriesandsupplyingthedorsumof the individual fingers. A Branch distal to the pronator quadratus that supplies the wrist. B 14 9 Princeps pollicis artery. A. princeps pollicis. It originates from the radial artery after its en- 25 Dorsal carpal branch. Ramus carpalis dorsalis. trance into the 1st dorsal interosseus muscle and Branch passing laterally around the wrist to the 15 divides at the flexor side of the thumb. B dorsal carpal network. A B 26 Deep palmar branch. Ramus palmaris profun- 10 Radialis indicis artery. A. radialis indicis. dus. Weaker ulnar contributor to the deep pal- Frequent branch of the princeps pollicis artery 16 mar arch arising at the level of the pisiform bone. the radial side of the index finger. B B 11 Deep palmar arch. Arcus palmaris profundus. 17 27 Superficial palmar arch. Arcus palmaris super- Continuation of the radial artery beneath the ficialis. It lies between the palmar aponeurosis long flexor tendons. In anastomoses with the and the long flexor tendons with the main influx 18 ulnar artery. B from the ulnar artery. It anastomoses with the 12 Palmar metacarpal arteries.Aa.metacarpales radial artery. B 19 palmares. Small branches of the deep palmar 28 Common palmar digital arteries.Aa.digitales arch passing toward the interdigital spaces. B palmares communes. Three to four arteries run- 20 13 Perforating branches.Ramiperforantes.Anas- ning along the sides of the fingers, which they tomosewiththedorsalmetacarpalarteriesatthe principally supply. B 21 dorsum of the hand. A B 29 Proper palmar digital arteries. Aa. digitales pal- 14 Ulnar artery. A. ulnaris. Second terminal branch mares propriae. Thick arteries on the ulnar and of brachial artery. It runs beneath the pronator radial sides of each finger, palmar aspect. B 22 teres, then accompanies the flexor carpi ulnaris to terminate as the superficial palmar arch. B 23 15 Ulnar recurrent artery. A. recurrens ulnaris. Retrograde branch of the ulnar (or brachial) 24 artery with the two branches listed below. B 16 Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. It ascends 25 medial to the brachialis muscle to anastomose with the inferior ulnar collateral artery. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 215

3 29 4 28 13 5 10 6 12 27 7 9 11 8

26 9 4 8 8 25 3 10 24 11

13 13

7 23 14

6 22 15

16 5 25 17 20

19 1 18

14 21 19 20 20 15 2 17 21 A Dorsal arteries of hand 16 18 22 18 23 B Ateries of forearm and hand, palmar side 24

1 DESCENDING AORTA. Pars descendens aortae. 15 Lateral mammary branches. Rami mammarii 1 Descending portion of the aorta beginning at the laterales. Branches from the lateral cutaneous isthmus of the arch of the aorta and terminating branches to the mammary gland. B 2 at its bifurcation at the level of the body of L4. 16 Subcostal artery. A. subcostalis. Segmental 2 THORACIC AORTA. Pars thoracica aortae. Part of arterial branch lying below the 12th rib. It corresponds to an intercostal artery. 3 the descending aorta extending down to its entrance into the diaphragm. A B 17 Dorsal branch. Ramus dorsalis. It passes to the 3 Bronchial branches. Rami bronchiales. Their muscles and skin of the back. B 4 origin is very variable but often at the level of the 18 Spinal branch. Ramus spinalis. It passes bifurcation of the trachea. They supply the air- through the 12th intervertebral foramen to 5 ways up to the respiratory bronchioles including supply the spinal cord and its membranes. B the interlobular connective tissue and the ABDOMINAL AORTA. visceral pleura. A 19 Pars abdominalis aortae. 6 Portion of the aorta extending from its entrance 4 Esophageal branches. Rami oesophageales. into the diaphragm to its bifurcation at the level Small branches to the esophagus. A of the body of L4. A 7 5 Pericardial branches. Rami pericardiaci. Small 20 Inferior phrenic artery. A. phrenica inferior. branches to the posterior wall of the peri- Pairedarteriesthatsupplythediaphragm,which 8 cardium. A they enter from below. A 6 Mediastinal branches. Rami mediastinales. 21 Superior suprarenal arteries. Aa. suprarenales 9 Numerous fine branches to the lymph nodes and (adrenales) superiores. Uppermost group of the connective tissue of the posterior medi- three suprarenal arteries. A astinum. A 10 22 Lumbar arteries. Aa. lumbales. Four segmental 7 Superior phrenic arteries. Aa. phrenicae super- arteries which correspond to the intercostal ar- iores. Small branches from the lower thoracic teries. A aorta to the adjacent parts of the diaphragm. A 11 23 Dorsal branch. Ramus dorsalis. Branch that 8 Posterior intercostal arteries. Aa. intercostales supplies the muscles of the back and the medial 12 posteriores. Posterior supply of intercostal skin segments. A spaces 3−9. A B 24 Spinal branch. Ramus spinalis. Branch passing 13 9 Dorsal branch. Ramus dorsalis. Posterior throughtheintervertebralforamentosupplythe branch for the supply of the muscles and skin of spinal cord and its membranes. the back. B 25 Median sacral artery. A. sacralis mediana. Thin 14 10 Spinal branches.Ramispinales.Branchespass- median continuation of the aorta. A ing through the intervertebral foramina to 26 Lowest lumbar arteries. Aa. lumbales imae. 15 supply the spinal cord and its membranes. B Paired lateral branches of the median sacral 10 a Postcentral branch. Ramus postcentralis. artery. They correspond to a 5th lumbar artery. A 16 10 b Prelaminar branch. Ramus praelaminaris. 26 a Lateral sacral branches. Rami sacrales laterales. They anastomose with the lateral sacral ar- 10 c Posterior radicular artery. A. radicularis posterior. teries of the internal iliac artery. 17 10 d Anterior radicular artery. A. radicularis anterior. 27 Coccygeal body. Glomus coccygeum. Mass con- 10 e Segmental medullary artery. A. medullaris taining arteriovenous anastomoses and 18 segmentalis. epithelioid cells located at the end of the median sacral artery in front of the tip of the coccyx. A 11 Medial cutaneous branch. Ramus cutaneus 19 medialis. Branch that runs alongside the spinous 28 Celiac trunk. Truncus coeliacus. Common stem process to the skin. B of the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries at the level of T12. A 20 12 Lateral cutaneous branch. Ramus cutaneus lateralis. Branch of the dorsal ramus running 29 Left gastric artery.A.gastricasinistra.Arteryas- beneath the skin further laterally. B cending in the left gastropancreatic fold to the 21 cardiac portion of the stomach and continuing 13 Collateral branch [[supracostal branch]]. along the lesser curvature. A Ramus collateralis [[ramus supracostalis]]. 22 Branch arising in the vicinity of the costal angle 30 Esophageal branches. Rami oesophageales. and running parallel to the intercostal artery. It Small branches that supply the esophageal seg- proceeds anteriorly along the upper margin of ment above the cardia of the stomach. A 23 the next lowest rib and anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery. A B 24 14 Lateral cutaneous branch. Ramus cutaneus lateralis. Branch running laterally beneath the 25 skin and ramifying both anteriorly and posteriorly. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 217

11 10; 18 1 12 2

9; 17 3 8 2 13 4 3 8 5

2 14 6

13 6 7 15 4 8 8 202.8 9 5 7 10

B Intercostal artery 11

30 12 20 21 20 13

14 28 29 15

19 17

22 18

23 20

25 21

26 22 27 23 A Aorta 24

1 Common hepatic artery. A. hepatica communis. 19 Right gastro-omental [[gastroepiploic]] artery. A. 1 Branch of the celiac trunk (occasionally also the gastro-omentalis dextra. It originates at the level superior mesenteric artery) passing to the right of the inferior margin of the pylorus and, as the 2 side toward the liver and dividing into the continuation of the gastroduodenal artery, passes gastroduodenal artery and the hepatic artery in the greater omentum different distances from proper. Besides supplying the liver, it also par- the greater curvature of the stomach. It anasto- 3 tially supplies the stomach, duodenum and pan- moses with the left gastro-omental artery. A C creas. A C 20 Gastric branches. Rami gastrici. Short branches ascending to the stomach. A 4 2 Hepatic artery proper. A. hepatica propria. One of the two terminal branches of the common he- 21 Omental branches. Rami omentales. Long patic artery. It passes into the liver. A B C branches that supply the greater omentum. A 5 3 Right gastric artery. A. gastrica dextra. It passes 22 Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. A. to the upper margin of the pylorus, then along the pancreaticoduodenalis superior anterior. Termi- 6 lesser curvature of the stomach to anastomose nal branch that passes inferiorly on the pancreas with the left gastric artery. A and anastomoses to the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. A C 4 Right branch of hepatic artery proper (right hepatic 23 Panreatic branches. Rami pancreatici. A C 7 artery). Ramus dexter. It passes to the right side of the hilum of the liver and supplies the right lobe. 24 Duodenal branches. Rami duodenales A C 8 It frequently also arises from the superior mesen- 25 Splenic (lineal) artery. A. splenica (lienalis). teric artery. A B Third branch of the celiac trunk. It runs along the 5 Cystic artery. A. cystica. Originating from the upper margin of the pancreas then through the 9 right branch of the hepatic artery proper, it splenorenal ligament to the spleen. C passes to the anterior and posterior surfaces of 26 Pancreatic branches. Rami pancreatici. Numerous 10 the gallbladder. A B small and several large branches to pancreas. A C 6 Artery to caudate lobe. A. lobi caudati. B 27 Dorsal pancreatic artery. A. pancreatica dorsalis. Arising just at the beginning of the splenic artery, 11 7 Anterior segmental artery. A. segmenti anterioris. it passes downward behind the neck of the pan- It supplies the anterior segment of the liver. B creas partially embedded in pancreatic tissue. C 12 8 Posterior segmental artery. A. segmenti posteri- 28 Inferior pancreatic artery. A. pancreatica inferior. oris. It supplies the posterior segment of the liver. Branch of the dorsal pancreatic artery passing B toward the left to the lower posterior surface of 13 9 Left branch of hepatic artery proper (left hepatic the body of the pancreas. C artery.) Ramus sinister. It supplies the left lobe of 28 a Prepancreatic artery. A. praepancreatica. Anasto- 14 the liver. A B mosis between the main branch of the dorsal 10 Artery to caudate lobe. A. lobi caudati. B pancreatic artery and the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. C 11 Medial segmental artery. A. segmenti medialis. It 15 29 A. pancreatica magna. It passes from near the supplies the medial segment of the liver. B middle of the splenic artery downward onto the 12 Lateral segmental artery. A. segmenti lateralis. It posterior surface of the pancreas, which it sup- 16 supplies the lateral segment of the liver. B plies, and anastomoses with the inferior pan- 12 a Intermediate branch. Ramus intermedius. It sup- ceatic artery. C 17 plies the quadrate lobe. B 30 Artery to tail of pancreas. A. caudae pancreatis. It originates from the distal end of the splenic 13 Gastroduodenal artery. A. gastroduodenalis. Be- artery or from one of its terminal branches and hind the lower margin of the pylorus, it divides 18 anastomoses with the inferior pancreatic artery into an anterior supraduodenal artery and the in the tail of the pancreas. C right gastro-omental artery. A C 19 31 Left gastro-omental (gastro-epiploic) artery. A. 14 Supraduodenal artery. [A. supraduodenalis]. In- gastro-omentalis (epiploica) sinistra. Arises from constant first branch that supplies the anterior the gastrosplenic ligament, then passes in the 20 2/3 and the posterior 1/3 of the duodenum. greater omentum to anastomose with the right 15 Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. A. gastro-omental artery. A C pacreaticoduodenalis superior posterior. Arising 21 32 Gastric branches. Rami gastrici. Long branches to behind the pancreas it follows the duodenum the stomach. somewhat and anastomoses with the inferior 33 Omental branches. Rami omentales. Long pancreaticoduodenal artery. C 22 branches that supply the greater omentum. A 16 Pancreatic branches. Rami pancreatici. Branches 34 Short gastric arteries. Aa. gastrici breves. Small to the head of the pancreas. 23 vessels from the splenic artery or its branches 17 Duodenal branches. Rami duodenales. that mainly supply the fundus of the stomach. A 18 Retroduodenal arteries. Aa. retroduodenales. 35 Splenic branches. Rami splenici. Five to six 24 Branches of gastroduodenal artery that supply branches of the splenic artery arising in front of posterior surface of duodenum and head of pan- the entrance into the spleen. A 25 creas. They cross over the bile duct and con- 35 a Posterior gastric artery. A gastrica posterior. tribute with a small vessel to its supply. Branch to the posterior wall of the stomach. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 219

34 2

35 2 35a 3 4 1 2 13 4 5 9 3 26 5 31 19 6 22 20 33 7 23 24 8 21 A Celiac trunk 9 11 10 10 6 2 11 4 8 12 9 5 7 12 11 13 B Branches of hepatic artery 12a 14

17 21 18 25 13 27 29 19 26 19 20 31 30 15 28a 28 21 22 22

24 23 23 C Blood supply of pancreas 24 220.2a 220.2b and duodenum 25

1 Superior mesenteric artery. A. mesenterica su- 13 Left colic artery. A. colica sinistra. It passes ret- 1 perior. Unpaired branch of the aorta arising roperitoneally to the descending colon. B about 1 cm below the celiac trunk. It extends 14 Sigmoid arteries. Aa. sigmoidea. They pass ob- 2 from behind the pancreas to the uncinate liquely downward to the sigmoid colon. B process and passes with its branches into the mesentery and mesocolon. A B 15 Superior rectal artery. A. rectalis superior. It 3 passes behind the rectum into the lesser pelvis 2 Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. A. pan- and divides into right and left branches which, creaticoduodenalis inferior. It arises behind the after penetrating the musculature, supply 4 pancreas and passes between the duodenum mainly the mucosa up to the anal valves. B and pancreas to anastomose with the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. A 16 Middle suprarenal artery. A. suprarenalis 5 (adrenalis) media. It originates directly from 2a Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. It anasto- the aorta and supplies the suprarenal gland. C moses with the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. See p. 219 C 17 Renal artery. A. renalis. It arises from the aorta 6 in front of L1 and divides into several branches 2b Posterior branch. Ramus posterior. It anasto- which enter the kidney. C D moses with the posterior superior pancreati- 7 coduodenal artery. See p. 219 C 17 a Capsular arteries. Aa. capsulares (perirenales). C 3 Jejunal branches. Aa. jejunales. Branches 8 coursing in the mesentery to supply the je- 18 Inferior suprarenal artery. A. suprarenalis in- junum. A ferior. Artery to the suprarenal gland. C 9 4 Ileal branches. Aa. ileales. Branches coursing in 19 Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. It supplies the mesentery to supply the ileum. A the upper, anterior and lower segments of the kidney. C D 10 5 Ileocolic artery. A. ileocolica. It passes in the root of the mesentery downward and to the 20 Superior segmental artery. A. segmenti su- right toward the ileocecal junction. A perioris. It supplies the upper segment of the kidney as far as the posterior surface. C 11 6 Colic branch. Ramus colicus. Ascending branch to the ascending colon. It anastomoses 21 Superior anterior segmental artery. A. with the right colic artery. A segmenti anterioris superioris. It supplies the 12 superior anterior segment of the kidney. C 7 Anterior cecal artery. A. caecalis (cecalis) anterior. It passes in the vascular cecal fold to 22 Inferior anterior segmental artery. A. 13 the anterior surface of the cecum. A segmenti anterioris inferioris. It supplies the inferior anterior segment of the kidney. C 8 A. caecalis (cecalis) posterior. It courses be- 14 hind the ileocecal junction to the posterior sur- 23 Inferior segmental artery. A. segmenti inferi- face of the cecum. A oris. It supplies the lower segment of the kidney extending up to the posterior surface. C 15 9 Appendicular artery. A. appendicularis. It extends from behind the ileum to the free margin 24 Posterior branch. Ramus posterior. It supplies of the meso-appendix. It varies greatly in its the larger posterior segment of the kidney. C D 16 origin and is often doubled. A 25 Posterior segmental artery. A. segmenti post- 9a Ileal branch. Ramus ilealis. Descending branch erioris. It supplies the posterior segment of the 17 to the ileum. It anastomoses with the lower- kidney. D most ileal artery. A 26 Ureteric branches. Rami ureterici. Small 10 Right colic artery. A. colica dextra. It passes branches that supply the ureter. C 18 retroperitoneally to the ascending colon. Anas- tomoses with the a scending branch of ileocolic 19 artery and middle colic artery. A 10 a Artery to right colic flexure. A. flexura dextra. 20 A 11 Middle colic artery. A. colica media. It passes in the mesocolon to the transverse colon. A 21 11a Marginal colic artery [[of Drummond]]. A. marginalis coli. Anastomosis between the left 22 colic artery and the sigmoid arteries. B 12 Inferior mesenteric artery. A. mesenterica in- 23 ferior. Arising at the level of L3−4, it passes to the left to supply the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. B 24 12 a Ascending [intermesenteric] artery. A. ascendens [A. intermesenterica]. Anastomosis be- 25 tween the left colic artery and the middle colic artery. A B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 221

12a 1

12a 1 3 1 10a 11 11a 4 2 13 5 10 12 3 6

5 6 7

9a 8 14 8 9 15 9 7 10 4 11

12 A Superior mesenteric artery 13

14 B Inferior mesenteric artery 15

16 16 17a 17

18 20 18 21 24 17 24 25 17 19

26 20 19 19 22 21 23 22

24 C Segmental arteries of the D Segmental arteries of the kidney from front kidney from behind 25

1 Testicular artery. A. testicularis. It arises from 17 Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. Located on 1 the aorta at the level of L2, crosses over the ure- the adductor brevis; it anastomoses with the ter and, with the ductus deferens, passes medial circumflex femoral artery. B 2 through the inguinal canal into the testis. C 18 Posterior branch. Ramus posterior. It is lo- 2 Ureteric branches. Rami ureterici. Small cated beneath the adductor brevis. B branches to the ureter. C 19 Superior gluteal artery. A. glutealis superior. 3 2a Epididymal branches. Rami epididymales. It traverses the greater sciatic foramen above Branches to the epididymis. the piriformis [[suprapiriform foramen]] to 4 3 Ovarian artery. A. ovarica. It arises from the enter the gluteal region. A C aorta at the level of L2 and passes to the ovary 20 Superficial branch. Ramus superficialis. It lies within its suspensory ligament. It anastomoses between the gluteus maximus and medius and 5 with the uterine artery. C anastomoses with the inferior gluteal artery. A 4 Ureteric branches. Rami ureterici. Small 21 Deep branch. Ramus profundus. It lies between 6 branches to the ureter. C the gluteus medius and minimus. A 4a Tubal branches. Rami tubarii (tubales). 22 Superior branch. Ramus superior. It runs along 7 Branches that supply the infundibulum of the the upper margin of the gluteus minimus as far uterine tube. They anastomose with the uterine as the tensor fasciae latae. A artry. See page 225 C 23 Inferior branch. Ramus inferior. It courses in the 8 5 BIFURCATION OF AORTA. Bifurcatio aortae. It gluteus medius as far as the greater trochanter. occurs in front of L4, thus directly below the A 9 umbilicus. C 24 Inferior gluteal artery. A. glutealis inferior. 6 COMMON ILIAC ARTERY. A. iliaca communis. It Emerges through the greater sciatic foramen extends from the bifurcation of the descending below the piriformis muscle [[infrapiriform 10 aorta at L4 to its division into the internal and foramen]]; its branches are distributed beneath external iliac arteries in front of the sacroiliac the gluteus maximus. They anastomose with 11 joint. It gives off only insignificant branches. C the superior gluteal, obturator and circumflex 7 Internal iliac artery. A. iliaca interna. It begins femoral arteries. A C at the division of the common iliac artery, 25 Accompanying artery of sciatic nerve (sci- 12 passes into the lesser pelvis and reaches as far atic artery). A. comitans n. ischiadici (sciatici). as the upper margin of the greater sciatic fora- Phylogenetically speaking, the major artery of 13 men. Its branches vary greatly. C the leg. It accompanies and supplies the sciatic 8 Iliolumbar artery. A. iliolumbalis. It passes nerve and anastomoses with the medial cir- beneath the psoas muscle and the internal iliac cumflex femoral artery and perforating 14 artery and into the iliac fossa. C branches. A C 9 Lumbar branch. Ramus lumbalis. Branch lead- 26 Umbilical artery. A. umbilicalis. First inferior 15 ing into the psoas and quadratus lumborum branch of the internal iliac artery. After birth, it muscles. C becomes obliterated beyond the exit of the superior vesical arteries. C 16 10 Spinal branch. Ramus spinalis. Branch passing between the sacrum and L5 to enter the verte- 26 a Patent part. Pars patens. Portion of the fetal bral canal. C umbilical artery which does not become obliterated postnatally. It gives off the vessels listed 17 11 Ramus iliacus. Branch passing to Iliac branch. below. the iliacus muscle in the ilac fossa; it lies paral- 27 Artery of ductus deferens. A. ductus deferentis. It 18 lel to the pelvis and anastomoses with the deep circumflex iliac artery. C descends in the pelvis up to the base of the bladder. From there downward, it accompanies 12 Lateral sacral arteries. Aa. sacrales laterales. 19 the ductus deferens to eventually anastomose Arteries passing downward lateral to the me- with the testicular artery. C dial sacral artery. They can also arise from the superior gluteal artery. C 28 Ureteric branches. Rami ureterici. Three 20 branches that supply the ureter. C 13 Spinal branches. Rami spinales. Arteries tra- versing the pelvic sacral foramina into the 29 Superior vesical arteries. Aa. vesicales superiores. 21 sacral canal. C Arteries to the upper and middle segments of the urinary bladder. C 14 Obturator artery. A. obturatoria. It courses in 22 the lateral wall of the pelvis and passes through 29 a Occluded part. Pars occlusa. Portion of the the obturator foramen to supply the adductor fetal umbilical artery which becomes oblit- muscles. B C erated postnatally and forms the medial 23 umbilical ligament. 15 Pubic branch. Ramus pubicus. It anastomoses with the obturator branch of the inferior epiga- 30 Medial umbilical ligament. Ligamentum 24 stric artery [[corona mortis]]. C umbilicale mediale [[laterale]]. Fibrous cord remnant of the umbilical artery occupying the 16 Acetabular branch. Ramus acetabularis. It medial umbilical fold. C 25 passes through the acetabular notch to the ligament for the head of the femur. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 223

1 20 21 22 2

19 23 25 4

25 5

1 (3) 6 1 (3) 7

2 (4) 2 (4) 8 A Gluteal arteries 9

5 10

6 11 11 L V 12

10 9 7 14 8 19 12 15

16 26 24 13 17

14 27 18 30 17 19 14 29 28 25 16 20 15 21

18 22

24 B Obturator artery C Iliac ateries 25

1 Inferior vesical artery. A. vesicalis inferior. It 17 Dorsal artery of penis. A. dorsalis penis. It 1 supplies the inferior part of the urinary bladder passes beneath the fascia as far as the glans. E, and, in males, the prostate and seminal vesicle. A p. 165 B. 2 1a Prostatic branches. Rami prostatici. Branches 18 Deep artery of clitoris. A. profunda clitoridis. that supply the prostate and seminal vesicle. See 16. 2 Uterine artery. A. uterina. It corresponds to the 19 Dorsal artery of clitoris. A. dorsalis clitoridis. 3 artery of the ductus deferens. It passes to the cer- See 17. vix within the base of the broad ligament and ARTERIES OF LOWER LIMB. Arteriae membri in- 4 very tortuously ascends lateral to the uterus. A C ferioris. 2a Helicine branches. Rami helicini. Corkscrewlike, 20 External iliac artery. A. iliaca externa. Second coiled terminal branches of the uterine artery. C 5 branch of the common iliac artery; it continues as 3 Vaginal branches (azygos arteries of vagina). the fermoral artery. A Rami vaginales (aa. azygoi vaginae). Branches to 21 Inferior epigastric artery. A. epigastrica inferior. 6 the cervix that anastomose with vessels on the It arises dorsal to the inguinal ligament and oposite side to supply the upper part of the passes upward to the inner surface of the rectus vagina. A C abdominis. It produces the lateral umbilical fold 7 4 Ovarian branch. Ramus ovaricus. It runs along and anastomoses with the superior epigastric the ovarian ligament proper and through the me- artery. A B 8 sovarium to the ovary. It anastomoses with the 22 Public branch. Ramus pubicus. Branch that sup- ovarian artery and the tubal branch of the uterine plies the pubis. A artery. C 23 Obturator branch. Ramus obturatorius. Branch 9 5 Tubal branch. Ramus tubarius (tubalis). It runs anastomosing with the pubic branch of the obtu- in the mesosalpinx of the tube to the point where rator artery [[corona mortis]]. A 10 it anastomoses with the ovarian artery. C 24 Accessory obturator artery. [A. obturatoria acces- 6 Vaginal artery. A. vaginalis. It arises directly from soria]. Obturator artery occasionally arising from the internal iliac artery. A 11 the inferior epigastric artery. 7 Middle rectal artery. A. rectalis media. It crosses 25 Cremasteric artery. A. cremasterica. Branch that the floor of the pelvis to the rectum and supplies supplies the cremaster muscle in the spermatic 12 the retal muscles. A E cord. It corresponds to the artery of the round 7a Vaginal branches. [Rami vaginales]. Branches to ligament of the uterus. 13 the lower part of the vagina. A 26 Artery of round ligament of uterus. A. liga- 8 Internal pudenal artery. A. pudenda interna. It menti teretis uteri. It supplies the connective passes through the greater sciatic foramen [[in- tissue and smooth muscle of the round ligament. 14 frapiriform]] from the pelvis and through the AC lesser sciatic foramen to the lateral wall of the 27 Deep circumflex iliac artery. A. circumflexa ili- ischiorectal fossa. A D E 15 aca profunda. Branch taking a curved course 9 Inferior rectal artery. A. rectalis inferior. It posterolaterally along the iliac crest beneath the passes transversely through the ischiorectal fossa transversalis fascia. A 16 and supplies both sphincters as well as the skin 28 Ascending branch. Ramus ascendens. It ascends below the anal valves. D E between the transversus abdominis and internal abdominal oblique muscles to McBurney’s point. 17 10 Perineal artery. A. perinealis. It arises at the posterior margin of the urogenital diaphragm It anastomoses with the iliolumbar artery. A and supplies the bulbospongiosus and ischio- 29 Femoral artery. A. femoralis. It extends from the 18 cavernosus muscles. D E inguinal ligament to the popliteal artery, with 11 Posterior scrotal branches. Rami scrotales which it is continuous. B 19 posteriores. Branches passing to the scrotum. E 30 Superficial epigastric artery. A epigastrica su- 12 Posterior labial branches. Rami labiales poste- perficialis. It arises distal to the inguinal ligament riores. Branches that extend to the labium majus. and courses on the abdominal musculature 20 D toward the umbilicus. B 13 Urethral artery. A. urethralis. It penetrates the 31 Superficial circumflex iliac artery. A. cir- 21 corpus spongiosum at the junction of the crura of cumflexa iliaca superficialis. It proceeds parallel the penis and travels as far as the glans. It anasto- to the inguinal ligament in the direction of the moses with the dorsal and deep arteries of the anterior superior iliac spine. B 22 penis. E 32 External pudendal arteries. Aa. pudendae ex- 14 Artery of bulb of penis. A. bulbi penis. Besides ternae. Usually paired arteries that supply the lower abdominal wall and the external genitalia. B 23 the bulb of the penis, it also supplies the deep transversus perinei muscle and the bulbo- 33 Anterior scrotal branches. Rami scrotales ante- urethral gland. E riores. Branches that supply the scrotum. B 24 15 Artery of bulb of vestibule. A. bulbi vestibuli 34 Anterior labial branches. Rami labiales anteri- (vaginae). D ores. They supply the labia. B 25 16 Deep artery of penis. A. profunda penis. It 35 Inguinal branches. Rami inguinales. Branches passes distally in the corpus cavernosum. E that supply the inguinal region. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 225

3 21 28 4 30 27 8 20 35 31 29 5 21 26 2 1 6 6 22 3 7 7 23 7a 32 33; 34 8

10 A Internal and external iliac arteries B Femoral artery 11 26 5 12 19 13

18 14 2a 4 2 15 15 12 3 16 17 10 C Uterine artery 18 9 8 8 19 7 20

D Internal pudendal artery 21 17 8 22

16 1415 11 10 9 E Internal pudendal artery from below 24 25

1a Descending genicular artery. A. descendens 13 Popliteal artery. A. poplitea. It extends from 1 genicularis. It arises in the adductor canal and the end of the adductor canal to the site where penetrates the vasto-adductor membrane. A B it divides at the lower margin of the popliteus muscle. B 2 1b Saphenous branch. Ramus saphenus. It accompanies the saphenous nerve to the leg. A B 14 Lateral superior genicular artery. A. superior lateralis genus. It passes anteriorly above the 3 1c Articular branch. Ramus articularis. Anasto- lateral femoral condyle and below the biceps moses with branches running in the vastus me- tendon to join the articular network of the dialis, then ends in the articular network of the knee. A B 4 knee. A 15 Medial superior genicular artery. A. superior 2 A. profunda fermoris. Larger, deeper and medialis genus. It runs anteriorly below the 5 above all more lateral branch of the femoral tendon of the adductor magnus to join the ar- artery. It crosses under the fermoral artery and ticular network of the knee. B gives off the branches listed below. A 6 16 Middle genicular artery. A. media genus. It 3 Medial circumflex femoral artery. A cir- runs directly forward to enter the knee joint 7 cumflexa femoris medialis. It passes medially posteriorly and supplies the cruciate ligaments and posteriorly between the iliopsoas and pec- and synovial folds. B tineus muscles. A 17 Sural arteries. Aa. surales. Branches for the calf 8 3a Superficial branch. Ramus superficialis. It musculature and the biceps tendon. B passes between the pectineus and adductor 18 Lateral inferior genicular artery. A. inferior 9 longus muscles. A lateralis genus. It passes under the lateral head 4 Deep branch. Ramus profundus. It runs below of the gastrocnemius and under the lateral col- 10 the lesser trochanter to the quadratus femoris, lateral ligament to join the articular network of adductor magnus and ischiocrural muscles and the knee. A B anastomoses with the gluteal arteries. A 19 Medial inferior genicular artery. A. inferior 11 5 Ascending branch. Ramus ascendens. It medialis genus. It passes under the medial courses in the adductor brevis, adductor mag- head of the gastrocnemius and the medial col- 12 nus and obturator externus muscles and anas- lateral ligament to join the articular network of tomoses with the obturator artery. A the knee. A B 13 6 Descending branch. Ramus descendens. It 20 Articular network of the knee. Rete articular travels between the quadratus femoris and ad- genus. Arterial plexus primarily on the anterior ductor magnus muscles to the ischiocrural side of the knee joint. A 14 musculature. A 21 Patellar network. Rete patellare. Specific arte- 7 Acetabular branch. Ramus acetabularis. It rial plexus on the patella. A 15 goes through the acetabular notch into the liga- 22 Anterior tibial artery. A. tibialis anterior. It ex- ment of the head of the femur and anastomoses tends from its origin at the lower margin of the with the obturator artery. A popliteus muscle to the lower margin of the in- 16 ferior extensor retinaculum. After penetrating 8 Lateral circumflex femoral artery. A. circum- the interosseous membrane, it passes between flexa femoris lateralis. It passes laterally the tibialis anterior and the extensor digitorum 17 beneath the rectus femoris muscle. A longus, then between the tibialis anterior and 9 Ascending branch. Ramus ascendens. It as- the extensor hallucis longus. A B C 18 cends under the sartorius and rectus femoris 23 Posterior tibial recurrent artery. [A. recurrens and terminates underneath the tensor fasciae tibialis posterior]. An inconstant branch which 19 latae. It anastomoses with the medial circum- passes under the popliteus to the knee joint. A B flex femoral and gluteal arteries. A 24 Anterior tibial recurrent artery. A. recurrens 10 Descending branch. Ramus descendens. It 20 tibialis anterior. It passes through the tibialis passes under the rectus femoris to the knee anterior to join the articular network of the joint. A knee. A B 21 11 Transverse branch. Ramus transversus. It 25 Lateral anterior malleolar artery. A. malle- penetrates the vastus lateralis and anastomoses olaris anterior lateralis. It passes under the ten- 22 with numerous vessels. A dons of the extensor digitorum to join the lateral 12 Perforating branches. Aa. perforantes. Termi- malleolar network. C 23 nal branches of the profunda femoris artery 26 Medial anterior malleolar artery. A. malle- that pass posteriorly close to the femur via slits olaris anterior medialis. It passes under the ten- in the adductor muscles and supply the long don of the tibilais anterior to join the medial 24 knee flexors. A malleolar network. C 12 a Nutrient arteries of femur. Aa. nutrients 27 Laterial malleolar network. Rete malleolare 25 (nutriciae) femoris. They arise from the first laterale. Arterial plexus over the lateral malle- and third perforating arteries. olus. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 227

1a 2

3 9 2 5 1b 4 7 13 11 3 3a 5 8 6 15 10 14 4 6

17 17 7 16

12 18 8 19 9 23 24 10

22 11

12 1a B Popliteal artery 13 1c 14 1b 15

14 16 15

20 21 22 17

18 1c 18 26 19 25 19 23 228.10a 24 20 27 22 21

23 A Arteries of lower limb anterior view C Ankle joint with arteries anterior view 24

1 A. dorsalis pedis. Continuation of anterior tibial 1 artery on dorsum of foot. After crossing under the tendon of the extensor hallucis longus and 2 passing the extensor retinaculum, it lies lateral to this tendon, where it is palpable. B 2 Lateral tarsal artery. A. tarsalis lateralis. Arises 3 at the level of the head of the talus, passes under the short extensors of the toes in the direction of 4 the cuboid bone, and anastomoses with the arcuate artery of the foot. B 5 3 Medial tarsal arteries. Aa. tarsales mediales. Several free branches to the inner margin of the foot. B 6 4 Arcuate artery of foot. [A. arcuata]. It takes a curved course laterally over the base of the 7 metatarsals below the extensor digitorum brevis. B 8 5 Dorsal tarsal arteries. Aa. tarsales dorsales. Four branches which pass distally over the intermetatarsal areas, each dividing into two dorsal 9 digital arteries. B 6 Dorsal digital arteries. Aa. digitales dorsales. 10 Interdigital arteries arising from the dorsal tarsal arteries. B 11 7 Deep plantar artery. A. plantaris profunda. Especially large perforating branch of a dorsal tarsal artery for anastomosis with the plantar 12 arch. B 8 Posterior tibial artery. A. tibialis posterior. It 13 arrives beneath the tendinous arch of the soleus muscle below the superficial flexor group and 14 passes to the medial malleolus from behind. A C 9 Fibular circumflex branch. Ramus circumflexus fibularis [[ramus fibularis]]. Arising 15 near the origin of the posterior tibial artery and passes anteriorly around the fibula to join the 16 articular network of the knee. A 10 Medial malleolar branches. Rami malleolares 17 mediales. They pass behind the medial malleolus and join the medial malleolar network. A 18 10 a Medial malleolar network. Rete melleolare mediale. Arterial plexus over medial malleolus. A 19 11 Calcanean branches. Rami calcanei. Branches passing to medial surface of calcaneus. A 20 11 a Nutrient artery of tibia. A. nutriens (nutricia) tibialis. It courses below the soleil line of the 21 tibia and enters the nutrient foramen. A 12 Peroneal (fibular) artery. A. fibularis. Passes to 22 the calcaneus covered for the most part by the flexor hallucis longus. A 13 Perforating branch. Ramus perforans. Per- 23 forates the interosseous membrane just above the malleolus, then passes to the lateral malle- 24 olar network and dorsum of the foot. A 14 Communicating branch. Ramus communicans. 25 Transversely coursing anastomotic branch to the posterior tibial artery. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Arteries 229

2 B Arteries on dorsum of foot 3

1 4

2 5 9 3 8 6

11a 12 4 7 8 5 9

17a 10

6 11

13 23 26 14 25 22 15 24 14 16 10 13 10a 17 15

20 18

11 19 16 19 8 21 18 20

17 21 A Arteries of leg, posterior view 8 22

23 C Arteries on plantar surface of foot 24

1 VEINS. Venae. Thin-walled blood vessels which 24 Intrasegmental part. Pars intrasegmentalis. 1 return blood to the heart (atrium). Twig from the anterior basal segment. A 2 PULMONARY VEINS. Venae pulmonales. Veins 25 Intersegmental part. Pars intersegmentalis. 2 leading from the lungs to the heart. Twig between the anterior and lateral basal 3 The two superior right pulmonary veins. segments. A 3 [[Venae pulmonales dextrae]]. Occasionally 26 Inferior basal segment. V. basalis inferior. Vein unite to form a single trunk. A B from the posterior basal segment. A 4 Superior right pulmonary vein. V. pulmonalis 4 27 Left superior pulmonary veins. Vv. pulmonalis dextra superior. Returns blood from the upper sinistra superior. The two left pulmonary veins and middle lobes. A B that occasionally unite to form a single trunk. B 5 5 Apical branch. Ramus apicalis. Returns blood 28 Left superior pulmonary vein. V. pulmonalis from the apical segment of the upper lobe. A sinistra superior. Returns blood from the left 6 6 Intrasegmental part. Pars intrasegmentalis. upper lobe. B C Twig from the apical segment of the upper lobe. A 29 Apicoposterior branch. Ramus apicoposterior. Drains the apicoposterior segment. C 7 7 Intersegmental part. Pars intersegmentalis. Twig situated between the apical and posterior 30 Intrasegmental part. Pars intrasegmentalis. 8 segments of the upper lobe. A Twig from the apicoposterior segment. C 8 Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. Branch from 31 Intersegmental part. Pars intersegmentalis. the anterior segment of the upper lobe. Twig between the apicoposterior and anterior 9 segments. C 9 Intrasegmental part. Pars intrasegmentalis. Twig from the anterior segment. 32 Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. Branch from 10 10 Intersegmental part. Pars intersegmentalis. the anterior segment. C Twig that courses between the anterior and 33 Intrasegmental part. Pars intrasegmentalis. 11 lateral segments. A Twig from the anterior segment. C 11 Posterior branch. Ramus posterior. Branch that 34 Intersegmental part. Pars intersegmentalis. 12 drains the posterior segment of upper lobe. A Twig between the anterior and superior lingu- 12 Infralobar part. Pars infralobaris. Twig from lar segments. C 13 the posterior segment. A 13 Intralobar part. Pars intralobaris [intersegmentalis]. Twig lying between the posterior 14 segment of the upper lobe and the apical (superior) segment of the lower lobe. A 15 14 Middle lobe branch. Ramus lobi medii. A 15 Lateral part. Pars lateralis. Twig from the 16 lateral segment of the middle lobe. A 16 Medial part. Pars medialis. Twig from the medial segment of the middle lobe. A 17 17 Inferior right pulmonary vein. V. pulmonalis dextra inferior. Returns blood from the right 18 lower lobe. A B 18 Superior branch. Ramus superior. Returns 19 blood from the apical (superior) segment of the lower lobe. A 19 Intrasegmental part. Pars intrasegmentalis. 20 Drains the apical segment of the lower lobe. 20 Intersegmental part. Pars intersegmentalis. 21 Twig between the apical and posterior basal segments of the lower lobe. A 22 21 Common basal vein. V. basalis communis. Common vein from the basal pulmonary segments. A 23 22 Superior basal vein. V. basalis superior. Vein that drains the lateral and anterior basal seg- 24 ments. A 23 Anterior basal root. Radix basalis anterior. Vein 25 from the anterior and part of the lateral basal segments. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Veins 231

12 13 1

6 2 7 3

11 5 4 8 9 5

10 6 4 28 327 7 4 17

14 8 15 19 B Pulmonary veins, schematic 9 representation 20 3 10 16 18 11

22 17 30 12 24 23 21 13

26 31 14 25 15 A Right pulmonary veins 16

29 18 33 32 19

28 34 20

22 C Superior left pulmonary vein 23

1 Lingular branch. Ramus lingularis. Common 20 Posterior interventricular vein. V. inter- 1 branch from the two lingular segments. A ventricularis posterior. It runs in the posterior 2 Superior part. Pars superior. Twig from the su- interventricular groove and opens into the 2 perior lingular segment. A coronary sinus. B 3 Inferior part. Pars inferior. Twig from the infe- 20 a Right marginal vein. V. marginalis dextra. It rior lingular segment. A lies at the outer margin of the right ventricle. B 3 4 Left inferior pulmonary vein. V. pulmonalis 20 b Right coronary vein. V. coronaria dextra. Ac- sinistra inferior. Returns blood from the left cessory vein (32% of the cases) in the right 4 lower lobe. A coronary groove. 5 Superior branch. Ramus superior. Branch from 21 Small cardiac vein. V. cardiaca parva. Emerges from the right margin of the heart and the right 5 the superior (apical) segment of the lower lobe. A coronary groove to empty into the coronary 6 Intrasegmental part. Pars intrasegmentalis. sinus. B 6 Twig from the superior (apical) segment of the 22 Anterior vein of right ventricle. V. ventriculi left lower lobe. A dextri anterior. One to three small veins in the right anterior wall. It opens either into the 7 Intersegmental part. Pars intersegmentalis. 7 small cardiac vein or directly into the right Twig lying laterally between the superior and atrium. B anterior basal segments and medially between 8 the superior and posterior basal segments. A 23 Smallest cardiac. [[thebesian]] veins. Vv. cardi- acae minimae [[Thebesii]]. Small veins opening 8 Common basal vein. V. basalis communis. directly into the cavities of the heart, especially Common trunk of the superior and inferior 9 that of the right atrium. basal veins. A 24 Right and left atrial veins. Vv. atriales dextrae 9 Superior basal vein. V. basalis superior. Located et sinistrae. Small branches from the atrial 10 between the anterior basal branch and the walls. B common basal vein. A 25 Ventricular veins. Vv. ventriculares. Small 11 10 Anterior basal branch. Ramus basalis ante- branches from the walls of the ventricles. B rior. Branch from the anterior basal segment. A 26 Atrioventricular veins. Vv. atrioventriculares. 11 Intrasegmental part. Pars intrasegmentalis. 12 Small veins from the atrioventricular borders. B Twig from the anterior basal segment. A 27 SUPERIOR VENA CAVA. Vena cava superior. C 12 Intersegmental part. Pars intersegmentalis. Twig RIGHT AND LEFT BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS. 13 between the medial and lateral basal segments. 28 Vv. A brachiocephalicae [dextra at sinistra]. Formed by the union of the internal jugular and sub- 13 Inferior basal vein. V. basalis inferior. Returns 14 clavian veins on each side. They, in turn, unite blood from the posterior basal segment. A to form the superior vena cava. C 14 CARDIAC VEINS. Venae cordis. Veins from the 29 Inferior thyroid veins. Vv. thyroideae inferi- 15 heart wall. B ores. Veins passing into the left brachiocephalic 15 Coronary sinus. Sinus coronarius. Collecting vein, sometimes also the right, from the thy- 16 vein situated on the posterior wall of the left roideus impar plexus located below the thyroid atrium. It begins at the opening of the oblique gland. C vein of the left atrium and ends at the site 30 Plexus thyroideus impar. Venous plexus in 17 where it opens into the right atrium. B front of the trachea below the caudal margin of 16 Anterior interventricular vein. V. interventric- the thyroid gland. C 18 ularis anterior. Lodges in the anterior inter- 31 Inferior laryngeal vein. V. laryngea inferior. It ventricular groove. B passes from the larynx into the throideus impar 19 16 a Left coronary vein. V. coronaria sinistra. Con- plexus. C tinuation of the anterior interventricular vein in the left coronary (atrioventricular) groove. B 20 17 Posterior vein of left ventricle. V. ventriculi sinistri posterior. It passes upwards from the 21 left margin of the heart to empty into the great cardiac vein or the coronary sinus. B 18 Oblique vein of left atrium. V. obliqua atrii sin- 22 istri. Small, rudimentary vein at the posterior wall of the left atrium (remains of the left duct 23 of Cuvier). B 19 Fold of left vena cava. Plica v. cavae sinistrae. Fold of serous pericardium caused by a fibrous 24 strand between the brachiocephalic vein and the oblique vein (vestige of embryonic left su- 25 perior vena cava). It lies in front of the left pulmonary vessels and can unite them. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Veins 233

5 2 1 6

6 31 31 7 7 3 8 5 9

4 9 10 11 10 8

13 12 11 28 30 29 12 28 A Left pulmonary veins 13

19 24 26 27 14

18 15 16a 24 C Right and left brachiocephalic veins 16 15 17 25 17 18

24 19

20 21 25 16 21 20 26 22 22 23

24 B Cardiac veins 20a 25

1 Thymic veins. Vv. thymicae. Small branches 20 Left superior intercostal vein. V. intercostalis 1 from the thymus. A superior sinistra. Drains intercostal spaces 2− 2 Pericardiac veins. Vv. pericardiacae. Small 3(4) on the left side. It opens posteriorly into 2 branches from the pericardium. A the left brachiocephalic vein. A 21 INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN. V. jugularis interna. 3 Pericardiacophrenic veins. Vv. pericardiaco- Main vein of the neck extending from the jugu- phrenicae. Veins accompanying the pericardia- 3 lar foramen to the venous angle. A cophrenic arteries from the surface of the di- phragm and from the pericardium. A 22 Superior bulb of jugular vein. Bulbus superior 4 venae jugularis. Dilatation of the internal jugu- 4 Mediastinal veins. Vv. mediastinales. Small lar vein at its origin in the jugular foramen. A branches from the mediastinum. A 5 23 Vein of cochlear aqueduct. V. aquaeductus 5 Bronchial veins. Vv. bronchiales. Small cochleae. Minute accompanying vein of the branches from the bronchi. A perilymphatic duct. A 6 6 Tracheal veins. Vv. tracheales. Small branches 24 Inferior bulb of jugular vein. Bulbus inferior from the trachea. A venae jugularis. Dilatation at the end of the in- 7 7 Esophageal veins. Vv. oesophageales. Small ternal jugular vein. It is closed cranially by a branches from the esophagus. A valve. A 8 8 Vertebral vein. V. vertebralis. Companion vein 25 Pharyngeal plexus. Plexus pharyngeus of vertebral artery; usually arises as a venous (pharyngealis). Venous plexus on the pharyngeal muscles. A 9 plexus. A 9 Occipital vein. V. occipitalis. Arises in the 26 Pharyngeal veins. Vv. pharyngeales. Veins venous network of the scalp. It frequently from the pharyngeal plexus. A 10 opens into the vertebral vein, but also into the 27 Meningeal veins. Vv. meningeae. Small venous internal or external jugular veins. A branches from the dura. 11 10 Anterior vertebral vein. V. vertebralis ante- 28 Lingual vein. V. lingualis. It generally follows rior. Companion vein of ascending cervical the lingual artery. A 12 artery. It opens inferiorly into the vertebral 29 Dorsal lingual veins. Vv. dorsales linguae. vein. A Numerous veins from the dorsum of the 11 Accessory vertebral vein. [V. vertrebralis ac- tongue. A 13 cessoria]. A continuation of the venous plexus 30 Companion vein of hypoglossal nerve. V. of the vertebral artery that often emerges from comitans n. hypoglossi. A the foramen transversarium of C7. A 14 31 Sublingual vein. V. sublingualis. Larger vein sit- 12 Suboccipital venous plexus. Plexus venosus uated lateral to the hypoglossal nerve. A 15 suboccipitalis. Venous plexus between the occipital bone and atlas. A 32 Deep lingual vein. V. profunda linguae. Ac- companying vein of the deep lingual artery 13 Deep cervical vein. V. cervicalis profunda. Ac- lateral to the genioglossus. A 16 companies the deep cervical artery beneath the semispinalis capitis and cervicis muscles. A 17 14 Internal thoracic veins. Vv. thoracicae internae. Accompany the internal thoracic artery, 18 often in twos up to the third costal cartilage, then singly from that point and medial to the artery. A 19 15 Superior epigastric veins. Vv. epigastricae superiores. Accompanies the superior epigastric 20 artery. It empties parasternally into the internal thoracic veins behind the costal cartilages. A 21 16 Subcutaneous abdominal veins. Vv. subcutaneae abdominis. Cutaneous veins which empty into the superior epigastric veins. A 22 17 Musculophrenic veins. Vv. musculophrenicae. Accompany the muscalophrenic arteries. A 23 18 Anterior intercostal veins. Vv. intercostales anteriores. Branches in the intercostal spaces. A 24 19 Supreme intercostal vein. V. intercostalis suprema. Carries blood from the first intercostal 25 space to the brachiocephalic or vertebral vein. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Veins 235

23 1

2 9 22 25 3 29 12 4

28 30 31 32 7 11 21 26 8 13 19 20 10 9 8 10 24 6 19 11 20 1 12 238.1 14 7 13 6

4 14

14 15 5 3 16

2 18 17

3 14 19

21 15 22 17 16 23

24 A Thoracic and neck veins 25

1 Superior thyroid vein. V. thyroidea superior. 19 Superficial temporal veins. Vv. temporales su- 1 Accompanying vein of the superior thyroid perficiales. They accompany the superficial artery. It drains into the facial or internal jugu- temporal artery. A 2 lar vein. A B 20 Middle termporal vein. V. temporalis media. 2 Middle thyroid veins. Vv. thyroideae mediae. Arises from the temporalis muscle and opens One or more thyroid veins emptying into the into the superficial temporal veins. A 3 internal jugular vein without corresponding ar- 21 Transverse facial vein. V. transversa faciei teries. A (facialis). Accompanying vein of the transverse 4 3 Sternocleidomastoid vein. V. sternocleidomas- facial artery caudal to the zygomatic arch. A toidea. It passes from the sternocleidomastoid 22 Maxillary veins. Vv. maxillares. They unite the 5 muscle into the internal jugular or superior pterygoid plexus with the retromandibular thyroid vein. A vein. B 4 Superior laryngeal vein. V. laryngea superior. 6 23 Pterygoid plexus. Plexus pterygoideus. Venous Accompanying vein of superior laryngeal artery plexus between the temporalis and pterygoid that drains into the superior thyroid vein. A (medial and lateral) muscles, predominantly 7 5 Facial vein. V. facialis. It courses from the me- around the lateral pterygoid muscle with the dial angle of the eye, behind the facial artery, tributaries listed below. B the region beneath the submandibular gland. A 8 24 Middle meningeal veins. Vv. meningeae me- B diae. Accompany the middle meningeal artery. 6 Angular vein. V. angularis. Formed by the B 9 union of the supratrochlear and supraorbital 25 Deep temporal veins. Vv. temporales pro- veins; it becomes continuous with the facial fundae. Accompany the deep temporal artery. B 10 vein at the medial angle of the eye and anastomoses with the ophthalmic vein. Units via the 26 Vein of pterygoid canal. V. canalis ptery- nasofrontal vein with the superior ophthalmic goidei. Accompanies the artery of the pterygoid 11 vein, which is likewise devoid of valves. A B canal. B 7 Supratrochlear veins. Vv. supratrochleares [[v. 27 Anterior auricular veins. Vv. auriculares anteriores. Veins from the external acoustic meatus 12 frontalis]]. Begins at the coronal suture, drains the medial half of the forehead and joins the and pinna. A B angular vein. A B 28 Parotid veins. Vv. parotideae. B 13 8 Supra-orbital vein. V. supraorbitalis. Emerges 29 Articular veins. Vv. articulares. Branches from from the lateral part of the forehead and joins the temporomandibular joint. B 14 the supratrochlear veins. A 30 Typmpanic veins. Vv. tympanicae. Branches 9 Superior palpebral veins. Vv. palpebrales su- from the tympanic cavity. 15 periores. Drain the upper eyelid. A 31 Stylomastoid vein. V. stylomastoidea. Accom- 10 External nasal veins. Vv. nasales externae. panies the facial nerve as it emerges from the Emerge from the external parts of the nose. A tympanic cavity. B 16 11 Inferior palpebral veins. Vv. palpebrales inferiores. They drain the lower eyelid. A 17 12 Superior labial vein. V. labialis superior. Vein of upper lip. A 18 13 Inferior labial veins. Vv. labiales inferiores. Usually multiple veins from the lower lip. A 19 14 Deep facial vein. V. profunda faciei (facialis). Arises from the pterygoid plexus and passes anteriorly on the maxilla. A B 20 15 Parotid branches. Rami parotidei. A 16 External palatine vein. V. palatina externa. Car- 21 ries blood to the facial vein from the lateral tonsillar region or the palate and the pharyngeal 22 wall. A B 17 Submental vein. V. submentalis. Accompany- 23 ing vein of submental artery. It anastomoses with the sublingual and anterior jugular veins. A 24 18 Retromandibular vein. V. retromandibularis. It drains into the facial vein after receiving the 25 confluence of many branches in front of the ear. AB Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Veins 237

8 3

7 4 19 9 6 5 20 21 11 10 6 27 14 7 12 5 8 15

18 9 16 13 10

3 5 17 1 11 4 12

A 2 Superficial veins 13 of the head 7 14

6 15 29 24 26 16

27 25 17

18 31 23

22 14 19

18 20 28 21

22 16

5 23

1 24 B Deep veins of the head 25

1 External jugular vein. V. jugularis externa. 17 Staight sinus. Sinus rectus. It begins at the con- 1 Arises from the union of the occipital and poste- fluence of the great cerebral vein and the inferior auricular veins and courses between the rior sagittal sinus and passes to the confluence 2 platysma and superficial layer of the cervical of the sinuses via the root of the falx verebri at its fascia before emptying usually into the sub- junction with the tentorium cerebelli. C clavian vein. A 18 Inferior petrosal sinus. Sinus petrosus inferior. 3 2 Occipital vein. [[V. occipitalis]]. Accompanying It runs from the cavernous sinus to the jugular vein of the occipital artery. A foramen along the posterior, lower margin of 4 3 Posterior auricular vein. V. auricularis poste- the petrous part of the temporal bone. B rior. Superficial vein located behind the ear. A 19 Labyrinthine veins. Vv. labyrinthales. Branches 5 4 Anterior jugular vein. V. jugularis anterior. emanating from the internal acoustic meatus Begins at the level of the hyoid bone, crosses and entering the inferior petrosal sinus. C; cf. beneath the sternocleidomastoid and often p. 374.15 6 opens into the external jugular vein. A 20 Superior petrosal sinus. Sinus petrosus super- 5 Jugular venous arch. Arcus venosus jugularis. ior. It passes from the cavernous sinus to the sig- 7 Union of right and left anterior jugular veins in moid sinus along the upper margin of the the suprasternal space. A petrous temporal. B 8 6 Suprascapular vein. V. suprascapularis. Gener- 21 Cavernous sinus. Sinus cavernosum. Spongy ally two veins accompanying the subcapsular venous space on both sides of the sella turcica artery. A into which the ophthalmic veins and others 9 open. Within it lies the carotid artery and cranial 7 Transverse cervical veins. Vv. transversae nerve VI, its lateral walls housing cranial nerves cervicis. Accompany the transverse cervical III, IV and the opthalmic and maxillary divisions 10 artery. A of V. B 8 Dural sinuses. Sinus durae matris. Incom- 22 Intercavernous sinus. Sinus intercavernosi. 11 pressible venous conduits within the dura. They Connections between the right and left receive blood from the brain and meninges and cabvernous sinus in front of and behind the hy- drain into the internal jugular vein. B C 12 pophysis. B 9 Transverse sinus. Sinus transversus. Dural sinus 23 Sphenoparietal sinus. Sinus sphenoparietalis. beginning at the confluence of the sinuses and Blood channel passing beneath the lesser wing 13 continuous laterally with the sigmoid sinus. B C of the sphenoid to enter the cavernous sinus. B 10 Confluence of sinuses. Confluens sinum. Site of 24 Diploic veins. Vv. deploicae. Veins situated in 14 union of superior sagittal, straight, occipital and the diploë of the calvaria. They drain the blood transverse sinuses at the internal occipital pro- from the dura and roof of the skull and com- tuberance. B C municate with the dural sinuses as well as the 15 10 a Marginal sinus. Sinus marginalis. Located at the superficial cranial veins. entrance of the foramen magnum; it unites the 25 Frontal diploic vein. V. diploica frontalis. Di- 16 venous plexus of the interior of the skull with ploic vein running near the midline and opening that of the vertebral canal. B into the supraorbital vein and the superior 17 11 Occipital sinus. Sinus occipitalis. Dural sinus sagittal sinus. A beginning with a venous plexus at the foramen 26 Anterior temporal diploic vein. V. diploica magnum and passing within the root of the falx temporalis anterior. Anteriorly situated diploic 18 cerebelli to the confluence of the sinuses. B C vein opening into the deep temporal vein and 12 Basilar plexus. Plexus basilaris. Venous plexus the sphenoparietal sinus. A 19 on the clivus with connections to the cavernous 27 Posterior temporal diploic vein. V. diploica and petrosal sinuses as well as to the venous temporalis posterior. Posteriorly situated di- plexuses of the vertebral canal. B 20 ploic vein opening into the posterior auricular 13 Sigmoid sinus. Sinus sigmoideus. It is continu- vein and the transverse sinus. A ous with the transverse sinus anteriorly and 28 Occipital diploic vein. V. diploica occipitalis. 21 takes an S-shaped turn medially to enter the Most posterior diploic vein opening into the jugular foramen. B C occipital vein and the transverse sinus. A 22 14 Superior sagittal sinus. Sinus sagittalis superior. It lies within the root of the falx cerebri and extends from the crista galli to the confluence of 23 the sinuses. B C 15 Lateral lacunae. Lacunae laterales. Small pits 24 on either side of the superior sagittal sinus. C 16 Inferior sagittal sinus. Sinus sagittalis inferior. 25 Samll dural sinus at the free margin of the falx cebri. It terminates in the straight sinus. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Veins 239

25 2 14 3

26 23 4 27 28 5

22 6 21 3 18 7 12 20 8 2 10a 9 13 9 11 10 1 4 10 11 7 12

B Sinuses on the inner skull base 6 5 13

14 15 15

16 A Veins of the head and neck 17 14 18 14 16 19

17 20

21 10 13 9 22 19 23

11 C Sinuses of right 24 half of skull 25

1 Emissary veins. Vv. emissariae. Venous connec- 18 Superficial middle cerebral vein. V. media su- 1 tions between a venous sinus, diploic veins and perficialis cerebri. Coming from the lower two- superficial cranial veins. thirds of the hemisphere, it passes to the cavernous sinus via the lateral sulcus of the 2 2 Parietal emissary vein. V. emissaria parietalis. cerebrum. B It connects the superior sagittal sinus with a superficial temporal vein via the parietal foramen. 19 Superior anastromotic vein. V. anastomotica 3 A superior [[Trolard]]. Thick vein that occasionally anastomoses with the superior sagittal sinus. B 3 Mastoid emissary vein. V. emissaria mastoidea. 4 It connects the sigmoid sinus with the occipital 20 Inferior anastomotic vein. V. anastomotica in- vein via the mastoid foramen. A ferior [[Labbe]]. Thick vein that occasionally anastomoses with the transverse sinus. B 5 4 Condylar emissary vein. V. emissaria condylaris. It connects the sigmoid sinus with the ex- 21 Deep cerebral veins. Vv. profundae cerebri. Cerebral veins that are usually concealed. 6 ternal vertebral venous plexus via the condylar canal. A 22 Basal vein. V. basalis [[Rosenthal]]. It begins at 5 Occipital emissary vein. V. emissaria occipi- the anterior perforated substance, then courses 7 talis. Connection between the confluence of the along the optic tract and passes around the sinuses and the occipital vein. A brainstem dorsally to join the great cerebral vein. C 8 6 Venous plexus of hypoglossal canal. Plexus venosus canalis hypoglossi. Located in the hypo- 23 Anterior cerebral veins. Vv. anteriores cerebri. Companion veins of the anterior cerebral artery. 9 glossal canal, between the foramen magnum and the internal jugular vein. A C 24 Deep middle cerebral vein. V. media profunda 7 Venous plexus of foramen ovale. Plexus veno- 10 cerebri. It begins at the insula and opens into the sus foraminis ovalis. It lies in the foramen ovale basal vein. C between the cavernous sinus and the pterygoid 11 plexus. D 25 Insular veins. Vv. insulares. Origin of the deep middle cerebral vein. 8 Venous plexus of internal carotid. Plexus ve- 12 nosus caroticus internus. It occupies the carotid 26 Inferior thalamostriate veins. Vv. thalamos- canal between the cavernous sinus and the pter- triatae inferiores. Arise from the caudate and ygoid plexus. D lentiform nuclei and the thalamus, penetrate 13 the anterior perforated substance and open into 8a Hypophysial portal veins. Vv. portales hy- the basal or deep middle cerebral vein. C pophysialis. Veins transporting blood from the 14 arterial capillary network of the infundibulum 27 Vein of olfactory gyrus. V. gyri olfactorii. It and the adenophypophysis to the cavernous comes from the region proximal to and in front of the olfactory trigone. C 15 sinus. E 9 CEREBRAL VEINS. Vv. cerebri. Valveless veins sit- 28 Inferior ventricular vein. V. ventricularis infe- uated primarily in the subarachnoid space; they rior. Arises from the white matter of the tem- 16 carry blood primarily into the dural sinuses. poral lobe and passes through the choroid fisure at the level of the crus cerebri. C 10 Superficial cerebral veins. Vv. superficiales 17 cerebri. 29 Inferior choroid vein. V. choroidea inferior. It transports blood from the hippocampus, den- 11 Superior cerebral veins. Vv. superiores cerebri. tate gyrus and choroid plexus into the basal 18 Arise from the lateral, medial and anterior vein. V aspects of the inferior surface of the brain and 30 Peduncular veins. Vv. pedunculares. Veins drain into the superior sagittal sinus. 19 from the cerebral peduncle. C 12 Prefrontal veins. Vv. praefrontales. They arise from the frontal pole and its basal surface. B 20 13 Frontal veins. Vv. frontales. Veins from the upper third of the frontal lobe extending up to 21 the central sulcus. B 14 Parietal veins. Vv. parietales. Sinus veins from 22 the parietal lobe. B 15 Occipital veins. Vv. occipitales. Sinus veins 23 from the occipital lobe. B 16 Inferior cerebral veins. Vv. inferiores cerebri. 24 Veins located at the base of the brain with openings into the cavernous, petrosal and transverse sinuses. 25 17 Vein of the uncus. V. unci. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Veins 241

2 1

27 2

23 3 27 26 4 17 24 5 5 22

4 3 28 6 29 30 7

6 8

9 A C Veins of the occipital region Veins on base of brain 10 14 13 11

12 19 13

20 14

15 15 12 16 B Cerebral veins, lateral view 18 17

8 21 7 182.14 8 22 182.19 23

24 D Veins of orbit and middle cranial fossa E Portal vessel of the hypophysis 25

1 Great cerebral vein [[vein of Galen]]. V. magna 15 Pontine veins. Vv. pontis. Numerous branches 1 cerebri [[Galeni]]. Short vein between the union from the pons which drain into the petrosal or of both internal cerebral veins and the begin- pontomesencephalic veins, with an anastomo- 2 ning of the straight sinus. A C sis between them. C 2 Internal cerebral veins [[right and left]]. Vv. 16 Veins of medulla oblongata. Vv. medullae ob- internae cerebri. Each runs in the transverse fis- longatae. Lower continuation of the pon- 3 sure, thus between the fornix and thalamus or tomesencephalic vein with its branches from the roof of the third ventricle. Both begin at the the medulla oblongata. C 4 interventricular foramen and end at the site 17 Vein of lateral recess of fourth ventricle. V. re- where both unite to form the great cerebral vein. cessus lateralis ventriculi quarti. Arises from the AC 5 lateral recess and opens into the inferior 3 Superior choroid vein. V. choroidea superior. It petrosal sinus. C extends the entire length of the choroid plexus 18 Cerebellar veins. Vv. cerebelli. 6 up to the interventricular foramen and receives branches from the hippocampus, fornix and cor- 19 Superior vein of vermis. V. superior vermis. pus callosum. A Arises from the superior portion of the vermis 7 and empties into the great or internal cerebral 4 Superior thalamostriate vein. V. thalamostri- vein. C ata superior (v. terminalis). It runs in the angle 8 between the thalamus and caudate nucleus. It 20 Inferior vein of vermis. V. inferior vermis. has no branches from the thalamus itself, but Arises from the lower half of the vermises and opens into the straight sinus. C 9 some from its vicinity. It ends by opening into the superior choroid vein in the interventricular 21 Superior veins of cerebellum. Vv. superiores foramen. A cerebelli. Arise mostly from the lateral hemi- 10 5 Anterior vein of septum pellucidum. V. anterior spheres and usually open into the transverse septi pellucidi. From its drainage area, the sinus. A 11 medulla of the frontal lobe and the genu of the 22 Inferior veins of cerebellum. Vv. inferiores corpus callosum, it passes in the septum pel- cerebelli. They usually arise from the inferior, lucidum to join the thalamostriate vein. A C lateral hemispheres and empty into the adja- 12 6 Posterior vein of septum pellucidum. V. posterior cent sinuses. C septi pellucidi. It arises from the roof of the 23 Precentral cerebellar vein. V. praecentralis 13 lateral ventricle and often opens into the inter- cerebelli. It originates between the lingula and nal cerebral vein. C central lobule and drains into the great cerebral vein. C 14 7 Medial atrial vein of lateral ventricle. V. medialis atrii ventriculi lateralis. Arises from the medulla 24 Petrosal vein. V. petrosa. It arises in the region of the parietal and occipital lobes and passes in of the flocculus, can be quite large and empties 15 the medial wall of the lateral ventricle in front of into the inferior or superior petrosal sinus. C the junction of the posterior horn. A 24 a ORBITAL VEINS. Vv. orbitae. 16 8 Lateral atrial vein of lateral ventricle. V. lateralis 25 Superior ophthalmic vein. V. ophthalmica su- atrii ventriculi lateralis. Arises from the medulla perior. Begins medially above the eyeball with of the parietal and occipital lobes and courses in 17 the nasofrontal vein and passes through the su- the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle in front of perior orbital fissure to the cavernous sinus. B the exit of the posterior horn. A 26 Nasofrontal vein. V. nasofrontalis. Connects su- 18 9 Veins of caudate nucleus. Vv. nuclei caudati. A perior ophthalmic vein and the union of the su- 10 Lateral direct veins. Vv. directae laterales. pratrochlear with the angular vein. B 19 Branchens from the wall of the lateral ventricle 27 Ethmoidal veins. Vv. ethmoidales. B opening directly into the internal cerebral vein. A 28 Lacrimal vein. V. lacrimalis. B 20 11 Posterior vein of corpus callosum. V. poste- 29 Vorticose veins (choroidal veins of eye). Vv. rior corporis callosi. Branch coming from the vorticosae (vv. choroideae oculi). Four or five 21 end of the corpus callosum from below. A C branches from the choroid tunic of the eye. They penetrate the sclera laterally. B 12 Dorsal vein of corpus callosum. V. dorsalis 22 corporis callosi. Dorsal branch passing around the splenium. C 23 13 Veins of brain stem. Vv. trunci encephali. 14 Anterior pontomesencephalic vein. V. pontomesencephalica anterior. A continuation of 24 the vein of the medulla oblongata that extends as far as the interpeduncular fossa, often drain- 25 ing into the petrosal vein, and sometimes into the basal vein. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Veins 243

4 9 5 5

4 6 3 7 10 2 8 8 240.22 9 11 1 7 10

28 11 27 25 12 26 21 13 A Veins of brain from above 14

5 6 29 15 2 12 16

11 17 1 B Veins of orbit 18 240.22 19 23 19 20 14

20 21 24 17

15 22

16 22 C Veins of brain sagittal section 24 25

1 Ciliary veins. Vv. ciliares. Veins from the ciliary 17 Brachial veins. Vv. brachiales. Companion veins of 1 body which drain either into the veins of the the brachial artery. B occular muscles or into the choroidal veins. A 18 Ulnar veins. Vv. ulnares. Companion veins of the 2 2 Anterior ciliary veins. Vv. ciliares anteriores. ulnar artery. B Companion veins of the corresponding arteries. 19 Radial veins. Vv. radiales. Companion veins of the They transport blood from the ciliary body to the radial artery. B 3 veins of the ocular muscles at their attachments. A 19 a Anterior interosseous veins. Vv. interosseae 2a [Sinus venosus sclerae]. See p. 354.30 anteriores. Two companion veins, one for each 4 3 Scleral veins. Vv. sclerales. Thin veins coursing anterior interosseous artery. mainly in the anterior sclera. 19 b Posterior interosseous veins. Vv. interosseae 4 Central vein of retina. V. centralis retinae. Com- posteriores. Two companion veins, one for each 5 panion vein of central artery of retina. It drains posterior interosseous artery. either into the superior ophthalmic vein or 20 Cephalic vein. V. cephalica. Epifascial vein begin- directly into the cavernous sinus. A 6 ning at the root of the thumb. It runs in the lateral 5 Episcleral veins. Vv. episclerales. Branches lo- bicipital groove and passes between the deltoid cated on the sclera and opening into the superior and pectoralis major muscles [[deltoideopectoral 7 ophthalmic veins. A trigone]] to enter the axillary vein. C D 6 Palpebral veins. Vv. palpebrales. Branches com- 21 Thoracoacromial vein. V. thoracoacromialis. Ac- 8 ing from the upper eyelids. A companying vein of the thoraco-acromial artery. 7 Conjunctival veins. Vv. conjunctivales. A It drains into the axillary vein. B D 8 Inferior ophthalmic vein. V. ophthalmica inferior. 22 Accessory cephalic vein. [V. cephalica acces- 9 Arises from the lower eyelid and the lacrimal soria]. It runs from the extensor side of the fore- gland, then unites with the superior ophthalmic arm to the cephalic vein. vein or passes directly into the cavernous sinus 10 23 Basilic vein. V. basilica. Epifascial vein beginning and the pterygoid plexus. A above the distal ulna. It penetrates the brachial VEINS OF UPPER LIMBS. 8a Venae membri superioris. fascia in the middle of the medial bicipital groove 11 9 Subclavian vein. V. subclavia. It lies between the and opens into the brachial vein. B D scalenus anterior and sternocleidomastoid 24 Median cubital vein. V. mediana cubiti. Connect- 12 muscles and extends from the internal jugular ing branch that arises from the cephalic vein and vein to the lateral margin of the first rib. B passes obliquely upward from inferolateral to su- 10 Pectoral veins. Vv. pectorales. Veins passing from peromedial to join the basilic vein. 13 the area of the pectoral muscles directly into the 25 Median antebrachial vein. V. mediana antebra- subclavian vein. B chii. Epifascial vein occasionally present between 14 11 Dorsal scapular vein. V. scapularis dorsalis. Ac- the cephalic and basilic veins. D companying vein of the dorsal scapular artery. It 26 Median cephalic vein. V. mediana cephalica. frequently opens into the external jugular vein. B Branch or trunk connecting the median ante- 15 12 Thoracoacromial vein. [V. thoracoacromialis]. brachial vein to the cephalic vein. D Companion vein of the thoracoacromial artery 27 Median basilic vein. V. mediana basilica. Branch that occasionally opens into the subclavian vein. B 16 or trunk connecting the median antebrachial vein 13 Axillary vein. V. axillaris. Continuation of the sub- to the basilic vein. D clavian vein extending from the lateral margin of 17 the first rib to the lower margin of the tendon of 28 Dorsal venous plexus of hand. Rete venosum the teres major. B D dorsale manus. Subcutaneous venous network on the dorsum of hand. C 18 13 a Subscapular, circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal, posterior circumflex scapular, anterior cir- 29 Intercapitular veins. Vv. intercapitulares. Pass be- cumflex scapular veins. Vv. subscapularis, cir- tween the heads of the metatarsal bones and con- 19 cumflexa scapulae, thoracodorsalis, circumflexa nect the dorsal and palmar veins of the hand. C D posterior humeralis, circumflexa anterior humer- 30 Superficial palmar venous arch. Arcus venosus alis. Newly named companion veins of the corre- palmaris superficialis. Companion vein of the 20 sponding arteries. arterial superficial palmar arch. D 14 Lateral thoracic vein. V. thoracica lateralis. Com- 31 Palmar digital veins. Vv. digitales palmares. 21 panion vein of lateral thoracic artery located on Veins on the flexor side of the fingers. D the serratus anterior muscle. B 32 Deep palmar venous arch. Arcus venosus pal- 15 Thoracoepigastric veins. Vv. thoracoepigastricae. maris profundus. Companion veins of the arterial 22 Subcutaneous veins from the wall of the lateral deep palmar arch. B D trunk. They are collaterals that connect the super- 33 Dorsal metacarpal veins. Vv. metacarpales dor- 23 ior and inferior venae cavae. B sales. Three veins coming from the four ulnar fin- 16 Areolar venous plexus. Plexus venosus areolaris. gers; they open into the dorsal venous plexus of Venous plexus around the nipple (areola). B the hand. C 24 16 a Superficial veins of upper limbs. Venae superfi- 34 Palmar metacarpal veins. Vv. metacarpales pal- ciales membri superioris. mares. Companion veins of the metacarpal arter- 25 16 b Deep veins of upper limbs. Venae profundae ies; they open into the deep palmar venous arch. B membri superioris. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Veins 245

1 2 7 6 5 2a 3 4 4

5 8 1 13 9 2 6 11 7 8 13 21 12 8 10 20 14 A Veins of eye 9

10 23 11

16 20 12 23 15 13 17 14

15 24 16 27 22 26 17 20 25 18 19 18 22 23 19 28 20

33 32 20 29 30 32 21 34 34 29 22 31

C Veins on dorsum 23 of hand 24 B Deep veins of arm, D Superficial veins anterior view of arm 25

1 AZYGOS VEIN. Vena azygos. Lumbar vein that 18 Anterior/posterior internal vertebral venous 1 arises from the ascending lumbar vein and opens plexus. Plexus venosus vertebralis internus ante- into the superior vena cava at the level of T4−5 rior/posterior. Venous plexus on the anterior and 2 shortly before its entrance into the percardium. A posterior walls of the vertebral canal between the 1a Arch of azygos vein. Arcus venae azygos. Venous dura and periosteum or ligaments. B arch before the site where the azygos vein enters 19 Basivertebral veins. Vv. basivertebrales. Veins 3 the superior vena cava. lying in the vertebral bodies and converging poste- 2 Right superior intercostal vein. V. intercostalis riorly to drain into the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus. B 4 superior dextra. Formed by the union of 2nd and 3rd (4th) right superior intercostal veins. It opens 20 Spinal cord veins. Vv. medullae spinalis. Venous into the azygos vein. A plexus in the subarachnoid space for drainage of the spinal cord. 5 3 Hemiazygos vein. V. hemiazygos. Frequently arises from the left ascending lumbar vein. It re- 20 a Anterior spinal veins. Vv. spinales anteriores. 6 ceives intercostal veins 9−11 and drains into the Unite cranially with the network of the pons and azygos vein usually at the level of T9−10. A continue caudally as the terminal vein. 4 Accessory hemiazygos vein. V. hemiazygos ac- 20 b Posterior spinal veins. Vv. spinales posteriores. 7 cessoria. After receiving intercostal veins 4−8, it They terminate cranially at the rhomboid fossa, opens into the azygos vein either alone or together caudally at the conus medullaris. 8 with the hemiazygos vein. However, it can also 21 INFERIOR VENA CAVA. Vena cava inferior. Begin- take up the first three intercostal veins and then ning at the union of the right and left common iliac anastomose with the left brachiocephalic vein. A veins, it lies to the right of the aorta and opens into 9 5 Esophageal veins. Vv. oesophageales. Veins from the right atrium of the heart. A C the esophagus draining into the azygos vein. A 22 Inferior phrenic veins. Vv. phrenicae inferiores. 10 6 Bronchial veins. Vv. bronchiales. Branches from Companion veins of inferior phrenic artery. C the bronchi emptying into the azygos or hemiazy- 23 Lumbar veins. Vv. lumbales. Segmental lumbar gos veins. A veins 3 and 4 open directly into the inferior vena 11 cava. A C 7 Pericardial veins. Vv. pericardiales. Branches from the pericardium that join the azygos vein, su- 24 Hepatic veins. Vv. hepaticae. Short intrahepatic 12 perior vena cava or brachiocephalic vein. A veins. 8 Mediastinal veins. Vv. mediastinales. Small 25 Right hepatic veins. Vv. hepaticae dextrae. Veins from right lobe of liver. C 13 branches from the mediastinum draining partially into the superior vena cava. A 26 Intermediate hepatic veins. Vv. hepaticae inter- 9 Superior phrenic veins. Vv. phrenicae superiores. mediae. Veins from caudate lobe of the liver. C 14 Small veins from the surface of the diaphragm. A 27 Left hepatic veins. Vv. hepaticae sinistrae. Veins 10 Ascending lumbar vein. V. lumbalis ascendens. from the left lobe of the liver. C 15 Abdominal segments of the azygos on the right 28 Renal veins. Vv. renales. Right and left veins from and the hemiazygos on the left. Collateral vein to kidney. C the inferior vena cava via the common iliac vein. A 28 a Capsular veins. Vv. capsulares. Form the venous 16 B network of the fatty capsule and anastomose with 11 Lumbar veins. Vv. lumbales. Segmental veins 1 neighboring and stellate veins. They can form a 17 and 2 opening into the ascending lumbar vein. A collateral circulation. C 12 Subcostal vein. V. subcostalis. Venous segment lo- 29 Left suprarenal vein. V. suprarenalis (adrenalis) cated below the 12th rib. From this tributary on- sinistra. Vein from the left suprarenal gland. C 18 ward, the right and left longitudinal venous con- 30 Left testicular vein. V. testicularis sinistra. Vein duits are designated as the azygos and the hemi- from left testis. C 19 azygos veins, respectively. A B 31 Left ovarian vein. V. ovarica sinistra. Vein from 13 Posterior intercostal veins. Vv. intercostales left ovary. C 20 posteriores. Those from 4 to 11 drain into either 32 Right suprarenal vein. V. suprarenalis (adrenalis) the azygos vein or hemiazygos vein. A dextra. Vein from right suprarenal gland usually 14 Dorsal branch. Ramus dorsalis. Branch from the opening directly into the inferior vena cava. C 21 muscles and skin of the back. A B 33 Right testicular vein. V. testicularis (adrenalis) 15 Intervertebral vein. V. intervertebralis. Branch dextra. It opens directly into the inferior vena cava. 22 from the intervertebral foramen. B C 16 Spinal branch. Ramus spinalis. Branch from the 34 Right ovarian vein. V. ovarica dextra. It opens directly into the inferior vena cava. C 23 spinal cord and its meninges. B 16 a Veins of the vertebral column. Venae columnae 35 Pampiniform plexus. Plexus pampiniformis. vertebralis. Venous plexus around the spermatic cord. C 24 17 Anterior/posterior external vertebral venous plexus. Plexus venosus vertebralis externus ante- 25 rior/posterior. Venous plexus in front of the vertebral body and behind the vertebral arch. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Veins 247

16 2

18 15 4 2 19 14 8 5 12 17 6 1 6 4 7 7 8 10

14 5 8 B Veins of vertebrae 13 3 9

22 27 22 9 10

12 11

12 26 11 10 25 13 32 29 10 14 28 23 28a 15 21 28

33; 34 21 16 23 30; 31 17

18 A Veins of posterior thoracic and abdominal walls 19

35 22

C Inferior vena cava 24

1 PORTAL VEIN OF LIVER. Vena portae hepatis. It 21 Jejunal veins. Vv. jejunales. Branches from the 1 brings blood from the intestinal tract to the jejunum and ileum. A liver. Forms important anastomoses to 21 a Ileal branches. Vv. ileales. A esophageal veins, rectal venous plexus and the 2 22 Right gastro-omental (gastro-epiploic) vein. superficial veins of the abdominal skin. A V. gastro-omentalis (epiploica) dextra. Com- 2 Right branch. Ramus dexter. Strong shorter panion vein of right gastro-omental artery. A 3 right branch of portal vein. It forms bifurcations 23 Pancreatic veins. Vv. pancreaticae. Direct in the right lobe of the liver that extend as far as branches from the pancreas. A the interlobular veins. A 4 24 Pancreaticoduodenal veins. Vv. pancreati- 3 Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. It supplies coduodenales. Companion veins of pancreati- the anterior part of the right lobe. A 5 coduodenal arteries. A 4 Posterior branch. Ramus posterior. It supplies 25 Ileocolic vein. V. ileocolica. Branch from the the posterior part of the right lobe. A ileocecal region. A 6 5 Left branch. Ramus sinister. Longer and some- 26 Appendicular vein. V. appendicularis. Vein what more slender branch supplying the left from the vermiform appendix. A 7 lobe as well as the caudate and quadrate lobes. A 27 Right colic vein. V. colica dextra. Vein from the ascending colon. A 6 Transverse part. Pars transversa. Initial seg- 8 ment of left branch coursing transversely into 28 Middle colic vein. V. colica media (intermedia). liver hilum. A Vein of transverse colon. It can also drain into the superior and inferior mesenteric veins. A 9 7 Caudate branches. Rami caudati. Twigs to caudate lobe. A 29 Splenic vein. V. splenica. It is found in the phrenicolic ligament and behind the pancreas. 8 Umbilical part. Pars umbilicus. Sagittal con- 10 It joins the superior mesenteric vein to form tinuation of the left branch into the left lobe. A the portal vein. A 9 [Ductus venosus]. Embryonic vein uniting 11 30 Pancreatic veins. Vv. pancreaticae. They open umbilical vein and inferior vena cava. Bypasses directly into the splenic vein. A the liver. B 31 Short gastric veins. Vv. gastricae breves. They 12 10 Ligamentum venosum. Lig. venosum. Connec- course in the gastrosplenic ligament. A tive tissue vestige of the ductus venosus in the groove for the ligamentum venosum. B 32 Left gastro-omental (gastro-epiploic) vein. V. 13 gastro-omentalis (epiploica) sinistra. Compan- 11 Lateral branches. Rami laterales. Branches to the ion vein of left gastro-omental vein. A quadrate lobe and part of the caudate lobe. 14 33 Inferior mesenteric vein. V. mesenterica infe- 12 Left umbilical vein. V. umbilicalis sinistra. rior. Extends from the left third of the colon to Embryonic vein joining the portal vein in the the upper rectum and opens into the splenic 15 liver. It carries cord blood to the right atrium vein. A partly via the ductus venosus and inferior vena cava. B 34 Left colic vein. V. colica sinistra. Arises from the descending colon. A 16 13 Round ligament of liver. Lig. teres hepatis. Con- nective tissue remains of left umbilical vein. A 35 Sigmoid veins. Vv. sigmoideae. They drain the sigmoid colon. A 17 14 Medial branches. Rr. mediales. Branches of the umbilical part extending to anterior portion of 36 Superior rectal vein. V. rectalis superior. left lobe of liver. A Branch from the upper rectum. A 18 COMMON ILIAC VEIN. 15 Cystic vein. V. cystica. Vein from gallbladder 37 V. iliaca communis. emptying into right branch of portal vein. A Venous trunk reaching from L4 to the sacroiliac 19 joint. It unites with the contralateral vein to 16 Paraumbilical veins. Vv. paraumbilicales. form the inferior vena cava. A Small veins around the round ligament. They 38 Median sacral vein. V. sacralis mediana. Un- 20 form anastomoses between the left branch of the portal vein and subcutaneous abdominal paired branch that joins the left common iliac veins. A vein. A 21 17 Left gastric vein. V. gastrica sinistra. Compan- 39 Iliolumbar vein. V. iliolumbalis. Accompanying ion vein of left gastric artery. A vein of the iliolumbar artery. It opens into the internal or common iliac vein. A 22 18 Right gastric vein. V. gastrica dextra. Compan- ion vein of right gastric artery. A 23 19 Prepyloric vein. V. praepylorica. Branch from the anterior part of pylorus to the right gastric vein or portal vein. A 24 20 Superior mesenteric vein. V. mesenterica superior. Its drainage area extends from the distal 25 half of the duodenum to the left colic flexure. It joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Veins 249

7 1 6 8 4 2 5 31 2

14 29 3 32 16 3 1 17 4 13 18 30 33 5 15 19

24 23 6 20 34 7

8 28 22 9 27

21 10

34 11 25 21 12

35 13

21a 26 14 37 38 15 39 36

9(10) 16

19 A Portal vein 20

22 12 23 B Veins of fetal liver from below and behind 24

1 INTERNAL ILIAC [[HYPOGASTRIC]] VEIN. V. iliaca 16 Internal pudendal vein. V. pudenda interna. It 1 interna [[v. hypogastrica]]. Short trunk receiving runs in the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa veins from the pelvic viscera and perineum. A C and enters the pelvis via the lower division of 2 2 Superior gluteal veins. Vv. glutaeales5 super- the greater sciatic foramen [[infrapiriform fora- iores. Companion veins of superior gluteal men]]. A B C artery passing through the upper division of 17 Deep veins of penis. Vv. profundae penis. They 3 the greater sciatic foramen [[suprapiriform arise from the roots of the corpus cavernosum foramen]] to the pelvis. They converge to form a and corpus spongiosum and drain into the 4 trunk which opens into the internal iliac vein. A prostatic venous plexus via the deep dorsal vein of the penis. C 3 Inferior gluteal veins. Vv. glutaeales5 inferi- 5 ores. Companion veins of inferior gluteal artery 18 Deep veins of clitoris. Vv. profundae clitoridis. passing through the lower division of the Equivalent to the deep veins of the penis. B greater sciatic foramen [[infrapiriform fora- 19 Middle rectal veins. Vv. rectales mediae. 6 men]] into the pelvis. They unite to form a trunk Branches from the rectal venous plexus located and open into the internal iliac vein. A C in the lesser pelvis. They anastomose with the 7 4 Obturator veins. Vv. obturatoriae. They enter superior rectal vein and the inferior rectal the pelvis via the obturator foramen and usu- veins. A C ally open into both the internal iliac and com- 8 20 Inferior rectal veins. Vv. rectales inferiores. mon iliac veins. A Arise from the anal region, join the internal pu- 5 Lateral sacral veins. Vv. sacrales laterales. dendal vein and anastomose with the middle 9 Lateral branches from the sacral venous plexus. rectal veins and the superior rectal vein. B C A 21 Posterior scrotal/labial veins. Vv. scrotales/ 10 6 Sacral venous plexus. Plexus venosus sacralis. labiales posteriores. Arise from the scrotum or Venous network lying in front of the sacrum. A labia and join the internal pudendal vein. B C 11 7 Rectal venous (hemorrhoidal) plexus. Plexus 22 Vein of bulb of penis/vestibule. V. bulbi penis/ venosus rectalis [[plexus haemorrhoidalis]]. vestibuli. Arise from the bulb of the corpus Plexus surrounding the rectum. A spongiosum and convey blood either to the 12 deep dorsal vein of the penis (clitoris) or into 8 Vesical veins. Vv. vesicales. Veins from the the internal pudendal vein. B C vesical venous plexus. A 13 23 External iliac vein. V. iliaca externa. Arises from 9 Vesical venous plexus. Plexus venosus vesi- the upper end of the femoral vein below the in- calis. Extends from the base of the bladder to guinal ligament and ends where it joins the in- 14 communicate with the prostatic or vaginal ternal iliac vein to form the common iliac vein. venous plexus. A C A 15 10 Prostatic venous plexus. Plexus venosus pros- 24 Inferior epigastric vein. V. epigastrica inferior. taticus. It surrounds the prostate and unites Arises from the posterior side of the anterior with the neighboring vesical venous plexus. C abdominal wall and extends as a companion 16 11 Deep dorsal vein of penis. V. dorsalis pro- vein of the inferior epigastric artery. A funda penis. Subfascial vein of the dorsum of 24 a Pubic branch (accessory obturator vein). R. 17 the penis that passes below the symphysis be- pubicus (v. obturatoria accessoria). It anasto- tween the arcuate ligament of the pubis and moses with the branch of the obturator vein at the transverse perineal ligament to enter the the inner surface of the pubis. A 18 prostatic venous plexus. It lies between the deep fascia of the penis and the tunica al- 25 Deep circumflex iliac vein. V. circumflexa iliaca profunda. Companion vein of the deep circum- 19 buginea and is usually not paired. C. See also p. 165 B flex iliac artery. A 12 Deep dorsal vein of clitoris. V. dorsalis pro- 20 funda clitoridis. Subfascial vein of dursum of clitoris opening into vesical venous plexus. B 21 13 Uterine veins. Vv. uterinae. Connecting veins that join the uterine venous plexus and internal 22 iliac vein. A 14 Uterine venous plexus. Plexus venosus uterinus. Venous network primarily at the root of 23 the broad ligament. It communicates with the vaginal venous plexus. A 24 15 Vaginal venous plexus. Plexus venosus vaginalis. Venous network around the vagina with 25 numerous connections to the surrounding venous plexus. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Veins 251

1 2 4 5 5

23 3 25 6 6 24 7 4 16 19 13 8 8 24a 14 9 9 7 15 10

12 12 13

A Pelvic veins medial view 14

15 18 16 3 22 21 1 17

19 18 9 19 10 16 11 20 20 20 20

16 17 21

22 22 21 23 B C Veins of female perineum Veins of male urogenital organs 24

VEINS OF LOWER LIMBS. Venae membri inferi- 13 a Sural veins. Venae surales. Companion veins of 1 oris. the corresponding arteries. 0a Venae superficiales membri inferioris. Super- 14 Genicular veins. Vv. geniculares. Usually five 2 ficial veins of lower limbs. veins arising from the knee. A 0b Venae profundae membri inferioris. Deep 15 Small saphenous vein. V. saphena parva. It 3 veins of lower limbs. arises from the lateral margin of the foot, 1 Femoral vein. V. femoralis. A companion vein passes along the posterior side of the lower leg of the femoral artery that extends from the hia- and drains into the popliteal vein. A B C D 4 tus tendineus of the adductor canal to the in- 16 Anterior tibial veins. Vv. tibiales anteriores. guinal ligament. A Companion veins of the anterior tibial artery. A 5 2 External pudendal veins. Vv. pudendae ex- BC ternae. Individual branches from the external 17 Dorsal venous network of foot. Rete veno- 6 genitalia. A sum dorsale pedis. Network of veins on the 3 Superficial circumflex iliac vein. V. cir- dorsum of the foot that drain into the great and cumflexa iliaca superficialis. Subcutaneous small saphenous veins and anterior tibial veins. 7 companion vein of the superficial circumflex B iliac artery. A 18 Dorsal venous arch of foot. Arcus venosus 8 4 Superficial epigastric vein. V. epigastrica su- dorsalis pedis. Venous arch on the dorsum of perficialis. Subcutaneous companion vein of the foot receiving the dorsal metatarsal veins of the superficial epigastric artery. A the foot. It also serves as the main outlet for 9 blood from the sole of the foot. B C D 5 Superficial dorsal veins of penis/clitoris. Vv. dorsales superficiales penis/clitoridis. Paired 19 Dorsal digital veins of foot. Vv. digitales dor- 10 epifascial veins of the penis (clitoris) that drain sales pedis. Veins on the dorsum of the toes. B into the femoral vein or external pudendal 20 Dorsal metatarsal veins. Vv. metatarsales veins. They run between the superficial and dorsales. Companion veins of corresponding 11 deep fasciae of the penis. A. See also p. 165 B arteries. They arise from the dorsal digital veins 6 Anterior scrotal/labial veins. Vv. scrotales/ of the foot. B D 12 labiales anteriores. Arise from the scrotum or 21 Posterior tibial veins. Vv. tibiales posteriores. labia majora and open into the femoral vein or Veins accompanying the posterior tibial artery. 13 the external pudendal veins. A C 7 Greater saphenous vein. V. saphena magna. 22 Peroneal (fibular) veins. Vv. fibulares. Com- Arises from the medial side of the foot and as- panion veins of the fibular artery found partly 14 cends medially. This vein is provided with beneath the flexor hallucis longus. C valves and receives most of the medial superfi- 23 Plantar venous network. Rete venosum plan- 15 cial cutaneous veins. It drains into the femoral tare. Dense subcutaneous network of veins on vein via the saphenous opening. A B C D the sole of the foot. C 16 8 Accessory saphenous vein. V. saphena acces- 24 Plantar venous arch. Arcus venosus plantaris. soria. Connecting branch that occasionally joins Venous arch accompanying the arterial plantar the small saphenous vein to the great arch. C 17 saphenous vein. It may receive blood from the thigh except for the deep and lateral regions. It 25 Plantar metatarsal veins. Vv. metatarsales sometimes runs parallel to the great saphenous plantares. Veins accompanying the correspond- 18 vein before entering the latter. A ing arteries. C 9 Accompanying vein of the profunda femoris 26 Plantar digital veins. Vv. digitales plantares. 19 artery. V. profunda femoris. A Veins on the flexor side of the toes. C 10 Medial circumflex femoral veins. Vv. cir- 26 a Intercapitular veins. Vv. intercapitulares. Veins that connect the plantar and dorsal 20 cumflexae mediales femorales. Companion veins of the corresponding artery. A venous arches. D 11 Lateral circumflex femoral veins. Vv. cir- 26 b Lateral marginal vein. V. marginalis lateralis. 21 cumflexae laterales femorales. Companion Anastomotic vein as in 26 a. It drains into the veins of the corresponding artery. A small saphenous vein. D 22 12 Perforating veins. Vv. perforantes. Arise from 26 c Medial marginal vein. V. marginalis medialis. the ischiocrural musculature, penetrate the ad- Anastomotic vein as in 26 a. It drains into the great saphenous vein. D 23 ductors and open into the profunda femoris vein. A 27 Perforating veins. Vv. perforantes. Veins that 13 Popliteal vein. V. poplitea. From its origin be- connect the cutaneous and subfascial veins 24 tween the popliteal artery and tibial nerve, it especially on the lower leg. Their valves pre- extends from the union of the anterior and vent the flow of blood from the deep veins to the epifascial veins. 25 posterior tibial veins to the hiatus tendineus of the adductor canal. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Veins 253

1 3 4 1 2 2 13 3 11

6 4 5 16 7 16 5

10 11 6 7 9 15 7 7 12 8

15 21 8 9

12 22 10

17 11 1 18 12

20 13

7 14

15 14 19 14 B Veins on dorsum of foot 16 23 17 15 18 18 7 24 18 19 25 20 20 16 26 21 26c 15 26b 26a 22 26a

A Veins of lower limb, D Veins on dorsum of foot C Veins of leg and sole of foot 23 anterior view with venous arch 24

1 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. Systema lymphaticum. 16 Right lymphatic duct (right thoracic duct). 1 Ductus lymphaticus dexter (ductus thoracicus 2 Lymphatic vessels. Vasa lymphatica. dexter). It is formed by the union of the right 2 3 Lymphatic capillary. Vas lymphocapillare. Any jugular, subclavian and bronchomediastinal of the vessels of the lymphatic system that trunks. It may be absent. B form closed networks and have permeable 17 Thoracic duct. Ductus thoracicus. Arises from 3 walls. C the cisterna chyli a short distance below the di- 4 Lymphatic capillary network. Rete lympho- aphragm, courses upward behind the aorta and 4 capillare. Network of lymphocapillary veins. C opens into the venous angle, i. e., the angle between the left internal jugular and subclavian 5 Lymphatic vessel. Vas lymphaticum. Any of the veins. B valvular lymphatic vessels that communicate 5 18 Arch of thoracic duct. Arcus ductus thoracici. with the lymphocapillary vessels. Their thin Arch formed by the thoracic duct before enter- walls are sparsely lined with smooth muscles. C 6 ing the venous angle. B 6 Lymphatic plexus. Plexus lymphaticus. Net- 19 Cervical part. Pars cervicalis. Short cervical work of lymphatic vessels lying deeper than segment in front of C7. B 7 the lymphocapillary vessels. In the outer layers of the skin, it lies within and directly below the 20 Thoracic part. Pars thoracica. It begins at the corium. C aortic hiatus and ends at the upper margin of 8 T1. B 7 Superficial lymphatic vessel. Vas lymphaticum 21 Abdominal part. Pars abdominalis. Very short 9 superficiale. It is situated superficially on the segment in front of L1. B fascia of the limbs. 22 Cisterna chyli. Variable dilatation at the origin 10 8 Deep lymphatic vessel. Vas lymphaticum proof the thoracic duct. It receives the lumbar and fundum. It lies beneath the fascia of the limbs intestinal trunks. B and often, but not always, accompanies blood 23 Lymph node. Nodus lymphaticus (Lym- 11 vessels. phonodus). Lymphoreticular filtering organ, 1− 9 Lymphatic trunks. Trunci lymphatici. Five 25 mm in diameter, within the lymphatic ves- 12 main lymphatic branches of the lymph-vascu- sels. Since lymph must usually traverse two lar system. lymph nodes before arriving in the blood stream at the venous angle, there is double pro- 13 10 Right/left lumbar trunk. Truncus lumbaris tection against the invasion of pathogens or dexter/sinister. Main branch which brings tumor cells into the blood stream. A lymph to the cisterna chyli from the legs, pelvic 14 viscera, urogenital system and parts of the 24 Afferent lymphatic vessels. Vas lymphaticum abdominal wall and the abdominal viscera. B afferens. Any of the vessels that carry lymph to 15 a lymph node; located on the convex surface of 11 Intestinal trunks. Trunci intestinales. Main the node. A conduits which transport lymph to the cisterna 25 Efferent lymphatic vessel. Vas lymphaticum chyli from the supply region of the superior and 16 efferens. Any of the vessels that carry lymph inferior mesenteric arteries. B away from a lymph node; located on the hilum 17 12 Right/left bronchomediastinal trunk. Truncus of the node. A bronchomediastinalis dexter/sinistra. It col- 26 Cortex. Part of the lymphoreticular tissue pro- lects lymph from the heart, lungs and medi- ximal to the capsule. A 18 astinum. On the left side it opens into the thoracic duct, on the right side, the right lym- 27 Medulla. Lymphoreticular tissue between cortex and hilum. A 19 phatic duct. Often, however, both may open directly into the subclavian veins. B 28 Hilum. Somewhat retracted area where blood vessels enter and where blood and lymphatic 20 13 Right/left subclavian trunk. Truncus sub- vessels exit. A clavius dexter/sinister. Arises from the arm, accompanies the subclavian vein and usually 29 Lymphatic nodule. Nodulus lymphaticus 21 opens on the right side into the right lymphatic (lymphonodulus). Spherical condensation of duct and on the left side into the angle between lymphoreticular tissue predominantly occupy- the left subclavian vein and internal jugular ing the cortex. It exhibits a lighter central area 22 vein. B (“reaction center”). A 14 Right/left jugular trunk. Truncus jugularis 23 dexter/sinister. Accompanies the internal jugular vein and passes to the angle between the in- 24 ternal jugular and subclavian veins (venous angle). B 25 15 Lymphatic ducts. Ductus lymphatici. The main drainage ducts of the lymphatic system. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Lymphatic system 255

24 1

4 27 19 18 27 5 14 14 26 16 13 13 29 6

12 12 7

25 8 28 A Section of lymph 9 node

20 10

11 21 3 11 22 12

11 13

14 10 15

19 B Lymphatic vessels 4 4 of the trunk 20 6 6 21

5 22 5 23 C Lymphatic vessels of small intestine 24

1 REGIONAL LYMPH NODES. Nodi lymphatici re- 15 Submental lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici sub- 1 gionales. mentales. Nodes between the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles. Afferents: middle of 2 Head and neck. Caput et collum. 2 lower lip, floor of mouth and tip of tongue. 3 Occipital lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici occipi- Efferents: deep cervical and submental lymph tales. One to three lymph nodes lying close to nodes. B 3 the margin of the trapezius. Afferents: scalp, 16 Submandibular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici deep cervical muscles. Efferents: deep cervical submandibulares. Nodes between the 4 lymph nodes. A mandible and submandibular gland that serve 4 Mastoid [retroauricular] lymph nodes. Nodi as first and second filter stations. Direct affer- lymphatici mastoidei [[retroauriculares]]. Usu- ent area: inner canthus of eye, cheek, side of 5 ally two nodes on the mastoid process. Affer- nose, upper lip, lateral lower lip, gingiva and ents: posterior surface of pinna, posterior wall anterior lateral margin of tongue. Indirect affer- 6 of external acoustic meatus and corresponding ents: facial and submental lymph nodes. Effer- parts of scalp. Efferents: deep cervical lymph ents: deep cervical lymph nodes. B nodes. A 7 17 Anterior cervical lymph nodes. Nodi lymphat- 5 Superficial partodi lymph nodes. Nodi lym- ici cervicales anteriores. phatici parotidei superficiales. They lie on the 18 Superficial (anterior jugular) lymph nodes. 8 parotid fascia in front of the tragus. Afferents: Nodi lymphatici superficiales (jugulares anteri- junction of temporal region and anterior sur- ores). Nodes on the internal jugular vein. Affer- 9 face of pinna. Efferents: deep cervical lymph ent region: skin of anterior side of neck. Effer- nodes. A ents: bilateral deep cervical lymph nodes. A 10 6 Deep parotid lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 19 Deep lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici profundi. parotidei profundi. Group beneath the parotid Anterior group. fascia. Afferents: tympanic cavity, external 11 acoustic meatus, frontotemporal region, eye- 19 a Infrahyoid lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici in- lids, root of nose, and sometimes the posterior frahyoidei. They lie in the midline below the floor of the nose and nasopharyngeal cavity. body of the hyoid bone. Afferent areas: larny- 12 Efferents: deep cervical lymph nodes. A geal vestibule, piriform recess and adjacent hy- popharynx. Efferents: deep cervical lymph 7 Preauricular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici nodes. B 13 prae-auriculares. Group located in front of the 20 Prelaryngeal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici pinna. A praelaryngeales3. Nodes on the cricothyroid 14 8 Infra-auricular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphat- ligament. Afferent area: lower half of larynx. ici infra-auriculares. Group beneath the pinna. Efferents: deep cervical lymph nodes. B 15 A 21 Thyroid lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici thyroidei. 9 Intraglandular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici Nodes on the thyroid gland. Efferents: as in 20. 16 intraglandulares. Group situated directly B within the parotid. A 22 Pretracheal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici pre- 17 10 Facial lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici faciales. tracheales. Nodes in front of the trachea. Affer- Variable lymph nodes that receive lymph from ent regions: trachea and larynx. Efferents: deep the eyelids, nose and the rest of the face and cervical lymph nodes. B 18 buccal mucosa. Efferents: submandibular 23 Paratracheal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici par- lymph nodes. The vessels accompany the facial atracheales. Nodes beside the trachea. Actions 19 artery. similar to those of 22. B 11 Buccinator node. [Nodus buccinatorius]. 23 a Retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 20 Lymph node situated deep within the buccina- retropharyngeales. Deep cervical lymph nodes tor muscle. A in front of the arch of the atlas. See p. 258.13 12 Nasolabial node. [Nodus nasolabialis]. Lymph 21 node located below the nasolabial fold. A 13 Malar node. [Nodus malaris]. Superficial 22 lymph node of the cheek. 14 Mandibular node. [Nodus mandibularis]. 23 Lymph node located on the mandible. A 14 a Lingual lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici lingu- 24 ales. Nodes located on the hyoglossus muscle. They drain lymph from the lower surface and 25 lateral margin to tongue as well as the medial anterior two-thirds of its dorsal surface. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Lymphatic system 257

1 12 7 2

8 5 11 3 3 4 6 4 9 5 14 6

18 7

258.2 8

A Lymph nodes at surface of 13 neck and head 16 14

15 15 16

19a 17

20 20

21 21

23 22

22 23

24 B Deep lymph nodes of neck 25

1 Lateral cervical lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 17 Apical lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici apicales. 1 cervicales laterales. Groups of lymph nodes Nodes medial to the axillary vein that extend lateral to the neck which are classified as fol- from the upper margin of the prectoralis minor 2 lows. to the apex of the axilla. Afferent areas: upper lateral part of the breast and all remaining axil- 2 Superficial lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici su- lary lymph nodes. Efferents: (left) subclavian 3 perficiales. Nodes on the external jugular vein. trunk to the thoracic duct or subclavian vein; Afferent regions: lower pinna and area below (right) into the vein directly or after joining the the parotid. Efferents: deep cervical lymph jugular trunk. C 4 nodes. See p. 257 A 18 Brachial lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 3 Superior deep lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici brachiales. Nodes along the axillary artery that 5 profundi superiores. Nodes that form the sec- drain lymph from the arm. C ond filter station for almost all of the head 19 Subscapular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 6 lymph nodes but also receive direct peripheral tributaries from their surroundings. Efferents: subscapulares. Nodes alongside the subscapu- jugular trunk. A lar artery that drain lymph from the posterior 7 thorax and shoulder as well as from the lower 4 Lateral lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici laterales. nuchal region. C They lie lateral to the internal jugular vein. A 8 20 Pectoral lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici pec- 5 Anterior lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici anteri- torales. Nodes along the lateral margin of the ores. Group of lymph nodes in front of the in- pectoralis minor that drain lymph from the 9 ternal jugular vein. A anterior and lateral wall of the trunk as far as the navel, as well as the central and lateral part 6 Jugulodigastric node. Nodus jugulodigastricus. It of the breast. C 10 is the most cranial of the deep cervical nodes and is palpable when the tonsil, tongue or 21 Central lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici cen- 11 pharynx is inflamed. A trales. Nodes in the fat of the axillar that filter lymph from the brachial, subscapular and pec- 7 Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes. Nodi toral lymph nodes. C 12 lymphatici profundi inferiores. They form the second filter station for the lymph nodes of the 22 Interpectoral lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici cervical viscera and the last filter station for the interpectorales. Small group of nodes situated 13 lymph nodes of the head. They also receive between the pectoralis major and minor. Affer- direct tributaries. Efferents: jugular trunk. ent area: mammary gland. Efferents: apical lymph nodes. C 14 8 Jugulo-omohyoid node. Nodus juguloomohyoideus. Node between the omohyoid muscle 23 Deltopectoral (infraclavicular) lymph and internal jugular vein. Afferent area: tongue. nodes. Nodi lymphatici deltopectorales (infra- 15 A claviculares). Nodes on the cephalic vein in the deltopectoral groove that receive lymph from 9 Lateral lymphatic nodes. Nodi lymphatici later- the arm. C 16 ales. They lie lateral to the internal jugular vein. A 24 Brachial lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 17 brachiales. Single lymph nodes along the 10 Anterior lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici anteri- brachial vessels. ores. Group in front of the internal jugular vein. 18 A 25 Cubital lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici cubitales. One or two lymph nodes on the brachial 11 Supraclavicular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici artery in the cubital fossa. C 19 supraclaviculares. Nodes of the same group lo- 26 Supratrochlear lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici cated above the clavicle. A supratrochlearis. Nodes that lie medial to the 20 12 Accessory nodes. Nodi accessorii. basilic vein and above the elbow joint. C 13 Retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 27 Superficial lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici su- 21 phatici retropharyngeales. Deep cervical lymph perficiales. nodes at the level of the lateral mass of the atlas 28 Deep lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici profundi. 22 and at the lateral margin of the longus capitis Individual lymph nodes that follow the course muscle. A B of the deep lymphatic vessels. 23 14 Upper limb. Membrum superius. 15 Axillary lymphatic plexus. Plexus lymphaticus 24 axillaris. Netlike connections of 20−30 axillary lymph nodes via their lymphatic vessels. C 25 16 Axillary lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici axillares. Nodes in the axilla. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Lymphatic system 259

6 1

3 13 4

6 4 8 7

5 8 13 9 9

11 10 10 11 A Deep lymph nodes of neck 12

16 B Neck, anterior view 17

17 18 25 23 18 15 21 19 26 20

19 22 21 20 22

C Lymph nodes of arm, axilla and chest 24

1 Thorax. 13 Tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 1 phatici tracheobronchiales. Group located 2 PARAMAMMARY LYMPH NODES. Nodi lym- along the bronchi at the site where they enter phatici paramammarii. Lymph nodes on the into the lungs. C 2 lateral margin of the mammary gland. A 14 Nodi 3 Parasternal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici Superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes. lymphatici tracheobronchiales superiores. 3 parasternales. Nodes located along the course Group situated cranially on the stem bronchi of the internal thoracic vessels. Afferent re- and the trachea. C 4 gions: mammary gland, intercostal spaces, part of the liver and diaphragm. Efferents: either 15 Inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Nodi lym- directly into the respective subclavian vein or phatici tracheobronchiales inferiores. Group lo- 5 internal jugular vein or into the thoracic duct or cated caudal to the tracheal bifurcation. C subclavian trunk. A 16 Paratracheal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 6 4 Intercostal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici in- paratracheales. Group situated along the tra- tercostales. Nodes located in the paravertebral chea. C portion of the intercostal spaces. Afferent area: 7 pleura and intercostal spaces. D 17 Node of arch of azygos vein. [Nodus arcus venae azygos]. Lymph node occasionally pre- 5 Paravertebral lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici sent at the arch which the azygos vein forms 3 8 praevertebrales. Nodes located between the around the hilum of the right lung before join- esophagus and vertebral column. Afferent re- ing the superior vena cava. B 9 gions: surroundings, if not drained by other vessels. C D 6 Superior phrenic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphat- 10 ici phrenici superiores. Nodes situated behind the cartilage-bone boundary of the 7th rib at the 11 site where the aorta opens into the diaphragm and along the inferior vena cava. Afferent areas: liver and diaphragm. D 12 7 Prepericardial lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici prepericardiales. Nodes located between the 13 sternum and pericardium. Afferent regions: sternum and anterior pericardium. Efferents: 14 parasternal lymph nodes. B 8 Lateral pericardial lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 15 phatici pericardiales laterales. Nodes found between the pericardium and mediastinal pleura. B 16 9 Anterior mediastinal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici mediastinales anteriores. Nodes along 17 the brachiocephalic veins, in front of the arch of the aorta and its branches. Afferent regions: thymus, pericardium and parasternal lymph 18 nodes. Efferents: bronchomediastinal trunk. B 10 Ligamentum arteriosum node. [Nodus liga- 19 menti arteriosi]. Node occasionally found along the lig. arteriosum. B 20 11 Posterior mediastinal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici mediastinales posteriores. Nodes sit- 21 uated in the superior and posterior mediastinum. They receive lymph from the following organs: lungs, bronchi, trachea, esophagus, 22 pericardium, diaphragm and diaphragmatic surface of the liver. They pass efferent vessels to the thoracic and bronchomediastinal ducts. The 23 posterior mediastinal lymph nodes are subdivided into the following groups. 24 12 Pulmonary juxtaesophageal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici juxtaoesophageales pul- 25 monales. Group situated beside the esophagus; they serve the lungs. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Lymphatic system 261

4 3 5

2 7 9 9 17 8

9 10 A Lymph nodes of arm, axilla and thorax 10 8 7 11

16 14 13

B Lymph nodes in thorax 12 14 15 15 13 16 4 17

5 5 18

19 C Lymph nodes in thorax 6 20

D Lymph nodes in thorax 23

1 Abdomen − parietal lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 16 [Anulus lymphaticus cardiae]. Lymphatic ring 1 phatici parietales. Lymph nodes in the abdom- occasionally present around the cardia of the inal wall. stomach. C 2 2 Left lumbar lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 17 Gastro-omental lymph nodes [right and left]. lumbales (lumbares) sinistri. Nodes situated Nodi lymphatici gastro-omentales [dextri/sin- along the abdominal aorta. They mainly serve istri]. Nodes located along the course of the 3 as secondary filter stations for lymph nodes lo- right and left gastro-omental arteries at the cated further below, but also as primary filter greater curvature of the stomach. Their affer- 4 stations for the suprarenal gland, kidney, ure- ents receive lymph from the stomach and the ter, testis, ovary, uterine tubes, fundus of uterus greater omentum and their efferents convey and abdominal wall. Efferents: primarily into lymph along the right side to the lymph nodes 5 the lumbar trunk. They can be divided into the of the liver and along the left side to the lymph following three groups. nodes of the spleen and pancreas. C 6 3 Lateral aortic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 18 Pyloric lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici pylorici. aortici laterales. Group on the left side of the Situated around the pylorus. Their efferents aorta. A drain into the hepatic or celiac lymph nodes. 7 4 Pre-aortic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 19 Suprapyloric node. [Nodus suprapyloricus]. preaortici. Group situated in front of the aorta. A Node situated above the pylorus. C 8 5 Postaortic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 20 Subpyloric nodes. [Nodi subpylorici]. Nodes postaortici. This group lies between the aorta situated caudal to the pylorus. C 9 and vertebral column. A 21 Retropyloric nodes. [Nodi retropylorici]. Group of nodes located dorsal to the pylorus. C 6 Intermediate lumbar lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 22 Pancreatic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici pan- 10 phatici lumbales (lumbares) intermedii. Group situated between the aorta and inferior vena creatici. Situated along the upper and lower cava. They function as described in 2−A margins of the pancreas. Their efferent vessels convey lymph to the splenic lymph nodes, 11 7 Right lumbar lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici mesenteric lymph nodes and pancreati- lumbales (lumbares) dextri. Group situated coduodenal lymph nodes. 12 along the inferior vena cava. They function as described in (2) and are subdivided into the follow- 23 Superior pancreatic lymph nodes. Nodi lym- ing three groups. phatici pancreatici superiores. Group of nodes 13 located along the upper margin of the pancreas. 8 Lateral caval lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici AC cavales laterales. Nodes on the right side of the inferior vena cava. A 24 Inferior pancreatic lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 14 phatici pancreatici inferiores. Group of nodes lo- 9 Precaval lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici pre- catedalongthelowermarginofthepancreas.AC cavales.Nodessituatedinfrontofthevenacava.A 15 25 Splenic (lienal) lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 10 Postcaval lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici splenici (lienales). Nodes near the hilum of the postcavales. Nodes located behind the vena 16 spleen that convey their lymph to the celiac cava. A lymph nodes. A C 11 Inferior phrenic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 26 Pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 17 phrenici inferiores. Nodes situated along the phatici pancreaticoduodenales. Small nodes be- inferior surface of the diaphragm near the aor- tween the pancreas and duodenum. Afferent re- 18 tic opening. A C gions: duodenum and pancreas. 12 Inferior epigastric lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 27 Superior pancreaticoduodenal lymph phatici epigastrici inferiores. Three or four nodes. Nodi lymphatici pancreaticoduodenales 19 nodes along the inferior epigastric artery that superiores. Cranially situated group of nodes. receive lymph from its supply area. B Efferents: hepatic nodes. C 20 13 Visceral nodes. Abdomen − nodi lymphatici 28 Inferior pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes. viscerales. Lymph nodes of the abdominal Nodi lymphatici pancreaticoduodenales inferi- viscera. ores. Caudal group of lymph nodes. Efferents: 21 14 Celiac lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici coeliaci. mesenteric lymph nodes. C Nodes situated the celiac trunk. They form the 29 Hepatic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici hepat- 22 secondary filter station for the stomach, ici. Nodes situated near the hilum of the liver and duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and in the hepatoduodenal ligament. Their lymph is taken partly from the liver, partly from adjacent 23 spleen.Efferents:someformtheintestinaltrunk, some pass directly into the cisterna chyli. A C lymph nodes and transported to the celiac lymph nodes. 15 Gastric lymph nodes [right and left].Nodilym- 24 phatici gastrici [dextri/sinistri]. From the lesser 30 Cystic node. Nodus cysticus. Larger lymph node curvature of the stomach, they follow the course near the neck of the gallbladder. C 25 of the right and left gastric arteries. Afferent re- 31 Foraminal node. Nodus foraminalis. Larger gion: stomach. Efferents: celiac lymph nodes. C lymph node near the epiploic foramen. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Lymphatic system 263

11 1

14 23 2 25 9 3

4 6 5 4 24 3 6 10 7 5 8 8 12 9 9

12 B Anterior abdominal wall from behind 13

A Deep lymph nodes at abdominal cavity 14

16 17

11 18 15 25 23 14 19

30 20 31 21 21 20 19 24 22 27 23 17 28 24 C Lymph nodes in upper abdomen 25

1 Mesenteric lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 15 Common iliac lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 1 mesenterici. Numerous (100−150) lymph nodes iliaci communes. Group of nodes situated important for the prevention of lipidemia. Their along the internal iliac vein. They serve as the 2 efferent vessels drain lymph via the celiac lymph second station for the lymph nodes of the nodes. pelvic organs, (= pelvic), interior pelvic wall, abdominal wall up to the navel, hip muscles, 3 2 Juxtaintestinal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici and gluteal muscles. Efferents: lumbar lymph juxtaintestinales. Subgroup of mesenteric nodes and lumbar trunk. Individually, the fol- lymph nodes located close to the small intestine. 4 lowing subgroups are distinguished. 3 Superior [central] lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 16 Medial common iliac lymph nodes. Nodi phatici superiores [centrales]. Subgroup of lymphatici iliaci communes mediales. Sub- 5 mesenteric lymph nodes located near the stem group situated medial to the vascular cord. B of the superior mesenteric artery. A 17 Intermediate common iliac lymph nodes. 6 4 Ileocolic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici ileo- Nodi lymphatici iliaci communes intermedii. colici.Groupofnodessituatedalongtheileocolic Subgroup situated between the medial and lateral groups behind the vascular cord. B 7 artery. Efferents: celiac lymph nodes. A 18 Lateral common iliac lymph nodes. Nodi 5 Prececal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici precae- lymphatici iliaci communes laterales. Sub- 8 cales. Nodes situated along the anterior cecal group located lateral to the vascular cord. B artery. A 19 Subaortic common iliac lymph nodes. Nodi 9 6 Retrocecal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici ret- lymphatici iliaci communes subaortici. Sub- rocaecales. They situated along the posterior group located caudal to the aortic bifurcation cecal artery. A in front of L4. B 10 7 Appendicular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 20 Promontory common iliac lymph nodes. appendiculares. Nodes situated along the ap- Nodi lymphatici iliaci communes promontorii. 11 pendicular artery. They are absent in 33−50% of Subgroup situated in front of the promontory. B cases. A 21 External iliac lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici il- 12 iaci externi. Group of nodes located along the 8 Mesocolic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici me- external iliac vessels. They are the first lymph socolici. Nodes for the greater part of the colon. station for a part of the urinary bladder and 13 Predominantly located in the mesocolon. Their vagina, and second lymph station for the ingui- efferents convey lymph to the celiac lymph nal lymph nodes. Efferents: common iliac nodes. 14 lymph nodes. They are divided into the follow- 9 Paracolic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici para- ing groups. colici. Subgroup of mesocolic lymph nodes lo- 22 Medial external iliac lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 15 cated along the colon. A phatici iliaci externi mediales. Group located medial to the vascular cord. B 10 Right/middle/left colic lymph nodes. Nodi 16 lymphatici colici [dextri/medii/sinistri]. Sub- 23 Intermediate external iliac lymph nodes. group of mesocolic lymph nodes situated along Nodi lymphatici iliaci externi intermedii. Group 17 the stems of the right, middle and left colic ar- located between the lateral and medial groups teries. A and behind the artery. B 24 Lateral external iliac lymph nodes. Nodi 18 11 Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes. Nodi lym- lymphatici iliaci externi laterales. Group lo- phatici mesenterici inferiores. Nodes located cated lateral to the vascular bundle. B along the inferior mesenteric artery. Afferent 19 areas: part of the descending colon, sigmoid 25 Medial lacunar node. [Nodus lacunaris medi- and part of the rectum. Efferents: pre-aortic alis]. Node situated in the vascular lacuna medial to the vascular cord. B 20 lymph nodes at the level of the inferior mesenteric artery. A 26 Intermediate lacunar node. [Nodus lacunaris intermedius]. When present, it lies in the 21 12 Sigmoid lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici sig- middle of the vascular lacuna. B moidei. Nodes located along the sigmoid artery. They drain the sigmoid and the adjoin- 27 Lateral lacunar node. [Nodus lacunaris later- 22 ing segment of colon. A alis]. Node situated laterally in the vascular lacuna. B 13 Superior rectal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphat- 23 28 Interiliac external iliac lymph nodes. Nodi ici rectales superiores. Nodes located along lymphatici iliaci externi interiliaci. Lymph the superior rectal artery for drainage of the nodes in the bifurcation between the internal 24 rectum. A and external iliac arteries. B 14 Parietal nodes of pelvis. Pelvis − nodi lym- 29 Obturator external iliac lymph nodes. Nodi 25 phatici parietales. Lymph nodes along the lymphatici iliaci externi obturatorii. Group lo- wall of pelvis. cated at the obturator artery. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Lymphatic system 265

3 9 4 3 5

10 6 10 7 9 9 11 4 8 19 9 5 20 7 10 6 13 12 11

A Lymph nodes of abdominal cavity 14

17 15

18 16 19 17 16 18 28 24 16 20 19

23 20

21 22 27 29 22 26 23 25 B Lymph nodes 24 along pelvic vessels 25

1 Internal iliac lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici ili- 17 Inferior lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici inferi- 1 aci interni. Located along the internal iliac ores. Group arranged along a vertical line at the artery; they drain the pelvic organs, the deep proximal end of the great saphenous vein. They 2 perineal region and both the external and inter- drain the superficial lymphatic vessels of the nal walls of the pelvis. Their efferents com- leg. B municate with the common iliac lymph nodes. 18 Deep inguinal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 3 2 Superior gluteal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphat- inguinales profundi. Positioned below the fas- ici gluteales superiores. Nodes for the pelvic cia lata at the level of the saphenous hiatus. The 4 wall located at the superior gluteal artery. A uppermost node can be especially large and may occupy the femoral canal (Rosenmüller’s 3 Inferior gluteal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphat- node). Afferent region: deep lymphatic vessels 5 ici gluteales inferiores. Nodes for the prostate of the leg. Efferents: external iliac lymph nodes. and proximal urethra are situated along the in- B ferior gluteal artery. A 6 19 Superficial popliteal lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 4 Sacral lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici sacrales. phatici popliteales superficiales. They lie at the Nodes for the prostate and cervix found along proximal end of the small saphenous vein and 7 the sacrum. A receive lymph from the lateral margin of the 5 Visceral nodes of pelvis. Pelvis − nodi lympha- foot and calf. Their efferents pass anteriorly 8 tici viscerales. through the hiatus tendineus into the deep inguinal lymph nodes. C 6 Perivesicular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 20 Deep popliteal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 9 paravesiculares. Nodes for the urinary bladder and partly also for the prostate located along popliteales profundi. Situated between the the bladder. A knee joint capsule and the popliteal artery. 10 They receive lymph from the posterior side of 7 Prevesicular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici the lower leg and their efferents convey it ante- prevesiculares. Subgroup located between the riorly through the hiatus tendineus to the deep 11 urinary bladder and symphysis. A inguinal lymph nodes. C 8 Postvesicular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 21 Anterior tibial node. [Nodus tibialis anterior]. 12 postvesiculares. Subgroup behind the urinary Lymph node occasionally present along the bladder. A anterior tibial artery. 13 9 Lateral vesicular lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 22 Posterior tibial node. [Nodus tibialis poste- phatici vesiculares laterales. Nodes situated at rior]. Lymph node occasionally present along the lower end of the medial − formerly lateral − the posterior tibial artery. 14 umbilical ligament. A 23 Fibular node. [Nodus fibularis]. Lymph node 10 Parauterine lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici occasionally present along the peroneal (fibu- 15 parauterini. Nodes for the cervix uteri situated lar) artery. beside the uterus. A 16 11 Paravaginal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici paravaginales. Located beside the vagina; they drain lymph from part of this organ. A 17 12 Pararectal (anorectal) lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici pararectales (anorectales). Located 18 lateral to the musculature of the rectum; they drain this organ and a part of the vagina. A 19 13 Lower limb. Membrum inferius. 14 Superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Nodi lym- 20 phatici inguinales superficiales. Group of nodes located in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, thus on the fascia lata. They drain the anus, per- 21 ineum, external genitalia, abdominal wall and surface of the leg. Efferents: external iliac 22 lymph node. 15 Superomedial superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici superomediales. Me- 23 dial portion of the group of nodes located along the inguinal ligament. B 24 16 Superolateral superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici superolaterales. Lateral 25 portion of group located below the inguinal ligament. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Lymphatic system 267

2 2 3 4 4 3

9 10 5

6 8 7 7 11 12 8

9 9

A Lymph nodes in the female pelvis 11

16 15 14 20 19 15

18 17 16

B Lymph nodes in the inguinal region C Lymph nodes in the popliteal fossa 21

1 SPLEEN. Splen (lien). Lymphoreticular organ 21 NERVOUS SYSTEM. Systema nervosum. 1 within the circulatory system. Actions: 22 MENINGES. Connective tissue sheaths sur- phagocytosis and destruction of red blood cells, rounding the central nervous system: dura 2 lymphopoiesis, blood filtration and synthesis of mater, arachnoid and pia mater. antibodies. A B 23 Cranial dura mater [[Pachymeninx]]. Dura 2 Accessory spleen. [Splen accessorius]. Small is- 3 mater cranialis (encephali). Tough fibrous sheet lands of splenic tissue mostly in the greater forming a supporting capsule for the brain and omentum or gastrosplenic ligament. at the same time forming the periosteum for 4 3 Diaphragmatic surface. Facies diaphragmatica. the inner aspect of the skull. E Convex surface facing the diaphragm. 24 Falx cerebri. Sickle-shaped part of the dura 5 4 Visceral surface. Facies visceralis. Concave sur- projecting downward into the longitudinal face facing the viscera. A cerebral fissure. C 5 Renal surface. Facies renalis. Lower surface in 25 Tentorium cerebelli. Dural sheet spreading out 6 contact with the kidney. A between the ridge of the petrous part of the 6 Gastric surface. Facies gastrica. Upper surface temporal bone and the transverse sinus. It sup- 7 in contact with the stomach. A ports the occipital lobes. C 7 Colic surface. Facies colica. Surface in contact 26 Tentorial notch. Incisura tentorii. Opening in with the colon. A the tentorium cerebelli for passage of the 8 brainstem. C 8 Posterior end. Extremitas posterior. A 27 Falx cerebelli. Small, sickle-shaped dural sheet 9 Anterior end. Extremitas anterior. A 9 between the right and left cerebellar hemi- 10 Upper margin. Margo superior. Border be- spheres. C tween gastric and diaphragmatic surfaces. A 10 28 Diaphragma sellae. Small horizontal sheet of 11 Lower margin. Margo inferior. Border between dura spreading out between the clinoid diaphragmatic and renal surfaces. A processes above the hypophysis. C 11 12 Hilum of spleen. Hilum spenicum. Entry and 29 Cavitas trigeminalis (Cavum trigeminale). exit site of vessels between the gastric and Outpocketing of the dura enclosing the trigemi- 12 renal surfaces. A nal ganglion. C 13 Peritoneal covering. Tunica serosa. B 30 Subdural space. Spatium subdurale. Capillary 13 14 Connective tissue capsule of spleen. Tunica fi- space between the dura and arachnoid. It may brosa. B be distended, for example, due to hemorrhage. 15 Trabeculae of spleen. Trabeculae splenicae E 14 [lienales]. Connective tissue partitions pene- 31 Spinal dura mater. Dura mater spinalis. It is trating into the spleen from the hilum and cap- separated from the wall of the vertebral canal 15 sule and containing blood vessels. B by an epidural space. D 16 Splenic pulp. Pulpa splenica [lienalis]. It com- 32 External filum terminale. Filum terminale ex- prises white pulp (lymphoreticular tissue in ternum (durale). Filamentous end of the dura 16 form of arterial sheaths) and red pulp (venous mater fused with the filum terminale. It ex- sinuses with erythrocytes, reticular tissue). B tends from S2−3 to Co 2. 17 17 Splenic sinus. Sinus splenica [lienalis]. Thin- 33 Epidural space. Spatium epidurale (peridu- walled venous spaces with multiple anasto- rale). Space between the spinal dura mater and 18 moses situated in the red pulp. B the wall of the vertebral canal. It is filled with 18 Splenic [lienal] branches. Rami splenica [lien- fat and venous plexuses. D ales]. Branches formed by the splenic artery 19 before entering the spleen. 19 Penicilli. Brush-like arterial branches between 20 the nodular arteries (in white pulp) and capillaries (or ”sheathed capillaries”). B 21 20 Lymphatic nodules (follicles) of spleen. Foliculi lymphatici splenici [lienales] (lym- phonoduli splenici). Spherical or cylindrical ag- 22 gregations of lymphoreticular tissue around an artery (Malpighian corpuscle). They are visible 23 to the naked eye. B

1 8 10 2 17 13 6 12 3 4 14 11 4

5 5 19 7 6 A Spleen 9 7 20 8

16 24 9

10 B Spleen, histologic section, schematic 25 11 25 12 26 27 13 33 31 14

28 29 15

16 C Falx of cerebrum and tentorium of cerebellum 17

23 30 19

20 D Spinal meninges 21

30 24

1 Cranial arachnoid. Arachnoidea mater cranialis 13 Spinal arachnoid. Arachnoidea mater spinalis. 1 (encephali). Thin, avascular membrane attach- Thin avascular membrane attached to the dura ing to the cranial dura only by surface adhesion mater by surface adhesion and to the pia mater 2 and communicating with the pia mater by con- by its connective tissue fibers. A nective tissue fibers. D 14 Subarachnoid space. Spatium sub- 2 Subarachnoid space. Spatium subarachnoideum. Space between the flat part of 3 arachnoideum. Space between flat portion of the arachnoid and the pia mater. It is filled with arachnoid and pia mater. It is filled with arachnoidal connective tissue fibers and cere- 4 arachnoidal connective tissue fibers and cerebrospinal fluid. A brospinal fluid. D 15 Cerebrospinal fluid. Liquor cerebrospinalis. 5 3 Cerebrospinal fluid. Liquor cerebrospinalis. Fluid secreted predominantly by the choroid Protein-poor fluid secreted by the choroid plexus. It is protein-poor and has a cell content plexus with a cell content of 2−6 per mm. It of 2−6 per mm. 6 flows into the subarachnoid space through openings in the fourth ventricle. 7 4 Subarachnoid cisterns. Cisternae subarachnoideae. Expansions of the subarachnoid space containing cerebrospinal fluid. 8 5 Cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna). Cisterna cerebellomedullaris (magna). Space 9 between the cerebellum and medulla oblongata filled with cerebrospinal fluid. It com- 10 municates with the fourth ventricle by a median aperture. It is accessible through the foramen magnum. B 11 6 Cisterna of lateral fossa of cerebrum. Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri. Space between the in- 12 sula, temporal, frontal and parietal lobes. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and is accessible through the lateral sulcus. It contains branches 13 of the middle cerebral and insular arteries. C 7 Chiasmatic cistern. Cisterna chiasmatica. En- 14 larged space around the optic chiasma filled with cerebrospinal fluid. B 15 8 Interpeduncular cistern. Cisterna interpeduncularis. Space situated behind the chiasmatic cistern and bordered laterally by the 16 temporal lobe and the cerebral crura. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains the 17 oculomotor nerve, branches of the basilar artery, the origin of the superior cerebellar artery and the posterior cerebral artery. B 18 9 Ambient cistern. Cisterna ambiens. Enlarged cerebrospinal fluid-filled space lateral to the 19 cerebral crus. It contains the posterior cerebral artery, superior cerebellar artery, basal vein (Rosenthal’s) and the trochlear nerve. F 20 10 Cisterna pericallosa. Space filled with cerebrospinal fluid along the corpus callosum. F 21 11 Pontocerebellar cistern. Cisterna pontocerebellaris. Expanded space in the cerebellopon- 22 tine angle filled with cerebrospinal fluid. It communicates with the 4th ventricle by a 23 lateral aperture. E 12 Arachnoid granulations. Granulationes arachnoideae. Avascular, villous-like outpock- 24 etings of the subarachnoid space into the sagittal sinus and diploic veins. They are more pro- 25 nounced after the tenth year of life and are concerned in the excretion of cerebrospinal fluid. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Meninges 271

13 2

14 3 7 8 4

5 7 B Sagittal section with choroid plexus 8

A Spinal meninges 12 9

11 12 12 2 1 13

6 14 C Cerebrum, lateral view 15 D Meninges 16 10 17

11 22

9 24 E Pontocerebellar cistern F System of cisterns in sagittal plane 25

1 Cranial pia mater. Pia mater cranialis (en- 14 Cervical enlargement. Intumescentia cervi- 1 cephali). Delicate meninx bearing blood vessels calis. Enlargement of the spinal cord from C3 to and covering the surface of the brain as well as T2 owing to the larger supply region for the 2 extending into its sulci. arms. D 2 Tela choroidea of fourth ventricle. Tela 15 Lumbosacral enlargement. Intumescentia choroidea ventriculi quarti. Thin membrane of lumbosacralis. Expansion of the spinal cord 3 pia mater and ependyma in lower part of roof from T9−10 to L1−2 caused by the greater of fourth ventricle. It is attached laterally to the supply region for the lower limbs. D 4 tenia and exhibits lateral and median aper- 16 Conus medullaris. Tapered termination of the tures. B spinal cord at the level of L1−2 where it be- 3 Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle. Plexus comes continuous with the filum terminale. D 5 choroideus ventriculi quarti. Paired garland- 17 Filum terminale (spinale). Thin terminal pro- like, ependyma-covered villous projections longation of spinal cord attached inferiorly to 6 which extend into both lateral apertures. B the posterior surface of the coccyx. D E 4 Tela choroidea of third ventricle. Tela 18 Terminal ventricle. Ventriculus terminalis. En- choroidea ventriculi tertii. Thin, ependyma- largement of the central canal at the end of the 7 covered membrane of pia mater between right conus medullaris. E and left teniae of thalamus. C 19 Anterior median fissure. Fissura mediana 8 5 Choroid plexus of third ventricle. Plexus anterior. Deep longitudinal fissure along the choroideus ventricul tertii. Paired, highly anterior aspect of the spinal cord. F 9 vascularized villous formations projecting from 20 Posterior median sulcus. Sulcus medianus the thin roof into the third ventricle and con- posterior. Median longitudinal groove between tinuing anteriorly through the interventricular the right and left posterior funiculi. F foramina into the choroid plexuses of the 10 21 Posterior median septum. Septum medi- lateral ventricles. C anum posterius. Thickening of the sub- 11 6 Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle. Plexus arachnoid connective tissue within the poste- choroideus ventriculi lateralis. Villous, highly rior median sulcus, less in the cervical region, vascularized garland invaginated into the more in the thoracic segment. F lateral ventricle through the choroid fissure. It 12 22 Anterolateral sulcus. Sulcus anterolateralis. extends from the interventricular foramen to Shallow furrow occasionally present at the exit the inferior horn. C of the ventral root fibers. F 13 7 Choroid glomus. Glomus choroideum. 23 Posterolateral sulcus. Sulcus posterolateralis. Enlargement of the choroid plexus in the region Longitudinal groove external to the boundary of the collateral trigone at the root of the infe- 14 between the lateral and posterior funiculi. It rior horn. C marks the site of entry of the dorsal spinal 15 8 Spinal pia mater. Pia mater spinalis. Vascu- nerve roots. F larized connective tissue membrane firmly 24 Posterior intermediate sulcus. Sulcus inter- united to the surface of the spinal cord. A medius posterior. Shallow longitudinal fissure 16 9 Denticulate ligament. Lig. denticulatum. Fron- on both sides of the median sulcus. Externally it tally situated connective tissue membrane con- marks the boundary between the funiculi 17 necting the spinal cord with the spinal dura gracilis and cuneatus. F mater. It has bow shaped recesses at the level of the spinal nerve roots. A 18 10 Intermediate cervical septum. Septum cervicale intermedium. Connective tissue partition 19 in the cervical segment of the spinal cord between the gracilis and cuneatus fasciculi extending from the pia mater to the depths of the 20 posterior funiculus. A F 11 Internal filum terminale. Filum terminale in- 21 ternum (piale). Filamentous, caudal extension of the spinal cord and pia mater contained in the external terminal ligament. D E 22 12 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Systema nervosum centrale. It comprises the brain and spinal 23 cord. 13 SPINAL CORD. Medulla spinalis. Consists of the myelin-rich white matter and the myelin-poor 24 gray matter. It extends from the caudal end of the medulla oblongata, near the exit of the first 25 spinal nerves, to the beginning of the filum terminale at L1−2. A D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Spinal cord 273

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10 9 4

A Spinal meninges 7

8 14 2 9 2 3 2 4 6 10 5 11

7 12

B Roof of thomboid fossa 13 (fourth ventricle) C Choroidal plexus of lateral ventricles 14 23 24 20 15

10 16 15 21 17 16 18 18

19 11; 17 20 11; 17 19

22 21

D Spinal cord E Lower termination F Cross section of spinal cord 22 of spinal cord 23

1 Funiculi of spinal cord. Funiculi medullae spi- 14 White matter. Substantia alba. Consists of my- 1 nalis. Three columns of white matter seg- elinated nerves and is organized into three mented by the posterior and anterior horns and cords (funiculi) which contain the nerve path- 2 their root fibers. ways. A 2 Anterior funiculus. Funiculus anterior. Con- 15 Substantia gelatinosa centralis. A narrow zone duction bundle located between the anterior around the central canal with processes from 3 median fissure and the anterior horn with its ependymal cells. root fibers. A 16 GRAY COLUMNS. Columnae griseae. Three 4 3 Lateral funiculus. Funiculus lateralis. Conduc- ridge-like columns of gray matter. B tion bundle located lateral to the gray matter 17 Anterior column. Columna anterior. It is com- 5 and between the posterior and anterior spinal prised predominantly of motor neurons (ante- nerve roots. A rior horn cells). B 4 Posterior funiculus. Funiculus posterior. Post- 6 18 Anterior horn. Cornu anterius. Hook-shaped erior column situated between the posterior structure seen in transverse section of the spi- horn with its root fibers and the posterior me- nal cord. D dian septum. A 7 19 Anterolateral nucleus. Nucleus anterolater- 5 Segments of spinal cord. Segmenta medullae alis. Situated anterolaterally in the anterior 8 spinalis. Here, the spinal cord segments are de- horn, it is localized in segments C4−8 and L2− fined as regions where root fibers pass through S1 and innervates the muscles of the limbs. D a specific intervertebral foramen. The boundar- 20 Anteromedial nucleus. Nucleus anterome- 9 ies are not determinable in the isolated spinal dialis. From its anteromedial position in the cord. anterior horn, it extends the entire length of the 10 6 Cervical segment. Segmenta cervicalia [1−8] = spinal cord. D pars cervicalis. Eight cervical segments repre- 21 Posterolateral nucleus. Nucleus posterolater- sent the seven cervical vertebrae because the 11 alis. It lies posterior to the anterolateral nucleus root fibers of segments 1−7 exit above the in segments C5−T1 and L2−S2 and innervates vertebrae of the same number. Root fibers of the muscles of the limbs. D 12 the 8th cervical segment, on the other hand, exit below C7. The cervical portion of the spinal 22 Retroposterolateral nucleus. Nucleus retro- cord extends from the atlas to the middle of C7. posterolateralis. It lies posterior to the post- 13 C erolateral nucleus in segments C8−T1 and S1−3. D 7 Thoracic segment. Segmenta thoracica [1−12] 14 = pars thoracica. The 12 segments comprising 23 Posteromedial nucleus. Nucleus posterome- this group extend from the middle of C7 to the dialis. From the vicinity of the white matter, it middle of T11. C extends over segments T1−L3 and probably in- 15 nervates the trunk musculature. D 8 Lumbar segment. Segmental lumbaria [1−5] = 24 Central nucleus. Nucleus centralis. A less pars lumbaris. Comprised of five segments; it prominent group in several cervical and lumbar 16 extends from the middle of the body of T11 to segments. D the upper border of the body of L1. C 25 Nucleus of accessory nerve. Nucleus nervi ac- 9 Sacral segment. Segmenta sacralia [1−5] = 17 cessorii (nuc. accessorius). It lies in segments pars sacralis. These five sacral segments lie C1−6 in the area of the anterolateral nucleus posterior to the body of L1. C 18 and provides the root fibers of the spinal por- 10 Coccygeal segment. Segmenta coccygea [1−3] tion of the accessory nerve. D = pars coccygea. Three quite small segments. C 26 Nucleus of phrenic nerve. Nucleus nervi 19 11 SPINAL CORD SECTIONS. Sectiones medullae phrenici (nuc. phrenicus). It lies in the middle spinalis. These serve mostly as a foundation for of the anterior horn and extends from seg- 20 description of the following parts. ments C4−C7. D 12 Central canal. Canalis centralis. Obliterated re- 21 mains of the embryonic neural tube lumen. It is usually located in the central intermediate substance (gray matter). A D 22 13 Gray matter. Substantia grisea. In transverse section, it is seen as an H-shaped column 23 (columna grisea = gray column) consisting primarily of multipolar ganglion cells and enclosed by white matter. Sections of the spinal 24 cord reveal that the ”horns” (cornua) which correspond to the gray column S are charac- 25 teristically different in the individual segments. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Spinal cord 275

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9 A Spinal cord, schematic 10

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B Gray matter of spinal cord, 15 three-dimensional 8 16

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26 (24) 12 21 22 18 21 22 23 23 19 20 25 24 C Segments of spinal cord D Nuclei of spinal cord in anterior horn 25

1 Posterior column. Columna posterior. It is 18 Anterior white commissure. Commissura alba 1 composed primarily of sensory neurons. B anterior. White matter with fibers crossing be- 2 Posterior horn. Cornu posterius. Hook-shaped tween the central intermediate gray matter and 2 structure seen in transverse section of the spi- the anterior median commissure. C nal cord. A 18 a Posterior white commissure. Commissura alba posterior. Individual fibers crossing into 3 3 Apex. Apical cap of posterior horn consisting of large nerve cells ventral to the substantia gelat- the posterior gray commissure. inosa. A C 19 Anterior funiculus. Funiculus anterior. Mass of 4 4 Head. Caput. Thickened middle part of poste- white matter between anterior root fibers, rior horn in the lower cervical and thoracic spi- anterior horn and anterior median fissure. A C 5 nal cord. A 20 Anterior fasciculi proprii. Fasciculi proprii 5 Cervix. Thinner segment of posterior horn be- anteriores. Lying directly on the gray matter, tween the head and base. A these bundles comprise longer and shorter 6 fibers involved in connecting individual sem- 6 Base. Basis. Broadened attachment of the post- gents of the spinal cord with one another. Re- erior horn to the middle part of the gray matter. flex apparatus. C 7 A 21 Sulcomarginal fasciculus. Fasciculus sulcom- 7 Substantia gelatinosa. Mobile, slightly glassy arginalis. Fibers of the reflex apparatus located 8 substance above the apex of the posterior horn. at the anterior median fissure. It consists primarily of glia and small ganglion 22 Anterior corticospinal (pyramidal) tract. Trac- cells. A C 9 tus corticospinalis (pyramidalis) anterior. Un- 8 Secondary visceral substance. Substantia crossed portion of pyramidal tract lateral to the visceralis secundaria. Small field of autonomic anterior median fissure. C ganglion cells anterior to the central interme- 10 23 Vestibulospinal tract. Tractus vestibulospi- diate substance. A nalis. Fibers in the anterior funiculus for im- 11 9 Lateral column. Columna lateralis. Gray matter pulses from the vestibular organ. C between the anterior and posterior horns. B 24 Reticulospinal tract. Tractus reticulospinalis. 10 Lateral horn. Cornu laterale. Lateral promi- Arising from the reticular formation of the 12 nence of gray matter. A brain stem, it forms a nondefinable tract in the 11 Interomediolateral (autonomic) column. middle of the anterior funiculus and ends in the 13 Columna intermediolateralis (autonomica). anterior horn. C Structure seen as the lateral horn in transverse 25 Anterior spinothalamic tract. Tractus sphino- section. It contains cells of the sympathetic thalamicus anterior. Fibers ascending to the 14 nervous system and extends from T1−L2. A B thalamus for pressure and tactile sensation. C 12 Central intermediate gray matter. Substantia 26 Lateral funiculus. Funiculus lateralis. It lies be- 15 [grisea] intermedia centralis. Ganglion cells at tween the anterior and posterior horns together the central canal. A C with their root fibers. A C 16 13 Lateral intermediate gray matter. Substantia 27 Lateral fasciculi proprii. Fasciculi proprii later- [grisea] intermedia lateralis. Part of the sympa- ales. Shorter fibers on the gray matter for con- thetic nervous system in the lateral horn. It ex- nection with individual spinal cord segments. C 17 tends from T1−L2. A C 28 Lateral corticospinal (pyramidal) tract. Trac- 14 Thoracic column. Columna thoracica (nuc. tus corticospinalis [pyramidalis] lateralis. Sit- 18 thoracicus) [[Stilling-Clarke]]. It lies at the base uated in front of the posterior horn. It transmits of the posterior horn and usually extends from conscious motor impulses. C C8−L2. It belongs partly to the posterior 29 Rubrospinal tract. Tractus rubrospinalis 19 spinocerebellar tract. A C [[Monakow]]. It passes from the red nucleus to 15 Sacral parasympathetic nuclei. Nuclei para- the anterior horn cells and lies in front of the 20 sympathici sacrales. Cells of the sacral para- lateral corticospinal tract. C symphathetic nervous system in segments S2− 30 Bulboreticulospinal tract. Tractus bulboreticu- 4 situated between the anterior and posterior lospinalis. A tract the existence of which is con- 21 horns. troversial in man. 16 Reticular formation. Formatio reticularis. Net- 31 Pontoreticulospinal tract. Tractus pontoreticu- 22 like mixture of gray and white matter in the lospinalis. Likewise, a controversial tract in man. angle between the lateral and posterior horns. 32 Tectospinal tract. Tractus tectospinalis. Fibers AC 23 in the anterolateral region of the anterior 16 a Anterior/posterior gray commissure. Com- funiculus from the tectal lamina. They cross missura grisea anterior/posterior. Gray matter into the brain stem and terminate in the ante- 24 situated in front of and behind the central rior horns. C canal. C 33 Olivospinal tract. Tractus olivospinalis. Present 25 17 WHITE MATTER. Substantia alba. It consists pri- only in the cervical cord, its fibers pass from the marily of myelinated nerve fibers. olive region to the anterior root fibers. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Spinal cord 277

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33 21 19 20 22 22 24 23 25 32 23 19 24 C Cross section of spinal cord with tracts 25

1 Spinotectal tract. Tractus spinotectalis. Its 16 HINDBRAIN. Rhombencephalon. It includes the 1 fibers arise from the posterior horn of the op- brain substance around the rhomboid fossa, posite side, run in the lateral spinothalamic thus the cerebellum, pons with dorsally at- 2 tract and end in the tectal lamina. A tached substance and medulla oblongata. B 2 Spinothalamic tract. Tractus spinothalamicus. 17 MEDULLA OBLONGATA (BULBUS). Beginning at Lies in the lateral funiculus and arises primarily the lower margin of the pons, it extends up to 3 from the opposite side. Its fibers transmit pain the root fibers of C1. In the rhomboid fossa it and temperature sensations. A arises from the medullary striae of the 4th ven- 4 3 Anterior spinocerebellar tract. Tractus spino- tricle. B cerebellaris anterior [[Gowers]]. It extends 18 Anterior median fissure. Fissura mediana partly from the opposite side and transmits to anterior. Anterior groove continuous with that 5 the cerebellum information necessary for the of the spinal cord. The pyramidal decussation coordination of movements concerning muscle crosses over it. C 6 extension and limb position. A 19 Pyramid. Pyramis [medullae oblongatae]. 4 Posterior spinocerebellar tract. Tractus spino- Longitudinal elevation of pyramidal tract fibers cerebellaris posterior [[Flechsig]]. Its fibers are to the right and left of the anterior median fis- 7 uncrossed and function similar to those of the sure. It ends with the pyramidal decussation. C anterior spinocerebellar tract. A 20 Pyramidal decussation. Decussatio pyr- 8 5 Dorsolateral tract. Tractus dorsolateralis [[Lis- amidum (dec. pyramidalis anterior motoria). sauer]]. Bundle of fine myelinated and nonmy- 3−5 bundles of lateral pyramidal tract fibers 9 elinated fibers between the apex of the poste- crossing to the opposite side at the end of the rior horn and the surface. The fibers are short medulla. C and some form lateral branches of posterior 21 Anterolateral sulcus. Sulcus anterolateralis. 10 root fibers. A Furrow lateral to the pyramid for transmission 6 Spino-olivary tract. Tractus spino-olivaris of the hypoglossal nerce. C 11 [[Hellweg]]. Predominantly crossed fibers to the 22 Lateral funiculus. Funiculus lateralis. Con- olive. They lie by the anterior root fibers to- tinuation of the lateral funiculus of the spinal gether with the olivospinal tract. A cord up to the olive. C 12 7 Spinoreticular tract. Tractus spinoreticularis. 23 Olive. Oliva. Bean-shaped prominence about Its fibers lie beside the spino-olivary tract and 1.5 cm long between the roots of cranial nerves 13 end in the reticular substance of the medulla X and XII. it is produced by the nuclei lying oblongata. A beneath it. C 8 Posterior funiculus. Funiculus posterior. White 24 Anterior external arcuate fibers. Fibrae ar- 14 matter between the posterior horns. A cuatae externae anteriores. Fibers from the ar- 9 Posterior fasciculi proprii. Fasciculi proprii cuate nucleus coursing over the caudal end of 15 posteriores. They lie directly on the gray matter the olive to the caudal cerebellar peduncle. Part and unite individual spinal cord segments for of the pontocerebellar tract. C 16 coordinated activity. 25 Retro-olivary sulcus. Sulcus retro-olivaris. Fur- 10 Septomarginal fasciculus. Fasciculus septo- row behind the olive. C marginalis. Bundle of mostly descending fibers 26 Retro-olivary area. Area retro-olivaris. Area 17 situated along the posterior median septum in behind the olive. C the lower half of the thoracic spinal cord. A 18 11 Interfascicular fasciculus. Fasciculus interfascicularis. Bundle of mostly descending fibers [comma tract of Schultze] located chiefly in the 19 upper half of the thoracic spinal cord between the fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus. A 20 12 Fasciculus gracilis [[Goll]]. Medial fasciculus that contains fibers from the lower half of the spinal cord which function in the transmission 21 of tactile and proprioceptive sensory information. A 22 13 Fasciculus cuneatus [[Burdach]]. It begins with the upper half of the thoracic cord an likewise contains fibers for transmission of tactile and 23 proprioceptive impulses. A 14 BRAIN. Encephalon. 24 15 BRAINSTEM. Truncus encephali. It extends from the medulla oblongata to the midbrain. 25 According to some, the diencephalon and insula likewise belong to the brainstem. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Spinal Cord, Brain 279

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B Rhombencephalon 24

1 Posterolateral sulcus. Sulcus posterolateralis. 19 Internal arcuate fibers. Fibrae arcuatae inter- 1 Furrow reaching up to the lateral recess of the nae. Fiber component of the medial lemniscus 4th ventricle. Site of exit of cranial nerves IX, X arising from the nucleus of the posterior 2 and XI. A funiculus. C 2 Inferior cerebellar peduncle. Pedunculus cere- 20 Decussation of medial lemniscus. Decussatio bellaris inferior. Inferior connection to the cere- lemniscorum medialium (d. sensoria). Formed 3 bellum with fibers of the posterior spinocere- by fibers of nuclei gracilis ans cuneatus, second bellar tract and olive. A order neurons of posterior funiculus. C D 4 3 Trigeminal tubercle (tuber cinereum). Tuber- 21 Medial lemniscus. Lemniscus medialis. Con- culum trigeminale. Low lateral elevation above tinuation of second order neuron of posterior 5 the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. B funiculus after decussation of lemniscus [bul- bothalamic tract]. D 4 Cuneate fasciculus. Fasciculus cuneatus. 22 Tectospinal tract. Tractus tectospinalis. Decus- 6 Lateral part of posterior funiculus coming from the upper half of the body. A sated connection between the quadrigeminal plate and the spinal cord. It lies between the fa- 5 Cuneate tubercle. Tuberculum cuneatum. Ob- cial and trigeminal nuclei. D 7 long prominence at the end of the cuneate fasciculus produced by the nucleus cuneatus. A 23 Medial longitudinal fasciculus. Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis. Nerve fiber bundle for 8 6 Fasciculus gracilis. Medial part of posterior reciprocal connection to the motor nuclei of funiculus coming from the lower half of the ocular muscles, as well as vestibular, accessory 9 body. A and cervical muscle nuclei. C 7 Gracile tubercle (clava). Tuberculum gracile. 24 Posterior longitudinal fasciculus. Fasciculus 10 Oblong bulge over the nucleus gracilis. A longitudinalis posterior [[Schütz]]. Connection 8 Posterior median sulcus. Sulcus medianus between the hypothalamus, III, VII, XII cranial posterior. Posterior furrow continued from the nerve nuclei, nucleus ambiguus, tractus solitar- 11 spinal cord and closed above by a medullary ius and tractus salvatorius in the floor of the lamella (obex). A rhomboid fossa. C 25 Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve. Tractus spi- 12 9 Sections through the medulla oblongata. Sec- nalis nervi trigeminalis. Descending fibers of tiones medullae oblongatae. the trigeminal nerve for transmission of pain 13 10 Pyramidal fasciculus (tract). Fasciculus py- and temperature stimuli. C D ramidalis. Nerve tract for the transmission of 26 Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve. Nucleus impulses concerned with conscious move- 14 spinalis nervi trigeminalis. Continuous with the ments. C D substantia gelatinosa in the spinal cord; this nu- 11 Corticospinal fibers. Fibrae corticospinales. cleus receives the fibers of the spinal tract of the 15 Fibers from the precentral gyrus of the cortex to trigeminal nerve. C D the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. 27 Reticular formation (substance). Formatio 16 12 Corticonuclear fibers. Fibrae corticonu- (substantia) reticularis. Cells lying scattered in cleares. Fibers from the precentral gyrus of the the tegmentum in the vicinity of the vagus, ves- 17 cortex to the motor nuclei of cranial nerves. tibular and facial nuclei with a regulatory effect on the muscles of the pharyngeal arch and other 13 Decussation of the pyramids. Decussatio py- muscles of the body. It extends cranially and ramidum (dec. motoria). Fibers of the lateral py- 18 caudally. C ramidal tract with 3−5 bundles crossing at the end of the medulla oblongata. B 28 Inferior olivary nucleus. Nucleus olivaris infe- 19 rior. Main olviary nucleus lying below the olive. 14 Fasciculus gracilis. Medial part of posterior It is shaped like a thick-walled pouch that opens funiculus coming from the lower half of the medially and is connected with the spinal cord 20 body. and cerebullum. C 15 Nucleus gracilis. Nucleus of fasciculus gracilis 29 Amiculum of the olive. Amiculum olivare. 21 medial to cuneate nucleus. D Fibrous sheath that surrounds and contains af- 16 Cuneate fasciculus. Fasciculus cuneatus. ferentandefferentfibersoftheolivarynucleus.C 22 Lateral part of posterior funiculus coming from 30 Hilum of inferior olivary nucleus. Hilum nu- the upper half of the body. clei olivaris inferioris. Opening of the medially oriented pouch-like olivary nucleus. C 23 17 Cuneate nucleus. Nucleus cuneatus. Nucleus of fasciculus cuneatus lateral to the nucleus 31 Medial accessory olivary nucleus. Nucleus gracilis. D olivaris accessorius medialis. It is located in front 24 18 Accessory cuneate nucleus. Nucleus cuneatus of the hilum of the olivary nucleus. C accessorius. Gray matter lateral to the upper 32 Posterior accessory olivary nucleus. Nucleus 25 part of cuneate nucleus. Origin of external ar- olivaris accessorius posterior. It is situated be- cuate fibers which pass to the cerebellum. D tween the olive and reticular formation. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 281

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16 C Section through medulla oblongata 17 18 17 15 18

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24 D Section through medulla oblongata 25

1 Olivospinal tract. Tractus olivospinalis. Ex- 16 Cochlear nuclei. Nuclei cochleares. Mass of 1 trapyramidal tract limited to the cervical cord. nerve cells situated below the lateral recess of It influences head and hand movements. D the 4th ventricle, where it may form a slight 2 2 Spino-olivary tract. Tractus spino-olivaris. elevation, the tuberculum acusticum. A Tract that extends throughout the entire spinal 17 Anterior cochlear nucleus. Nucleus cochlearis cord and provides information for the olive, anterior. Its fibers pass to the opposite side pri- 3 partly for its own needs, partly for those of the marily via the trapezoid body and join the cerebellum. D lateral lemniscus. A 4 3 Olivocerebellar tract. Tractus olivocerebellaris. 18 Posterior cochlear nucleus. Nucleus It passes through the inferior cerebellar cochlearis posterior. Its fibers pass mostly to peduncle from the olive to the cerebellum. B 5 the midline just beneath the floor of the rhom- 4 Inferior cerebellar peduncle. Pedunculus cere- boid fossa, where they penetrate deeply in bellaris inferior. Inferior connection to the cere- order to join the trapezoid body. A 6 bellum without a sharply defined boundary 19 Commissural nucleus. Nucleus commissuralis. from the middle cerebellar peduncle. It con- Little-known nucleus in the medulla oblongata. 7 tains fibers primarily from the spinocerebellar 20 Nucleus ambiguus. Nucleus of origin for tract and olive. A B cranial nerves IX and X as well as the cranial 5 Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve (hypoglossal portion of XI. It is located behind the olive. C D 8 nucleus). Nucleus nerve hypoglossi (nucleus 21 Inferior salivary nucleus. Nucleus salivarius in- hypoglossalis). It is located below the floor of ferior. Autonomic nucleus for the parasympa- 9 the lower rhomboid fossa. C D thetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve. A C 6 Posterior paramedian nucleus. Nucleus para- 22 Arcuate nucleus. Nucleus arcuati. Located in medianus posterior. Cell group in the vicinity of 10 front of and medial to the pyramidal tract. This the hypoglossal nucleus that communicate group of nuclear cells gives origin to the exter- with the reticular formation. nal arcuate fibers. It corresponds to caudally 11 7 Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve (dorsal vagal displaced pontine nuclei. B nucleus). Nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi (nucleus 23 Anterior external arcuate fibers. Fibrae ar- vagalis dorsalis). Autonomic and sensory cell cuatae externae anteriores. Fibers from the ar- 12 group located lateral and caudal to the hypo- cuate nucleus which pass externally around glossal nucleus. C D and transversely across the olive into the cere- 13 8 Nucleus intercalatus. Nuclear group of un- bellar peduncles. C known function situated between the nucleus 24 Posterior external arcuate fibers. Fibrae ar- of the hypoglossal nerve and the dorsal nucleus cuatae externae posteriores. Fibers which pass 14 of the vagus. C uncrossed from the lateral part of the arcuate 9 Tractus solitarius. Taste fibers of cranial nerves nucleus to the inferior cerebellar peduncle. 15 V, VII, IX and X for the nucleus of the tractus They replace the posterior spinocerebellar tract solitarius. C for the region above C8. The thoracic nucleus is 16 10 Nucleus solitarius. Row of cells for the tractus absent here. D solitarius extending from the middle of the 25 Raphe of medulla oblongata. Raphe medullae rhomboid fossa to the decussation of the py- oblongatae. Median line in the decussation of 17 ramids. C the lemniscus. C 11 Nucleus parasolitarius. Dispersed cells ven- 26 Nuclei raphae. Cells of the reticular structure 18 trolateral to the nucleus solitarius with no located near the median plane. known function. 12 Vestibular nuclei. Nuclei vestibulares. Four ter- 19 minal nuclei of the vestibular division. They have projections to the spinal cord, cerebellum 20 and medial longitudinal fasciculus. A 13 Inferior vestibular nucleus. Nucleus vestibu- 21 laris inferior. Oblong nuclear group lying laterally beneath the medial nucleus with projections to the cerebellum and medial longitudi- 22 nal fasciculus. A 14 Medial vestibular nucleus. Nucleus vestibular 23 medialis. Group of nuclei lateral to the limiting sulcus with fibers of origin for the medial longitudinal fasciculus of both sides. A 24 15 Lateral vestibular nucleus. Nucleus vestibularis lateralis. Smaller group of nuclei located 25 toward the lateral recess with projections to the anterior horn of the spinal cord. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 283

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C Section through medulla oblongata 17 18

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24 D Section through medulla oblongata 25

1 METENCEPHALON. Part of the rhomben- 19 Medial longitudinal fasciculus. Fasciculus 1 cephalon consisting of the pons, cerebellum longitudinalis medialis. Tract that connects the and tegmentum. nuclei of the ocular and neck muscles on one 2 2 PONS. Located between the interpeduncular side and the vestibular organ on the other. C fossa and pyramids. It consists mostly of cross- 20 Posterior longitudinal fasciculus. Fasciculus ing fibers and cells of the cerebral, pontine and longitudinalis posterior [[Schütz]]. Reciprocal 3 cerebellar tracts. A B connections between the hypothalamus and 3 Bulbopontine (pontobulbar) sulcus. Sulcus the nuclei of cranial nerves III, V, VII, X; XII, the 4 bulbopontines. Limiting furrow between the nucleus ambiguus, and the tractus solitarius inferior margins of the medulla oblongata and and salivatorius in the mesencephalic central pons. Site of exit of cranial nerves VI, VII and gray region. C 5 VIII. A 21 Medial lemniscus. Lemniscus medialis. De- 4 Basilar sulcus of pons. Sulcus basilaris. Median cusssating connection between the nuclei of 6 groove produced by the pyramidal tract fibers the posterior funiculus and the thalamus lo- situated to the right and left of the midline. It is cated mainly medially but also laterally. C 7 occupied by the basilar artery. A C 22 Tectospinal (spinotectal) tract. Tractus tectospinalis. It begins in the superior colliculus, 5 Middle (pontine) cerebellar peduncle. Pedun- crosses the opposite side and then lies ventral culus cerebellaris medius (pontinus). Thick to the medial longitudinal fasciculus. It is con- 8 middle peduncle containing the pontocerebel- cerned with optic reflexes. C lar tract. A 23 Reticular formation. Formatio reticularis. Lo- 9 6 Pontocerebellar trigone. Trigonum pontocere- cated in the posterior part of the pons; this long bellare. Clinically important angle between the group of cells is permeated by nerve fibers and pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. A 10 continues anterosuperiorly and caudally. It is 7 SECTIONS OF PONS. Senctiones pontis. concerned with the integration of visceral and 11 8 Anterior (balisar) part of pons. Pars anterior muscular functions. C (balisaris) pontis. Portion of pons consisting 24 Spinal lemniscus. Lemniscus spinalis. Cranial mainly of fibers of the cerebropontocerebellar continuation of the lateral and anterior 12 tract. C spinothalamic tracts. C 9 Longitudinal pontine fibers. Fibrae pontis 25 Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve. Tractus spi- 13 longitudinales. Longitudinally coursing tracts nalis nervi trigeminalis. Trigeminal fibers de- of fibers described below. scending as far as C4 to join the nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. B 14 10 Corticospinal fibers. Fibrae corticospinales. Part of the pyramidal tract passing into the spi- 26 Spinal (inferior) nucleus of trigeminal nerve. nal cord. C Nucleus spinalis (inferior) nervi trigeminalis. 15 11 Corticonuclear (corticobulbar) fibers. Fibrae Nucleus belonging to the spinal tract of the corticonucleares. Fibers of the pyramidal tract trigeminal nerve. B 16 passing to the motor nuclei of cranial nerves. C 27 Pontine nucleus of trigeminal nerve. Nucleus 12 Corticoreticular fibers. Fibrae corticoreticu- pontinus nervi trigeminalis. Main nucleus of lares. Fibers passing from the cerebral cortex to trigeminal serving primarily for the sense of 17 the reticular formation. touch. B 28 Trigeminal lemniscus (trigeminothalamic 13 Corticopontine fibers. Fibrae corticopontinae. tract). Lemniscus trigeminalis (tractus trige- 18 Fibers extending to the pontine nuclei from the minothalamicus). Crossed fibers of the trigemi- frontal, occipital and temporal lobes. C nal nucleus extending to the thalamus. C 14 Transverse pontine fibers. Fibrae pontis trans- 19 29 Mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve. Trac- versae. Transversely coursing fibers of the cere- tus mesencephalicus nervi trigeminalis (trac- bropontocerebellar tract. C 20 tus mesencephalicus trigeminalis). Trigeminal 15 Pontocerebellar fibers. Fibrae pontocerebel- fibers for the nucleus of the trigeminal nerve lares. Fibers of the pontocerebellar tract pass- tract located lateral to the cerebral aqueduct 21 ing from the pons to the cerebellum. C and in the lateral part of the arch to the 4th ven- 16 Pontine nuclei. Nuclei pontis. Intercalary cells tricle. B C 22 of the cerebropontocerebellar tract situated in 30 Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve. the ventral part of the pons. C Nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigeminalis [nucleus mesencephalicus trigeminalis]. Upper 23 17 Posterior part of pons (tegmentum of pons). Pars posterior pontis (tegmentum pontis). Part sensory nucleus extending to the area below of pons situated between the 4th ventricle and the tectal lamina. B 24 the transverse pontine fibers. C 18 Pontine raphe. Raphe pontis. Fibers from the 25 trigeminal nucleus forming the midline of the pons. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 285

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8 21 10 16 22

23 14 4 24 C Cross-section through pons 25

1 Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve. Nucleus 16 Posterior nucleus of trapezoid body. Nucleus 1 motorius nervi trigeminalis [nucleus motorius corporis trapezoidei posterior. It lies behind the trigeminalis]. It is located near the exit of the anterior nucleus. D trigeminal nerve. A B 2 17 Lateral lemniscus. Lemniscus lateralis. Ascend- 2 Nucleus of abducens nerve. Nucleus nervi ab- ing continuation of the trapezoid body. Part of ducentis [nucleus abducens]. It is found the hearing pathway. D 3 beneath the facial colliculus. A B 18 Nucleus of lateral lemniscus. Nuclei lemnisci 3 Nucleus of facial nerve. Nucleus nervi facialis lateralis. Ganglion cells interspersed in the 4 [nucleus facialis]. This motor nucleus lies later- lateral lemniscus. ally below the nucleus of the abducens. A B 19 Fourth ventricle. Ventriculus quartus. Dilata- 5 4 Genu of facial nerve. Genu nervi facialis. Arch tion of the lumen of the embryonic neural tube formed by fibers of facial nerve below the facial in the rhombencephalon. D colliculus and above the nucleus of the abdu- 6 20 Rhomboid fossa. Fossa rhomboidea. Floor of cens. B 4th ventricle. A C 5 Superior salivary (salivatory) nucleus. Nu- 7 21 Lateral recess. Recessus lateralis. Lateral cleus salivarius superior. Autonomic nucleus corner of the 4th ventricle ending with the for the parasympathetic fibers of the facial lateral aperture. C D 8 nerve. It supplies preganglionic fibers for the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia. A 22 Median sulcus. Sulcus medianus. Median fur- B row passing through the rhomboid fossa. C 9 6 Lacrimal nucleus. Nucleus lacrimalis. Auton- 23 Medial eminence. Eminentia medialis. Oblong omic cells lying beside the superior salivary nu- elevation located between the median sulcus 10 cleus for the control of lacrimal secretion. A B and the sulcus limitans. C 7 Superior olivary nucleus. Nucleus olivaris su- 24 Facial colliculus. Colliculus facialis. Promi- 11 perioris. It lies lateral to the trapezoid body, nence above the medullary striae produced by contains fibers from the cochlear nuclei and in- the genu of the facial nerve and the nucleus of 12 tegrates hearing via the olivocochlear tract. D the abducens nerve. C 8 Olivocochlear tract. Tractus olivocochlearis. 25 Limiting sulcus. Sulcus limitans. Shallow fur- Tract from the superior olivary nucleus to the row situated lateral to the medial eminence. C 13 hair cells of the ear. 26 Vestibular area. Area vestibularis. Field above 9 Vestibular nuclei. Nuclei vestibulares. Four ter- the vestibular nuclei and lateral to the limiting 14 minal nuclei of the vestibular division with sulcus at the beginning of the lateral recess. C projections to the spinal cord, cerebellum and 27 Superior fovea. Fovea superior. Pit situated medial longitudinal fasciculus. A B 15 lateral to the facial colliculus. C 10 Medial vestibular nucleus. Nucleus vestibu- 28 Locus ceruleus. Locus caeruleus. Elongated laris medialis. Nucleus of nerve cells that lies 16 group of bluish cells located in the lateral wall lateral to the sulcus limitans and gives attach- of the 4th ventricle and under it. C ment to the medial longitudinal fasciculus of 17 both sides. A D 29 Inferior fovea. Fovea inferior. Pit at the apex of the trigone of the vagus nerve. C 11 Lateral vestibular nucleus. Nucleus vestibu- 18 laris lateralis. Smaller nucleus of nerve cells sit- 30 Medullary striae. Striae medullares. Strongly uated near the lateral recess with projections to myelinated transverse nerve bundles from the the anterior horn of the spinal cord. A D arcuate nucleus to the cerebellum. C 19 12 Superior vestibular nucleus. Nucleus vestibu- 31 Trigone of hypoglossal nerve. Trigonum laris superior. Nucleus located above the lateral nervi hypoglossi (t. hypoglossale). Triangular 20 nucleus with projections to the medial longi- bulge over the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve tudinal fasciculus and cerebellum. A D located between the median sulcus and the sulcus limitans. C 21 13 Cochlear nuclei. Nuclei cochleares. Dorsal and ventral terminal nuclei of the cochlear division 32 Funiculus separans. Transparent strip of 22 of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Both lie below ependyma between the trigone of the vagus the lateral recess. A D nerve and the area postrema. C 14 Trapezoid body. Corpus trapezoideum. Mass of 33 Trigone of vagus nerve. Trigonum nervi vagi 23 fibers arising from the cochlear nuclei that (t. vagale). Triangle over the dorsal nucleus of forms part of the auditoy pathway. D the vagus nerve caudal to the trigone of hypoglossal nerve. C 24 15 Anterior nucleus of trapezoid body. Nucleus corporis trapezoidei anterior. Smaller nucleus 34 Area postrema. A triangular field caudal to the 25 situated posterolaterally in the trapezoid body. trigone of the vagus with highly vascularized, D glia-rich tissue. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 287

2 1 3 4 4 1 2 2 12 5 3 5 10 3 11 9 6 9 6 13 7 282.13 56 8

A Rhomboid fossa 11

B Nuclei of rhombencephalon 13 medial view 14 28 15

23 10 16 25 19 20 21 11 22 27 12 17 30 24 13 717 26 16 18 29 21 31 15 19 33 32 20 34 14 21

C Rhomboid fossa D Cross section through rhomboid fossa 23 at level of lateral recess 24

1 Tegmen of fourth ventricle. Tegmen ventriculi 19 Lingula. Unpaired part of vermis fused with the 1 quarti. Roof of 4th ventricle. A superior medullary velum. It belongs to the ar- 2 Superior medullary velum. Velum medullare cheocerebellum. C D 2 superius. Lamina of white matter spread out be- 20 Central lobule. Lobulus centralis. It lies over the tween the right and left superior cerebellar lingula and is continuous on both sides with the peduncles. It is fused with the lingula of the cere- ala of the central lobule. C D 3 bellum. A 21 Culmen. Segment of vermis between the central 3 Frenulum of superior medullary velum. Frenulum lobule and primary fissure. B C D 4 veli medullaris superioris. Band-like ridge from 22 Ala of central lobule. Ala lobuli centralis. Lateral the superior medullary velum to the tectal extension of central lobule for connection with lamina. A the cerebellar hemispheres. B C D 5 4 Inferior medullary velum. Velum medullare in- 23 Quadrangular lobule. Lobulus quadrangularis ferius. Plate of white matter in the upper part of (pars anterior). Part attaching laterally to the de- 6 the lower roof of the rhomboid fossa. It is fused clive. B C D with the peduncle of the flocculus and the 24 Primary fissure. Fissura prima. Identation be- nodulus of the cerebellum. A 7 tween the quadrangular and simplex lobules. B D 5 Tela choroidea of fourth ventricle [ventriculi 25 Posterior lobe of cerebellum. Lobus posterior quarti]. Clear pia mater carrying the choroid cerebelli. Region located between the primary 8 plexus and stretched between the inferior and dorsolateral fissures. D medullary velum and tenia of the fourth ventricle. A 26 Declive. Part of vermis declining posteriorly from the culmen. B D 9 6 Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle. Plexus choroideus [ventriculi quarti]. Paired, garland- 27 Folium of vermis. Narrow midline connection 10 like ependyma-covered, highly vascularized between the left and right superior semilunar tufted projection which extends into the two lobules. B D lateral apertures. A 28 Tuber of vermis. Median connection between the right and left inferior semilunar lobules. B C D 11 7 Tenia of fourth ventricle. Taenia [ventriculi quarti]. Ridge on lower portion of roof of rhom- 29 Pyramid of vermis. Pyramis vermis. Segment sit- 12 boid fossa. A uated between the right and left biventral lobules. C D 8 Obex. Small bridge at lower end of rhomboid fossa. A 30 Secondary (postpyramidal) fissure. Fissura 13 secunda. Fissure between the pyramid and uvula 9 Median aperture of fourth ventricle [foramen of the vermis. C D of Magendie]. Apertura mediana [ventriculi 14 quarti] [Magendie]. Unpaired opening directly 31 Uvula vermis. Part of the vermis lying between above the obex for passage of cerebrospinal fluid. the cerebellar tonsils. C D 15 A 32 Lobulus simplex (lobulus quadrangularis) (pars 10 Lateral aperture of fourth ventricle [foramen inferoposterior). Portion located between the of Luschka]. Apertura lateralis [ventriculi quarti] quadrangular and superior semilunar lobules. B C 16 [[Luschkae]]. Opening for passage of cerebrospi- D nal fluid located at the end of the right and left 33 Superior semilunar lobule. Lobulus semilunaris 17 lateral recesses. A superior. Part situated between the inferior semi- 11 CEREBELLUM. It is located above the rhomboid lunar lobule and lobulus simplex. B C D fossa. 34 Horizontal fissure. Fissura horizontalis. Deep 18 12 Folia of cerebellum. Folia cerebelli. Delicate cere- groove between the superior and caudal semi- bellar convolutions (gyri) separated by fissures. lunar lobules. B C D 19 B 35 Inferior semilunar lobule. Lobulus semilunaris inferior. Part of the cerebellum located between 13 Cerebellar fissure. Fissura cerebelli. Deeply the superior semilunar and biventral lobules. B C branched furrow located between two cerebellar D 20 folia. B 36 Gracile (paramedian lobule). Lobulus gracilis 14 Vallecula. Deep median groove located inferiorly (l. paramedianus). It is located between the 21 between the right and left halves of the cerebel- caudal semilunar and biventral lobules. D lum. It lodges the medulla oblongata. C 37 Biventral lobule. Lobulus biventer. It lies be- 15 Body of cerebellum. Corpus cerebelli. Entire 22 tween the paramedian lobule and cerebellar ton- cerebellum except for the flocculonodular lobe. sil. C D 23 16 Vermis of cerebellum. Vermis cerebelli. Phylo- 38 Tonsil of cerebellum. Tonsilla cerebelli. Small genetically older, unpaired segment of the cere- bean-shaped portion of the hemisphere lateral to bellum. B the uvula. C D 24 17 Cerebellar hemisphere. Hemisphaerium cere- 39 Posterolateral fissure. Fissura posterolateralis. belli. Either of the two halves of the cerebellum. C Furrow separating the nodulus and flocculus on 25 18 Anterior lobe of cerebellum. Lobus anterior one side and the cerebellar tonsil and biventral cerebelli. Region cranial to primary fissure. B D lobe on the other. C D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 289

1 3 2

2 3

4 4 5 6 21 22 6 5 5 5 6 12 23 7 13 6 9 18 24 26 8 10 7 32 16 8

33 9 A Roof of rhomboid fossa 27 35 10

21 34 28 11 B Cerebellum from above 12 20 17 19 13 22 23

32 14 33 34 15 31 35 38 29 16 30 37 19 14 17

28 39 22 20 18 C Cerebellum from below 23 18 21 24 32 19 26 33 27 20 28 34 35 25 21 36 29 22 37 30 31 38 23 39 24 D Cerebellum, schematic 25

1 Flocculonodular lobe. Lobus flocculonodularis. 19 Hilum of dentate nucleus. Hilum nuclei dentati. 1 Small archicerebellar portion of the cerebellum Opening of dentate nucleus from which located caudal to the dorsolateral fissure. emerges most of the superior cerebellar peduncle. C 2 2 Nodulus. Medial protuberance of the vermis united with the flocculus by the peduncles. E 20 Emboliform nucleus. Nucleus emboliformis. It is found just in front of the hilum of the dentate 3 Flocculus. Claw-like portion of the cerebellum 3 nucleus. C between the inferior cerebellar peduncle and biventral lobule. E 21 Globose nucleus. Nucleus globosus. It lies me- 4 dial to the dentate nucleus. C 4 Peduncle of flocculus. Pedunculus floccularis. Band of nerve fibers connecting the flocculus to 22 Fastigial nucleus. Nucleus fastigii. The most 5 the nodulus. Part of it extends into the inferior medial of the deep cerebellar nuclei. C medullary velum. E 23 Cerebellar peduncles. Pedunculi cerebellares. 6 5 Paraflocculus. In humans, a small insignificant Fibers that provide connections to and from the part of the caudal lobe of the cerebellum that cerebellum. 7 communicates with the flocculus. 24 Inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform 6 Archicerebellum. Archaeocerebellum. Phylo- body). Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior. Infe- rior connection to the cerebellum formed by 8 genetically the oldest part of the cerebellum; it consists of the lingula and the flocculonodular fibers of the posterior spinocerebellar tract and lobe. A olive. E F 9 7 Paleocerebellum. An old part of the cerebel- 25 Middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pon- lum consisting of the central lobule, culmen, tis). Pedunculus cerebellaris medius (pon- 10 pyramid, uvula, ala of the central lobule and tinus). Large peduncle containing fibers origi- quadrangular lobule. A nating from the pontocerebellar tract. E F 11 8 Neocerebellum. Phylogenetically young por- 26 Superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium tion of the cerebellum; it comprises the declive, conjunctivum). Pedunculus cerebellaris su- folium, tuber, lobulus simplex, cranial and perior. Superior, paired (right and left) connect- 12 caudal semilunar lobules, paramedian lobule ing fibers extending from the cerebellum to the and tonsil. A brain stem. The superior medullary velum extends between them. E F 13 9 CEREBELLAR SECTIONS. Sectiones cerebellares. Anatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum. 27 MIDBRAIN. Mesencephalon. It consists of cerebral crura, tegmentum and quadrigeminal plate 14 10 Arbor vitae [cerebelli]. Treelike pattern of the (tectal lamina). white matter seen in prepared sections of the 28 Cerebral peduncle. Pedunculus cerebri (cere- cerebellum. C 15 bralis). It comprises the cerebral crura and the 11 Medullary body. Corpus medullare. White tegmentum and extends up to cerebral aque- 16 matter consisting of myelinated fibers. C duct. D 12 White laminae. Laminae albae. White matter 29 Anterior part (cerebral crus, basis pedunculi). extending into the folia from the medullary Part anterior (crus cerebri). It consists of the 17 body. C previously mentioned cerebral crura. D 13 Cerebellar cortex. Cortex cerebellaris. Superfi- 30 Part posterior. Posterior part of cerebral 18 cial gray matter of the cerebellum, about 1 mm peduncle or tegmentum. See p. 292.10 D thick, that consists pirmarily of nerve cells. B C 31 Oculomotor sulcus. Sulcus oculomotorius. Fur- 19 14 Molecular (plexiform) layer. Stratum row on the medial surface of the cerebral crus, moleculare (plexiforme). External cortical layer exit site of the oculomotor nerve. D 20 rich in dendrites and axons, poor in cell bodies. 32 Interpeduncular fossa. Fossa interpeduncu- The nuclei of the Purkinje cells are found at its laris. Fossa situated between the cerebral crura. border with the granular layer. D 21 15 Purkinje cell layer. Stratum neurium piri- 33 Interpeduncular (posterior) perforated sub- formium. The layer in which the perikarya of stance. Substantia perforata interpeduncularis 22 the Purkinje cells are located. B [posterior]. Perforated floor of interpeduncular 16 Stratum granulosum. Internal nuclear layer fossa produced by openings for numerous ves- 23 containing numerous closely packed small sels. D neurons. B 24 17 Nuclei of cerebellum. Nuclei cerebellaris. 18 Dentate nucleus. Nucleus dentatus. Large 25 cerebellar nucleus located in the medullary body and resembling a folded pouch. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 291

6 1 7 2

14 3

15 13 8 4 16 5

7 6

B Layers of cerebellar cortex 7 6

A Cerebellum, schematic 8 9 30 28 10 33 11 12 29 32 22 21 31 12 13 11 20 19 13 18 14 D Section through midbrain 15

10 10 16

C Horizontal section through cerebellum 17

18 26 25 19

24 20 26 25 2 21 24 3 22

24 4 E Cerebellum from below F Cerebellar peduncles 25

1 Basis pedunculi cerebri. Synonymous with 18 Trigone of lemniscus. Trigonum lemnisci. Tri- 1 anterior part of cerebral peduncle, the cerebral angular field located laterally between the tec- crus. B tal lamina, superior cerebellar peduncle and 2 2 Corticospinal fibers. Fibrae corticospinales. cerebral crus. A Fibers of the pyramidal tract leading into the 19 Superior cerebellar peduncle. Pedunculus spinal cord. B C cerebellaris superior. It transmits fibers mainly 3 from the dentate nucleus to the red nucleus 3 Corticonuclear (corticobulbar) fibers. Fibrae and thalamus. A corticonucleares. Pyramidal tract fibers for the 4 cranial nerve nuclei. B C 20 Mesencephalic (cerebral) aqueduct. Aquae- ductus mesencephali (cerebri). Narrow canal in 4 Corticopontine fibers. Fibrae corticopontinae. the midbrain between the 3rd and 4th ventricle. 5 Fibers of the cerebropontocerebellar tract. BCD 5 Parietotemporopontine fibers. Fibrae parie- 21 Sections through the mesencephalon. Sec- 6 totemporopontinae. Fibers of the cerebropon- tiones mesencephalici. B C D tine tract which originate from the parietal and 22 Reticular formation (substance). Formatio temporal lobes. They lie in the lateral part of (substantia) reticularis. Mesencephalic portion 7 the cerebral crus. B C of reticular formation extending up from the 6 Frontopontine fibers. Fibrae frontopontinae. spinal cord. It lies around the cerebral aque- 8 Fibers of the cerebropontine tract which arise duct, and its scattered ganglion cells function in from the frontal lobes and occupy the medial the integration of muscular activities. B C D 9 sixth of the cerebral crus. B C 23 Corticoreticular fibers. Fibrae corticoreticu- 7 Substantia nigra. Black nucleus lying on the lares. Nerve fibers extending from the cerebral cerebral crus. Its name is derived from its con- motor cortex to the ganglion cells of the reticu- 10 tent of numerous pigmented ganglion cells lar formation. rendering it visible with the naked eye. B C 24 Medial longitudinal fasciculus. Fasciculus 11 8 Compact part. Pars compacta. Dense part of longitudinalis medialis. Fiber bundle with con- substantia nigra containing pigmented cells. nections to the ocular muscles, neck muscles and vestibular nuclei for coordination of move- 12 9 Pars reticularis. Reticular (fibrous) part of sub- ments of the eyeball and head. B C D stantia nigra. It contains disaggregated pigmented fibers facing the cerebral crus. Its cells 25 Posterior longitudinal fasciculus. Fasciculus 13 are irregularly dispersed between the fibers of longitudinalis posterior [[Schütz]]. Descending the cerebral crus. and ascending fibers with projections to the hypothalamus and cranial nerve nuclei III, V, 14 10 Mesencephalic tegmentum. Tegmentum VII, X, XII, as well as the nucleus ambiguus and mesencephalicum. It extends from the sub- the tractus solitarius and salivatorius. D stantia nigra to an imaginary plane drawn 15 26 Mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve. Trac- through the cerebral aqueduct. B C tus mesencephalicus nervi trigeminalis. 16 11 Central gray matter. Substantia grisea Trigeminal fibers to the nucleus of the tract of centralis. Gray matter around the cerebral the trigeminal nerve located lateral to the cere- aqueduct. B C bral aqueduct and the 4th ventricle. D 17 12 Mesencephalic tectum. Tectum mesencephali- 27 Nucleus of mesencephalic tract of the trigemi- cum. Part of the mesencephalon located dorsal nal nerve. Nucleus tractus mesencephalici 18 to the previously mentioned transverse plane nervi trigeminalis (n. mesencephalica trigemi- through the cerebral aqueduct. B C nalis). Upper sensory trigeminal nucleus extending to below the tectal lamina. D 19 13 Tectal lamina (quadrigeminal plate). Lamina tectalis [[quadrigemina]]. A 28 Nucleus of oculomotor nerve. Nucleus nervi oculomotorii (nucleus oculomotorius). It is 14 Inferior colliculus. Colliculus inferior. Inferior found in front of the cerebral aqueduct. B 20 hillock of quadrigeminal plate connected to the auditory pathway. A 29 Accessory nucleus of oculomotor nerve. Nu- cleus oculomotorius accessorius (autonomi- 21 15 Superior colliculus. Colliculus superior. Super- cus). A parasymathetic portion of oculomotor ior hillock of quadrigeminal plate connected to nucleus. 96% supplies the ciliary muscle, the 22 the visual pathway. A rest supplies sphincter pupillae muscle. 16 Brachium of inferior colliculus. Brachium col- 30 Nucleus of trochlear nerve. Nucleus nervi 23 liculi inferioris. Connecting arm between the trochlearis (nucleus trochlearis). It is located in inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate the central gray matter caudal to the nucleus of body. A the oculomotor nerve. C 24 17 Brachium of superior colliculus. Brachium col- 31 Interpeduncular nucleus. Nucleus inter- liculi superioris. Connecting arm between the peduncularis. Located in the floor of the inter- 25 superior colliculus and the lateral geniculate peduncular fossa and has projections to the ol- body. A factory tract. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 293

12 1 10 28 20 11 2 1 22 24 3 5 4 17 7 2 3 5 15 6 B 16 B C 13 C 6 14 D D 18 7 B Section through superior colliculus

20 8 12 19 11 9 10 10 30 22 11 24 5 7 12 2 2 3 3 13 6 31 14

C Section through inferior colliculus 15

A Midbrain and rhomboid fossa 20 25 27 26 16

17 22 18 24 19

24 D Section through level of exit of trochlear nerve 25

1 Interstitial nucleus of Cajal. Nucleus inter- 14 Lemniscus medialis. Decussating connection 1 stitialis [[Cajal]]. Group of cells located lateral to between nuclei of posterior funiculus and the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, from thalamus. B C D 2 which it is separated by the medial longitudinal 15 Spinal lemniscus. Lemniscus spinalis. Segment fasciculus. It contains fibers from the vestibular of spinothalamic tract lodging in the midbrain nuclei, globus pallidus and stratum griseum of adjacent to the medial lemniscus. D 3 the superior colliculus. B 16 Trigeminal lemniscus. Lemniscus trigeminalis. 2 Tegmental nuclei. Nuclei tegmenti (tegmen- Crossing fiber tract between the sensory nuclei 4 tales). Nuclei in the reticular formation dorsal of the trigeminal and the thalamus. It also lies to the trochlear nucleus and ventral to the me- in the vicinity of the medial lemniscus. dial longitudinal fasciculus. C 5 17 Mesencephalic tectum. Tectum mesencephali- 3 Red nucleus. Nucleus ruber. Iron-rich nucleus cum. Part of midbrain located dorsal to the between the substantia nigra and central gray above-mentioned plane through the cerebral 6 matter with tributaries from the cerebral cor- aqueduct. B C tex and thalamus. It is inserted in the tract from 18 Tectal lamina. Lamina tectalis [[quad- the cerebellum to the spinal cord. B 7 rigemina]]. Quadrigeminal plate. A 4 Parvicellular part. Pars parvocellularis. Group 19 Nucleus of inferior colliculus. Nucleus colliculi of small cells forming the larger part of the red inferioris. Nucleus connecting the auditory 8 nucleus and part of the rubrospinal tract. tract with the extrapyramidal system. C 5 Magnocellular part. Pars magnocellularis. 9 20 Brachium of inferior colliculus. Brachium col- Group of large cells occupying the caudal part liculi inferioris. Connecting arm between the of the red nucleus; most of its fibers enter the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body. 10 rubrospinal tract. A 6 Endopeduncular nucleus. Nucleus en- 21 Commissure of inferior colliculus. Commis- 11 dopeduncularis. Cell group located medially in sura colliculorum inferiorum. Connection be- the cerebral crus directly after the site where it tween the right and left inferior colliculi which enters the base of the brain. It probably inserts also receives fibers from the lateral lemniscus 12 in the tract between the globus pallidus and re- of the opposite side. C ticular formation. 22 Gray and white layers of superior colliculus. 13 7 Decussations of tegmentum. Decussationes Strata [grisea et alba] colliculi superioris. Gray tegmenti (tegmentales). Crossing of the ru- matter and white matter surrounding the su- brospinal, rubroreticular and tectospinal tracts. perior colliculus. B 14 B 23 Brachium of superior colliculus. Brachium col- 8 Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle. liculi superioris. Connection between the su- 15 Decussatio pedunculorum cerebellarium superior colliculus and lateral geniculate body. A periorum. Crossing of the superior cerebellar 24 Commissure of superior colliculus. Commis- peduncle below the inferior colliculus and 16 sura colliculorum superiorum. Connection be- anterior to the medial longitudinal fasciculus. C tween the right and left superior colliculi. B 17 9 Dentatorubral fibers. Fibrae dentatorubrales. 25 Decussation of trochlear nerve. Decussatio Component of the superior cerebellar peduncle trochlearis (d. nervorum trochlearium). Fibers which passes into the red nucleus. of trochlear nerve crossing in the white matter. 18 10 Rubrospinal tract. Tractus rubrospinalis D [[Monakow]]. From its origin in front of the 26 Central tegmental tract. Tractus tegmentalis 19 lateral pyramidal tract, this extrapyramidal centralis. Tract passing to the olive, thought to tract passes from the red nucleus to the ante- partially arise from the thalamus. B D rior horn cells. 20 11 Tectobulbar tract. Tractus tectobulbaris. It extends from the posterior tegmental decussa- 21 tion to the opposite side, anterior to the medial longitudinal fasciculus and then passes to the 22 pontine nuclei, especially to the nuclei of the ocular muscles. 12 Tectospinal tract. Tractus tectospinalis. Ini- 23 tially courses similar to the tectobulbar tract, then descends in the anterior funiculus of the 24 spinal cord. 13 Lateral lemniscus. Lemniscus lateralis. Partly 25 crossing portion of auditory tract passing to the inferior colliculus. C D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 295

24 17 1 22 2

14 26 3 1 4 3 20 23 7 5

B B 6 C 18 C D D 7 B Section through midbrain 8 19 21 17 9

13 10 14 2 11 10 8 12

15 C Section through midbrain 16 A Brain stem, dorsal view 25 17

13 18 26 15 19 14 20

24 D Section through midbrain 25

1 FOREBRAIN. Prosencephalon. Terminal portion 19 Subcommissural organ. Organum subcommis- 1 of neural tube situated anterior to the anterior surale. Group of specialized ependymal cells margin of the mesencephalon. It comprises the below the posterior commissure. They produce 2 telencephalon and diencephalon. Reissner’s fiber. B 2 DIENCEPHALON. The part of the prosencephalon 20 Dorsal thalamus. Thalamus dorsalis. Portion of that extends from the anterior margin of the thalamus located cranial to the hypothalamic sul- 3 anterior colliculus to the interventricular fora- cus. men. 21 Interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia). Ad- hesio interthalamica. Inconstant (70−85%) con- 3 Epithalamus. It consists mainly of the habenulae, 4 nection between right and left thalami. B their accessories and the epiphysis. 22 Anterior tubercle of thalamus. Tuberculum an- 4 Habenula. Dorsal continuation of the stria 5 terius thalamicum. Small protuberance dorsal to medullaris of the thalamus. A B the anterior end of the thalamus above the ante- 5 Habenular sulcus. Sulcus habenuale (habenu- rior nucleus of the thalamus. A 6 laris). Shallow furrow between the habenular 23 Internal/external medullary laminae. Laminae trigone and the pulvinar. A medullares interna/externa. Layers of white mat- 6 Trigone of habenula. Trigonum habenulae (t. ter located partly lateral to the thalamus and 7 habenulare). Triangular field between the stria partly in it. They incompletely separate the in- medullaris of the thalamus and the habenula. The dividual thalamic nuclei. E 8 habenular nuclei lie beneath it. A 24 Medullary stria of thalamus. Stria medullaris 7 Commissure of habenula. Commissura habenu- thalamica. Bundle located at the medial side of larum (habenularis). Fibers of the habenulae the thalamus below the thalamic tenia. It con- 9 crossing over the midline. The decussation lies tinues dorsally into the habenula and receives superior to the pineal recess. B fibers from the fornix of the stria terminalis and the precommissural septum. A B 10 8 Posterior (epithalamic) commissure. Commis- sura epithalamica (posterior). Commissure lo- 25 Pulvinar. Posterior part of thalamus projecting cated between the pineal recess and entrance freely. A 11 into the cerebral aqueduct; its fibers cross from a 26 Metathalamus. Appendage of thalamus below nearby area. B the pulvinar. A C 27 Medial geniculate body. Corpus geniculatum 9 Pineal gland (body), epiphysis. Corpus pineale 12 mediale. United with the inferior colliculus, it (glandula pinealis). Topographically speaking, it forms a part of the auditory pathway. A C lies free on the quadrigeminal plate and is sus- 28 Lateral geniculate body. Corpus geniculatum pended from the habenula withouth a functional 13 laterale. Connects with the superior colliculus connection. A B C and visual cortex; it is the termination of most of 14 10 Sections of epithalamus. Sectiones epithalamici. the fibers of the optic tract. A C 11 Medial and lateral habenular nuclei. Nuclei 29 Ventral thalamus (subthalamus). Thalamus habenulares medialis et lateralis. Cell groups ventralis (subthalamus). Part of the diencephalon 15 contained in the reflex tract of the rhinen- situated basally with respect to the hypothalamic cephalon. D sulcus. 12 Habenulointerpeduncular tract. Tractus 30 Hypothalamus. Basal part of the diencephalon. B 16 habenulointerpeduncularis. Connection between 31 Preoptic area. Area preoptica. Area behind the habenulae and interpeduncular nucleus. D lamina terminalis and in front of the paraventric- 17 13 Commissure of habenula. Commissura habenu- ular nucleus, partly also in front of the supra- larum (habenularis). See p. 7 A B optic nucleus. Its nuclei are probably inserted between the olfactory tract and tuber cinereum. B 14 Pretectal area. Area pretectalis. Region extend- 18 32 Optic chiasma. Chiasma opticum. Decussation of ing from in front of the upper margin of superior medial optic nerve fibers between the optic tract colliculus as far as the commissure of the and nerve. B C 19 epithalamus. C 33 Optic tract. Tractus opticus. Superficial part of 15 Pretectal nuclei. Nuclei pretectales. From their the visual pathway between the optic chiasma 20 origin dorsolateral to the commissure of the and lateral geniculate body visible at the base of epithalamus, they extend as far as the superior the brain. C colliculus. They receive fibers from the occipital 34 Lateral root. Radix lateralis. Fibers of optic tract lobe and the area in front of it, as well as the optic 21 which end in the lateral geniculate body or su- tract and send fibers to the accessory nucleus of perior colliculus. C the oculomotor nerve for the sphincter pupillae 35 Medial root. Radix medialis. C 22 muscle. 36 Mamillary body. Corpus mamillare. Paired, 16 Posterior (epithalamic) commissure. Commis- round elevation on the floor of the diencephalon 23 sura epithalamica (posterior). See p. 8 B connected with the thalamus and midbrain. B 17 Pineal gland (body). Corpus pineale (glandula 37 Tuber cinereum. Gray matter in the posterior pinealis). See p. 9 A B C wall of the infundibulum. B 24 18 Subfornical organ. Organum subfornicale. Organ 38 Infundibulum. Funnel-shaped passage to the in the interventricular foramen between right posterior lobe of the hypophysis. B 25 and left fornix. It influences blood pressure and 39 Neurohypophysis. Posterior lobe of hypophysis water excretion. B suspended by the infundibulum. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 297

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2 24 4 24 3 5 18 7; 13 4 6 21 14 4 9 25 31 9 30 5 13 27 28 32 8; 16 19 6 26 38 37 36 7

39 8

A Brain stem, dorsal view B Brain stem, sagittal section 10

26 12 33 34 28 27 9 11 13 14 14 35 12 32 15

C Termination of optic tract D Oblique section through midbrain 18

23 23

24 E Section through diencephalon 25

1 Third ventricle. Ventriculus tertius. Dien- 16 Anteromedial nucleus. Nucleus anterome- 1 cephalic portion of the cerebral ventricular sys- dialis. Degenerating nuclear remains situated tem. It extends from the lamina terminalis to medial and inferior to the anteroventral nu- 2 the beginning of the cerebral aqueduct. A C cleus. B 2 Hypothalamic sulcus. Sulcus hypothalamicus. 17 Median nuclei of thalamus. Nuclei mediani 3 Furrow extending from the interventricular [thalami]. Collective term for the nuclei located foramen to the entrance into the cerebral aque- medial and for the most part directly inferior to duct. It separates the dorsal and ventral the ependyma. 4 thalami. A 18 Anterior/posterior paraventricular nuclei. 3 Interventricular foramen. Foramen inter- Nuclei paraventriculares anteriores/posteri- 5 ventriculare. Opening between the lateral ven- ores. Cell groups in the wall of the third ventricle and third ventricle behind the genu of the tricle with neuronal function (among others, fornix. A vasopressin, angiotensin II, renin). C D E 6 4 Optic recess. Recessus opticus. Recess of third 19 Rhomboidal nucleus. Nucleus rhomboidalis. It ventricle above the optic chiasm. A often forms the interthalamic adhesion. D 7 5 Recess of infundibulum. Recessus infundibuli 20 Nucleus reuniens. Nucleus extending from the (infundibularis). Recess of third ventricle anterior end of the anterior tubercle to the 8 within the infundibulum. A middle of the interthalamic adhesion. It may be concerned with the formation of the latter 6 Pineal recess. Recessus pinealis. Recess of third when present. It is absent in 28% of males and 9 ventricle extending partially into the epiphysis. 14% of females. D A 20 a Paratenial nucleus of thalamus. Nucleus 10 7 Supraspinal recess. Recessus supraspinalis. parataenialis [thalami]. Located between the Recess between the roof of the third ventricle stria medullaris, tenia, anterodorsal and para- and the epiphysis. A ventricular nuclei of the thalamus; it is prob- 11 8 Tela choroidea. Forms the thin, narrow roof of ably involved in the processing of olfactory third ventricle and its choroid plexus. B C stimuli. 12 21 Medial nuclei of thalamus. Nuclei mediales 9 Tenia of thalamus. Taenia thalami. Lateral at- [thalami]. Mass of nuclei medial to the internal tachment line of the upper wall of the third medullary lamina with projections to other 13 ventricle along the stria medullaris of the thalamic nuclei and to the frontal lobe. thalamus. B C 22 Dorsal medial nucleus. Nucleus medialis 10 Choroid plexus. Plexus choroideus. Paired, 14 dorsalis. Principal nucleus of this group. C D highly vascularized villous infolding which hangs down from the thin roof of the third ven- 23 Internal/external medullary lamina. Lamina 15 tricle and is continuous anteriorly with the medullaris interna/externa. Layer of white choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle via the inter- matter which, provided it is located internally, 16 ventricular foramen. B C has Y-shaped sections and divides the thalamus into anterior, medial and lateral regions. B 11 Sections of thalamus and metathalamus. Sec- tiones thalamici et metathalamici. See p. 409. 24 Reticular (intralaminar) nuclei of thalamus. 17 Nuclei reticulares (intralaminares thalami). Nu- 12 Reticular nucleus of thalamus. Nucleus reticu- clei located in the medullary lamina. They 18 latus [thalami]. Thin layer lying mainly laterally correspond functionally to the reticular forma- along the thalamus between the posterior limb tion and thus are integrating nuclei. of the internal capsule and external medullary 19 lamina of the thalamus. It receives tributaries 25 Centromedian nucleus. Nucleus centromedi- from the entire cerebral cortex, globus pallidus anus. It is the largest nucleus of this group and and reticular formation of the brainstem and has projections to the corpus striatum, hy- 20 gives off efferent fibers to the reticular forma- pothalamus, and other structures. E tion of the midbrain and thalamus. B 26 Paracentral nucleus. Nucleus paracentralis. It 21 13 Anterior nuclei of thalamus. Nuclei anteriores lies in the internal medullary lamina lateral to [thalami]. Cell group in the apex of the the centromedian nucleus. CD 22 thalamus. They receive fibers from the mamil- 27 Parafascicular nucleus. Nucleus parafascicu- lothalamic tract and have projections to the laris. It lies medial to the occipital region of the cingulate gyrus. centromedian nucleus. E 23 14 Anterodorsal nucleus. Nucleus anterodorsalis 28 Lateral central nucleus. Nucleus centralis (anterosuperior). Narrow cell plate anterosupe- lateralis. It lies dorsolateral and medial to the 24 riorly. B centromedian nucleus. E 15 Anteroventral nucleus. Nucleus anter- 29 Medial central nucleus. Nucleus centralis me- 25 oventralis (anteroinferior). Main nucleus of the dialis. It lies at the lower medial end of the in- anterior nuclei. B ternal medullary lamina. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 299

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3 1 6 4 4 5 2 7 5

7 A Diencephalon, sagittal section 8

9 8 28

300.1 10 9 14 11 10 22 15 1 18 12 8 26 16 9 23 13 10 12 14

15 B Diencephalon, cross section C Diencephalon, cross section 16

17 28 300.1 300.11 18

22 20 28 26 25 21 18 18 22 19 27 23 20 24 D Diencephalon, cross section E Diencephalon, cross section 25

1 Nuclei ventrolaterales [thalami]. Ventrolateral 15 Lateral geniculate nucleus [ventral part]. Nu- 1 nuclei, the group of nuclei lateral to the internal cleus corporis geniculati lateralis [pars medullary lamina. B ventralis]. Small group of cells with fibers from 2 2 Posterior lateral nucleus. Nucleus lateralis the retina: part of a light reflex tract. C posterior. Portion of the lateral nucleus situated 16 Medial geniculate nucleus [ventral part]. Nu- between the pulvinar and dorsal lateral nucleus corporis geniculati medialis [pars 3 cleus with connections to the parietal lobe. A ventralis]. Possibly the true acoustic part of the geniculate nucleus. C 3 Dorsal lateral nucleus. Nucleus lateralis 4 dorsalis. Anterosuperior portion of the lateral 17 Subthalamic nucleus. Nucleus subthalamicus nucleus with projections to the region of the [corpus Luysii]. It lies between the lower end of posterior cingulum segment and the lower part the internal capsule and the zona incerta. Of 5 of the parietal lobe. A clinical importance is its reciprocal connection with the globus pallidus. B 4 Anterior ventral nucleus. Nucleus ventralis 18 Reticular nuclei of thalamus. Nuclei reticulares 6 anterior. Anterior portion of the ventral nucleus [thalami]. Disaggregated cell layer on the with projections to the interlaminar nuclei, lateral surface of the thalamus between the ex- globus pallidus and dentate nucleus and recip- ternal medullary lamina and internal capsule. B 7 rocal connections to the precentral gyrus and the area anterior to it. It plays a role in Parkin- 19 Zona incerta. Basal continuation of the reticu- 8 son’s disease. A lar nucleus of the thalamus and other structures. It lies in the path of the globus pallidus to 5 Intermediate ventral nucleus. Nucleus the tegmentum of the diencephalon. B ventralis intermedius. Portion of the ventral 9 20 Nuclear regions H, H1 and H2. Nuclei re- nucleus situated behind the anterior ventral gionum H, H1 and H2. Dispersed neurons in the nucleus; it is a synaptic station connecting the corresponding Forel’s fields. Field H lies medial cerebellum, red nucleus and motor cortex. A 10 to the zona incerta and in front of the red nu- 6 Medial ventral nucleus. Nucleus ventralis me- cleus, H1 between the thalamus and zona in- 11 dialis. Poorly demarcated nuclear region sit- certa, H2 between the zona incerta and sub- uated anterior to the posterior ventral nuclei; thalamic nucleus. B its function is unclear. A 21 Thalamic tract and fasciculi. Tractus et 12 7 Posterior ventral nuclei. Nuclei ventrales fasciculi thalamici. posteriores. Collective term for the following 22 Lateral lemniscus. Lemniscus lateralis. Audi- 13 two nuclei. tory pathway passing into the medial genicu- 8 Posterolateral ventral nucleus. Nucleus ventralis late body. A posterolateralis. The lateral part of the poste- 23 Medial lemniscus. Lemniscus medialis. Con- 14 rior ventral nucleus that receives the medial tinuation of the tract from the posterior lemniscus and spinothalamic tract and relays funiculus radiating into the posterolateral ven- 15 their impulses to the postcentral gyrus via the tral nucleus. A thalamocortical tract. A 24 Spinal lemniscus. Lemniscus spinalis. Pain 16 9 Posteromedial ventral nucleus. Nucleus ventralis pathway extending into the posterolateral ven- posteromedialis. Part located between the central nucleus. A tromedian and posterolateral nuclei. It receives 25 Trigeminal lemniscus. Lemniscus trigeminalis. 17 the trigeminal lemniscus. A Fibers of the sensory trigeminal nucleus. They 10 Posterior nuclei of thalamus. Nuclei posteri- pass into the posteromedial ventral nucleus. A 18 ores [thalami]. Collective term for the following 26 Brachium of inferior colliculus. Brachium col- three parts of the thalamus. liculi inferioris. Outwardly visible connection between the inferior colliculus and the medial 11 Pulvinar nuclei. Nuclei pulvinares. Nuclei that geniculate body. C 19 occupy the posterior portion of the thalamus; they begin at the habenulae, receive tributar- 27 Acoustic radiation. Radiatio acustica. Portion of 20 ies from the auditory and visual pathways as auditory pathway extending from the medial well as from other thalamic nuclei and are geniculate body to the transverse temporal gyn. connected with the visual cortex, optic and It passes through the occipital part of the poste- 21 acoustic control centers, and other structures. rior limb of the internal capsule. A A 28 Brachium of superior colliculus. Brachium colliculi superioris. Externally visible connection 12 Lateral geniculate nucleus [dorsal part]. 22 between the superior colliculus and the lateral Nucleus [corporis geniculati] lateralis [pars geniculate body. Connection of the visual path- dorsalis]. Part of the visual pathway. A 23 way with the extrapyramidal system. C 13 Medial geniculate nucleus [dorsal part]. Nu- 29 Optic radiation. Radiatio optica [[Gratiolet]]. cleus [corporis geniculati] medialis [pars Portion of the visual pathway emanating from 24 dorsalis]. Part of medial geniculate body con- the lateral geniculate body. It passes through the taining small cells. A occipital part of the posterior limb of the inter- 25 14 Sections of ventral thalamus. Sectiones nal capsule and around the posterior horn of the thalami ventralis. lateral ventricle to the area striata. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 301

298.13 1

298.21 3 3 4 2 4 5 6 9 5 8 11 6

27 7 8 24 13 23 9 12 25 22 10 29 11

A Thalamic nuclei and pathways 28 16 15 13

14 18 15 26 1 16

H1 19 18 20 H H2 17 19 20 20

23 B Subthalamic region C Geniculate body 24

1 Anterior thalamic radiations. Raditiones 13 Sections of the hypothalamus. Sectiones hy- 1 thalamicae anteriores. Fibers of the anterior nu- pothalami. cleus passing to and from the cingulate gyrus 14 Dorsal (posterior) hypothalamic region. Regio 2 and likewise reciprocal connections between (area) hypothalamica dorsalis. Area of the hy- the lateral nucleus and frontal lobe. The fibers pothalamus next to the apex. run in the anterior limb of the internal capsule. A 15 Nucleus of ansa lenticularis. Nucleus ansae 3 2 Central thalamic radiations. Radiationes lenticularis. Groups of cells dispersed in the thalamicae centrales. Reciprocal fibers passing ansa lenticularis. 4 fan-like through the posterior limb of the inter- 16 Anterior (ventral) region of hypothalamus. nal capsule from the posterior lateral, anterior Regio hypothalamica anterior. ventral, lateral ventral and posterior ventral nu- 17 Medial/lateral preoptic nucleus. Nucleus 5 clei to the pre- and postcentral gyri in addition preopticus medialis/lateralis. Group of nuclei to the connecting fields of the cortex. A located beneath the anterior commissure and 6 3 Posterior thalamic raditaions. Radiationes along the lamina terminalis with projections to thalamicae posteriores. They lie in the occipital the stria terminalis, medial telencephalic region of the posterior limb of the internal cap- fasciculus and medial thalamic nuclei. D 7 sule and contain fibers from the lateral genicu- 18 Nucleus supraopticus. late body (optic radiation) and the pulvinar for Supraoptic nucleus. Nucleus lying above the optic chiasm with neu- the occipital lobes and adjacent regions. A 8 rosecretory fibers (oxytocin and vasopressin) 4 Dentatothalamic tract. Tractus denta- projecting to the posterior pituitary. D tothalamicus. It arises from the cerebellum and 9 radiates into the thalamic fasciculus and to the 19 Paraventricular nuclei. Nuclei paraventricu- lateral ventral nucleus. C lares. Group of autonomic nuclei with neu- rosecretory fibers (oxytocin and vasopressin) 10 5 Thalamic fasciculus. Fasciculus thalamicus. It projecting to the posterior lobe of the hypophy- lies below the thalamus, next to and above the sis. They lie superiorly near the base of the hy- zona incerta in field H1 and is composed of the pothalamic sulcus and behind the anterior hy- 11 ventricular fasciculus, ansa lenticularis and pothalamic nucleus. D fibers from the cerebellum. It is a conveyor of impulses for the anterior ventral and lateral 20 Anterior hypothalamic nucleus. Nucleus hy- 12 ventral nuclei. C pothalamicus anterior. Located behind the preoptic nucleus with projections to the hemi- 6 Subthalamic fasciculus. Fasciculus subthalami- spheres, stria terminalis and thalamus, its effer- cus. Fiber bundle extending from the globus pal- 13 ent fibers communicate with motor and auton- lidus to the subthalamic nucleus. C omic nuclei. It influences heat regulation, glan- 7 Mamillothalamic fasciculus. Fasciculus mamil- dular activity and circulation. D 14 lothalamicus. Fiber tract extending from the 21 Intermediate hypothalamic region. Regio hy- mamillary body to the anterior nucleus of the pothalamica intermedia. Area situated between thalamus. D 15 the anterior and posterior hypothalamic re- 8 Inferior thalamic peduncle. Pedunculus gions. thalamicus inferior. Fibers between the hy- 22 Arcuate nucleus. [[Nucleus arcuatus]]. Mural 16 pothalamus and thalamus. According to some nucleus situated in the entrance to the infun- anatomists, it consists of fibers of the pulvinar dibulum. It belongs to the tuberal nuclei, i. e., it from and to the occipital lobes and its vicinity, as 17 regulates the release of hormones from the well as fibers of the auditory tract. anterior lobe by delivering an active substance 9 Ansa lenticularis and fasciculus lenticularis. 18 (neurohormone) to blood vessels of the hy- Ansa et fasciculus lenticulares. Two fiber pophysial stalk where its processes (axons) are bundles from the lentiform nucleus to the ven- found. D tral nuclei of the thalamus. One part passes 19 23 Tuberal nuclei. Nuclei tuberales. Groups of nu- around the anterior margin of the internal cap- clei in the posterior wall of the infundibulum. sule (ansa lenticularis); the other part passes They function similar to the arcuate nucleus. D 20 through the internal capsule. Both tracts are united in the thalamic fasciculus. C 24 Lateral hypothalamic region. Regio hypothalamica lateralis. Area separated from the 10 Ansa peduncularis and fasciculus peduncu- 21 medial hypothalamus by the fornix, mamillaris. Ansa et fasciculus pedunculares. Fiber lothalamic fasciculus and medial telencephalic tract connecting the thalamus and claustrum, fasciculus. It is occupied by the lateral preoptic 22 thereby extending between the lentiform nu- nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus including its cleus and the amygdaloid body. B C lateral portion. D 23 11 Intrathalamic fibers. Fibrae intrathalamicae. Connections of individual thalamic nuclei. 12 Periventricular fibers. Fibrae periventriculares. 24 Fibers coursing beneath the ependyma of the third ventricle between the medial nucleus and 25 the hypothalamic nucleus to enter the posterior longitudinal fasciculus. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 303

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3 1 4 3 5

6 A Radiation of thalamus 7

9 10 10 5 6 11

4 9 12

14 B Ansa et fasciculus peduncularis 10 9 15 16

304.17 17 C Subthalamic pathways 24 7 18

19 19 17 20 20 21 18 22 23 24 23 22 24 D Nuclei of hypothalamus 25

1 Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Nucleus 14 Posterior (dorsal) longitudinal fasciculus. 1 hypothalamicus ventromedialis. Lies in and Fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis [[Schütz]]. above the entrance into the infundibulum. This Cranial continuation of a large portion of the 2 nucleus belongs to the group of tuberal nuclei ventricular fibers. In the midbrain they lie close and, like them, controls the release of regulating to the cerebral aqueduct and connect the hy- hormones for the anterior lobe via the hypophy- pothalamus with the rest of the brainstem. B 3 sial stalk. A 15 Mamillotegmental fasciculus. Fasciculus 2 Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. Nucleus mamillotegmentalis. Dissectible fiber bundle 4 hypothalamicus dorsomedialis. It lies near the between the mamillary body and the tegmental apex of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus nuclei of the midbrain. It arises as a common and has similar functions. A trunk together with the mamillothalamic 5 3 Dorsal hypothalamic nucleus. Nucleus hy- fasciculus and branches off into the mesen- pothalamicus dorsalis. Group of cells located cephalic tegmentum. B 6 below the dorsal hypothalamic area (see 16 Mamillothalamic fasciculus. Fasciculus mamil- p. 302.14). A lothalamicus. It arises together with the mamil- 4 Posterior periventricular nucleus. Nucleus lotegmental fasciculus and passes to the ante- 7 periventricularis posterior. Cell group located rior thalamic nuclei. B below the ependyma in the posterior segment 17 Fornix. It conveys fibers from the hippocampal 8 of the 3rd ventricle. A formation to the medial thalamic nuclei and hy- 5 Infundibular (arcuate) nucleus. Nucleus infun- pothalamus, and projects fibers to the lateral dibularis (arcuatus). It lies near the apex of the nuclei of the mamillary body. B 9 funnel of the infundibulum and has functions 18 Fibers of stria terminalis. Fibrae striae termi- similar to those of the tuberal nuclei. A nalis. Fibers from the amygdaloid body which 10 6 Posterior hypothalamic area. Regio hy- communicate with the stria terminalis in the pothalamica posterior. It contains the lateral hypothalamus. B and medial nuclei of the mamillary body and 19 Medial prosencephalic fasciculus. Fasciculus 11 other structures. prosencephalicus medialis. Fibers lying be- 7 Medial and lateral nuclei of mamillary body. tween the medial and lateral hypothalamus. 12 Nuclei corporis mamillaris mediales/laterales. They connect individual hypothalamic nuclei The medial nucleus forms the mamillary body with one another and continue toward the oc- and is the origin of the mamillothalamic ciput in the posterior longitudinal fasciculus. B 13 fasciculus. The lateral nucleus lies ventrolateral 20 Hypothalamohypophysial tract. Tractus hy- and receives the fornix. A B pothalamohypophysialis. Bundle of neu- 14 8 Posterior hypothalamic nucleus. Nucleus hy- rosecretory fibers that arises after the union of pothalamicus posterior. It lies occipital to the the fiber groups from the supraoptic and para- dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei and ventricular nuclei. B 15 above the mamillary body up to the hy- 21 Supraoptic fibers. Fibrae supraopticae. Fibers pothalamic sulcus and influences circulation, that arise in the supraoptic nucleus. B 16 peristalsis and the blood sugar level. A B 22 Paraventricular fibers. Fibrae paraventricu- 9 Neurohypophysis. In contrast to the two other lares. Fibers that arise in the paraventricular nu- 17 posterior lobes of the hypophysis, it is of neuro- cleus. B genic origin; so is the continuation of the infun- 23 Supraopticohypophysial tract. Tractus su- dibulum. B praopticohypophysialis. Fibers that arise in the 18 10 Hypothalamic tract and fasciculi. Tractus et supraoptic nucleus and form part of the hy- fasciculi hypothalamici. Tracts and fiber pothalamohypophysial tract. 19 bundles of the hypothalamus. 24 Paraventriculohypophysial tract. Tractus para- 11 Periventricular fibers. Fibrae periventriculares. ventriculohypophysialis. Fibers that arise in the Fiber tract directly under the ependyma of the paraventricular nucleus and form part of the hy- 20 3rd ventricle. It is permeated by cells, connects pothalamohypophysial tract. the thalamus with the hypothalamus and con- 21 tinues posteriorly into the posterior longitudinal fasciculus. B 12 Dorsal supraoptic commissure. Commissura 22 supraoptica dorsalis [[Meynert]]. Decussation lying directly above the chiasm. Passes to the 23 other side and may connect the subthalamic nucleus with the contralateral globus pallidus. 13 Ventral supraoptic commissure. Commissura 24 supraoptica ventralis [[Gudden]].Crossing fibers lying partially in the chiasm. Among other 25 things, it may connect the medial geniculate bodies with one another. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 305

1 304.17 2 3 3

4 8 2 4

1 5

7 6

5 7 8

9 A Nuclei of hypothalamus 10

11 17 12

16 13 18 11 14 8 14

19 15

15 17 7 18 20 21 19 22 20 9 21

22 318.1 B Pathways of hypothalamus 23

1 ENDBRAIN. Telencephalon. The endbrain, which 19 Ascending ramus. Ramus ascendens. Short 1 is formed by invagination of the prosencephalon branch of the lateral sulcus ascending into the (forebrain). It consists of the cerebral cortex to- frontal lobe. A gether with the corpus callosum, corpus stri- 2 20 Posterior ramus. Ramus posterior. Long poste- atum and olfactory brain. rior branch of the lateral sulcus terminating 2 CEREBRUM. In the present context, it comprises near the supramarginal gyrus. A 3 the two cerebral hemispheres and their con- 21 Interlobar sulci. Sulci interlobares. Furrows tents. which separate the cerebral lobes from one 4 3 Cerebral cortex. Cortex cerebralis (pallium). another. They include the central and parieto- Paired portion of the hemispheres covering occipital sulci and the lateral sulcus together 5 most of the brainstem. with its posterior ramus. 4 Cerebral gyri. Gyri cerebrales. Convolutions of 22 Frontal lobe. Lobus frontalis. Lobe extending 6 the cerebral hemispheres, about 1 cm wide. from the frontal pole to the central sulcus. A 5 Cerebral sulci. Sulci cerebrales. Fissures be- 23 Frontal pole. Polus frontalis. Anterior end of the tween gyri. frontal lobe. A 7 6 Cerebral lobes. Lobi cerebrales. The four lobes 24 Precentral sulcus. Sulcus precentralis. Furrow of the cerebrum: frontal, parietal, temporal and in front of the precentral gyrus. A 8 occipital. 25 Precentral gyrus. Gyrus precentralis. Convolu- 7 Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum. Fissura tion of the frontal lobe lying in front of the cen- 9 longitudinalis cerebralis. Deep longitudinal tral sulcus. Motor area of the cerebral cortex. A groove between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. It lodges the falx cerebri. B 26 Superior frontal gyrus. Gyrus frontalis superior 10 (primary motor area ???). A 8 Transverse fissure of cerebrum. Fissura transversa cerebralis [[fissura telodiencephalica]]. 27 Superior frontal sulcus. Sulcus frontalis super- 11 Fissure beneath the corpus callosum and fornix ior. Furrow below the superior frontal gyrus. A as well as above the thalamus and roof of the 3rd 28 Middle frontal gyrus. Gyrus frontalis medius. A ventricle. B 12 29 Inferior frontal sulcus. Sulcus frontalis inferior. 9 Lateral fossa of cerebrum. Fossa lateralis cere- Furrow lying between the middle and inferior bralis. Space deep within the lateral sulcus. B 13 frontal gyri. A 10 Superior (superomedial) margin. Margo su- 30 Inferior frontal gyrus. Gyrus frontalis inferior. perior (superomedialis). Superior border of a 14 hemisphere between the superolateral and me- 31 Opercular part (frontal operculum). Pars dial surface. B opercularis [operculum frontale]. Part of inferior frontal gyrus lying behind the ascending 15 11 Inferior (inferolateral) margin. Margo inferior ramus and covering the insula. A (inferolateralis). Inferolateral border of a hemisphere between the superolateral and inferior 32 Orbital part. Pars orbitalis. Part of the inferior 16 surfaces. B frontal gyrus located below the anterior ramus of the lateral sulcus. A 12 Medial (inferomedial) margin. Margo medialis 17 (inferomedialis). Inferomedial border of either 33 Triangular part. Pars triangularis. Portion of hemisphere between the inferior and medial the inferior frontal gyrus located between the surfaces. B anterior and descending rami of the lateral sul- 18 cus. Region of the motor speech center of Broca. [[Fissura limitans]]. 13 Fissure between the insula A and opercula. The floor of this cleft, the sulcus 19 limitans, receives the insula. 14 Cerebral hemisphere. Hemispharium (cere- 20 bralis). Half of the telencephalon. B 15 Superolateral surface of hemisphere. Facies 21 superolateralis hemispherii. Upper and lateral surface of the hemisphere. B 22 16 Central sulcus. Sulcus centralis. Furrow located between the pre- and postcentral gyri and between the frontal and parietal lobes. A 23 17 Lateral sulcus. Sulcus lateralis. Deep cleft passing superiorly between the temporal and frontal 24 lobes and inferiorly between the temporal and parietal lobes. 25 18 Anterior ramus. Ramus anterior. Short anteriorly directed branch of the lateral sulcus. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 307

1 26 16 2 27 25 28 24 3 22 4 30 19 23 5 29 18 31 33 20 6 32 7

8 A Brain, lateral view 9

12 10 7 13

14 15 15

14 16

17 8 9 18

11 22 12 B Brain, frontal section 23

1 Parietal lobe. Lobus parietalis. It is bounded 17 Transverse temporal sulci. Sulci temporales 1 anteriorly by the central sulcus, posteriorly by transversi. Transverse furrows between the the parieto-occipital sulcus. A transverse temporal gyri in the floor of the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus. C 2 2 Postcentral sulcus. Sulcus postcentralis. Poste- rior boundary of the postcentral gyrus. A 18 Transverse temporal gyri. Gyri temporales transversi [Heschl’s transverse convolutions]. 3 Postcentral gyrus. Gyrus postcentralis. Pre- 3 2−4 transverse convolutions in the floor of the dominantly sensory area of the parietal lobe posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus. Acoustic that lies between the central and postcentral center. C 4 sulci. A 19 Superior temporal gyrus. Gyrus temporalis su- 4 Superior parietal lobule. Lobulus parietalis superior. A C 5 perior. Upper half of parietal lobe situated behind the postcentral gyrus and above the intra- 20 Temporal operculum. Operculum temporale. parietal sulcus. A Part of superior temporal gyrus which covers 6 the insula. A 5 Intraparietal sulcus. Sulcus intraparietalis. In- constant sagittal furrow between the superior 21 Superior temporal sulcus. Sulcus temporalis 7 and inferior parietal lobulus. A superior. Cleft between the superior and middle temporal gyri. A 6 Inferior parietal lobue. Lobulus parietalis infe- 8 rior. Lower half of parietal lobe situated behind 22 Middle temporal gyrus. Gyrus temporalis me- the postcentral gyrus and below the intra- dius. A C 9 parietal sulcus. A 23 Inferior temporal sulcus. Sulcus temporalis in- 7 Frontoparietal operculum. Operculum fron- ferior. Cleft between the middle and inferior temporal gyri. A 10 toparietale. Part of the cerebral segment located above the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus 24 Inferior temporal gyrus. Gyrus temporalis in- and covering the insula. It extends toward the ferior. A 11 occiput and approaches the site where the posterior ramus turns upward. A 25 Insula (insular lobe). Lobus insularis (insula). Originally exposed cerebral cortex overlapped 12 8 Supramarginal gyrus. Gyrus supramarginalis. during ontogenesis. It lies on the floor of the Convolution curving around the posterior end of lateral cerebral fossa. B the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus. A 13 26 Insular gyri. Gyri insulae. Gyri on the surface of 9 Angular gyrus. Gyrus angularis. Convolution the insula. curving around the posterior end of the superior 27 Short gyri of insula Gyri breves insulae. 14 temporal sulcus. A Short gyri located in the upper portion of the in- 10 Occipital lobe. Lobus occipitalis. It is insula. B completely bounded by the parietal and 15 28 Long gyrus of insula. Gyrus longus insulae. parieto-occipital sulci and the pre-occipital in- Long horizontal convolution located below the cisure. A 16 short gyri. B 11 Occipital pole. Polus occipitalis. Posterior end of 29 Limen insulae. Terminal portion of the insular occipital lobe. A 17 directed anteroinferiorly toward the anterior 12 Transverse occipital sulcus. Sulcus occipitalis perforated substance. It is covered by the middle transversus. Continuation of the intraparietalis cerebral artery. B 18 sulcus on the occipital lobe. A 30 Central sulcus of insula. Sulcus centralis in- 13 Lunate sulcus. Sulcus lunatus. Sometimes con- sulae. Cleft between the long and short gyri of 19 spicuous semilunar furrow that forms the ante- the insula. B rior boundary of the visual cortex. It lies on the 31 Circular sulcus of insula. Sulcus circularis in- superolateral surface of the cerebrum near the 20 sulae. Limiting furrow of the insula. It is inter- occipital pole of the hemisphere at the posterior rupted by the limen insulae. B end of the calcarine fissure. A 21 14 Preoccipital incisure. Incisura preoccipitalis. Notch near the inferolateral edge of the cerebral 22 hemisphere that marks the boundary between the occipital and temporal lobes. On the bony skull it is marked by the site where the petrous 23 ridge enters the lateral wall of the skull. A 15 Temporal lobe. Lobus temporalis. It is bounded 24 superiorly by the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus. A 25 16 Temporal pole. Polus temporalis. Anterior end of temporal lobe. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 309

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20 6 19 10 11 21 15 7 22 13 16 14 8 23 24 9

10 17 11 18 19 22 12 A Cerebrum, lateral view 13 C Heschl convolutions 14

27 31 16

25 19

20 30 28 31 29 21

23 B Insula 24

1 Medial and inferior surfaces of a cerebral 18 Collateral sulcus. Sulcus collateralis. Furrow 1 hemisphere. Facies medialis et inferior between the parahippocampal and medial oc- hemispherii cerebri. cipitotemporal gyri extending into the occipital 2 2 Sulcus of corpus callosum. Sulcus corporis cal- lobe. A B losi. Cleft between the corpus callosum and the 19 Rhinal sulcus. Sulcus rhinalis. Continuation of cingulate gyrus. A the collateral sulcus occasionally present lateral 3 3 Cingulate gyrus. Gyrus cinguli (cingulatum). to the uncus. A B Convolution between the cingulate sulcus and 20 Medial occipitotemporal gyrus. Gyrus occipi- 4 sulcus of the corpus callosum coursing parallel totemporalis medialis. Basal convolution be- to the corpus callosum. It is part of the limbic tween the collateral and occipitotemporal sulci. 5 cortex. A AB 4 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Isthmus gyri cin- 21 Occipitotemporal sulcus. Sulcus occipitotem- guli (cingulatus). Constricted area where the poralis. Cleft between the medial and lateral oc- 6 cingulate gyrus connects with the parahippo- cipitotemporal gyri located on the inferior sur- campal gyrus posterior and inferior to the face of the brain lateral to the collateral sulcus. A 7 splenium of the corpus callosum. A B 5 Cingulate sulcus. Sulcus cinguli (cingulatus). 22 Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus. Gyrus occipi- Furrow bounding the anterior portion of cingu- totemporalis lateralis. Convolution adjoining 8 late gyrus anteriorly and superiorly. A the occipitotemporal sulcus laterally. At the in- 6 Subparietal sulcus. Sulcus subparietalis. Fur- ferior margin of the temporal lobe it becomes 9 row bounding the posterior portion of the cin- continuous with the inferior temporal gyrus gulate gyrus superiorly and posteriorly. A without interruption. A B 10 7 Medial frontal gyrus. Gyrus frontalis medialis. 23 Gyrus rectus. Elongated convolution located Convolution superior to the medial surface of above the orbit at its medial margin. B the frontal lobe, bounded inferiorly by the cin- 24 Olfactory sulcus. Sulcus olfactorius. Groove for 11 gulate sulcus. A the olfactory tract on the inferior surface of the 8 Paracentral lobule. Lobulus paracentralis. frontal lobe. B Hooklike connection between the pre- and 12 25 Orbital gyri. Gyri orbitales. Frontal convolu- postcentral gyri on the medial surface. A tions located lateral to the gyrus rectus. 9 Precuneus. Precuneus.3 Area in front of the 26 Orbital sulci. Sulci orbitales. Furrows between 13 parieto-occipital sulcus. Anteriorly; it is partly the oribtal gyri. B bounded by the subparietal sulcus. A Olfactory brain. 14 10 Parieto-occipital sulcus. Sulcus parieto-occipi- 26 a Rhinencephalon. talis. Deep cleft in front of the cuneus separating 27 Olfactory bulb. Bulbus olfactorius. Knob-like 15 the occipital and parietal lobes. A enlargement containing dendrite-rich mitral 11 Cuneus. Portion of the brain located between cells at the beginning of the olfactory tract. B the calcarine and parieto-occipital sulci. A 28 Olfactory tract. Tractus olfactorius. Connec- 16 12 Calcarine sulcus. Sulcus calcarinus. Deep fur- tion between the olfactory bulb and trigone on row below the cuneus near the primary visual the inferior surface of the frontal lobe. B 17 area. Anteriorly, it meets the parieto-occipital 29 Olfactory trigone. Trigonum olfactorium. Tri- sulcus at an acute angle. A angular widening at the end of the olfactory 18 13 Dentate gyrus. Gyrus dentatus. Curved convo- tract. B lution of gray matter with a serrated appearance 30 Medial and lateral olfactory striae. Striae ol- due to numerous indentations. It forms the infe- factoriae medialis et lateralis. Diverging fiber 19 rior continuation of the fasciolar gyrus, reaches bundles of the olfactory tract radiating fanlike at up to the medial surface of the uncus and lies be- the olfactory trigone. B tween the hippocampus and parahippocampal 31 Medial and lateral olfactory gyri. Gyri olfac- 20 gyrus. A torii medialis et lateralis. Cellular continuations 14 Hippocampal sulcus. Sulcus hippocampi (hip- of the corresponding olfactory striae. 21 pocampalis). Furrow situated between the parahippocampal and dentate gyri. It joins the uncus 22 anteriorly. A 15 Parahippocampal gyrus. Gyrus hippocampi (parahippocampalis). Thick convolution located 23 below the hippocampal sulcus. A B 16 Uncus. Hooklike structure on the anterior end 24 of the parahippocampal gyrus. A B 17 Lingual gyrus. Gyrus lingualis. Occipitally 25 directed continuation of the parahippocampal gyrus. A B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 311

2 5 7 8 3

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2 5 6 10 6 4 11 14 7 13 12 17 16 18 8 15 20 9 22

19 21 10 A Cerebrum, medial view 11

26 12

13 24 27 23 14 25 28 15 29 30 19 16

16 17

21 18 18 15 19 20 22 20

17 22

B Base of brain 24 25

1 Olfactory brain. Its comprised of the substantia 18 Gyrus fasciolaris. Convolution that passes 1 perforata anterior, stria diagonalis, area subcal- around the splenium of the corpus callosum and losa and gyrus paraterminalis. forms a connection between the longitudinal 2 2 Anterior perforated substance. Substantia striae, including the indusium griseum and den- perforata anterior. Area posterior to the ol- tate gyrus. B factory trigone with perforations for the passage 19 Lamina terminalis. Thin walled, anterior border 3 of cerebral vessels. A of the 3rd ventricle. A B 3 Diagonal stria (band) of Broca. Stria diagonalis 20 Anterior commissure. Commissura anterior. 4 [Broca]. Bundle of myelinated fibers often Anterior, transverse connection between the coursing obliquely over the anterior perforated right and left halves of the cerebrum. It lies be- 5 substance. It connects the precommissural sep- hind the lamina terminalis and is visible in the tum with the uncus. A most anterior segment of the 3rd ventricle. A 4 Subcallosal area. Area subcallosa. Area on the 21 Fornix. Curved bundle of fibers that pass in both 6 medial surface of the frontal lobe situated below directions between the mamillary body and the genu and rostrum of the corpus callosum. A hippocampus. B 7 5 Paraterminal gyrus. Gyrus paraterminalis. 22 Crus of fornix. Crus. The posterior limb of the Convolution on the medial surface below the fornix that arises from the hippocampus as the rostrum and in front of the laminal terminalis. A hippocampal fimbria, circles around the pulvi- 8 nar and unites with the contralateral limb to 6 Corpus callosum. Massive transverse fibers form the body of the fornix. B 9 connecting the right and left hemispheres at the base of the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum. 23 Body of fornix. Corpus. Unparied middle part of ABC fornix situated below the corpus callosum and formed by the union of both crura. B 10 7 Splenium. Thick, free posterior end of the corpus callosum. B 24 Tenia. Taenia. Thin, lateral margin of the fornix that gives attachment to the choroid plexus of 11 8 Trunk. Truncus. Portion of corpus callosum be- the lateral ventricle. B tween the splenium and genu. B 25 Column. Columna. Anterior part of the fornix lo- 12 9 Genu. Bend in the corpus callosum located ante- cated partly in the lateral wall of the 3rd ven- riorly above the rostrum. B tricle. It extends as far as the mamillary body. B 13 10 Rostrum. Anterior end of corpus callosum that 26 Commissure. Commissura. Triangular connect- tapers inferiorly to a point where it joins the ing plate situated between the crura of the for- lamina terminalis. B nix below the posterior part of the corpus callo- 14 11 Radiation of corpus callosum. Radiatio cor- sum. It contains fibers crossing from the hippo- poris callosi. Fibers radiating from the corpus campal fimbriae of both sides. B 15 callosum to the cerebral cortex. A D 27 Septum pellucidum (lucidum). Bilayered, thin 12 Forceps minor. Forceps frontalis (minor). U- plate extending between the corpus callosum 16 shaped fibers passing through the genu of the and fornix. It separates the anterior horns of the corpus callosum and connecting the frontal lateral ventricles from one another. B lobes. D 28 Cavity of septum pellucidum. Cavum septi pel- 17 lucidi. Enclosed cavity of variable size between 13 Forceps major. Forceps occipitalis (major). U- the two laminae of the septum pellucidum. B shaped fibers passing through the splenium of 18 the corpus callosum and connecting the poste- 29 Lamina of septum pellucidum. Lamina septi rior parts of the occipital lobes. D pellucidi. Paired sheet forming the septum pellucidum and the lateral wall of its cavity. B 19 14 Tapetum. Continuous layer of fibers arching laterally and inferiorly from the corpus callosum 30 Precommissural septum. Septum precommis- and forming the lateral wall of the inferior and surale. Area on the free medial surface of the 20 posterior horns of the lateral ventricle as well as frontal lobe in front of the lamina terminalis. the roof of the posterior horn. C 21 15 Indusium griseum. Thin layer of gray matter on the superior surface of the corpus callosum. B C 22 16 Medial longitudinal stria. Stria longitudinalis medialis. A medial longitudinal band of white fibers in the indusium griseum. It is part of the 23 olfactory brain. B C 17 Lateral longitudinal stria. Stria longitudinalis 24 lateralis. Paired longitudinal stripe embedded in the indusium griseum and covered laterally 25 by the cingulate gyrus. It is part of the olfactory brain. B C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 313

11 2 11 3 6 20 4 6 4 5 4 5 19 4 2 11 3 6 A Radiation of corpus callosum and cingulum 7

9 6 16 17 10

8 11 28 9 29 12 27 23 13 26

10 7 14 25 21 24 18 15 19 22 16

17 B Fornix with crura and pellucid septum, 18 obliquely from behind 19 17

16 20 6 11 14 21

12 22 13 23

24 C Tapetum D Major and minor forceps 25

1 Lateral ventricle. Ventriculus lateralis. Paired 15 Collateral trigone. Trigonum collaterale. 1 ventricle which communicates with the third Broadened triangular area near the beginning of ventricle via the interventricular foramen. It the collateral eminence at the border between 2 consists of the pars centralis and three horns the inferior and posterior horns. C (anterior, posterior, inferior). A 16 Hippocampus. Enlongated elevation in the infe- 2 Central part. Pars centralis. Middle portion of rior horn formed by the hippocampal sulcus. It is 3 lateral ventricle located above the thalamus and a specifically structured part of the rhinen- below the corpus callosum. It contains a part of cephalon. C 4 the choroid plexus. A 17 Pes. Foot like elevation at the anterior end of the 3 Interventricular foramen. Foramen inter- hippocampus. C ventriculare. Passage behind and below the 18 Alveus. Thin layer of white matter on the hippo- 5 genu of the fornix through which the lateral and campus. C third ventricles communicate. D 19 Fimbria. Bundle of white fibers emanating from 6 4 Anterior horn. Cornu frontale (anterius). Part of the alveus and passing medially and upward on the lateral ventricle that extends forward from the hippocampus to continue into the fornix as the interventricular foramen. It is bounded me- 7 its crus. C dially by the septum pellucidum, laterally by the 19 a Sections of the telencephalon. Sectiones telen- head of the caudate nucleus, superiorly by the cephalici. 8 trunk of the corpus callosum, anteriorly and inferiorly by the genu and rostrum of the corpus 20 Archicortex (archipallium). Archaecortex. Phy- callosum. A logenetically speaking, this is an older part of 9 the cerebral cortex. Unlike the neocortex, it has 5 Posterior horn. Cornu occipitale (posterius). three instead of six layers and is formed by the Part of the lateral ventricle that extends into the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. occipital lobe. A 10 21 Paleocortex. Palaeocortex. Oldest part of cere- 6 Inferior horn. Cornu temporale (inferius). Part bral cortex originally derived from the piriform of the lateral ventricle that accompanies the lobe. 11 hippocampus laterally and contains a part of the choroid plexus. A 22 Neocortex. The largest part of the cerebral cortex comprised of six layers. 12 7 Stria terminalis. Longitudinal band of myelinated fibers located in the angle between the 22 a Mesocortex. Incompletely differentiated zone thalamus and caudate nucleus above the in the region of the insular cortex with visceral 13 thalamostriate vein. It arises from the amyg- functions. daloid body. B 14 8 Lamina affixa. Floor of lateral ventricle between the stria terminalis and tenia choroidea. B 15 9 Choroid fissure. Fissura choroidea. Cleft between the thalamus and fornix for passage of the choroid plexus into the lateral ventricle. In 16 the inferior horn it lies between the fimbria of the hippocampus and the stria terminalis. B 17 10 Tenia choroidea. Taenia choroidea. Line of attachment of the lateral choroid plexus to the thalamus. It becomes visible after removal of the 18 choroid plexus. B 11 Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle. Plexus 19 choroideus ventriculi lateralis. Highly vascularized, fringelike villous folds that protrude into the lateral ventricle through the choroid fis- 20 sure. They extend anteriorly to the interventricular foramen and posteriorly into the inferior 21 horn. B 12 Bulb of posterior horn. Bulbus cornus occipitalis (posterioris). Enlargement on the medial 22 side of the posterior horn caused by fibers of the splenium of the corpus callosum. C 23 13 Calcar avis. Enlargement on the medial side of the posterior horn produced by the calcarine fissure. C 24 14 Collateral eminence. Eminentia collateralis. Elevation in the lateral floor of the inferior horn 25 near the hippocampus. It is caused by the collateral sulcus. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 315

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A Right and left lateral ventricles 10 with left caudate nucleus 11

7 9 12 8 11 10 3 13

15 D Interventricular foramen 16 B Thalamus with fornix 17

12 19

13 20 15 21 14 19 16 22 16 17 23

C Left hippocampus 18 24

1 Sections through telencephalon. Sectiones tel- 16 Superior longitudinal fasciculus. Fasciculus 1 encephali. longitudinalis superior. Largest bundle of association fibers in the cerebrum, extending from 2 Cerebral cortex. Cortex cerebralis (pallium). the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe via the 2 Gray matter, 1.5−4.5 mm thick, consisting occipital lobe. E mainly of the following six layers. A 17 Inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Fasciculus 3 3 Molecular (plexiform) layer. 1st layer. Lamina longitudinalis inferior. Bundle of association molecularis (plexiformis). It contains a few tan- fibers connecting the temporal and occipital gential cells and a thick network of tangential lobes. E 4 fibers from dendrites of pyramidal cells and 18 Uncinate fasciculus. Fasciculus uncinatus. As- axons of other cells. None of its projections ex- sociation fibers connecting the inferior surface tend beyond the cerebral cortex. A 5 of the frontal lobe and the anterior part of the 4 External granular layer. 2nd layer. Lamina temporal lobe. E 6 granularis externa. A layer of small cells in a fine 19 Radiation of corpus callosum. Radiatio cor- fiber network. A poris callosi. Fibers connecting the right and left cerebral cortices. See also p. 312.11−14. C 7 5 External pyramidal layer (pyramidal cell layer). 3rd layer. Lamina pyramidalis externa. It 20 Basal nuclei. Nuclei basales. Basal ganglion. contains medium-sized pyramidal cells which 21 Corpus striatum. The striate body, which is 8 do not form long tracts. A comprised of basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and 6 Internal granular layer. 4th layer. Lamina granu- putamen) united by bundles of gray matter. 9 laris interna. It consists predominantly of Central synaptic station of the extrapyramidal closely packed stellate cells and receives im- system. D pulses primarily from thalamocortical fibers. Its 22 Caudate nucleus. Nucleus caudatus. Elongated, 10 stria is comprised of densely stratified tangen- arched nucleus that arises from the ganglionic tial fibers. A mass of the telencephalon and curves around 11 7 Internal pyramidal (ganglionic) layer. 5th layer. the thalamus. Lamina pyramidalis interna (ganglionaris). It 23 Head of caudate nucleus. Caput [[nuclei caudati]]. Anteriorly situated structure that forms 12 contains larger pyramidal cells and is the exit of the corticonuclear and corticospinal tracts in the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral the corresponding regions of areas 4 and 6. A ventricle. B D 13 8 Multiform (fusiform) layer. 6th layer. Lamina 24 Body of caudate nucleus. Corpus [[nuclei cau- multiformis. Poorly defined layer made up of dati]]. Middle part of caudate nucleus lying on 14 many, mostly small, fusiform cells extending the thalamus. B D into the white matter. A 25 Tail of caudate nucleus. Cauda [[nuclei caudati]]. It accompanies the inferior horn and 15 9 Tangential fibers. Neurofibrae tangentiales. Su- forms the tapering posterior and inferior seg- perficial fiber complex comprised of the follow- ments of the caudate nucleus. D ing four layers. 16 26 Lentiform nucleus. Nucleus lentiformis (lentic- 10 Stria of molecular layer. Stria laminae ularis). Part of the corpus striatum that arises molecularis (plexiformis). Band of tangential from the telencephalon and diencephalon. D st 17 fibers in the 1 layer of the cerebral cortex. A 27 Putamen. Lateral, telencephalic portion of the 11 Stria of external granular layer. Stria laminae lentiform nucleus. B 18 granularis externa. Thinner band of tangential 28 Lateral medullary lamina. Lamina medullaris fibers in the 2nd layer of the cerebral cortex. A lateralis. Medullary layer of the corpus striatum 19 12 Stria of internal granular layer. Stria laminae situated between the globus pallidus and puta- granularis interna. Band of tangential fibers in men. B the 4th layer of the cerebral cortex [[outer stripe 29 Lateral globus pallidus. Globus pallidus later- 20 of Baillarger]]. A alis. Part of the diencephalic globus pallidus located between the lateral and medial medullary 13 Stria of internal pyramidal layer. Stria laminae. B 21 laminae pyramidalis interna (ganglionaris). Band of tangential fibers in the 5th layer of the 30 Medial medullary lamina. Lamina medullaris cerebral cortex [[inner stripe of Baillarger]]. A medialis. Medullary layer between the medial 22 and lateral parts of the globus pallidus. B 14 Arcuate fibers of cerebrum. Fibrae arcuatae 31 Medial globus pallidus. Globus pallidus medi- 23 cerebri. Arcuate fibers connecting the adjacent alis. Part of the globus pallidus located medial to cerebral gyri. F the medial medullary lamina. B 15 Cingulum. Fiber bundle lying in the medulla of 32 Claustrum. Layer of gray matter between the 24 the cingulate gyrus. It arises from the area sublentiform nucleus and the insular cortex. B callosa, arches around the corpus callosum, 25 passes the splenium and extends anteriorly up to the uncus. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 317

1 3 10 2 4 11 3 23 4 5 24 32 2729 31 5 27 30 29 31 32 28 6 30 28 6 12 7 B Horizontal and frontal 7 sections of the brain 8 13 9

19 10 8 15 11 19 12 19 13

15 A Cerebral cortex C Radiation of corpus Cells at left callosum and cingulum Medullary sheaths at right 16 16 17

19 24 18 17 20 23 21 26 E Association pathways 21

25 22

14 23

D Lateral ventricle 24 with left striate body F Arcuate fibers 25

1 Amygdaloid body (amygdala). Corpus amyg- 16 Corticorubral fibers. Fibrae corticorubrales. Fibers 1 daloideum. Ovoid group of nuclei in front of the in- extending from the frontal lobe to the red nucleus. ferior horn of the lateral ventricle that communi- B 2 cates with the medial cerebral cortex. It forms part 17 Corticoreticular fibers. Fibrae corticoreticulares. of the rhinencephalon, has some autonomic func- Fibers passing from the region in front of and be- tions, and influences emotional behavior. D hind the central sulcus to the reticular formation. 3 2 Anterior amygdaloid area. Area amygdaloidea B anterior. Anterior group of cells directed toward 18 Corticothalamic fibers. Fibrae corticothalamicae. the anterior perforated substance. It receives Part of the thalamic radiation in the thalamus. B 4 fibers from the lateral olfactory tract. The diago- 19 Thalamoparietal fibers. Fibrae thalamoparietales. nal band of Broca arises from this area. D Nerve fibers that project from the cerebral cortex 5 3 Basolateral part. Pars basolateralis. In humans, to the thalamus. B it contains the largest group of nuclei of the 20 Central thalamic radiations. Radiationes thalam- amygdala complex. It receives no olfactory fibers icae centrales. Nerve fibers that radiate from the 6 but has projections to the hypothalamus, hippo- superior portion of the cerebral cortex to the campus and other parts of the brain, as well as thalamus. B See also p. 302.2. 7 with the stria terminalis. D 21 Sublentiform part. Pars sublentiformis. Portion 4 Corticomedial part. Pars corticomedialis [olfac- of internal capsule lying below the posterior part toria]. Smaller superomedially directed group of of the lentiform nucleus. A B 8 nuclei that receives fibers from the olfactory tract 22 Optic radiation [[Gratioleti]]. Radiatio optica. Fiber and is involved in the formation of the stria ter- tract that radiates from the lateral geniculate body minalis. D to the area striata in the occipital lobe. A B 9 5 Extreme capsule. Capsula extrema. White matter 23 Acoustic radiation. Radiatio acustica. Auditory tract between the cortex of the insula and the that radiates from the medial geniculate body to 10 claustrum. A B the transverse temporal gyrus [[Heschl]]. A B 6 External capsule. Capsula externa. White matter 24 Corticotectal fibers. Fibrae corticotectales. Con- between the claustrum and lentiform nucleus. A B necting fibers between the cerebral cortex and the 11 tectum. B 7 Internal capsule. Capsula interna. Very important conduction band lying medial to the lentiform nu- 25 Temporopontine fibers. Fibrae temporopontinae. 12 cleus and lateral to the thalamus and caudate nu- Fibers of the cerebropontocerebellar tract that cleus. A arise from the temporal lobe. B 26 Retrolentiform part. Pars retrolentiformis. Por- 8 Anterior limb of internal capsule. Crus anterius tion of internal capsule situated occipital to the 13 capsulae internae. Structure lying between the lentiform nucleus. A B lentiform nucleus and the head of the caudate nucleus. A 27 Posterior thalamic radiations. Radiationes thalam- 14 icae posteriores. B 9 Anterior thalamic radiations. Radiationes 28 Parieto-occipitopontine fasciculus. Fasciculus thalamicae anteriores. It contains fibers that con- parieto-occipitopontinus. Portion of cerebropon- 15 nect the frontal lobe and the medial nucleus of the tocerebellar tract arising from the parietal and thalamus, as well as the anterior nucleus of the occipital lobes. B 16 thalamus and the anterior region of the cingulate gyrus. B 29 Corona radiata. Fibers of the internal capsule radiating fanlike in all directions toward the cere- 10 Frontopontine tract. Tractus frontopontinus. bral cortex. A 17 Fibers extending from the frontal lobe to the nuclei 30 Anterior commissure. Commisura anterior. It lies of the pons. B in front of the column of the fornix and is readily 18 11 Genu of internal capsule.Genu capsulae internae. visible in the anterior wall of the third ventricle. A It lies between the anterior and posterior limbs of C the internal capsule and forms part of the lateral 31 Anterior part. Pars anterior. It radiates into the 19 wall of the ventricular system. A B area subcallosa and is part of the phylogenetic 12 Corticonuclear tract. Tractus corticonuclearis. rhinencephalon. C 20 Part of the pyramidal tract passing into the motor 32 Posterior part. Pars posterior. Larger portion of nuclei of the cranial nerves. B anterior commisure that connects the two tem- 13 Posterior limb of internal capsule. Crus posterius poral lobes. C 21 capsulae internae. The part of the internal capsule 33 Association neurofibers. Neurofibrae associa- that separates the lentiform nucleus from the tiones. Association fibers connecting adjacent or thalamus and body of caudate nucleus. A 22 distant parts of the same side of the cerebrum. 14 Thalamolentiform part. Pars thalamolenti- They form some of the above-named tracts, e. g., formis. Portion of the posterior limb of the internal cingulum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, etc. 23 capsule that extends up to the posterior margin of 34 Commissural neurofibers. Neurofibrae commis- the lentiform nucleus. B surales. They connect equivalent structures of 15 Corticospinal fibers. Fibrae corticospinales. Part of contralateral hemispheres. 24 the pyramidal tract that is organized somatotopi- 35 Projecting neurofibers. Neurofibrae projec- cally in such a way that the fibers for the most tiones. They form the longer tracts, e. g., py- 25 caudal region of the body lie farthest toward the ramidal tract, optic and acoustic radiations, occiput. B thalamic radiation. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Brain 319

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8 6 4 11 29 5 A Frontal and stepped horizontal 13 7 cut through cerebrum 5 23 6 26 5 6

7 22 21 910 8

10 12 11 5 11 15 12 16; 17 6 30 21 18 13 19 14 14 23 20 31 24 15 25 32 28 26 16

27 17 B Internal capsule C Fornix with anterior commissure of cerebrum 22 18

2 4 20

21 3 1 22

D Amygdaloid body 24

1 Peripheral nervous system. Pars peripherica 14 Decussation of trochlear nerve. Decussatio 1 (systema nervosum periphericum). The periph- nervorum trochlearium. The crossing of eralpartofthenervoussystemwhichincludesall trochlear nerve fibers in the superior medul- 2 peripheral conducting tracts (nerves). The lary velum. B border between it and the central nervous sys- 15 TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V). N. trigeminus [V]. Fifth temliesatthesurfaceofthebrainandspinalcord. cranial nerve (nerve of the 1st pharyngeal arch). 3 2 CRANIAL NERVES. Nervi craniales (en- Nerve that exits laterally from the pons with cephalici). The 12 pairs of nerves connected two groups of fibers, supplies the masticatory 4 with the brain. With the exception of the muscles and provides sensory innervation to trochlear (IV), all of them emerge from the base the face. B C of the brain and exit through the base of the 16 Sensory root of trigeminal nerve. Radix sen- 5 skull (in contrast to the spinal nerves). Area of soria [portio major]. Sensory part which exits distribution: head, neck, as well as the thorax from the pons caudally and enters the trigemi- 6 and abdomen (via vagus nerve). nal ganglion. C 3 OLFACTORY NERVE (I). Nn. olfactorii (I). First 17 Trigeminal (semilunar, gasserian) ganglion. cranial nerve, which is formed by about 20 Ganglion trigeminale [[semilunare; Gasseri]]. 7 small bundles of nonmyelinated axons from the Semilunar ganglion that is equivalent to a spi- olfactory cells. It passes through the cribriform nal ganglion. It is located in an outpocketing of 8 plate of the ethmoid into the olfactory bulb the subarachnoid space (cavum trigeminale) (synaptic site). A above the foramen lacerum at the medial, ante- 4 OPTIC NERVE (II). N. opticus [II]. Second cranial rior border of the petrous part of the temporal 9 nerve which leaves the eyeball medial to the bone. C posterior optic pole and extends up to the optic 18 Motor root. Radix motoria [portio minor]. 10 chiasm. B C Motor portion of trigeminal nerve for innerva- 5 OCULOMOTOR NERVE (III). N. oculomotorius tion of the masticatory muscles. It is situated [III]. Third cranial nerve, which exits from the cranially at the exit of the trigeminal nerve and 11 sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral below the trigeminal ganglion. C peduncle. This motor nerve (somatic and 19 Ophthalmic nerve. N. ophthalmicus. First divi- 12 visceral) passes into the orbit through the su- sion (branch) of trigeminal nerve. It passes perior orbital fissure. B C through the superior orbital fissure. C 6 Superior ramus (division). Ramus superior. 20 Tentorial (meningeal) branch. Ramus ten- 13 Superior branch for the superior rectus and le- torii (meningeus). Recurrent nerve for the ten- vator palpebrae superioris muscles. B torium cerebelli and falx cerebri. C 14 7 Inferior ramus (division). Ramus inferior. In- 21 Lacrimal nerve. N. lacrimalis. Passes laterally ferior branch for the medial and inferior recti through the superior orbital fissure and sup- and inferior oblique muscles. B plies the lacrimal gland, conjunctiva and lateral 15 8 Ciliary ganglion. Ganglion ciliare. Located portion of upper eyelid. C about 2 cm behind the eyeball and lateral to the 22 Communicating ramus with zygomatic 16 optic nerve. This parasympathetic ganglion nerve. Ramus communicans [cum. n. zygomat- serves as a relay station for fibers innervating ico]. Connection to the zygomatic nerve with the ciliary and sphincter pupillae muscles. B autonomic fibers extending from the pterygo- 17 9 Parasympathetic (motor) root. Radix para- palatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland. C sympathetica (oculomotoria). Branch of the 23 Frontal nerve. N. frontalis. Nerve that enters 18 oculomotor nerve with preganglionic, para- the orbit through the superior orbital fissure. It sympathetic fibers projecting to the ciliary gan- lies on the levator palpebrae superioris and glion. B continues toward the forehead. C; see also 19 10 Short ciliary nerves. Nn. ciliares breves. p. 323 A Several (up to 20) nerves penetrating the sclera 24 Supraorbital nerve. N. supraorbitalis. Thickest 20 above and below the optic nerve and carrying branch of the frontal nerve. It supplies the con- postganglionic, parasympathetic and sympa- junctiva, upper eyelid, frontal sinus and the thetic fibers. B 21 skin of the forehead. C 11 Sympathetic root. Radix sympathetica. Fine, 25 Lateral branch. Ramus lateralis. It passes postganglionic fiber tract from the internal through the supra-orbital notch. C 22 carotid plexus with no synapses in the ciliary 26 Medial branch. Ramus medialis. It passes medi- ganglion. B ally through the frontal notch. C 23 12 Sensory root. Radix sensoria (nasociliaris). 27 Supratrochlear nerve. N. supratrochlearis. Fine, long connection with afferent fibers to the Thin, medial branch of frontal nerve. It divides nasociliary nerve. B at the medial angle of the eye to form an as- 24 13 TROCHLEAR NERVE (IV). N. trochlearis [IV]. cending and descending branch. C Fourth cranial nerve. Thin nerve exiting dorsal 25 and caudal to the tectal lamina and supplying the superior oblique muscle. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Cranial nerves 321

3 3 4 3 5

A Olfactory nerve 7

6 9 12 11 4 13 5 10 8 14 11 10 9 12 15 13 7 14

B Oculomotor and trochlear nerves 24 16 26 25 17 23 21 27 18 5 20 4 22 19 19 322.1 18 20 16 21

23 15 17 24 C Ophthalmic nerve 25

1 Nasociliary nerve. N. nasociliaris. Most medial 16 a Parasympathetic root. Radix parasympathetica. 1 branch of the ophthalmic nerve. It courses below Communicates with the greater petrosal nerve. the superior rectus and between the superior ob- 16 b Sympathetic root. Radix sympathetica. Com- 2 lique and medial rectus. A municates with the deep petrosal nerve. 2 Communicating branch of nasociliary nerve 16 c Sensory root. Radix sensoria. Communicates with ciliary ganglion. Ramus communicans with the maxillary nerve. 3 [cum ganglio ciliari]. Any branch carrying sensory fibers from the eye through the ciliary 17 Orbital branches. Rami orbitales. Two to three ganglion to the nasociliary nerve. A fine rami which pass into the orbit through the in- 4 ferior orbital fissure, then through the bone to the 3 Long ciliary nerves. Nn. ciliares longi. Two long, posterior ethmoidal cells and to the sphenoidal fine twigs with sympathetic fibers supplying the sinus. B C 5 dilatator pupillae muscle and afferent fibers from the iris, ciliary body and cornea. A 18 Lateral posterior superior nasal branches. Rami nasales posteriores superiores laterales. Up 6 4 Posterior ethmoidal nerve. N. ethmoidalis to 10 fine rami which pass through the spheno- posterior. Thin nerve at the posterior end of the palatine foramen to the superior and middle nasal orbit supplying the sphenoidal sinus and poste- conchae and to the posterior ethmoidal cells. B 7 rior ethmoidal cells. A 19 Medial posterior superior nasal branches. 5 Anterior ethmoidal nerve. N. ethmoidalis ante- Rami nasales posteriores superiores mediales. 8 rior. Nerve that enters the cranial cavity (ex- Two to three branches which pass through the tradural part) through the anterior ethmoidal sphenopalatine foramen to the upper part of the foramen. It then courses through the cribriform nasal septum. C 9 plate of the ethmoid into the nasal cavity. A B C 20 Nasopalatine nerve. N. nasopalatinus [[incisi- 6 Nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve. Rami vus]]. It passes between the periosteum and mu- 10 nasales [n. ethmoidalis anterior]. Collective term cosa of the nasal septum, then through the incisive for the following four branches of the anterior canal to the anterior part of the palatine mucosa ethmoidal nerve. and the gingiva of the upper incisor teeth. C 11 7 Internal nasal branches. Rami nasales interni. 20 a Long nasopalatine nerve. Nervus nasopalatinus Rami that innervate the nasal mucosa in front of longus. the conchae and for the anterior nasal septum. B 12 20 b Branches to nasal septum. Rami septales nasales. 8 Lateral nasal branches. Rami nasales laterales. In- 20 c Short nasopalatine nerves. Nervi nasopalatini nervate the anterior part of lateral nasal wall. B 13 breves. 9 Medial nasal branches. Rami nasales mediales. In- 20 d Lateral nasal branches. Rami nasales laterales. nervate the anterior part of the nasal septum. C 20 e Branches to maxillary sinus. Rami sinus maxillaris. 14 10 External nasal branch. Ramus nasalis externus. In- nervates the skin on the tip of the nose and the 21 Pharyngeal nerve. Nervus pharyngeus. Fine nerve for the pharyngeal mucosa. B 15 nasal ala; it passes through the ethmoidal sulcus of the nasal bone. B 22 Greater palatine nerve. N. palatinus major. After 11 Infratrochlear nerve. N. infratrochlearis. It passing through the greater palatine canal, it 16 passes below the trochlea of the superior oblique courses through the corresponding foramen and at the inner angle of the eye and supplies the lacri- supplies the mucosa of the hard palate and its glands. B 17 mal sac, lacrimal caruncle and surrounding skin. A 12 Palpebral branches. Rami palpebrales. Rami for 23 Posterior inferior nasal branches. Rami nasales part of the upper and lower eyelids. A posteriores inferiores. Rami for the middle and in- 18 ferior nasal meatuses as well as the inferior nasal 13 Maxillary nerve. N. maxillaris. Second division concha. B (branch) of trigeminal nerve. It passes through the 19 foramen rotundum to the pterygopalatine fossa 24 Lesser palatine nerves. Nn. palatini minores. and subsequently through the inferior orbital fis- They travel in their respective, slender canals, exit sure into the orbit. A C through the lesser palatine foramina and supply the soft palate. B 20 14 Meningeal nerve. Ramus meningeus [medius]. Branch given off in front of the foramen rotundum. 24 a Tonsillar branches. Rami tonsillares. Branches to 21 It supplies the dura in the region of the frontal the palatine tonsil. branch of the middle meningeal artery. A 25 Zygomatic nerve. N. zygomaticus. It branches 15 Ganglionic branches. Rami ganglionici (ganglion- into the pterygopalatine fossa, passes through the 22 ares). Usually two rami from the pterygopalatine inferior orbital fissure to the lateral wall of the ganglion. They contain autonomic fibers for the orbit and provides an anastomotic branch to the 23 lacrimal gland and sensory fibers from the perios- lacrimal gland. A teum of the orbit. A 26 Zygomaticotemporal branch. Ramus zygomati- 16 Pterygopalatine ganglion. Ganglion pterygo- cotemporalis. It passes through the respective 24 palatinum. Parasympathetic ganglion located in foramen to the lateral wall of the orbit. A the corresponding fossa close to the spheno- 27 Zygomaticofacial branch. Ramus zygomtico- 25 palatine foramen. Their postganglionic fibers in- facialis. It passes through the corresponding fora- nervate the lacrimal and nasal glands. A B C men to the skin on the zygomatic bone. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Cranial nerves 323

511 1 14 2

3 320.23 3 2 12

25 4

6 13 15 16 26 7 27 14 8

9 5 A Nasociliary and maxillary nerves 10

17 11 7 16 12 10 18 8 13 21 22 23 14 24 15 B Pterygopalatine ganglion and anterior ethmoidal nerve 16

5 17

18 13 19 17 20 19 9 21 16 20 22 C Nerves of nasal septum 23

1 Infraorbital nerve. N. infraorbitalis. Terminal 17 Nerve to lateral pterygoid. N. pterygoideus 1 branch of maxillary nerve. It passes through the lateralis. Motor nerve for the corresponding inferior orbital fissure and corresponding sul- muscle. It frequently arises together with the 2 cus and foramen to the skin of the upper eyelid, buccal nerve. A nose, upper lip and cheek. C 18 Nerve to medial pterygoid. N. pterygoideus 2 Superior alveolar nerves. Nn. alveolares super- medialis. Motor nerve for the corresponding 3 iores. Branches to the maxillary teeth. muscle. It also sends small twigs to the tensor 3 Posterior superior alveolar branches. Rami veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. A 4 alveolares superiores posteriores. Two to three 19 Otic ganglion. Ganglion oticum. Parasympa- branches passing through the alveolar thetic ganglion located medial to the mandibu- foramina to the inner surface of the maxilla. lar nerve below the foramen ovale. It receives 5 They supply the maxillary sinus and the molars tributaries from the glossopharyngeal nerve via including their buccal gingiva. C the lesser petrosal nerve and sends secretory 6 4 Middle superior alveolar branch. R. alve- fibers to the parotid gland. B olaris superior medius. It courses through the 20 Ramus communicans [cum nervo ptery- 7 infraorbital sulcus to the maxilla and passes goideo mediali]. Branch which communicates along the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus up with the nerve to the medial pterygoid muscle. to the superior dental plexus. C B 8 5 Anterior superior alveolar branches. Rami 21 Nerve to tensor veli palatini muscle. N. alveolares superiores anteriores. They run in musculi tensoris veli palatini. It sometimes 9 their respective canals and via the superior arises from the nerve to the medial pterygoid dental plexus to the incisors, canines, pre- muscle. B molars and first molar tooth. C 22 Nerve to tensor tympani muscle. N. musculi 10 6 Superior dental plexus. Plexus dentalis superior. tensoris tympani. It also sometimes arises from Nerve plexus in the bone above the roots of the the nerve to the medial pterygoid muscle. B 11 teeth formed by the superior alveolar rami. C 23 Buccal nerve. N. buccalis. Sensory nerve for the 7 Superior dental branches. Rami dentales super- skin and mucosa of the cheek and the buccal 12 iores. Branches to the individual roots of the gingiva in the region of the first molar. A teeth. C 24 Auriculotemporal nerve. N. auriculotem- 8 Superior gingival branches. Rami gingivales su- poralis. It usually encircles the middle mening- 13 periores. Rami to the gingiva. C eal artery, sends a small branch to the temporo- 9 Inferior palpebral branches. Rami palpe- mandibular joint and then passes upward be- 14 brales inferiores. Rami given off to the lower tween the ear and superficial temporal artery eyelid outside of the infraorbital foramen. C to the skin of the temporal region. A 25 Nerve to external acoustic meatus. N. mea- 15 10 External nasal branches. Rami nasales externi. Branches to the outside of the nasal ala. C tus acustici externi. Usually two small branches for the skin of the external acoustic meatus. A 11 Internal nasal branches. Rami nasales interni. 16 Branches to the skin of the nasal vestibule. C 26 Fine branches to the tympanic membrane. Rami membranae tympani. A 12 Superior labial branches. Rami labiales su- 17 periores. Rami to the skin and mucosa of the 27 Parotid branches. Rami parotidei. Small upper lip. C branches supplying the parotid gland. A 18 13 Mandibular nerve. N. mandibularis. Third divi- 28 Branches communicating with the facial sion (branch) of the trigeminal nerve. It passes nerve. Rami communicantes [cum n. faciali]. through the foramen ovale and into the in- They carry parasympathetic fibers from the otic 19 fratemporal fossa. Besides sensory fibers, it ganglion to the parotid gland via the facial contains motor fibers for the masticatory nerve. A 20 muscles. A 29 Anterior auricular nerves. Nn. auriculares 14 Meningeal branch (nervus spinosus). Ramus anteriores. They supply the anterior surface of meningeus (n. spinosus). It passes through the the pinna. A 21 foramen spinosum accompanied by both 30 Superficial temporal rami. Rami temporales branches of the middle meningeal artery and superficialis. Branches supplying the skin of the 22 supplies the dura, a part of the sphenoidal sinus temporal region in front of and above the ear. A and the mastoid air cells. A 23 15 Masseteric nerve. N. massetericus. Motor nerve for the masseter muscle passing above the lateral pterygoid muscle and through the 24 mandibular notch. A 16 Deep temporal nerves. Nn. temporales pro- 25 fundi. Motor nerves passing to the temporalis muscle from below. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Cranial nerves 325

30 3

13 4 26 14 16 5 29 24 6 25 15 17 28 18 7 27 23 8

11 20 21 22 12 19 13 A Mandibular nerve 14

15 B Otic ganglion 16

10 1 18 9 19 3 4 11 20

5 21

6 6 22 7 8 12 7 8 23

24 C Maxillary nerve 25

1 Lingual nerve. N. lingualis. A branch of the 17 Otic ganglion. Ganglion oticum. Parasympa- 1 mandibular nerve that arches anteriorly be- thetic ganglion located medial to the mandibu- tween the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles lar nerve below the foramen ovale. It communi- 2 to the floor of the mouth where it lies near a cates with the glossopharyngeal nerve via the wisdom tooth directly below the mucosa. A B C lesser petrosal nerve and sends secretory fibers into the parotid gland. C 3 2 Branches to isthmus of the fauces. Rami isthmi faucium (rami fauciales). It also 18 ABDUCENT NERVE (VI). N. abducens [VI]. Sixth branches to the tonsils. A cranial nerve. It exits the brain in the angle be- 4 3 Communicating rami to the hypoglosal tween the pons and pyramid, penetrates the nerve. Rami communicantes [cum n. hypo- dura at the level of the middle of the clivus, glosso]. It lies on the hyoglossus muscle. A passes laterally into the cavernous sinus and 5 then through the inferior orbital fissure into 4 Communicating ramus to the chorda tym- the orbit where it supplies the rectus lateralis 6 pani nerve. Ramus communicans [cum chorda muscle. D tympani]. A 7 5 Sublingual nerve. N. sublingualis. It passes lateral to the sublingual gland into the mucosa of the floor of the mouth and into the gingiva of 8 the anterior mandibular teeth. A 6 Lingual branches. Rami linguales. Numerous 9 rami containing sensory and taste fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the lingual mucosa. A 10 7 Ganglionic branches. Rami ganglionares. Rami communicating with the submandibular ganglion. A 11 8 Submandibular ganglion. Ganglion submandibulare. Parasympathetic ganglion above or in 12 front of the submandibular gland. Synaptic station for preganglionic fibers of the chorda tympani with postganglionic fibers for the sublin- 13 gual and submandibular glands. A 9 Inferior alveolar nerve. N. alveolaris inferior. 14 Largest branch of mandibular nerve with sensory and motor components. It passes 1 cm 15 behind the lingual nerve and through the mandibular foramen into the mandibular canal. A B C 16 10 Mylohyoid nerve. N. mylohyoideus. Coursing in the mylohyoid groove and then below the 17 mylohyoid muscle, this motor nerve supplies the mylohyloid muscle and the anterior belly of 18 the digastric. A B C 11 Inferior dental plexus. Plexus dentalis inferior. Plexus of nerves within the mandibular 19 canal. B 12 Inferior dental branches. Rami dentales inferi- 20 ores. Rami for the mandibular teeth. B 13 Inferior gingival branches. Rami gingivales inferi- 21 ores. Rami for the buccal gingiva of the mandibular teeth (except for the first molar). B 22 14 Mental nerve. N. mentalis. Sensory nerve exiting from the mental foramen below the 2nd pre- 23 molar tooth. B 15 Mental branches. Rami mentales. Branches supplying the chin. B 24 16 Labial branches. Rami labiales. Branches supplying the lower lip. B 25 16 a Gingival branches. Rami gingivales. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Cranial nerves 327

9 4

1 5 4 10 6 2 7

8 8 6 1 5 7 9 9 10 10 3 11 A Lingual nerve 12 16a 12 11 16 13 15 14 B Inferior alveolar nerve 13 14 15

19 17 1 20 9 10 21

18 22

24 C Otic ganglion and branches D Abducent nerve 25

1 FACIAL NERVE (VII). N. facialis (n. intermedio- 19 Sensory root of facial nerve. N. intermedius. It 1 facialis) [VII]. Seventh cranial nerve (nerve of the arises from the brainstem independently be- 2nd pharyngeal arch). It exits between the pons tween the facial and vestibular nerves and trans- and olive, passes with the vestibulocochlear ports autonomic and taste fibers. After anasto- 2 nerve into the petrous temporal bone and leaves mosing with various vessels, it ultimately unites it through the stylomastoid foramen. It supplies with the facial nerve in the petrous part of the 3 the muscles of facial expression. A B C D temporal bone. D 2 Genu of facial nerve. Geniculum [n. facialis]. 20 Geniculate (facial) ganglion. Ganglion geniculi Bend in the facial nerve just below the anterior (geniculatum). Equivalent to a spinal ganglion 4 wall of the petrous temporal bone. A with pseudo-unipolar ganglion cells. It is located 3 Nerve to the stapedius. N. stapedius. Slender in the petrous part of the temporal bone at the 5 branch supplying the stapedius muscle. A bend of the facial nerve. It receives taste fibers from the chorda tympani. A 4 Communicating branch of facial never with 21 Chorda tympani. Nerve bundle with parasympa- 6 tympanic plexus. Ramus communicans [cum plexus tympanico]. A thetic fibers for the submandibular gland and sensory fibers from the taste buds occupying the 5 Communicating branch of facial nerve with 7 anterior two-thirds of the tongue. It returns to the vagus nerve. Ramus communicans [cum nervo tympanic cavity where it passes between the mal- vago]. Located directly below the stylomastoid leus and incus, then goes through the petrotym- 8 foramen. panic fissure [[Glaser] or sphenopetrosal fissure to 6 Posterior auricular nerve. N. auricularis poste- subsequently join the lingual nerve. A rior. Ramifies beneath the stylomastoid foramen, 9 22 Pterygopalatine ganglion. Ganglion pterygo- passes upward between the mastoid process and palatinum. Parasympathetic ganglion located in the external acoustic meatus and supplies the its respective fossa near the sphenopalatine fora- 10 posterior ear muscles and the occipital belly of men. It receives preganglionic fibers from the fa- the occipitofrontalis muscle. B cial nerve via the greater petrosal nerve and sends 7 Occipital branch. Ramus occipitalis. Ramus sup- postganglionic secretory fibers to the lacrimal and 11 plying the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis nasal glands. C muscle. B 23 Nerve of pterygoid canal. N. canalis pterygoidei 12 8 Auricular branch. Ramus auricularis. Branch to [Radix facialis]. Located in the pterygoid canal at the muscles of the pinna. B the root of the pterygoid process. It contains para- 9 Digastric branch. Ramus digastricus. It supplies sympathetic (facial nerve), sympathetic and 13 the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. A B sensory fibers destined for the pterygopalatine ganglion. C 10 Stylohyoid branch. Ramus stylohyoideus. 14 Branch that often arises together with the lingual 24 Greater petrosal nerve. N. petrosus major. Branch of branch. It supplies the stylohyoid muscle. A facial nerve emerging from the anterior wall of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It incorporates 11 Communicating branch of facial nerve with 15 parasympathetic and sensory fibers, and pene- glossopharyngeal nerve. Ramus communicans trates the covering plate of the foramen lacerum [cum n. glossopharyngeo]. A lateral to the internal carotid artery where it is 16 12 Intraparotid plexus. Plexus intraparotideus. Fa- joined by the deep petrosal nerve. A C cial nerve plexus situated in the space accessible 25 Deep petrosal nerve. N. petrosus profundus. Nerve anteriorly between the two parotid lobes. B 17 carrying sympathetic fibers from the internal 13 Temporal branches. Rami temporales. Rami as- carotid plexus; it joins the greater petrosal nerve cending over the zygomatic arch to the muscles to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal. C 18 of facial expression above the palpebral fissure 26 Submandibular ganglion. Ganglion subman- and along the ear. B dibulare. Located above or in front of the subman- 19 14 Zygomatic branches. Rami zygomatici. Rami dibular gland. This parasympathetic ganglion is supplying the lateral part of the orbicularis oculi the synaptic site between preganglionic fibers and the muscles of facial expression between the from the chorda tympani and postganglionic 20 palpebral and oral fissures. B fibers to the sublingual and submandibular 15 Buccal branches. Rami buccales. Rami supplying glands. C 21 the buccinator muscle and the muscles of facial 27 Sympathetic branch (to the submandibular expression around the mouth. B ganglion). Ramus sympatheticus (ad ganglion 16 Lingual branch. Ramus lingualis. Inconstant submandibulare). Branch from the internal 22 ramus to the tongue. It sometimes arises in to- carotid plexus. Its fibers arrive at the submandibu- gether with the stylohyoid ramus. lar ganglion above the facial artery and pass 23 17 Marginal mandibular branch. Ramus marginalis through the ganglion without synapsing. C mandibularis. It passes to the chin and supplies 28 Glandular branches. Rami glandulares. Small the muscles of facial expression below the oral rami at the inferior margin of the submandibular 24 fissure. B ganglion that supply the submandibular gland. C 18 Cervical branch. Ramus colli (cervicalis). Motor 29 Sublingual ganglion. [Ganglion sublinguale]. 25 branch for the platysma. It anastomoses with the Small group of cells occasionally present on the transverse cervical nerve. B glandular rami. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Cranial nerves 329

3 1202 1

3 24 4 4 A Facial nerve in temporal bone 5 21 6

7 9 11 10 8

13 9

10 7 14 11 8 12 12 B Facial nerve 6 12 1 13 15 9 14

17 15 18 16

22 17

25 18 1 24 23 19

119 330.1 20 27 21 26 28 22

23 29 24 C Pterygopalatine and submandibular D Facial and ganglia vestibulocochlear nerves 25

1 VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (VIII). N. vestibulo- 19 Inferior (petrous) ganglion. Ganglion inferius 1 cochlearis [VIII]. Eighth cranial nerve. Nerve that [[extracraniale]]. Larger ganglion situated directly exits at the lower margin of the pons and passes below the jugular foramen. It contains cell bodies through the internal acoustic meatus to the vesti- of afferent fibers. B C 2 bular (equilibrium) and auditory organs. A 20 Tympanic nerve. N. tympanicus. First branch of 2 Vestibular nerve.N.vestibularis.Superior,ventral, the IX nerve. It branches off from the inferior gan- 3 vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve. A glion and passes between the jugular foramen and 3 Cochlear nerve.Nervuscochlearis.Inferior,dorsal, carotid canal, then through the tympanic canali- cochlear part of vestibulocochlear nerve. A culus to the tympanic cavity. C 4 21 Tympanic englargement (ganglion). In- 4 Vestibular nerve. Nervus vestibularis. Portion of tumescentia tympanica (ganglion tympanicum). VIII nerve passing from the vestibular nucleus to Irregularly scattered ganglion cells forming a di- the maculae and ampullary crest. A 5 latation in the course of the tympanic nerve. C 5 Vestibular ganglion. Ganglion vestibulare. Gan- 22 Tympanic plexus. Plexus tympanicus. N. plexus 6 glion located in the floor of the internal acoustic in the mucosa over the promontory. It is formed by meatus. It contains bipolar neurons associated the tympanic n., internal carotid plexus and com- with the vestibular nerve. A municating ramus of the facial n. with the tym- 7 6 Communicating branch with cochlear nerve. panic plexus. C Ramus communicans cochlearis. 23 Tubal branch of tympanic plexus. Ramus tubarius 7 Upper part of vestibular ganglion. Pars super- (tubalis). Ramus for the auditory tube. C 8 ior. It supplies the anterior and lateral semicircular 24 Caroticotympanic nerves. Nn. caroticotympanici. canals, utricle and anterior part of saccule. A Sympathetic fibers of the tympanic plexus derived 9 8 Utriculoampullar nerve. N. utriculoampullaris. from the internal carotid plexus. C Superior branch of vestibular nerve with fibers 25 Communicating branch of glossopharyngeal nerve from the macuala and ampullary crest of the su- with auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Ramus 10 perior (anterior) and lateral semicircular canals. A communicans [cum ramo auriculari nervi vagi]. Fine branch from the inferior ganglion to the 9 Utricular nerve. N. utricularis. Branch from the auricular ramus of the vagus. B macula utriculi. A 11 26 Pharyngeal branches of IX nerve. Rami pharyn- 10 Anterior ampullar nerve. N. ampullaris anterior. geales (pharyngei). Three to four rami passing into Branch from the ampullary crest of the anterior 12 the pharyngeal plexus. B semicircular canal. A 27 Ramus to stylopharyngeus muscle. Ramus m. stylo- 11 Lateral ampullar nerve. N. ampullaris lateralis. pharyngei. B 13 Branch from the ampullary crest of the lateral 28 Branch to carotid sinus. Ramus sinus carotici. It also semicircular canal. A passes to the carotid body and communicates with 12 Inferior part of the vestibular ganglion. Pars the sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve. B 14 inferior. It supplies the posterior semicircular 29 Tonsillar branches. Rami tonsillares. Branches sup- canal and a part of the sacculus. A plying the mucosa of the palatine tonsil and its sur- 15 13 Posterior ampullar nerve. N. ampullaris poste- roundings. B rior. Branch from the ampullary crest of the poste- 30 Lingual branches. Rami linguales. Taste fibers from rior semicircular canal. A the posterior third of the tongue including the va- 16 14 Saccular nerve. N. saccularis. Branch from the late papillae which are also supplied by the lingual macula sacculi. A nerve via the chorda tympani. B 31 Otic ganglion. Ganglion oticum. Parasympathetic 15 Cochlear nerve. Nervus cochlearis. Part of the ves- 17 ganglion located medial to the mandibular nerve tibulocochlear nerve for the auditory organ in the below the foramen ovale. It receives preganglionic cochlea. A fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve via the 18 16 Cochlear (spiral) ganglion. Ganglion cochleare lesser petrosal nerve and sends postganglionic (spiral cochleae). Helical band of ganglion cells secretory fibers to the parotid gland. D 19 directed towards the axis of the cochlea and sit- 32 Lesser petrosal nerve. N. petrosus minor. Nerve uatedalongthebaseoftheosseousspirallamina.A containing parasympathetic fibers from the glos- 17 GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (IX). N. glossopha- sopharyngeal nerve. It emerges from the tympanic 20 ryngeus [IX]. Ninth cranial nerve (nerve of the 3rd plexus, penetrates the anterior wall of the petrous pharyngeal arch). It leaves the brain through the temporal bone and leaves the middle cranial fossa posterolateral sulcus behind the olive, courses through the sphenopetrosal fissure. Its fibers syn- 21 through the jugular foramen and passes obliquely apse in the otic ganglion. C D downward posterior to the stylopharyngeus 33 Communicating branch with the meningeal 22 muscle. It contains motor fibers for the pharyn- branch. Ramus communicans [cum ramo geal constrictors and stylopharyngeus muscle and meningeo]. D sensory fibers for the pharyngeal mucosa, tonsils 34 Communicating branch with auriculo-tem- 23 and posterior third of the tongue (taste fibers) and poral nerve. Ramus communicans [cum n. parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion via the auriculotemporali]. It includes postganglionic tympanic and lesser petrosal nerves. B parasympathetic fibers that supply the parotid 24 18 Superior (jugular) ganglion. Ganglion superius gland. D [[intracraniale]]. Smaller ganglion in the jugular 35 Communicating branch with chorda tympani. 25 foramen. It contains cell bodies of afferent fibers. B Ramus communicans [cum chorda tympani]. It C contains sensory nerve fibers. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Cranial nerves 331

2 3 3

11 10 9 8 4 1 4 2 5 7 15 12 5

14 7

13 8 16 A Vestibulocochlear nerve, 32 9 schematic 10

17 11 18 22 25 21 12 19 13 24 23 20 27 29 18 14 19 15 28 16 26 C Tympanic nerve with branches 17 32 18 30

28 19 33 20 31 34 21 35 22

B Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves D Otic ganglion 24 25

1 VAGUS NERVE (X).N.vagus[X].Tenthcranialnerve 15 Recurrent laryngeal nerve. N. laryngealis recur- 1 (nerve of 4th and 5th pharyngeal arches). Together rens. On the right, it loops around the subclavian with the IX nerve, it exits the brain in the artery whereas, on the left, it curves around the poserolateral sulcus and passes through the jugu- arch of the aorta before ascending in the groove 2 lar foramen. Its supply region extends into the between the trachea and esophagus. Its terminal thoracic and abdominal cavities. A branch penetrates the inferior pharyngeal con- 3 2 Superior (jugular) ganglion. Ganglion superius. strictor and enters the larynx, where it supplies Small superior sensory ganglion of vagus situated the mucosa up to the vocal folds and all intrinsic in the jugular foramen. A laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid. It also 4 provides a communicating branch to the internal 3 Inferior (nodose) ganglion. Ganglion inferius. laryngeal nerve. A Large inferior, spindle-shaped ganglion of the 5 vagus nerve. A 16 Tracheal branches. Rami tracheales. A 17 Esophageal branches. Rami oesophageales. A 4 Meningeal branch.Ramusmeningeus.Recurrent 6 branch from the superior ganglion supplying the 17 a Rami pharyngeales. Pharyngeal branches to the dura of the posterior cranial fossa in the region of inferior pharyngeal constrictor. the transverse and occipital sinuses. A 18 Inferior laryngeal nerve. [[N. laryngeus infe- 7 5 Auricular branch. Ramus auricularis. Branch that rior]]. Term sometimes used to denote the termi- arises from the superior ganglion of the vagus nal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which supplies the intrinsic muscles of the 8 nerve, passes through the mastoid canal, exits through the tympanomastoid fissure and supplies larynx except the cricothyoid and projects a the posterior surface of the pinna and the posterio- communicating branch to the internal laryngeal 9 inferior wall of the external acoustic meatus. A nerve. A 6 Communicating branch with IX nerve. Ramus 19 [[R. communicans [cum ramo laryngeo interno]]. Communicating branch of the inferior (recur- 10 communicans [cum. n. glossopharyngeo]. Anasto- motic branch from the auricular ramus to the glos- rent) laryngeal nerve to the internal laryngeal sopharyngeal nerve. A nerve. A 20 Thoracic cardiac branches. Rami cardiaci 11 7 Pharyngeal branch. Ramus pharyngealis thoracici. Rami to the thoracic inlet. A (pharyngei). Branch radiating into the pharyngeal plexus. A 21 Bronchial branches. Rami bronchiales. Rami 12 projected to the hilum of the lung below the re- 8 Pharyngeal plexus. Plexus pharyngealis. Nerve current laryngeal nerve. A plexus below the middle pharyngeal constrictor 13 formed by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves 22 Pulmonary plexus. Plexus pulmonalis. Nerve and the cervical sympathetic trunk. A plexus located anterior and posterior to the hilum of the lung for innervation of bronchi, ves- 14 9 Superior cervical cardiac branches. Rami cardi- sels and visceral pleura. A aci cervicales superiores. Branches given off at variably high cervical levels; they travel to the 23 Esophageal plexus. Plexus oesophagealis. Nerve 15 deep part of the cardiac plexus. A plexus around the esophagus formed directly by the two vagus nerves and superiorly also by the 10 Superior laryngeal nerve. N. laryngealis superior. left recurrent laryngeal nerve. A 16 Nerve that arises from the inferior ganglion and passes downward medial to the internal carotid 24 Anterior vagal trunk. Truncus vagalis anterior. artery to supply the larynx. A Weak anterior plexus emerging from the 17 esophageal plexus and containing fibers from the 11 External branch of superior laryngeal nerve both vagi. A (external laryngeal nerve). Ramus externus. 25 Posterior vagal trunk. Truncus vagalis posterior. Nerve that branches to the inferior pharyngeal 18 Better developed posterior nerve plexus arising constrictor and then, covered by the infrahyoid from the esophageal plexus and containing fibers musculature, passes to the cricothyroid muscle. from both vagi. A 19 A 26 Anterior gastric branches. Rami gastrici anteri- 12 Internal branch (internal laryngeal nerve). ores. Rami extending from the anterior vagal Ramus internus. Together with the superior 20 trunk to the anterior surface of the stomach. A laryngeal artery, it penetrates the thyrohyoid membrane and emerges below the mucosa of the 27 Posterior gastric branches. Rami gastrici poste- 21 piriform recess. It supplies the mucosae of the riores. Rami extending from the posterior vagal epiglottic valleculae, the epiglottis and the trunk to the posterior surface of the stomach. A larynx as far down as the level of the vocal folds. 28 Hepatic branches. Rami hepatici. Rami to the 22 A hilum of the liver. A 13 Branch communicating with the recurrent laryngeal 29 Celiac branches. Rami coeliaci. Rami to the celiac 23 nerve. Ramus communicans [cum. n. laryngeali plexus. A recurrenti]. A 30 Renal branches. Rami renales. Rami to the renal 14 Inferior cervical cardiac branches. Rami cardiaci plexus. A 24 cervicales inferiores. On the right, they pass to 31 ACCESSORY NERVE (XI). N. accessorius [XI]. the deep part of the cardiac plexus; on the left, Eleventh cranial nerve. Its two roots unite in the 25 they pass to the superficial part of the cardiac skull and pass through the jugular foramen to- plexus accompanied by the vagus nerve. A gether with the IX and X nerves. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Cranial nerves 333

32 Cranial roots (vagal part). Radices craniales 1 4 1 (pars vagalis). Fibers from the nucleus ambiguus 2 which leave the accessory nerve in the jugular 5 foramen and join the vagus nerve. B 3 6 2 33 Spinal roots (spinal part). Radices spinales (pars spinalis). They arise from the base of the anterior horn of the cervical spinal cord (C1−6) and form 7 3 a trunk which ascends into the subarachnoid space of the skull where it unites temporarily 10 with fibers from the cranial roots. B 8 4 34 Accessory nerve trunk. Truncus nervi accessorii. It is formed by the union of both roots. B 11 5 35 Internal branch. Ramus internus. Fiber tract as- 12 sociated with the vagus nerve and formed by the 13 6 united cranial roots of the accessory nerve. B 18 19 36 External branch. Ramus externus. United spinal 9 14 root fibers of the accessory nerve. They supply 16 7 the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. B 20 15 37 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Branches 17 8 supplying the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. B 9 15 21 10

11 22 34 35 12 23 25 13 24 32 29 27 14 33 36 26 15

28 28 16 33 33 30 17

18 30 19 A Vagus nerves with branches 37 20

23 B Accessory nerve 24

1 HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (XII). N. hypoglossus 15 Posterior (dorsal) branches. Rami posteriores. 1 [XII]. Twelfth cranial nerve. Formed by numer- Posterior branches of the spinal nerve that ous roots emerging from the brain between the supply the nuchal muscles and the skin lateral 2 pyramid and olive. It passes through the hypo- to the nuchal region and near the occiput. A glossal canal and descends between the inter- 16 Medial branch of posterior ramus. Ramus nal jugular vein and internal carotid artery. At medialis. Branch with motor and sensory fibers 3 the level of the angle of the mandible it then supplying the muscles and skin. A proceeds anteriorly above the posterior margin 17 Lateral branch of posterior ramus. Ramus 4 of the floor of the mouth to enter the tongue. B lateralis. Purely motor branch passing obliquely 2 Lingual branches. Rami linguales. Rami begin- laterad into the muscles. A ning lateral to the hyoglossus muscle and sup- 18 Suboccipital nerve. N. suboccipitalis. Poste- 5 plying the styloglossus, hyoglossus and genio- rior branch of the first cervical spinal nerve. It glossus muscles as well as the intrinsic muscles exits between the vertebral artery and poste- 6 of the tongue. B rior arch of the atlas and supplies the short 3 SPINAL NERVES. Nervi spinales. They are muscles of the neck. D formed by two roots and, in contrast to the 19 Greater occipital nerve. N. occipitalis major. 7 cranial nerves, they exit through the interverte- Posterior branch of the second cervical spinal bral foramina. A C nerve. It emerges between the axis and ob- 8 4 Root filaments. Fila radicularia. Fine root fibers liquus capitis inferior muscle, pierces the emerging from the spinal cord within the ante- trapezius and supplies the nuchal muscles and rior and posterior roots of the individual spinal skin of the occipital region. D 9 nerves. A 20 Third occipital nerve. N. occipitalis tertius. 5 Anterior (ventral) root. Radix anterior (mo- Posterior branch of the third cervical spinal 10 toria). Motor root. A nerve. It supplies the skin of the nuchal region 6 Posterior (dorsal) root. Radix posterior (sen- close to the midline. D soria). Sensory root. A 21 Anterior (ventral) branches. Rami anteriores. 11 7 Spinal (dorsal root) ganglion. Ganglion spinale Anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves. They (sensorium). Ganglion situated in the inter- form the cervical and brachial plexuses. A 12 vertebral foramen, composed of pseudo-uni- 22 Cervical plexus. Plexus cervicalis. Nerve plexus polar cells. It lies in the posterior root just in formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves front of the site where it joins the anterior root. A C1−4. They supply the skin and muscles of the 13 8 Spinal nerve trunk. Truncus nervi spinalis. neck. Segment between the union of the two roots 23 Nerve loop from C1−3. Ansa cervicalis [hypo- 14 and the first branch of the spinal nerve. A C glossi]. A nerve loop in the neck (C1-C3) that 9 Anterior (ventral) branch. Ramus anterior. supplies the infrahyoid muscles. B Larger anterior branch of a spinal nerve. It com- 24 Anterior (ventral) root. Radix anterior. The 15 municates with adjacent anterior rami to form anterior root, part of which supplies the genio- large plexuses. In the thoracic region it be- hyoid and thyrohyoid muscles via the hypo- 16 comes continuous with an intercostal nerve. A glossal nerve. B 10 Posterior (dorsal) branch. Ramus posterior. 25 Posterior (dorsal) root. Radix posterior. Pos- Weaker branch supplying the skin of the back 17 terior root. B and autochthonous back muscles. A 26 Thyrohyoid branch of the ansa cervicalis. 11 Rami communicantes. Communicating Ramus thyrohyoideus. Branch supplying the 18 branches connecting the spinal nerve and the thyrohyoid muscle. B sympathetic trunk. A 27 Lesser occipital nerve. N. occipitalis minor. 19 11 a Gray communicating ramus. Ramus griseus. Uppermost cutaneous branch of the cervical Postganglionic part. A plexus. It passes upward at the posterior mar- 11 b White communicating ramus. Ramus albus. gin of the sternocleidomastoid and, at the oc- 20 Preganglionic part. A ciput, ramifies as a lateral communicating 12 Meningeal branch. Ramus meningeus. Deli- nerve of the greater occipital nerve. D 21 cate, recurrent ramus. It passes in front of the 28 Great auricular nerve. N. auricularis magnus. It spinal nerve to re-enter the vertebral canal courses to the ear, thereby crossing the sterno- through the intervertebral foramen and supply cleidomastoid vertically somewhat above its 22 the meninges of the spinal cord, where it unites middle. D with other meningeal rami to form a plexus. It 29 Posterior (dorsal) branch. Ramus posterior. It 23 contains sensory and sympathetic fibers. A supplies the skin of the posterior surface of the 13 Cauda equina. Collection of all spinal nerve pinna and the adjacent area. D roots extending from L1−2 caudally in addition 30 Anterior (ventral) ramus. Ramus anterior. It 24 to the filum terminale. C supplies the skin of the anterior surface of the 14 CERVICAL NERVES. Nervi cervicales. Eight spi- ear up to the angle of the mandible. D 25 nal nerves emerging from the cervical spinal cord. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Spinal nerves 335

4 16 1 6 3; 8 17 2 5 4 7 10; 15 3 1 12 4 14 11a 11b 9; 21 5 A Spinal nerve with roots and branches 6

8 26 25 9 B Hypoglossal nerve 24 2 and ansa cervicalis 10

23 11

14 3; 8 15

13 18 16

17 19 29 18 30 19 27 20 28 20

C Cauda equina D Nerves of the nape of the neck 23

1 Transverse cervical (colli) nerve. N. transversus 15 Middle trunk. Truncus medius. A continuation of 1 colli. Arises from C3 and is the third nerve oc- C7 spinal nerve itself. C cupying the “nerve point” at the posterior margin 16 Lower trunk. Truncus inferior. Formed by the 2 of the middle third of the sternocleidomastoid union of C8 and T1 spinal nerves; it lies within the muscle where it turns anteriorly and passes scalenus gap posterior to the subclavian artery. C beneath the platysma to supply the skin. It re- 3 ceives motor fibers for the platysma from the cer- 17 Anterior divisions. Divisiones anteriores. Por- vical branch of the facial nerve. B tions of brachial plexus formed by the anterior branches of the three trunks. They supply the 2 Superior branches. Rami superiores. They as- flexor muscles. 4 cend to the suprahyoid region. B 18 Posterior divisions. Divisiones posteriores. Por- 3 Rami inferiores. They de- Inferior branches. tions of brachial plexus formed by the posterior scend to the infrahyoid region. B 5 branchesofthethreetrunks.Theyunitetoformthe 4 Supraclavicular nerves. Nn. supraclaviculares. posterior cord and supply the extensor muscles. Cutaneous branches from C3−4. They spread out 6 18 a Cords. Fasciculi. Three nerve bundles formed by fanlike to the shoulder and clavicular regions. B the union of branches (anterior and/or posterior) 5 Medial supraclavicular nerves. Nn. supra- from the three trunks. 7 claviculares mediales. They pass over the middle 19 SUPRACLAVICULAR PART. Pars supraclavicularis. third of the clavicle and supply the skin of the Part of brachial plexus extending up to the super- neck in this region and the thorax as far as the ior margin of the clavicle. C 8 sternal angle, as well as the sternoclavicular joint. B 20 Dorsal scapular nerve. N. dorsalis scapulae. 9 6 Intermediate supraclavicular nerves. Nn. su- Nerve that arises from C5 directly lateral to the praclaviculares intermedii. They descend intervertebral foramen, penetrates the scalenus beneath the platysma and over the middle third medius and then courses below the levator 10 of the clavicle to supply the skin up to the 4th rib. scapulae and the two rhomboid muscles, which it B innervates. C 11 7 Lateral (posterior) supraclavicular nerves. 21 Long thoracic nerve. N. thoracicus longus. Nerve Nn. supraclaviculares laterales (posteriores). that arises from C5−7, penetrates the scalenus Posterior group of nerves supplying the skin over medius and travels on the serratus anterior, 12 the acromion, deltoid muscle and the acromio- which it supplies. C clavicular joint. B 22 Nerve to subclavius. N. subclavius. Slender nerve 13 8 Phrenic nerve. N. phrenicus. It arises from C4 from the upper trunk with fibers from C4−6 for with additional rami from C3 and C5, extends on the subclavius muscle. It frequently sends a the scalenus anterior muscle, then passes branch (11) to the phrenic nerve. C 14 through the middle mediastinum to the dia- 23 Suprascapular nerve. N. suprascapularis. Nerve phragm. Some of its fibers extend further into the that arises from C5−6, passes over the brachial 15 peritoneum. A C plexus to the scapular notch and then goes under 9 Pericardial branch. Ramus pericardiacus. the superior transverse ligament of the scapula to Slender branch to the anterior surface of the peri- innervate the supra- and infraspinatus muscles. C 16 cardium. A 24 INFRACLAVICULAR PART. Pars infraclaviculares. 10 Phrenicoabdominal branches. Rami phreni- Portion of brachial plexus below the clavicle. It 17 coabdominales. Fibers supplying the peritoneum extends from the upper margin of the clavicle to up to the gallbladder and pancreas. On the right the level where the cords divide into the in- side they pass through the foramen for the vena dividual nerves. C 18 cava, on the left side further anteriorly through 25 Lateral cord. Fasciculus lateralis. Located lateral the diaphragm near the left margin of the heart. A to the axillary artery, it is formed by the union of 19 11 Accessory phrenic nerves. Nn. phrenici acces- the anterior divisions of the upper and middle sorii. Frequent additional roots of the phrenic trunks, thus from C5−7. C nerve from C5 and C6 via the nerve to the sub- 26 Medial cord. Fasciculus medialis. Cord located 20 clavius. A C medial to the axillary artery. It is formed solely by 12 BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Plexus brachialis. Nerve the anterior division of the lower trunk, thus 21 plexus formed by the anterior rami of spinal from C8−T1. C nerves C5−T1. Supplying the arm and part of the 27 Posterior cord. Fasciculus posterior. Cord located shoulder girdle, it passes between the scalenus posterior to the axillary artery; it is formed by the 22 anterior and medius extending as far as the head union of the posterior divisions of all three of the humerus. C trunks, thus from C5−T1. C 23 12 a Nerve roots. Radices. 28 Medial pectoral nerve. N. pectoralis medialis. 13 Trunks. Trunci. Three primary trunks make up Nerve formed by fibers from the medial cord, the brachial plexus and each is usually formed thus from C8−T1. It supplies the pectoralis major 24 from one or two anterior rami of spinal nerves. and minor muscles. C 14 Upper trunk. Truncus superior. Formed by the 29 Lateral pectoral nerve. N. pectoralis lateralis. 25 union of C5 and C6 spinal nerves, it generally Fibers from C5−7 that supply the two pectoral arises lateral to the scalenus gap. C muscles. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Spinal nerves 337

3 1 2

8 4

3 5 11 4 6 7 5 7 6 8

9 9 9 B Nerves forming the “nerve point” 10 10 11 8 12 10 13

14 C V 20 15

A 14 Phrenic nerve C VI 16 19 23 17 15 C VII 25 16 18 Th I 22 19 27 8 20 28 21 26 12 11 29 22 21 24 23 11 24 C Brachial plexus 8 25

1 Musculocutaneous nerve. N. musculocu- 15 Common digital nerves. Nn. digitales com- 1 taneus. Nerve that arises from the lateral cord munes. Nerves that run in the spaces between (C5−7), penetrates the coracobrachialis and the first four fingers and then divide. A supplies it as well as the biceps and brachialis 2 16 Proper palmar digital nerves. Nn. digitales muscles. It ends as the lateral antebrachial cu- palmares proprii. Terminal branches of com- taneous nerve. A 3 mon palmar digital nerves. They supply the 2 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. palmar aspect of the skin of the radial 31/2 fin- Branches to the coracobrachialis, biceps and gers and dorsal aspect of the skin of the radial 4 brachialis muscles. A 21/2 distal phalanges. A 3 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. N. cu- 17 Ulnar nerve. N. ulnaris. Nerve that arises from 5 taneus antebrachii lateralis. Terminal branch of the medial cord (C8, T1). It initially lies in the musculocutaneous nerve. It penetrates the fas- medial bicipital groove, breaks through the me- cia at the bend of the elbow and supplies the dial intermuscular septum and then, after pas- 6 skin of the lateral forearm. A sage in the groove for the ulnar nerve, penetrates the flexor carpi ulnaris. C 4 Medial brachial cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus 7 brachii medialis. Nerve that arises from the me- 18 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. They dial cord (C8, T1) and supplies the skin of the supply the flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar part of the flexor digitorum profundus. C 8 medial upper arm together with the intercostobrachial nerve. A 19 Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve. Ramus dorsalis n. ulnaris. Cutaneous branch passing between 9 5 Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis. Nerve that arises the distal and middle third of the forearm from the medial cord (C8, T1) and penetrates beneath the flexor carpi ulnaris to innervate the 10 the fascia at about the middle of the upper arm dorsum of the hand. B C and accompanies the basilic vein. It supplies 20 Dorsal digital nerves. Nn. digitales dorsales. the skin on the medial side of both the distal Individual branches to the little finger, ring fin- 11 upper arm and the forearm. A ger and the ulnar side of the middle finger. This area of innervation can be displaced by the 6 Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. It supplies radial nerve. B 12 the medial flexor side of the forearm. A 21 Palmar branch of ulnar nerver. Ramus pal- 7 Posterior (ulnar) branch. Ramus posterior [[ul- maris nervi ulnaris. Nerve that arises in the dis- 13 naris]]. It supplies the medial upper 2/3 of the tal third of the forearm, penetrates the deep posterior aspect of the forearm. A B fascia and supplies the skin on the palmar sur- 14 8 Median nerve. N. medianus. Nerve formed by face of the hand. C the union of medial and lateral roots from the 22 Superficial branch. Ramus superficialis. 15 medial and lateral cords (C6−T1). A Branch that courses beneath the palmar 9 Medial root. Radix medialis. Part of the median aponeurosis and divides to form the common nerve coming from the medial cord with fibers palmar distal nerves and a fine branch to the 16 from C8 and T1. A palmaris brevis. C 10 Lateral root. Radix lateralis. Part of the median 23 Common palmar digital nerves. Nn. digitales 17 nerve arising from the lateral cord with fibers palmares communes. Usually only one branch from C6−7. A which runs in the region between the ring and little fingers. C 18 11 Anterior interosseous nerve of forearm. N. interosseus (antebrachii) anterior. Nerve that 24 Proper palmar digital nerves. Nn. digitales palmares proprii. Cutaneous nerves to the little 19 arises from the bend of the elbow from the posterior side of the median nerve, runs on the finger and the ulnar side of the ring finger. They interosseous membrane and supplies the also supply the dorsal aspect of the middle and 1 20 radiocarpal joint, intercarpal joints, flexor polli- distal phalanges of the 1 /2 ulnar fingers. C cis longus, flexor digitorum profundus (radial 25 Deep branch (of ulnar nerve). Ramus profun- 21 part) and pronator quadratus. A dus. Branch that curves around the hamulus to 12 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. supply the muscles of the hypothenar emi- Branches that supply the pronator teres, flexor nence, the interossei, the two ulnar lumbricals, 22 carpi radialis, palmaris longus and flexor digi- the adductor pollicis and the deep head of the torum superficialis muscles. A flexor pollicis brevis. C 23 13 Palmar branch of median nerve. Ramus palmaris n. mediani. Nerve that arises in the distal 24 third of the forearm and supplies the skin of the lateral palm. A 25 14 Communicating branch to the ulnar nerve. Ramus communicans [cum nervo ulnari]. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Spinal nerves 339

2 9 1 10 3 4 8 17 4 2 5

7 6

5 8

7 9

6 18 12 19 11 19 13 12 3 14

21 15 20 16

22 17 15 14 13 25 18 23 19 B Cutaneous nerves 24 of forearm 20 16 21

A Nerves of upper limb, frontal view C Ulnar nerve 23

1 Radial nerve. N. radialis. Nerve that originates 13 Axillary nerve. N. axillaris. Nerve that arises 1 from the posterior cord (usually with fibers from the posterior cord (C5−6) and passes to- from C5−T1), takes a spiral course around the gether with the posterior circumflex humeral 2 posterior aspect of the humerus while within artery through the axilla to the teres minor and the groove for the radial nerve, then proceeds deltoid muscles. D laterally between the brachialis and bra- 14 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Fibers to 3 chioradialis as well as both extensor carpi the teres minor and deltoid muscles. D radialis muscles. At the elbow it divides to form its deep and superficial rami. A B D 15 Superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve. N. 4 cutaneus brachii lateralis superior. It supplies 2 Posterior brachial cutaneous nerve. N. cu- the area of the skin located somewhat over the taneus brachii posterior. Small cutaneous deltoid muscle. D 5 branch supplying the skin on the extensor side of the upper arm. A 16 THORACIC NERVES. Nn. thoracici. Twelve 6 thoracic spinal nerves emerging below thoracic 3 Lateral brachial cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus vertebrae 1−12, respectively. C brachii laterialis inferior. Second cutaneous 7 branch for the lateral and dorsal surfaces of the 17 Posterior branches. Rami posteriores. Rami upper arm below the deltoid muscle. A that pass dorsally through the autochthonous muscles of the back, then divide to form lateral 8 4 Posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve. N. and medial cutaneous branches. C cutaneus antebrachii posterior. Cutaneous branch for the field between the lateral and 18 Lateral/medial muscular branches. Ramus 9 medial antebrachial cutaneous nerves. B muscularis lateralis/medialis. C 5 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Motor 19 Posterior cutaneous branch. Ramus cutaneus 10 rami to the triceps, anconeus, brachioradialis posterior. C and extensor carpi radialis longus muscles. A 20 Anterior branches (intercostal nerves). Rami 11 6 Deep branch. Ramus profundus. Branch that anteriores (nn. intercostales). Rami forming the supplies the extensors of the forearm. It pene- intercostal nerves ventrally in the thoracic re- 12 trates the supinator, supplying it and all exten- gion. C sors (except the extensor carpi radialis longus) 21 Lateral cutaneous branch (pectoral/abdomi- and the abductor pollicis longus. A B nal). Ramus cutaneus lateralis (pectoralis/ 13 7 Posterior interosseous nerve of forearm. N. abdominalis). Nerve arising from the middle of interosseus (antebrachii) posterior. Terminal the intercostal nerve. It passes obliquely ven- 14 branch of the deep ramus that lies on the inter- trad and appears between the slips of the serra- osseous membrane in the distal third of the tus anterior muscle and the latissimus dorsi. C 15 forearm beneath the extensors and extends to 22 Lateral mammary branches. Rami mammarii the wrist joint. A laterales. Rami of lateral cutaneous branches arising from T4−6 and passing anteriorly to the 8 Superficial branch. Ramus superficialis. 16 mammary region. C Branch that runs along the brachioradialis together with the radial artery, crosses under its 23 Intercostobrachial nerves. Nn. intercostobr- 17 accompanying muscle and then arrives at the achiales. Lateral cutaneous rami arising usually dorsum of the hand and fingers as a cutaneous from T1, but also from T1−3 and passing to the 18 nerve. A B upper arm. C 9 Communicating branch to the ulnar nerve. 24 Anterior cutaneous branch (pectoral/abdomi- Ramus communicans ulnaris. It joins the dorsal nal). Ramus cutaneus anterior (pectoralis/ 19 ramus of the ulnar nerve on the dorsum and the abdominalis). Branch that emerges medially hand. A and anteriorly and divides to form medial and lateral branches. C 20 10 Dorsal digital nerves. Nn. digitales dorsales. Terminal rami of the superficial branch passing 25 Medial mammary branches. Rami mammarii 21 on the radial and ulnar sides of the extensor mediales. Medial branches from the anterior aspect of the lateral 21/2, sometimes also 31/2 cutaneous rami of intercostal nerves 2−4. C fingers. A 22 26 Subcostal nerve. N. subcostalis. Anterior 11 Subscapular nerves. Nervi subscapulares. Two branch of the 12th thoracic nerve located below to three branches from the brachial plexus (su- the 12th rib. 23 praclavicular part or posterior cord) supplying the subscapularis and teres major muscles. D 24 12 Thoracodorsal nerve. N. thoracodorsalis. Longest subscapular nerve with fibers from C6− 25 8. It courses along the lateral margin of the scapula and supplies the latissimus dorsi. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Spinal nerves 341

19 18 1 16 2 17 20 3

1 4 III 5 23 IV 6

21 7 2 3 8

24 9

25 5 10 24 6 11 8 22 12 7 13 C Intercostal nerves 14 1 15

16 6 8 17 4 11 18

9 12 15 19 13 20 10 14 1 21

A Radial nerve B Posterior antebrachial D Axillary nerve 24 cutaneous nerve 25

1 LUMBAR NERVES. Nn. lumbales (lumbares). 18 Ilioinguinal nerve. N. ilioinguinalis. Nerve aris- 1 Five lumbar spinal nerves each emerging below ing from L1, possibly also T12. It appears at the its respective lumbar vertebra. lateral margin of the psoas and courses between 2 2 Posterior branches. Rami posteriores. They the kidney and quadratus lumborum, then be- supply the autochthonous back muscles and tween the transversus abdominis and internal the skin overlying them. C abdominal oblique (muscular branches) to enter 3 the inguinal canal. C 3 Medial branch. Ramus medialis. Weak motor branch in the lumbar region. C 19 Anterior scrotal nerves. Nn. scrotales anteri- 4 ores. Sensory branches to the anterior skin of the 4 Lateral branch. Ramus lateralis. Predominantly scrotum, mons pubis and adjacent skin of the sensory. C thigh. C 5 5 Superior clunial (gluteal) branches. Rami 20 Anterior labial nerves. Nn. labiales anteriores. clunium (gluteales) superiores. Lateral rami of Sensory rami to the labium majus, mons pubis L1−3 supplying the skin up to the greater tro- 6 and adjacent skin of the thigh. C chanter (buttock region). B 6 Anterior branches. Rami anteriores. Ventral 21 Genitofemoral nerve. N. genitofemoralis. Nerve 7 branches forming the lumbar plexus. C that arises from L1−2, penetrates the psoas major and courses on top of it. C 7 SACRAL NERVES AND COCCYGEAL NERVE. Nn. 8 sacrales et n. coccygeus. Five sacral and one 22 Genital branch. Ramus genitalis. Branch that coccygeal nerve. courses through the inguinal canal and supplies the cremaster muscle, skin of scrotum (labium 9 8 Posterior branches. Rami posteriores. Sensory majus) and adjacent skin of the thigh. C and motor rami emerging from the posterior sacral foramina. A B 23 Femoral branch. Ramus femoralis. Branch that 10 passes through the vascular lacuna (between 9 Medial branch. Ramus medialis. It supplies the femoral artery and iliopectineal arch), then multifidus and the skin over the sacrum and through the saphenous hiatus to supply the skin 11 coccyx. A B located there. C 10 Lateral branch. Ramus lateralis. Sensory branch 12 for the skin over the coccyx formed by the union 24 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus of sensory fibers from the posterior rami of S1−3. femoris lateralis. Nerve that arises from L2−3. It AB appears at the lateral margin of the psoas and 13 courses beneath the iliac fascia and through the 11 Medial clunial (gluteal) nerves. Rami lateral part of the muscular lacuna into the thigh, clunium (gluteales) mediales. Sensory nerves where it proceeds below or above the sartorius 14 from S1−3. They penetrate the gluteus maximus to the lateral skin of the thigh. C and supply the skin of the medial, upper gluteal region. B 25 Obturator nerve. N. obturatorius. Nerve that 15 arises from L2−4. It passes beneath the psoas, be- 12 Anterior branches. Rami anteriores. They pass hind the internal iliac artery and lateral to the through the anterior sacral foramina and form 16 ureter, then through the obturator canal to the the sacral plexus. A C adductor group and to the medial skin of the 13 LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS. Plexus lumbosacralis. thigh. C 17 Collective term for the combined lumbar and 26 Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. Nerve that sacral plexuses joined together by fibers from L4 coursesontopoftheadductorbrevisandobtura- and mutually supplying the lower limb. C 18 tor externus muscles and beneath the adductor 14 LUMBAR PLEXUS. Plexus lumbalis (lumbaris). longus and pectineus muscles. It supplies these Nerve network formed by spinal nerves L1−4 and the gracilis muscles. C 19 which lie at the anterior side of the leg. 27 Cutaneous branch. Ramus cutaneus. Variable 15 Iliohypogastric nerve. N. iliohypogastricus. terminal branch which appears between the ad- 20 Nerve that contains sensory and motor fibers ductor longus and gracilis muscles and supplies from T12 and L1 for the abdominal muscles. It the distal 2/3 of the skin of the thigh. C traverses the psoas major, then courses between 21 the transversus abdominis and internal abdomi- 28 Posterior branch. Ramus posterior. It pierces nal muscles and pierces the latter medial to the the obturator externus and supplies it and the 22 anterior superior iliac spine. C adductor magnus and brevis. Via a sensory branch it extends as far as the posterior wall of 16 Lateral cutaneous branch. Ramus cutaneus the knee joint. C 23 lateralis. It can reach as far as the lateral gluteal region. C 29 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Branches supplying the previously named muscles. C 17 Anterior cutaneous branch. Ramus cutaneus 24 anterior. It frequently penetrates the aponeuro- 30 Accessory obturator nerve. N. obturatorius ac- sis of the external oblique just above the superfi- cessorius. It frequently arises as an additional 25 cial inguinal ring and supplies the skin in this obturator nerve from L3−4 to supply the pec- area. C tineus and hip joint. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Spinal nerves 343

12 1

L III 5 3

4 8 5 8 11 6 910 7 9 A Exit of a sacral nerve

3 4 8 10 9 2 B Middle and superior 6 clunial nerves 10 21 11 15 15 18 18 21 12

13 23 22 14

13 24 15 17 12 16 16 25 22 23 17

17 18 18 28 19

29 20 19; 20 26 21

27 23

24 C Lumbosacral plexus 25

1 Femoral nerve. N. femoralis. Nerve arising from 16 Perineal branches. Rami perineales. Branches 1 L2−4. It appears at the lateral margin of the psoas that arise from the lower margin of the gluteus and runs between the iliac and psoas major maximus and pass beneath the ischial tuberosity 2 muscles to pass through the muscular lacuna. A medially to the scrotum (labia). One of the 2 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Branches branches ascends as far as the coccyx. B to the sartorius, pectineus and quadriceps 16 a Perforating cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus per- 3 femoris muscles. A forans. Ramus of the posterior femoral cutaneous 3 Anterior cutaneous branches. Rami cutanei nerve supplying the skin of the anus. B anteriores. Main branches for the distal 3/4 of the 4 17 Sciatic nerve. N. ischiadicus (sciaticus). Nerve anterior surface of the thigh up to the patella. A that arises from L4−S3. It is the thickest nerve of 4 Saphenous nerve. N. saphenus. Longest, purely the body. It leaves the pelvis through the greater 5 sensory ramus of the femoral nerve. It begins in sciatic foramen below the piriformis [[infrapir- the femoral triangle, passes beneath the ”vasto- iform foramen]] and passes downward lateral to adductor membrane”, which it pierces, arrives the ischial tuberosity, beneath the gluteus maxi- 6 beneath the skin between the sartorius and mus and the long head of the biceps. B gracilis muscles and, together with the great 18 Common peroneal (fibular) nerve. N. fibularis 7 saphenous vein, proceeds as far as the medial communis. Nerve that arises from L4−S2, side of the foot. A branches off from the sciatic nerve at a variable 5 Infrapatellar branch. Ramus infrapatellaris. It level, passes in company with the biceps tendon 8 penetrates the sartorius and arrives at the skin as far as the posterior aspect of the head of the below the patella. A fibula and then crosses obliquely forward between the skin and fibula. B 9 6 Medial cutaneous branches of the leg. Rami cutanei cruris mediales. Branches of saphenous 19 Lateral sural cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus nerve to skin of the lower leg and foot. A surae lateralis. It usually arises in the popliteal 10 7 Lumbosacral trunk. Truncus lumbosacralis. Con- fossa and supplies the skin on the lateral aspect of nection to the lumbar plexus formed by L5 and a the proximal 2/3 of the posterior side of the lower part of L4. A leg. A B 11 8 SACRAL PLEXUS. Plexus sacralis. Plexus arising 20 Communicating branch of common peroneal from L5−S3 and a part of L4 and S4, lying anterior (fibular) nerve. Ramus communicans fibularis. 12 to and beneath the fascia of the piriformis muscle It passes beneath the fascia over the lateral head beneath its fascia. Its nerves pass to the posterior of the gastrocnemius and joins the medial sural side of the lower limb. A cutaneous nerve to form the sural nerve. B 13 9 Nerve to obturator internus muscle. N. musculi 21 Superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve. N. fibularis obturatorii interni. Nerve that arises from L5−S2 superficialis. One of the terminal branches of the 14 and passes through the greater sciatic foramen common fibular nerve. It descends between the into the ischioanal fossa from which it extends to peroneal muscles and extensor digitorum longus. the obturator internus muscle. AB 15 10 Nerve to piriformis muscle. N. musculi piri- 22 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Branches formis. Nerve that arises from S1−2 and proceeds to the peroneus longus and brevis. to the anterior side of the piriformis. 16 23 Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus 11 Nerve to quadratus femoris. N. musculi quadrati dorsalis medialis. It runs over the extensor reti- femoris. Nerve that arises from L4−S1, passes nacula and supplies the skin of the dorsum of the 17 through the greater sciatic foramen and proceeds foot, the medial side of the big toe and the halves down to the quadratus femoris and the hip joint. of the 2nd and 3rd toes facing one another. A 12 Superior gluteal nerve. N. gluteus superior. 24 Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve. N. cu- 18 Nerve that arises from L4−S1, passes through the taneus dorsalis intermedius. Lateral cutaneous greater sciatic foramen cranial to the piriformis branch of the superficial fibular nerve to the [[“suprapiriform foramen”]] and then between middle and lateral aspect of the dorsum of the 19 the gluteus medius and minimus as far as the foot. A tensor fasciae latae. It supplies all of the above- 20 mentioned muscles except the piriformis. B 25 Dorsal digital nerves of foot. Nn. digitales dorsales 13 Inferior gluteal neve. N. gluteus inferior. Nerve pedis. Branches for all toes except the distal that arises from L5−S2, passes through the in- phalanges. A 21 frapiriform foramen and supplies the gluteus 26 Deep peroneal (fibular) nerve. N. fibularis pro- maximus. B fundus. It proceeds beneath the peroneus longus, then lateral to the tibialis anterior muscle to 22 14 Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus femoralis posterior. Nerve that arises from S1−3, supply the dorsum of the foot. A B passes through the greater sciatic foramen below 27 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Rami 23 the piriformis [[“infrapiriform foramen”]] and passing to the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis supplies the skin on the posterior side of the longus and brevis, and extensor digitorum longus thigh and proximal portion of lower leg. B and brevis muscles. A 24 15 Inferior clunial (gluteal) rami. Rami clunium 28 Dorsal digital nerves of lateral surface of (gluteales) inferiores. Cutaneous branches pass- great toe and of medial surface of second 25 ing upward around the lower margin of the glu- toe. Nn. digitales dorsales, hallucis lateralis et teus maximus. B digiti secundi medialis. Sensory branches. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Spinal nerves 345

7 8 4 1 12 5 13 2 14 6 16a 15 16 7

8 3 9

14 2 10

4 11 17 12

13 18 5 14 20 19 21 15

26 16 19 19 6 21 17 21 18 27 4 19 26 20 23 21 24 22 27 B Nerves of lower limb from behind 28 23 25 A Nerves of lower limb from front 24

1 Tibial nerve. N. tibialis. Nerve arising from L4− 14 Common plantar digital nerves. Nn. digitales 1 S3. It is the second terminal branch of the sci- plantares communes. Two branches, one pass- atic nerve. It passes through the popliteal fossa, ing to the little toe and giving off a branch to the 2 disappears beneath the tendinous arch of the flexor digiti minimi brevis, the other proceed- soleus muscle and proceeds, accompanied by ing to the interval between the 4th and 5th toes. the posterior tibial artery, around the medial A malleolus to the sole of the foot. A 3 15 Proper plantar digital nerves. Nn. digitales 2 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Rami to plantares proprii. They pass to the fibular and 4 the gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus and the tibial sides of the little toe as well as to the fibu- deep flexors at the lower leg. A lar side of the 4th toe. A 5 3 Interosseous nerve of leg. N. interosseus 16 Deep branch. Ramus profundus. Muscular cruris. It is accompanied by the anterior tibial branch passing in company with the plantar artery and contains fibers for the bones and ti- arch to the interossei, adductor hallucis and the 6 biofibular joint. A lateral three lumbrical muscles. A 4 Medial sural cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus 17 Pudendal nerve. N. pudendus. Arising from 7 surae medialis. Nerve that arises from the tibial S2−4, it passes through the greater sciatic fora- nerve in the popliteal fossa, then descends sub- men below the piriformis [[”infrapiriform fora- 8 fascially lateral to the small saphenous vein and men”]] to the ischioanal fossa. C joins the communicating branch of the com- 18 Inferior rectal nerves. Nn. rectales (anales) in- mon fibular nerve to form the sural nerve. A B feriores. Fibers from S3−4 for the external anal 9 5 Sural nerve. N. suralis. Continuation of the sphincter and the anal skin. C medial sural cutaneous nerve after its union 19 Perineal nerves. Nn. perineales. Collective 10 with the communicating branch of the com- term for the nerves of the perineum. mon fibular nerve. B 20 Posterior scrotal (labial) nerves. Nn. 11 6 Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus scrotales/libiales posteriores. They reach the dorsalis lateralis. It passes to the lateral aspect scrotum (labium majus) from behind. C of the dorsum of the foot and anastomoses with 21 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. They 12 the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve. B supply the muscles of the perineum. 7 Lateral calcaneal branches. Rami calcanei later- 22 Dorsal nerve of penis. N. dorsalis penis. 13 ales. Lateral branches to the calcaneus. B Paired nerves lying on the dorsum of the penis 8 Medial calcaneal branches. Rami calcanei with branches also to the underside of the 14 mediales. Branches arising directly from the ti- penis. C bial nerve. They pass to the medial aspect of the 23 Dorsal nerve of clitoris. N. dorsalis clitoridis. 15 calcaneus. B Smaller nerve corresponding to the dorsal 9 Medial plantar nerve. N. plantaris medialis. nerve of the penis. C 16 The larger terminal branch of the tibial nerve. It 24 Coccygeal nerve. N. coccygeus. Last spinal proceeds beneath the flexor retinaculum and nerve. It emerges between the coccyx and the abductor hallucis to the sole of the foot sacrum and anastomoses with S4−5 nerves. C 17 which it supplies, as well as the skin and the flexor hallucis brevis and flexor digitorum 25 Coccygeal plexus. Plexus coccygeus. Nerve brevis. A plexus formed by fibers from a part of S4, all of 18 S5 and the coccygeal nerve. It supplies the skin 10 Common plantar digital nerves. Nn. digitales over the coccyx. C 19 plantares communes. They course in the interval between toes 1−4 and divide to form the 26 Anococcygeal nerves. Nn. anococcygei. Several proper plantar digital nerves. A fine nerves from the coccygeal plexus. They 20 pierce the anococcygeal ligament and supply 11 Proper plantar digital nerves. Nn. digitales plan- the skin lying over it. C tares proprii. Cutaneous nerves passing on the 21 tibial and fibular sides of the flexor aspect of the medial 31/2 toes. They supply the distal phalanges, including their dorsal aspect. A 22 12 Lateral plantar nerve. N. plantaris lateralis. Smaller terminal branch of the tibial nerve. It 23 passes beneath the flexor digitorum brevis medial to the lateral plantar artery as far as the 24 base of the 5th metatarsal bone. A 13 Superficial branch. Ramus superficialis. Perdom- 25 inantly sensory branch of lateral plantar nerve. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Spinal nerves 347

4 3

4 2 2 4 5 1 6

7 2 2 8

3 5 12

B Cutaneous nerves 14 of leg from behind 15

8 16

7 17

6 9 12 18

19 16 13 25 24 20 14 10 22 26 23 21 11 15 17 22 18 20 23

A Nerves of leg C Pudendal nerve 24 and foot from behind 25

1 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. Pars autono- 13 Aorticorenal ganglia. Ganglia aorticorenalia. 1 mica (systema nervorum autonomicum). It Accumulations of ganglion cells at the exit of regulates the functions of the internal organs the renal artery. They receive the lesser 2 (viscera) by its influence on smooth muscle, splanchnic nerve and may be fused with the cardiac muscle and glands. celiac ganglia. A 2 AUTONOMIC (VISCERAL) PLEXUS. Plexus auto- 14 Superior mesenteric ganglion. Ganglion 3 nomici (viscerales). Autonomic nerve plexuses mesentericum superius. Group of ganglion mainly in front of the vertebral column at the cells at the right and left of the aorta near the 4 branches of the aorta. superior mesenteric artery and its branches. It 3 GANGLIA OF AUTONOMIC PLEXUS. Ganglia is often fused with adjacent ganglia. A plexuum autonomicorum (visceralium). 15 Intermesenteric plexus. Plexus intermesenter- 5 Groups of ganglion cells scattered in the auton- icus. Nerve plexus between the superior and in- omic plexuses for synaptic connections be- ferior mesenteric plexuses. A 6 tween pre- and postganglionic fibers. 16 Inferior mesenteric ganglion. Ganglion 3a PARS THORACICA AUTONOMICA. Thoracic part mesentericum inferius. Ganglion cells located of the autonomic nervous system. entirely within the inferior mesenteric plexus. 7 4 Thoracic aortic plexus. Plexus aorticus thoraci- A cus. Autonomic nerve plexus around the aorta 17 Phrenic ganglia. Ganglia phrenica. Small accu- 8 with fibers from the first five thoracic ganglia mulation of ganglion cells in the nerve plexus and the splanchnic nerve. It also contains affer- accompanying the inferior phrenic artery. A ent vagal fibers. B 18 Hepatic plexus. Plexus hepaticus. Continuation 9 5 Cardiac plexus. Plexus cardiacus. Autonomic of the celiac plexus at the liver with fibers from nerve plexus from sympathetic and vagal fibers the vagus and phrenic nerves. A C 10 at the base of the heart, especially around the 19 Splenic (lienal) plexus. Plexus splenicus (lien- arch of the aorta and at the root of the pulmo- alis). Extensions of the celiac plexus along the nary trunk, as well as along the coronary ves- splenic artery to the spleen. A C 11 sels and between the aorta and tracheal bifur- 20 Gastric plexus. Plexus gastrici. Autonomic cation. B nerve plexus for the stomach. The anterior and 12 6 Cardiac ganglia. Ganglia cardiaca. Small mac- posterior part is formed by the vagus, the left roscopic accumulations of ganglion cells espe- part is a continuation of the celiac plexus along cially to the right of the ligamentum arterio- the left gastric artery. C 13 sum. B 21 Pancreatic plexus. Plexus pancreaticus. Con- 7 Esophageal plexus. Plexus oesophagealis. Net- tinuation of the celiac plexus along the pan- 14 work of autonomic nerve fibers around the creatic vessels. C esophagus. 22 Suprarenal plexus. Plexus suprarenalis. Con- 15 8 Pulmonary branches. Rami pulmonales. Rami tinuation of the celiac plexus along the su- from the 3rd to 4th thoracic sympathetic ganglia, prarenal vessels with preganglionic fibers for particularly to the posterior part of the pulmo- the suprarenal medulla. A 16 nary plexus. B 23 Renal plexus. Plexus renalis. Nerve plexus con- 9 Pulmonary plexus. Plexus plumonalis. Plexus tinued onto the renal artery. It also contains 17 in front of and behind the hilum of the lung vagal fibers. A formed by vagal and sympathetic fibers. It is 24 Renal ganglia. Ganglia renalis. Microscopically connected across the midline with the pulmo- small groups of ganglion cells dispersed within 18 nary plexus of the opposite side and with the the renal plexus. A cardiac plexus. B 25 Ureteric plexus. Plexus uretericus. Nerve 19 9a PARS ABDOMINALIS AUTONOMICA. Abdominal plexus along the ureter with fibers from the part of the autonomic nervous system. renal and abdominal aortic plexuses and the 10 Abdominal aortic plexus. Plexus aorticus aorticorenal ganglia. A 20 abdominalis. Nerve plexus in front of and on 26 Testicular plexus. Plexus testicularis. Nerve both sides of the aorta. It extends from the plexus along the testicular artery. It extends as 21 celiac plexus to the aortic bifurcation, receives far as the testis and receives fibers from the fibers from both upper lumbar ganglia and con- renal and abdominal aortic plexuses. A tinues caudally into the superior hypogastric 27 Ovarian plexus. Plexus ovaricus. Autonomic 22 plexus. nerve plexus along the ovarian artery with 11 Celiac plexus. Plexus coeliacus. Nerve plexus fibers from the abdominal aortic and renal 23 around the celiac trunk. It communicates with plexuses. A adjacent plexuses and receives fibers from both 28 Superior mesenteric plexus. Plexus mesenteri- splanchnic nerves and from the vagus. A C cus superior. Nerve plexus accompanying the 24 12 Celiac ganglia. Ganglia coelica. Aggregations of superior mesenteric artery and its branches. It ganglion cells communicating with the celiac contains sympathetic fibers from the celiac 25 plexus and lying to the right and left of the plexus and parasympathetic fibers from the aorta by the celiac trunk. A vagus nerve. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Autonomic nervous system 349

1 17 17 19 2 18 12 3 12 22 11 4 14 14 13 13 5 24 28 6 15 7 23 16 8

25 9

8 6 4 10 6 11 9 12

13 5 14 A Lower part of 5 26; 27 sympathetic system 15

5 16

18 B Cardiac plexus 19

20 20

18 19 21

22 11 21 21 23

24 C Celiac plexus 25

1 Inferior mesenteric plexus. Plexus mesentericus 16 Uterovaginal plexus. Plexus uterovaginalis. 1 inferior. Continuation of the abdominal aortic Nerve plexus occupying the parametrium and in- plexus along the inferior mesenteric artery in- filtrated with many ganglia. It sends branches to 2 cluding its branches. D the uterus, vagina, uterine tube and ovary and 2 Superior rectal plexus. Plexus rectalis superior. communicates with the inferior hypogastric Continuation of the inferior mesenteric plexus on plexus in the rectouterine fold. D 3 the superior rectal artery and rectum. It also con- 17 Vaginal nerves. Nervi vaginales. Branches of the tains parasympathetic fibers from the inferior hy- uterovaginal plexus passing to the vagina. D 4 pograstric plexus. D 18 Vesical plexus. Plexus vesicalis. Plexus situatedon 3 Enteric plexus. Plexus entericus. Collective term both sides of the urinary bladder. It contains para- for the autonomic plexuses in the wall of the in- sympatheticfibersandisinvolvedinregulatingthe 5 testinal tract. voiding mechanism of the urinary bladder. E 4 Subserosal plexus. Plexus subserosus. Fine au- 19 Cavernous nerves of penis. Nn. cavernosi penis. 6 tonomic plexus located directly beneath the Rami from the prostatic plexus to the cavernous serosa. C bodies of the penis. E 5 Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus. Plexus my- 20 Cavernous nerves of clitoris. Nn. cavernosi cli- 7 entericus [[Auerbach]]. Prominent plexus situated toridis. Nerves corresponding to the cavernous between the longitudinal and circular muscle nerves of the penis. E 8 layers. It contains ganglion cells and regulates the 21 SYMPATHETIC PART (SYSTEM). Pars sympathet- peristaltic action of the intestine. C ica. Thoracolumbar part of the autonomic 6 Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus. Plexus sub- nervous system represented in the sympathetic 9 mucosus [[Meissner]]. Prominent plexus occupy- trunk. Excitable by adrenalin (adrenergic), it has a ing the submucosa. It contains ganglion cells and stimulatory effect on the circulation and an in- 10 regulates the activity of the muscularis mucosae hibitory effect on the intestinal tract. and villi. C 22 Sympathetic trunk. Truncus sympatheticus. 7 Iliac plexus. Plexus iliaci. Continuation of the Chain of ganglia connected by nerve fibers. It lies 11 abdominal aortic plexus onto both iliac arteries. to the right and left of the vertebral column and DE extends from the base of the skull to the coccyx. B 12 8 Femoral plexus. Plexus femoralis. Continuation 23 Ganglia of sympathetic trunk. Ganglia trunci of the iliac plexus onto the femoral artery. E sympathetici. Groups of small, mostly multipolar ganglion cells producing macroscopic thicken- 13 8a PARS PELVICA AUTONOMICA. Pelvic part of the autonomic nervous system. ings and forming synaptic sites between myelinated preganglionic and nonmyelinated postgan- 9 Superior hypogastric plexus (presacral nerve). glionic fibers. B 14 Plexus hypogastricus superior (n. praesacralis). Plexus-like connection between the abdominal 24 Interganglionic branches. Rami interganglionares. Bundles of white and gray fibers linking the 15 aortic and inferior hypogastric plexuses located predominantly in front of the 5th lumbar verte- sympathetic ganglia. B bral body and receiving branches from the lum- 25 Rami communicates. Communicating branches 16 bar sympathetic ganglia. D E (afferent and efferent) between the spinal nerves 10 Right/left hypogastric nerve. N. hypogastricus and sympathetic trunk. B 17 dexter/sinister. Right and left branches of the su- 26 Intermediate ganglia. Ganglia intermedia. Addi- perior hypogastric plexus to the pelvic viscera. tional accumulations of sympathetic ganglion They communicate with the inferior hypogastric cells mainly in the rami communicantes of the 18 plexus. D E cervical and lumbar regions. B 11 Inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus). 27 Superior cervical ganglion. Ganglion cervicale Plexus hypogastricus inferior (plexus pelvicus). superius. Uppermost sympathetic trunk gan- 19 Network of sympathetic and parasympathetic glion, about 2.5 cm long and lying 2 cm below the fibers located to the right and left of the rectum base of the skull between the longus capitis and 20 and in front of it. D posterior belly of the digastric. A 12 Middle rectal plexus. Plexus rectalis medius. 28 Jugular nerve. N. jugularis. Branch to the inferior Continuation of the inferior hypogastric plexus ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve and to 21 onto the wall of the rectum. E the superior ganglion of the vagus. A 13 Inferior rectal plexus. Plexus rectalis inferior. 29 Internal carotid nerve. N. caroticus internus. It 22 Autonomic nerve plexus located around the contains postganglionic fibers and forms the in- branches of the internal iliac artery and passing ternal carotid plexus in the carotid canal. A 23 to both sides of the rectum. E 30 Internal carotid plexus. Plexus caroticus inter- 14 Prostatic plexus. Plexus prostaticus. Nerve nus. Nerve plexus in the carotid canal giving rise to plexus mainly located at the posterior and infe- the deep petrosal nerve and branches to the inner 24 rior surfaces of the prostate and extending as far ear. It supplies the eye with sympathetic fibers. A as the membranous part of the urethra. E 31 External carotid nerves. Nn. carotici externi. 25 15 Deferential plexus. Plexus deferentialis. Nerve Nerves for the external carotid plexus descending plexus around the ductus deferens. E along the external carotid artery. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Autonomic nervous system 351

30 1

1 A Superior cervical 2 ganglion with branches 3 28 4 29 7 C II 9 5 27 6 C III 10 2 31 7

C IV 11 8 16 9 C V 10 17 11

D Abdominal and 13 pelvic plexuses 14

24 7 15 25 26 22 23 B Sympathetic trunk 16 from in front 9 17

18 10 19

20 12 15 21 12 4 19; 20 5 22 6 18 8 352.35 23

13 24 C Plexuses in intestinal wall 14 E Pelvic plexus 25

1 External carotid plexus. Plexus caroticus exter- 21 Lumbar ganglia. Ganglia lumbalia (lumbaria). 1 nus. Autonomic nerve plexus around the external The sympathetic ganglia of the lumber vertebral carotid artery. A column, usually four on either side. B 2 2 Common carotid plexus. Plexus caroticus com- 22 Lumber splanchnic nerves. Nervi splanchnici munis. It surrounds the common carotid artery. A lumbales (lumbares). Usually four nerves from the 3 Laryngopharyngeal branches. Rami laryn- lumbar sympathetic trunk forming a plexus on L5. 3 gopharyngeales. Postganglionic fibers to the B pharyngeal plexus. A 23 Sacral ganglia. Ganglia sacralia. Four smaller gan- 4 Superior cervical cardiac nerve. N. cardiacus glia lying medial to the pelvis sacral foramina. B 4 cervicalis superior. Fibers to the cardiac plexus. A 24 Sacral splanchnic nerves. Nervi splanchnici 5 Middle cervical ganglion. Ganglion cervicale me- sacrales. Two to three fine nerves from sacral gan- 5 dium. Often very small ganglion of the sympa- glia 2−4. B thetic trunk that lies at the level of C6 in front of or 25 Ganglion impar. Last unpaired sympathetic trunk behind the inferior thyroid artery. A E ganglion lying in front of the coccyx. B 6 6 Vertebral ganglion. Ganglion vertebrale. Small 26 PARASYMPATHETIC PART (SYSTEM). Pars para- accessory ganglion usually on the vertebral artery sympathetica. Craniosacral component of the au- in front of its entrance into the foramen transver- tonomic nervous system involving cranial nerves 7 sarium. A III, VII, IX, and X and sacral spinal nerves 2−4. An- 7 Middle cervical cardiac nerve. N. cardiacus cervi- tagonistic to the sympathetic division, it slows 8 calis medius. It passes from the middle cervical down the heart beat and stimulates intestinal and ganglion to the deep part of the cardiac plexus. A sexual functions. 8 Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion. Ganglion 26 a Cranial part. Pars cranialis. 9 cervicothoracicum (stellatum). Fusion of the infe- 27 Terminal nerve. N. terminalis. A slender, partly in- rior cervical ganglion with the 1st or, in many cases terwoven nerve of unknown function, but prob- (ca. 75%) 2nd thoracic ganglion. A E 10 ably autonomic. It unites the olfactory region with 9 Ansa subclavia. Cord of nerve fibers forming a the anterior perforated substance. C loop around the subclavian artery. A 28 Terminal ganglion. Ganglion terminale. It com- 11 10 Inferior cervical cardiac nerve. N. cardiacus prises all of the ganglion cells dispersed in the ter- cervicalis inferior. It passes to the deep part of the minal nerves. cardiac plexus. A 29 Ciliary ganglion. Ganglion ciliare. Located lateral 12 11 Subclavian plexus. Plexus subclavius. Autonomic to the optic nerve. It receives preganglionic fibers nerve plexus around the subclavian artery. A from the oculomotor nerve and gives off postgan- 13 12 Vertebral nerve. N. vertebralis. Located behind glionic fibers which constrict the pupil and con- the vertebral artery; it forms the vertebral plexus. tract the ciliary muscles during accomodation. D A 30 Pterygopalatine ganglion. Ganglion pterygo- 14 13 Vertebral plexus. Plexus vertebralis. Network of palatinum. Nerve that lies lateral to the spheno- nerves around the vertebral artery. A palatine foramen, receives motor fibers from the 14 Thoracic ganglia. Ganglia thoracica. 11−12 thick- facial nerve via the nerve of the pterygoid canal 15 enings in the thoracic sympathetic trunk. A E and supplies the lacrimal and nasal glands. D 15 Thoracic cardiac branches. Rami cardiaci 31 Otic ganglion. Ganglion oticum. Situated below 16 thoracici. Rami with efferent and afferent (pain) the foramen ovale and medial to the mandibular fibers passing from T2−4(5) thoracic ganglia to the nerve. It receives motor fibers from the glos- cardiac plexus. A E sopharyngeal nerve via the lesser petrosal nerve 17 15 a Thoracic plumonary branches. Rami pulmonales and innvervates the parotid gland. D thoracici. Efferent fibers from T2−4 ganglia to the 32 Submandibular ganglion. Ganglion subman- pulmonary plexus at the lung hilum. dibulare. Located along the lingual nerve below 18 15 b Esophageal branches. Rami oesophageales. Effer- the mandible. It receives motor fibers from the fa- ent fibers from T2−5 ganglia. cial nerve via the chorda tympani and sends effer- 19 16 Greater splanchnic nerve. N. splanchnicus major. ent fibers to the sublingual and submandibular It passes from sympathetic trunk ganglia 5−9(10) glands. D to the celiac ganglion and contains pre- and post- 33 Sublingual ganglion. Ganglion sublinguale. Small 20 ganglionic fibers which conduct pain and other accumulations of cells occasionally present on the sensations from the upper abdominal organs. E glandular branches. 17 Thoracic splanchnic ganglion. Ganglion thoraci- 21 33 a Pelvic part (Pars pelvica). Sacral part of parasym- cum splanchnicum. Accessory ganglion at the pathetic division. level of T9. It is incorporated into the greater 34 Pelvic splanchnic nerves. Nn. pelvici splanchnici 22 splanchnic nerve. E (nn. erigentes). Parasympathetic fibers from S2−4 18 Lesser splanchnic nerve. N. splanchnicus minor. spinal nerves to the pelvic ganglia for the pelvic Arises from sympathetic trunk ganglia 9−11 and is and genital organs. They also contain afferent 23 similar to the greater splanchnic nerve. E fibers. B 19 Renal branch. Ramus renalis. Occasional branch 35 Pelvic ganglia. Ganglia pelvica. Groups of auton- from the lesser splanchnic nerve to the renal 24 omic cells in the inferior hypogastric plexus. They plexus. E give rise to the postganglionic axons. See p. 351 E 20 Lowest splanchnic nerve. N. splanchnicus imus. It 25 often arises independently from the T12 ganglion and passes to the renal plexus. E Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Autonomic nervous system 353

21 1

2 1 3 22 A Cervical sympathetic trunk 2 5 3 6 4 7 5 8 13 23 12 11 9 6 5 4 24 8 7

34 10 8 25 9 15 B Lumbosacral sympathetic trunk 14 10 15 11

27 14 14 C Terminal nerves 15

29 17

18 31 16 19 30 17 20 18 20 21 32 19 22

24 D Autonomic ganglia of the head E Splanchnic nerves 25

1 SENSE ORGANS. Organa sensoria (sensuum). 19 Meridians. Meridiani. Semicircles oriented at 1 In the narrow sense, the organs of vision, hear- right angles to the equator between the anterior ing, smell and taste. and posterior poles. D. 2 2 ORGAN OF VISION. Organum visus (visuale). 20 External axis of eyeball. Axis bulbi externus. 3 EYE. Oculus. Line connecting anterior and posterior poles. C 3 4 Optic nerve. N. opticus. Fiber bundle beginning 21 Internal axis of eyeball. Axis bulbi internus. in the retina and extending as far as the optic Distance from posterior surface of cornea to the chiasm. Histologically and embryologically inner surface of retina measured along an im- 4 speaking, it is the tract of the brain that is ac- aginary line (external axis of eyeball) through cordingly enclosed by meninges up to the pos- the anterior and posterior poles. C 5 terior aspect of the eyeball. Its axons have no 22 Optic axis. Axis opticus. Line passing through neurilemma (sheath of Schwann) but are myeli- the midline of the cornea and lens and bisecting nated. The myelin sheath is formed by the oligo- the retina between the fovea centralis and optic 6 dendroglia. A C E disc. C 5 Intracranial part. Pars intracranialis. Segment 23 FIBROUS TUNIC OF EYEBALL. Tunica fibrosa 7 of the optic nerve betweeen the optic canal and bulbi. External wall of eyeball comprising the the chiasm. E cornea and sclera. C 8 6 Intracanalicular part. Pars intracanicularis. 24 Sclera. The bluish-white outer coat of the eye- Segment of the optic nerve located in the optic ball, which consists of irregulatory arranged canal. It is partially connected with the canal collagenous fibers visible through the conjunc- 9 wall. E tiva.ABC 7 Orbital part. Pars orbitalis. Slightly tortuous 25 Scleral sulcus. Sulcus sclerae. Shallow groove segment of the optic nerve measuring about 10 between the cornea and sclera caused by the 3 cm in length and occupying the orbit. E greater curvature of the cornea. B C D 8 Intraocular part. Pars intraocularis. Segment of 26 Corneoscleral junction. Limbus. The concave 11 optic nerve located in the wall of the eyeball. border of the sclera adjacent to the cornea. B 9 Postlaminar part. Pars postlaminaris. In- 12 traocular segment located behind the lamina 27 Trabecular meshwork (pectinate ligament). cribrosa and thus at the site where the external Reticulum trabeculare (lig. pectinatum) sheath of the optic nerve (dura) blends into the [[spongium iridocorneale]]. Connective tissue 13 sclera. A framework at the iridocorneal (filtration) angle. 10 Intralaminar part. Pars intralaminaris. In- 28 Corneoscleral part. Pars corneoscleralis. Part 14 traocular segment lying within the lamina cri- of the meshwork attached to the sclera. B brosa. A 29 Uveal part. Pars uvealis. Part of the trabecular 15 11 Prelaminar part. Pars preliminaris. Intraocular meshwork attached to the iris. B segment extending between the lamina cri- 30 Canal of Schlemm. Sinus venosus sclerae. brosa and the nerve fiber layer of the retina. A Circular vessel occupying the interior aspect of 16 12 External sheath. Vagina externa. Dural cover- the trabecular meshwork. It can be interrupted ing of the optic nerve extending up to the eye- or doubled and is involved in the discharge of 17 ball. A aqueous humor from the anterior chamber. B 13 Internal sheath. Vagina interna. Pia and 31 Episclera. Lamina episcleralis. Delicate dis- arachnoid coverings acoompanying the optic placeable connective tissue between the outer 18 nerve to the eyeball. A surface of the sclera and [[Tenon’s capsule]] 14 Intervaginal spaces. Spatia intervaginalia. (bulbar fascia). 19 Subarachnoid space accompanying the optic 32 Substantia propria sclerae corneal stroma. nerve and the capillary space between the The proper substance, i. e., main part of the 20 arachnoid and dura. A sclera. It consists of irregularly arranged col- 15 Eyeball. Bulbus oculis. Globe of the eye. It con- lagenous fibers with sparse elastic fibers. A B sists of the cornea and sclera together with all of 33 Lamina fusca sclerae. Layer of loose connective 21 the structures they enclose. D tissue connecting the sclera and the choroid 16 Anterior pole. Polus anterior (center of anterior lying below it. It appears yellowish owing to the 22 curvature) of the eyeball, which is determined pigment cells dispersed within it. A by the corneal vertex. D 34 Lamina cribrosa. Fine, perforated layer of the 23 17 Posterior pole. Polus posterior (center of poste- slcera for the passage of optic nerve fibers from rior curvature) of the eyeball, which lies lateral the retina. A to the exit of the optic nerve and opposite to the 24 anterior pole. D 18 Equator. Aequator. Greatest circumference of 25 the eyeball located equidistant from the anterior and posterior poles. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 355

33 1 11 24 2 34 10 9 32 3

5 14 6 25 23

4 13 12 7

A Optic nerve with coverings 24 8 at point of exit

21 22 20 9

30 25 10

26 11 32 28 12 29 4 13 C 24 Eye, schematic 14

15 16 B Iridocorneal angle 19 25 16

18 18 19

7 21 17 22 6 D Eye, lines of orientation 23

5 24 E Segments of optic nerve 25

1 Cornea. The transparent anterior part (1/6) of 16 Vascular lamina. Lamina vasculosa. It contains 1 the eyeball with an anterior convex curvature the branchings of the short posterior ciliary ar- and a posterior concave curvature. It is 0.9 mm teries. A thick in the middle, 1.2 mm thick at its margins. 2 17 Choriocapillaris. Lamina choroidocapillaris. BD Pigment-free layer of connective tissue with a 2 Conjunctival ring. Anulus conjunctivae. Junc- dense network of capillaries extending as far as 3 tion between bulbar conjunctival epithelium the ora serrata. It is often delimited from the and the anterior epithelium of the cornea. D vascular lamina by a special connective tissue 4 3 Corneoscleral junction. Limbus corneae. D layer. A 4 Vertex corneae. The most prominent point on 18 Basal lamina [[Bruch’s membrane]]. Com- 5 the anterior surface of the cornea. plexus (lamina) basalis. Homogeneous zone about 2−4 mm thick between the choriocapil- 5 Anterior surface. Facies anterior. Corneal sur- laris and the pigment epithelium of the retina. A 6 face facing the outside air. D 19 Ciliary body. Corpus ciliare. Enlarged uveal seg- 6 Posterior surface. Facies posterior. Corneal sur- ment situated between the ora serrata and root 7 face facing the anterior chamber. D of the iris. It contains ciliary muscles and 7 Anterior epithelium. Epithelium anterius. processes. C 8 Stratified (about 5 layers) squamous 20 Pars plicata (Corona ciliaris). Circular zone oc- epithelium covering the anterior surface of the cupied by ciliary processes. C cornea with a very smooth surface. B D 9 21 Ciliary processes. Processus ciliares. 70−80 8 Anterior limiting (Bowman’s) membrane. radially oriented, capillary-rich folds, 0.1− Lamina limitans anterior [[Bowman]]. Basal 0.2 mm wide, 1 mm high and 2−3 mm long. 10 membrane of the anterior epithelium, about Their epithelium produces aqueous humor. C 10−20 mm thick. It is continuous posteriorly with the substantia propria. B 22 Ciliary folds. Plicate ciliares. Low folds in the re- 11 gion of the corona ciliaris and between the cili- 9 Substantia propria. Predominant part of the ary processes. C avascular cornea consisting of highly organized 12 lamellar connective tissue embedded within a 23 Pars plana. Orbiculus ciliaris. Circular zone mucopolysaccharide substance. The state of lying between the corona and ora serrata. It is turgescence of its fibers and the distribution of occupied by ciliary folds. C 13 its colloidal matrix affect the transparency of 24 Ciliary muscle. M. ciliaris. Smooth muscle oc- the cornea. B cupying the ciliary body. It pulls the choroid for- 14 10 Posterior limiting (Descemet’s) membrane. ward and, in so doing, relaxes the zonule fibers Lamina limitans posterior [[Descemet]]. Basal so that the lens can become more strongly 15 membrane of the corneal (posterior) en- curved for accomodation of near objects. D dothelium. At its lateral margin it divides into 25 Meridional (longitudinal) fibers. Fibrae mer- fibers which radiate into the trabecular mesh- idionales [fibrae longitudinales]. Larger muscle 16 work of the sclera and iris. Aqueous humor fibers oriented meridionally (longitudinally). passes through its interstices to drain into the Anteriorly they are attached to the posterior sinus venosus sclerae. B D 17 limiting lamina above the trabecular mesh- 11 Posterior epithelium (endothelium). Epithe- work; posteriorly, they insert into the choroid. lium posterius. Simple squamous epithelium D 18 lining the posterior surface of the cornea. B D 26 Circular fibers. Fibrae circulares. Circular 12 VASCULAR TUNIC OF EYEBALL (UVEAL TRACT). muscle lying internal to the meridional fibers. D 19 Tunica vasculosa bulbi (tractus uvealis). It rep- 27 Radial fibers. Fibrae radiales. Muscle fibers resents the middle layer of the wall of the eye- crossing perpendicular to the two other muscle ball and consists of the choroid, ciliary body and systems and coursing outwardly. 20 iris. 28 Basal lamina. Lamina basalis. Continuation of 13 Choroid. Choroidea. The vascular coat lying be- 21 the basal membrane of the choroid. It supports tween the retina and sclera. A the epithelium. D 14 Suprachoroid lamina (lamina fusca). Lamina 22 suprachoroidea. Displaceable layer directly beneath the sclera. It contains only a few vessels and pigment; its fibers are partly covered by en- 23 dothelium. A 15 Perichoroidal space. Spatium perichoroideale. 24 Spatial system in the suprachoroid lamina, part of which forms lymph pathways. It houses the 25 ciliary nerves, long and short posterior ciliary arteries and the vorticose veins. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 357

7 1 8 2

354.24 13 3

9 9 4

6 10 7 11 8 B Cornea 9

15 14 16 17 18 10

A Choroid 11 23 12 20 13

21 15 7 2 5 22 16 1 17 C Ciliary body from behind 10 3 11 18 6 19

24 25 21

22 26 23 28

D Iridocorneal angle, schematic 24

1 Iris. Frontally-located, round, variably colored 16 Lesser arterial circle of iris. Circulus arteriosus 1 disk about 10−12 mm in diameter, with a cen- iridis minor. Ringlike vascular system in the vi- tral aperture (pupil). The iris forms the poste- cinity of the pupillary margin formed by anas- 2 rior border of the anterior chamber of the eye. tomoses between the radial branches of the Its lateral margins become continuous with the greater arterial circle. A ciliary body. A 17 Pupillary membrane. [Membrana pupillaris]. 3 2 Pupillary margin. Margo pupillaris. Medial (in- Anterior part of embryonical vascular mem- ternal) margin of the iris bordering the pupil. A brane around the lens that is situated behind 4 B the pupil. It is fused to the pupillary margin and 3 Ciliary margin. Margo ciliaris. Lateral (external) receives blood vessels from there. margin of iris attached to ciliary body at the ir- 18 INTERNAL (SENSORY) TUNIC OF EYEBALL. 5 idocorneal angle. B Tunica interna bulbi. It comprises the retina 4 Anterior surface. Facies anterior. It faces the with its pigment epithelium. 6 anterior chamber. B 19 Retina. Inner lining of eyeball developed from 5 Posterior surface. Facies posterior. Surface the two layers of the optic cup. Most of it is light-sensitive (pars optica). B 7 facing the posterior chamber. A B 6 Greater ring (circle) of iris. Anulus iridis major. 20 Pars optica retinae. Retinal segment capable of Ciliary segment of the iris, and outer cirucular transforming light stimuli into nerve impulses. 8 zone on the anterior surface of the iris. It is It lines the posterior aspect of the eyeball and coarser and broader than the lesser ring. A extends as far anteriorly as the ora serrata. B 21 Pigmented part. Pars pigmentosa. Pigment 9 7 Lesser ring (circle) of iris. Anulus iridis minor. Pupillary segment of iris. Narrow, circular inner epithelium arising from the external layer of the zone on the anterior surface of iris. Its structure optic cup. B 10 is finer than that of the greater ring. A 22 Nervous part. Pars nervosa. Retina proper con- 8 Iridial folds. Plicae iridis. Folds passing around sisting essentially of three nuclear layers lying internal to the pigment epithelium. B 11 the pupillary margin on the anterior side of the iris. They make the pupillary margin appear 23 Neuroepithelial (photosensitive) layer. Stratum slightly serrated. A neuroepitheliale (photosensorium). Outer layer 12 9 Pupil. Pupilla. Aperture in the iris surrounded of the cerebral stratum. It consists of rods and by the pupillary margin of the iris. Its diameter cones, the outer segments of which affect the transformation of light stimuli into nerve im- 13 varies depending upon the intensity of light and the focal distance of the observed object. A pulses. Cell bodies of rods and cones form the outermost layer of the retinal nuclei (external 10 M. sphincter pupillae. Network of spirally nuclear layer). D 14 coursing muscle fibers the longitudinal axes of which run approximately parallel to the pupil- 24 Internal nuclear layer. [[Stratum ganglionare retinae]]. Middle layer of cell nuclei mainly con- 15 lary margin when the pupil is dilated. It is innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the sisting of the cell bodies of bipolar and amacrine oculomotor nerve. B cells. D 16 11 M. dilator pupillae. Thin layer of smooth 25 Ganglion cell layer. [[Stratum ganglionare n. op- muscle mainly comprised of radially oriented tici]].Internal layer of nuclei consisting of multipolar cell bodies of initially non-myelinated 17 fibers. It is innervated by sympathetic fibers from the carotid plexus. ganglion cells the axons of which form the optic nerve. D 12 Stroma iridis. Vascular framework of the iris in- 18 filtrated by pigmented connective tissue cells. 26 Ora serrata. Serrated margin between the Its anterior and posterior portions are thicker light-sensitive and light-insensitive parts of the neural retina. B C 19 than the rest and are divided by a fine fibrous network. A B 27 Pars ciliaris retinae. Light-insensitive retinal segment consisting of a bilayered cuboidal 13 Pigmented (posterior) epithelium. Epithelium epithelium (ciliary epithelium) forming the 20 pigmentosum. Bilayered epithelium on the posterior surface of the ciliary body. Its outer posterior surface of the iris. It is so heavily pig- layer of epithelium is continuous with the pigmented that no nuclei are visible on the surface 21 ment epithelium of the retina and is pigmented, facing the posterior chamber. A whereas the innermost epithelium is continu- 14 Spaces of iridocorneal angle [spaces of Fon- 22 ous with the pars nervosa of the retina and is tana]. Spatia anguli iridocornealis. Interstices devoid of pigment. B between the fibers of the trabecular meshwork. 28 Pars iridica retinae. Light-insensitive retinal They form passageways that convey aqueous 23 segment on the posterior surface of the iris. It is fluid to the sinus venosus sclerae. A continuous with the pars ciliaris retinae and 15 Greater arterial circle of iris. Circulus arterio- 24 forms the bilayered posterior epithelium of the sus iridis major. Ringlike vascular system with iris. Both layers are heavily pigmented. B radiating branches. It is formed by anastomoses 25 between the long and short posterior ciliary arteries. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 359

3 8 9 6 4

2 5 16 1 6 14 7 12 8

10 15 11

12 5 13 13 13

A Iris, schematic 3 4 14

12 2 15 28 5 10 16 27 26 17

18 26 19 19

20 20 C Ora serrata retinae 21

25 22 24 23 21 22 23 24 B Sections of retina D Retinal layers 25

1 Optic disc (papilla). Discus nervi optici [papilla 16 Iridocorneal angle. Angulus iridocornealis. 1 nervi optici]. Beginning of the optic nerve as Angle between the iris and cornea. It houses the visualized in the fundus about 3−4 mm medial trabecular meshwork, the interstices of which 2 to the macula. It is about 1.6 mm in diameter. C serve as passageways that drain aqueous humor 2 Physiological cup. Excavatio disci. Depression into the sinus venosus sclerae. A in the middle of the optic disc with the stems of 17 Aqueous humor. Humor aquosus. Fluid pro- 3 the central retinal artery and vein. C duced by the epithelium of the ciliary processes (total quantity: 0.2−0.3 cm3). The clear fluid 3 Macula [[lutea]]. Transversely oval, yellowish consists of 98% water, 1.4% NaCl and traces of 4 area, 2−4 mm in diameter, at the posterior pole protein and sugar. It has a refractive index of of the retina. C 1.336. 5 4 Fovea centralis. Central fovea, a small depression in the macula caused by thinning of the upper retinal layers. Its diameter, measured 6 from the beginning of the decrease in retinal thickness from one side to the other, is approxi- 7 mately 1−2 mm. B C 5 Foveola. Thinnest area of fovea centralis with a 8 diameter of about 0.2−0.4 mm. Here, the retina is comprised entirely of approx. 2500 closely packed cones. B 9 6 Retinal blood vessels. Vasa sanguinae retinae. Branches of the central retinal artery and vein 10 located on the internal aspect of the retina. 7 Circle of arteries around the optic nerve. Cir- 11 culus vasculosus nervi optici. Small vascular ring penetrating the sclera around the optic nerve. 12 8 Superior temporal arteriole/venule or retina. Arteriola/venula temporalis retinae superior. 13 Lateral upper branch of the central retinal artery and vein. C 14 9 Inferior temporal arteriole/venule of retina. Arteriola/venula temporalis retinae inferior. Lateral lower branch of the central retinal artery 15 and vein. C 10 Superior nasal arteriole/venule of retina. 16 Arteriola/venula nasalis retinae superior. Upper medial branch of the central retinal artery and vein. C 17 11 Inferior nasal arteriole/venule of retina. Arte- riola/venula nasalis retinae inferior. Lower me- 18 dial branch of the central retinal artery and vein. C 19 12 Superior macular arteriole/venule. Arteriola/ venula macularis superior. They supply and drain the upper part of the macula. C 20 13 Inferior macular arteriole/venule. Arteriola/ venula macularis inferior. They supply and 21 drain the lower part of the macula. C 14 Medial arteriole/venule of retina. Arteriola/ 22 venula medialis retinae. Small branches that supply and drain the medial part of retina proximal to the optic disc. C 23 14 a CHAMBERS OF THE EYE. Camerae bulbi. 15 Anterior chamber. Camera anterior. Space that 24 extends from the anterior surface of the iris to the posterior surface of the cornea and com- 25 municates with the posterior chamber via the pupil. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 361

15 2

16 3

4 A Ciliary margin of iris 5

4 6

5 7

9 B Fovea centralis 10

8 13

10 12 15

2 14 17 3 4 1 18

19 11

13 20

22 9 23

24 C Fundus 25

1 Posterior chamber. Camera posterior. It ex- 14 Lens fibers. Fibrae lentis. Fibers corresponding 1 tends from the iris and ciliary body to the ante- to the lens epithelium from which they develop. rior surface of the vitreous. A They form the lens substance measuring 2.5− 2 2 Aqueous humor. Humor aquosus. Produced by 12 µm thick and up to 10 mm long. C the ciliary processes. It flows between the in- 15 Epithelium of lens. Epithelium lentis. Part of terstices of the suspensory ligaments of the lens the lens confined to the anterior surface and ex- 3 to the anterior surface of the lens and then be- tending as far as the equator. It is derived tween the iris and lens to the pupil, through embryologically from the anterior epithelium 4 which it enters the anterior chamber. of the lens vesicle. C 3 Vitreous chamber. Camera vitrea. Space filled 16 Lens capsule. Capsula lentis. Transparent mem- up by the vitreous body. B 5 brane, up to 15 µm thick, covering the lens in- 4 Vitreous body. Corpus vitreum. It consists of cluding its epithelium. Its anterior pole is about 98% water and primarily contains traces thicker than the posterior pole. It gives attach- 6 of protein and NaCl and a mixture of fine fibrils ment to the suspensory ligaments. C which thicken near the surface to form a lim- 17 Anterior pole. Polus anterior. D iting membrane. It has a gelatinous consistency 18 Posterior pole. Polus posterior. D 7 due to its high content of hyaluronic acid. A 19 Anterior surface. Facies anterior. Less curved 5 Hyaloid artery. [A. hyaloidea]. Branch of the lens surface with a radius of 8.3−10 mm. C 8 ophthalmic artery supplying the vascular membrane of the lens. Present only during embry- 20 Posterior surface. Facies posterior. More curved lens surface with a radius of about 9 onic development. The proximal portion persists in the optic nerve as the central retinal 6.5 mm. C artery. B 21 Axis. Line connecting anterior and posterior 10 6 Hyaloid canal. Canalis hyaloideus. Canal poles. D within the vitreous body formerly occupied by 22 Equator. Margin of lens. D 11 the embryonic hyaloid artery which degener- 23 Radii of lens. Suture line of the individual lens ates in this region. The canal assumes a fibers. In the young it resembles a triradiate downward sagging corkscrew shape; it extends seam. D 12 from the optic disc to the posterior surface of the lens. Its wall is formed by condensed fibers. 24 Ciliary zonule. Zonula ciliaris. Suspensory ap- A paratus together with its interstices. It encircles 13 the lens equator and consists of a radially 7 Hyaloid (lenticular, patellar) fossa. Fossa hy- oriented system of fibers of variable length and aloidea. Fossa on the anterior surface of the vit- the folds situated between them. C 14 reous body adjacent to the lens. A 25 Zonular fibers (suspensory ligaments). Fi- 8 Vitreous (hyaloid) membrane. Membrana brae zonulares. Suspensory fibers attached to vitrea. Condensation of fibers on the surface of 15 the equator and the adjacent anterior and post- the vitreous body. See (4), vitreous body. A erior surfaces of the lens. They arise distally 16 9 Stroma of vitreous body. Stroma vitreum. from the basal lamina of the ciliary body and the Fine network of fibers in the virtreous body. Its pars ciliaris retinae. C surface thickens to form the vitreous mem- 26 Zonular spaces. Spatia zonularia. Spaces be- brane. 17 tween the zonule fibers filled with percolating 9a Vitreous humor. Humor vitreus. Fluid part of aqueous humor. C 18 vitreous body. Primarily consists of mucupoly- saccharides and is situated between the fibers of the stroma. 19 10 LENS. Structure of the eye situated between the pupil and vitreous body. It is suspended by the 20 ciliary zonule (suspensory ligaments), has a diameter of 9−10 mm and is about 4 mm thick. B C D 21 11 Substantia lentis. Lens substance situated beneath the lens epithelium and comprising 22 the lens nucleus and lens cortex with a refractive index of 1.44−1.55. C 23 12 Lens cortex. Cortex lentis. External zone of the lens. It is softer owing to its high water content and blends into the lens nucleus without a 24 sharp boundary. C 13 Nucleus of lens. Nucleus lentis. Harder core of 25 the lens with a low water content, as is especially evident in the elderly. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 363

8 2 4 1 3

7 4

8 5 6 6

3 7

10 A Posterior chamber of eye 8 5 3 9

19 14 11 B 15 16 Hyaloid artery 12 12 25 13

14 11 13 24 15 26 16 12 17 20 22 18 C Lens and zonula ciliaris 19

23 20

17 18 21 21 22

24 D Lens of eye 25

1 ACCESSORY ORGANS OF EYE. Organa oculi ac- 15 Superficial lamina of levator tendon. 1 cessoria. Lamina superficialis. It passes between the tarsus and orbicularis oculi to insert into the sub- 2 Muscles of eye. Musculi bulbi. Extrinsic ocular cutaneous connective tissue of the upper eyelid. 2 muscles. It is so broad that it extends mainly laterally to 3 Orbital muscle. M. orbitalis. Thin layer of the wall of the orbit. A smooth muscle which bridges the inferior orbi- 3 16 Deep lamina of levator tendon. Lamina pro- tal fissure. C funda. It inserts into the upper margin and the 4 4 Superior rectus. M. rectus superior. o: Common anterior surface of the tarsus. A tendinous ring. i: Along an oblique line in front 17 Orbital fasciae. Fasciae orbitales. of the equator, 7−8 mm posterior to the corneal 5 margin. A: Elevation and medial rotation of su- 18 Periosteum of orbit. Periorbita. It is delicate perior pole of eyeball. I: Oculomotor nerve. B C and fused solidly to the bone at the inlet and D outlet of the orbit. Anteriorly, it is continuous 6 with the adjacent periosteum, posteriorly with 5 Inferior rectus. M. rectus inferior. o: Common the dura. A tendinous ring. i: Along an oblique line about 7 6 mm behind the corneal margin. A: Depression 19 Orbital septum. Septum orbitale. Connective and lateral rotation of superior pole of eyeball. I: tissue septum partly reinforced by tendon. It 8 Oculomotor nerve. B C D passes from the orbital margin below the orbicularis oculi to the external margins of the tarsi 6 Medial rectus. M. rectus medialis. o: Common and forms the anterior end of the orbit. A 9 tendinous ring. i: About 5.5 mm from the corneal margin. A: Adduction of corneal pole. I: 20 Muscular fasciae. Fasciae musculares. Sheaths Oculomotor nerve. B C of Tenon’s capsule enveloping the tendons and 10 muscular bellies of the 6 extrinsic ocular 7 Lateral rectus. M. rectus lateralis. o: Common muscles. A tendinous ring and lesser wing. i: 5.5 mm be- 11 hind corneal margin. A: Abduction of corneal 21 Tenon’s capsule (fascia bulbi). Vagina bulbi. pole. I: Abducent nerve. B C D Connective tissue gliding membrane between the eyeball and orbital fat. It is fused to the 12 8 Tendon of lateral rectus at greater wing. sclera posteriorly at the optic nerve. Anteriorly Lacertus musculi recti lateralis. C it ends beneath the conjunctiva. It is separated 13 9 Common tendinous ring (common annular from the sclera primarily by the episcleral tendon). Anulus tendineus communis. Ten- space. A dinous ring for attachment of the recti ocular 22 Episcleral space. Spatium episclerale [[inter- 14 muscles. It surrounds the optic canal and me- vaginale]]. Gliding space between the eyeball dial part of the superior orbital fissure. C and Tenon’s capsule. It is traversed by long, deli- 15 10 Superior oblique. M. obliquus superior. o: Body cate connective tissue fibers. A of sphenoid medial to common tendinous ring. 23 Orbital fat body. Corpus adiposum orbitae. i: Posterolateral aspect of sclera behind the 16 Adipose tissue fills the spaces around the ocular equator after its tendon passes through the muscles, the eyeball and the optic nerve and is trochlea and approaches sclera obliquely from bordered anteriorly by the orbital septum. A D 17 the medial margin of orbit. A: Abduction, medial rotation and depression. I: Trochlear nerve. B 18 11 Trochlea. Cartilaginous sling attached to the medial wall of the orbit [[trochlear spine]] and 19 serving as a pulley for the tendon of the superior oblique muscle. B 20 12 Tendon sheath of superior oblique muscle (synovial bursa of trochlea). Vagina tendinis m. obliqui superioris [[bursa synovialis 21 trochlearis]]. Synovial sheath (bursa) for the tendon of the superior oblique muscle separat- 22 ing the tendon from the trochlea. B 13 Inferior oblique. M. obliquus inferior. o: Lateral to the nasolacrimal canal. i: Posterior to equa- 23 tor. A: Elevation, abduction and lateral rotation. I: Oculomotor nerve. D 24 14 M. levator palpebrae superioris. o: Bone above optic canal and dura of optic nerve. Its tendon 25 broadens anteriorly and splits to form an upper and lower layer. I: Oculomotor nerve. A C D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 365

18 1 23 14 2

19 20 3 21 22 4 15 22 16 5 21 6 12 7 11 8

10 9

A Orbit, 6 10 sagittal section 5 4 11 14 4 12

7 14 7 9 14 8 6 15

B Eye muscles from above 5 16

3 17

14 18 4 19

C Orbit, anterior view 23 20 21

22 23 23 7 5 24 D Eye muscles, lateral view 25

1 Eyebrow. Supercilium. The transverse eleva- 19 Lateral palpebral raphe. [[Raphe palpebralis 1 tion above the eyes, covered by thick, bristle- lateralis]].Delicate band on the lateral palpebral like hairs. A ligament. It is reinforced by the orbicularis oculi muscle. D 2 2 Eyelids. Palpebrae. 20 Lateral palpebral ligament. Lig. palpebrale 3 Upper eyelid. Palpebra superior. A 3 laterale. Fibrous band that attaches the lateral 4 Lower eyelid. Palpebra inferior. A palpebral commissure to the lateral wall of the orbit in front of the orbital septum. B 5 Anterior palpebral surface. Facies anterior pal- 4 pebralis. The anterior external (skin-covered) 21 Tarsal [[Meibomian]] glands. Glandulae tar- surface of the eyelid. E sales. Elongated holocrine glands located in the 5 superior and inferior tarsal plates with openings 6 Epicanthus (mongolian fold). [Plica palpe- near the posterior edge of the free margin of the bronasalis] [[epicanthus]]. Vertical fold covering eyelids. They produce a sebaceous secretion for 6 the medial angle of the eye. It is a continuation lubrication of the lid margins. E of the upper eyelid at the lateral nasal wall. C 22 Superior tarsal muscle. M. tarsalis superior. 7 7 Posterior palpebral surface. Facies posterior Smooth muscle fibers between the muscle-ten- palpebralis. Surface lined by conjunctival don border of the levator palpebrae muscle and epithelium and containing dispersed goblet the superior tarsal plate. E 8 cells. E 23 Inferior tarsal muscle. M. tarsalis inferior. 8 Palpebral fissure. Rima palpebrarum. Space Smooth muscle fibers between the inferior for- 9 between the margins of the upper and lower nix of the conjunctiva and the inferior tarsal eyelids. A E plate. E 10 9 Lateral palpebral commissure. Commissura 24 Tunica conjunctiva. The lining of the inner sur- palpebralis lateralis. Lateral junction of the face of the eyelids, which consists of two or more upper and lower eyelids. A 11 layers of columnar epithelium with goblet cells 10 Medial palpebral commissure. Commissura and a loose, cell-rich lamina propria containing palpebralis medialis. Medial junction of the multiple blood vessels. The tunica extends 12 upper and lower eyelids. A around the fornix of the conjunctiva to the eyeball, which it covers with a layer of stratified 11 Lateral angle (canthus) of eye. Angulus oculi squamous epithelium that extends up to the cor- 13 lateralis. Acute lateral angle of the eye; it is also neal margin. E the lateral end of the palpebral fissure. A 25 Semilunar fold of conjunctive. Plica semi- 14 12 Medial angle (canthus) of eye. Angulus oculi lunarisconjunctivae.Itliesinthemedialangleof medialis. More rounded medial end of the the eye between the fornix of the upper and 15 palpebral fissure which delimits a triangular lower eyelid. F space, the lacrimal lake. A 26 Lacrimal caruncle. Caruncula lacrimalis. Mu- 13 Limbi palpebrales anteriores. Anterior edges cosal mass in the medial angle of the eye covered 16 of the free margins of the eyelids adjacent to the by stratified squamous or columnar epithelium. external skin. E F 17 14 Limbi palpebrales posteriores. Posterior edges of the free margins of the eyelids adjacent to the 18 conjunctiva. E 15 Eyelashes. Cilia. The 3−4 rows of hair growing 19 near the anterior edge of the free margin of the eyelids. E F 20 16 Superior tarsal plate. Tarsus superior. Curved plate about 10 mm high occupying the upper eyelid and consisting of compact, interwoven 21 collagenous connective tissue with tarsal glands. B E 22 17 Inferior tarsal plate. Tarsus inferior. Plate about 5 mm high within the lower eyelid. It likewise consists of firm, interwoven collagenous con- 23 nective tissue with tarsal glands. B E 18 Medial palpebral ligament. [[Lig. palpebrale 24 mediale]].Bandofconnectivetissuebetweenthe medial palpebral commissure and the medial 25 wall of the orbit. It lies in front of the lacrimal sac. BD Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 367

1 1 2 3 20 16 3 12 11 8 4 9 17 10 18 5 4 6 A Palpebral fissure B Tarsal plates and ligaments 7

9 22 6 10

C Epicanthus (epicanthic fold) 12

16 13 21 5 19 18 14 7 15 13 14 8 16 15 21 D Orbicular muscle of eye 13 17 7 from behind 18 17 24 5 19

20 15 21 23 25 22 E Eyelids, sagittal section 26 23

24 F Inner (nasal) canthus of eye 25

1 Bulbar conjunctiva. Tunica conjunctiva bul- 15 Rivus lacrimalis. Pathway that conducts tears 1 baris. Part of conjunctiva covering the eyeball. It from the excretory ducts to the lacrimal lake. It consists of stratified, nonkeratinized squamous lies within the conjunctival sac between the 2 epithelium with only a few goblet cells and a closed eyelids and the eyeball. loose, cell-poor lamina propria permeated with 16 Lacrimal lake. Lacus lacrimalis. Space in the me- elastic fibers. A 3 dial angle of the eye around the lacrimal 2 Palpebral conjunctiva. Tunica conjunctiva pal- caruncle. B C pebralis. The portion of the conjunctiva covering 17 Papilla lacrimalis. Small cone-shaped elevation 4 the posterior surface of the eyelid. It consists of medial to the inner edge of both the upper and two or more layers of columnar epithelium with lower eyelids. Each apex houses an opening or goblet cells and a loose, vascularized lamina lacrimal punctum. C 5 propria. A 18 Lacrimal punctum. Punctum lacrimale. Small 3 Superior fornix of cunjunctiva. Fornix con- opening marking the beginning of the lacrimal 6 junctivae superior. Reflected fold of conjunctiva fluid drainage system. C extending from the eyeball (bulbar) to the upper eyelid (palpebral). A 19 Lacrimal canaliculus. Canaliculus lacrimalis. 7 Small canal, up to 1 cm long, from each lacrimal 4 Inferior fornix of conjunctiva. Fornix conjunc- punctum to the lacrimal sac. C tivae inferior. Reflected fold of conjunctiva from 8 20 Ampulla of lacrimal canaliculus. Ampulla the eyeball (bulbar) on to the lower eyelid canaliculi lacrimalis. Slight enlargement at the (palpebral). A 9 bend of the lacrimal canaliculus. C 5 Conjunctival sac. Saccus conjunctivalis. Space 21 Lacrimal sac. Saccus lacrimalis. It is located in between palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae. Its the lacrimal fossa and is about 1.5 cm long and 10 upper and lower ends form the superior and in- about 0.5 cm wide. It descends directly into the ferior fornices of the conjunctiva. A nasolacrimal duct. C 11 6 Ciliary glands (of Moll). Glandulae ciliares 22 Fornix of lacrimal sac. Fornix sacci lacrimalis. [[Molli]]. Apocrine glands on the lid margin. Dome-shaped upper margin of the lacrimal sac. They open either into the hair follicles of the C 12 eyelashes or at the lid margin. A 23 Nasolacrimal duct. Ductus nasolacrimalis. Duct 7 Sebaceous glands (of Zeiss). Glandulae se- that is directly continuous with the larcrimal sac 13 baceae [[Zeiss]]. Small sebaceous glands with and about 1.2−2.4 cm in length. It passes openings into the hair follicles of the eyelashes. through the nasolacrimal canal and opens into 14 A the inferior nasal meatus. Its flattened lumen is 8 Conjunctival glands. Glanduale conjunctivales. lined by a mucosa containing two or more layers of columnar epithelium bearing cilia at some 15 Follicular aggregations of lymphocytes at the medial angle of the eye. sites. C 24 Lacrimal fold. Plica lacrimalis. Mucosal fold at 9 Lacrimal apparatus. Apparatus lacrimalis. The the opening of the nasolacrimal duct. It is lo- 16 system of structures that lubricate the cornea cated in the inferior nasal meatus about 3− and conjunctiva. B 3.5 cm posterior to the external naris. C 17 10 Lacrimal gland. Glandula lacrimalis. Gland located above the lateral angle of the eyelids; it is 18 separated into an upper and lower portion by the tendon of levator palpebrae muscle. Its excretory ducts open laterally into the superior 19 fornix of the conjunctiva. B 11 Orbital part. Pars orbitalis. Larger portion of 20 lacrimal gland located above the tendon of the levator palpebrae muscle. B 21 12 Palpebral part. Pars palpebralis. Smaller portion of lacrimal gland located below the tendon 22 of the levator palpebrae muscle. B 13 Excretory ducts of lacrimal gland. Ductuli exretorii [[glandulae lacrimalis]]. 6−14 ducts 23 opening into the superior fornix of the conjunctiva. B 24 14 Accessory lacrimal glands. [Gll. lacrimales accessoriae]. Additional smaller lacrimal glands 25 found scattered especially in the vicinity of the superior conjunctival fornix. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 369

3 1 5 1 2 2 11 12 3 14 4

13 6 7 16 B Lacrimal gland 7 6 8

11 2 5 20 12 19 4 17 18 A Eyelids, sagittal section 22 13 16 18 14 17 19 21 20 15

18 23 19

20 24 21

22 C Lacrimal system 23

1 VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR ORGAN. Organum vesti- 16 Basal membrane of semicircular duct. Mem- 1 bulocochleare. Sensory apparatus housed in the brana basalis ductus semicircularis. Appears temporal bone for the perception of sound, upon light microscopy as a homogeneous basal 2 equilibrium and positional changes. membrane situated directly below the 2 INTERNAL EAR. Auris interna. Part of the vesti- epithelium. C bulocochlear organ residing in the petrous tem- 17 [[Epithelium of semicircular duct]]. 3 poral bone. [[Epithelium ductus semicircularis]]. Simple 3 MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH. Labyrinthus mem- epithelium lining the inner aspect of the mem- 4 branaceus. Complicated system of ducts and di- branous semicircular duct. The cells are flat and latations within the bony labyrinth, which con- become cuboidal on their concave side. C 5 tains sensory epithelium and is suspended by 18 Membranous ampullae. Ampullae mem- connective tissue. A branaceae. Dilatations of the semicircular ducts in the vicinity of the utricle. 4 Endolymph. Fluid contained within the mem- 6 branous labyrinth. 19 Anterior membranous ampulla. Ampulla membranacea anterior. Dilatation at the end of 5 Perilymph. Fluid occupying the osseous laby- anterior (superior) semicircular duct located 7 rinth and surrounding the membranous laby- near the lateral membranous ampulla. A rinth. 20 Posterior membranous ampulla. Ampulla 8 6 Vestibular labyrinth. Labyrinthus vestibularis. membranacea posterior. Dilatation at the end of Portion of membranous labyrinth constituting the posterior semicircular duct located distal to the organ of equilibrium. It includes the semi- the other two membranous ampullae. A 9 circular ducts. 21 Lateral membranous ampulla. Ampulla 7 Endolymphatic duct. Ductus endolymphaticus membranacea lateralis. Ampulla of the lateral 10 [[aquaeductus vestibuli]]. Slender duct arising semicircular duct located proximal to the ante- from the utriculosaccular duct and passing rior membranous ampulla. A 11 through the osseous aqueduct of the vestibule to terminate as the endolymphatic sac. A 22 Sulcus ampullaris. Indentation below the ampullary crest bearing branches from the ampul- 8 Endolymphatic sac. Saccus endolymphaticus. 12 lar nerve for innervation of the ampullary crest. Blind sac of endolymphatic duct located be- B tween two dural layers at the posterior wall of 13 the petrous temporal. A 23 Ampullary crest. Crista ampullaris. Crescent- shaped ridge projecting into the ampullary 9 Utriculosaccular duct. Ductus utriculosaccu- space. It is covered by sensory epithelium and laris. Slender duct between the saccule and 14 has a base of nerve fibers and connective tissue. utricle. It gives rise to the endolymphatic duct. A B 10 Utricle. Utriculus. Sac 2.5−3.5 mm in diameter, 15 24 [[Neuroepithelium]]. Sensory epithelium of serving as the base for the three semicircular ampullae consisting of supporting cells and ducts. A sensory cells with hairs (microvilli) projecting 16 11 Semicircular duct. Ductus semicirculares. from the surface into an overlying cupula. B Three membranous ducts that resemble two- 25 Cupula. Gelatinous body suspended above the 17 thirds of a circular arch, each occupying its own ampullary crest as far as the roof of the ampulla osseous semicircular canal oriented perpendic- and penetrated by hairs of the sensory cells. B ular to the others. 18 26 Membranous crura. Crura membranacea. 12 Anterior (superior) semicircular duct. Duc- Limbs of semicircular ducts opening into the tus semicircularis anterior. It is oriented verti- utricle. 19 cally and somewhat perpendicular to the petrous part of the temporal bone. A 27 Simple membranous crus. Crus mem- branaceum simplex. Posterior limb of lateral 20 13 Posterior semicircular duct. Ductus semi- semicircular duct opening independently into circularis posterior. It is oriented somewhat ver- the utricle. A tically in a plane which runs parallel to the longi- 21 tudinal axis of the petrous part of the temporal 28 Ampullary membranous crura. Crura mem- bone. A branacea ampullaria. Semicircular duct segments situated between the ampullae and the 22 14 Lateral semicircular duct. Ductus semicircu- utricle. A laris lateralis. The most lateral, horizontally oriented semicircular duct. It may create a bulge 29 Common membranous crus. Crus mem- 23 in the medial wall of the tympanic cavity. A branaceum commune. Common limb formed by the anterior and posterior semicircular ducts 15 Proper membrane of semicircular duct. Mem- and opening into the utricle. A 24 brana propria ductus semicircularis. Layer below the basal membrane consisting primarily 25 of densely packed fibers which extends into the looser network of the perilymphatic space. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 371

3 12 4

5 19 13 6 28 29 14 21 7 10 27 8

25 9 9 20 7 10 8 11

12 A Membranous labyrinth 13

17 25 18 17 16 24 19 23 15

22 20 21

22 B Ampulla of semicircular duct 23

24 C Semicircular duct, cross section 25

1 Ductus reuniens. Fine tube connecting the sac- 19 Spiral organ (of Corti). Organum spirale 1 cule with the cochlear duct. B [[Corti]]. Sensory field on the basilar membrane 2 Saccule. Sacculus. Round vesicle, 2−3 mm in that transforms sound waves into nerve im- 2 size, equipped with a sensory field. B pulses. D 3 Maculae [[staticae]]. Sensory fields for the per- 20 Basilar membrane. Lamina basilaris. Plate of ception of the position of the head in space. A B connective tissue between the cochlear duct 3 and scala tympani. It extends between the tym- 4 Utricular macula. Macula utriculi. Horizon- panic lip of the osseous spiral lamina and the tally oriented sensory field, 2.3−3 mm in size, spiral crest. E 4 occupying the floor of the utricle. B 21 Spiral crest (ligament). Crista spiralis (lig. spi- 5 Saccular macula. Macula sacculi. Vertically rale). Spirally arranged system of fibers arising oriented, arched sensory field, about 1.5 mm 5 from the periosteum of the cochlear canal and wide; in the medial wall of the saccule. B radiating into the basilar lamina. E 6 Statoconia. Calcium concretions, up to 15 µm 22 Nerve foramina. Foramina nervosa. Holes in the 6 in size, embedded in a gelatinous substance to- basilar lamina for transmission of cochlear gether with the sensory hairs. A nerve fibers from the hair cells to the spiral gan- 7 7 Statoconial membrane. Membrana stato- glion. D coniorum. Membrane covering the maculae and 23 Limbus of osseous spiral lamina. Limbus consisting of a gelatinous ground substance laminae spiralis osseae. Thickening and trans- 8 with statoconia on its surface. It is penetrated by formation of the endosteum on the upper layer bristle-like processes from underlying macular of the osseous spiral lamina indented externally sensory cells. A 9 by the internal spiral sulcus. E 8 [[Neuroepithelium]]. Pseudostratified, pris- 24 Vestibular lip of limb of osseous spiral lamina. matic, sensory epithelium of the macula con- Labium limbi vestibulare. Upper, shorter 10 sisting of supporting and sensory cells. The process of the limbus. Site of attachment of the sensory cells bear 20−25 µm long bristle-like tectorial membrane. E 11 processes which project into the statoconial membrane. A 25 Typmpanic lip of limb of osseous spiral lamina. Labium limbi tympanicum. Lower, 9 Cochlear labyrinth. Labyrinthus cochlearis. longer process of the limbus lying on the basilar 12 Complex contents of the osseous cochlea. C membrane. D E 10 Perilymphatic space. Spatium perilymphati- 26 Tectorial membrane. Membrana tectoria. 13 cum. Space occupied by perilymph and partially Fibrous membrane resting on the organ of Corti. permeated by connective tissue fibers. It in- It is narrow at the site where it attaches to the cludes the scala vestibuli and tympani. A B 14 vestibular lip and ends freely beyond the row of 11 Scala vestibuli. Perilymphatic canal located outer hair cells. D E above the osseous spiral lamina and cochlear 27 Auditory teeth. Dentes acustici. The ridge-like 15 duct. It ascends as far as the apex of the cochlea rows of cells on the surface of the vestibular lip. (helicotrema). C The tectorial membrane attaches near here. D 12 Scala tympani. Perilymphatic canal below the 16 28 Internal spiral sulcus. Sulcus spiralis internus. osseous spiral lamina and basilar membrane. C Groove between the vestibular and tympanic 13 Cochlear aqueduct (perilymphatic duct). lips. D E 17 Aquaeductus cochleae. Pathway connecting the 29 External spiral sulcus. Sulcus spiralis externus. perilymphatic space with the subarachoid Groove on the outer wall of the cochlear duct be- space. B 18 tween the spiral prominence and the spiral 14 External aperture of perilymphatic duct. organ. E Apertura externa aquaeductus cochleae. Open- 19 ing for the tympanic nerve in the vicinity of the canaliculus. See p. 14.22 20 15 Cochlear duct. Ductus cochlearis. A spiral endolymphatic tube taking 21/2−23/4 turns around a bony axis (modiolus) before ending blindly at 21 the apex of the cochlea. It houses the sensory epithelium for the perception of sound. B C E 22 16 Cupular cecum. Caecum cupulare. Blind end of cochlear duct located at the apex of the cochlea. 23 B 17 Vestibular cecum. Caecum vestibulare. Blind end of the cochlear duct facing the vestibule. B 24 18 Tympanic wall of cochlear duct (spiral membrane). Paries tympanicus ductus cochlearis 25 (membrana spiralis). Inferior wall of cochlear duct situated above the scala tympani. E Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 373

6 1 7 2 10 10 8 3

A Macula statica 4

8 4 2 5 9 1 16 17 10

15 11

13 B Membranous labyrinth 12 13

14 11 15 15 12 16

15 18 C Cochlea, opened 18 19 26 27 26 29 20 23 28 21 28 21 2425 20 22

25 22 24 D Organ of Corti E Cochlear duct 25

1 Reticular membrane. Membrana reticularis. 17 Vestibular veins. Vv. vestibulares. They arise 1 Membrane covering the organ of Corti, formed from the semicircular ducts in the region of by the heads of pillar/Deiters‘ cells. The micro- the utricle and saccule and drain partly into a 2 villi of hair cells emerge through the gaps. B labyrinthine vein, partly into the vein of the 2 Spiral vessel. Vas spirale. Small blood vessel vestibular aqueduct. C below the tunnel, in the tympanic layer of the 18 Vein of vestibular aqueduct. V. aqueductus 3 basilar membrane. A vestibuli. Companion vein of endolymphatic 3 Vestibular wall of cochlear duct (vestibular duct. It opens into the inferior petrosal sinus. C 4 [[Reissner’s]] membrane). Paries vestibularis 19 Vein of cochlear aqueduct. V. aqueductus ductus cochlearis (membrana vestibularis) [[Re- cochleae. Companion vein of perilymphatic issner]]. Upper wall of the cochlear duct. It is duct. It carries blood from the basal turn of the 5 about 3 µm thick. A cochlea through the cochlear canaliculus. C 4 External wall of cochlear duct. Paries externus 20 OSSEOUS LABYRINTH. Labyrinthus osseus. 6 ductus cochlearis. Lateral wall. A Bony capsule enclosing the membranous laby- 5 Basilar crest. Crista basilaris. Pointed edge of rinth. D 7 the spiral crest that joins the basilar membrane. 21 Vestibule. Vestibulum. Part of osseous laby- A rinth enclosing the utricle and saccule. D 6 Spiral prominence. Prominentia spiralis. 22 Spherical recess of vestibule. Recessus spheri- 8 Marginal ridge projecting above the external cus. Rounded recess in the medial wall of the spiral sulcus. It consists of connective tissue and vestibule. It is occupied by the saccule. D contains a blood vessel. A 9 23 Elliptical recess of vestibule. Recessus ellipti- 7 Vas prominens. The blood vessel in the spiral cus. Oval depression in the medial wall of the prominence. A 10 vestibule. It is occupied by the portion of the 8 Stria vascularis. Broad, specialized band of utricle between the posterior ampulla and highly vascularized stratified squamous common crus. D 11 epithelium above the spiral prominence. It is 24 Crest of vestibule. Crista vestibuli. Ridge be- thought to secrete endolymph. A tween the spherical and elliptical recesses. D 12 9 Spiral ganglion of cochlea. Ganglion spirale 25 Pyramid of vestibule. Pyramis vestibuli. Upper cochlearis. Accumulation of bipolar ganglion broadened part of the crest of the vestibule. D cells in the spiral canal of the modiolus. The 13 afferent, peripheral fibers of these cells arise from the hair cells; the central, efferent fibers form the cochlear branch of the vestibulo- 14 cochlear nerve. C 10 Vessels of inner ear. Vasa auris internae. C 15 11 Labyrinthine artery. A. labyrinthina. It arises from the basilar artery in front of the anterior 16 inferior cerebellar artery, passes through the internal acoustic meatus with the vestibulocochlear nerve and enters the petrous part of 17 the temporal bone, where it ramifies and supplies the inner ear. C 18 12 Vestibular branches. Rami vestibulares. Branches supplying the ampullae, maculae semicircular ducts and the lower third of the 19 basal turn of the cochlea. C 13 Cochlear branch. Ramus cochlearis. It passes 20 into the modiolus where it supplies the spiral ganglion and the cochlear duct except for the lower third of the basal turn of the cochlea. C 21 14 Arterial glomeruli of cochlea. Glomeruli arteriosi cochleae. Spirally oriented arterial 22 network accompanying the spiral vein. C 15 Labyrinthine veins. Vv. labyrinthinae. Com- 23 panion veins of the labyrinthine artery. They pass through the internal acoustic meatus and open either into the inferior petrosal sinus or 24 directly into the internal jugular vein. C 16 Spiral vein of modiolus. V. spiralis modioli. It 25 takes a spiral course in the modiolus and empties into the labyrinthine vein. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 375

1 1 2

8 3 3 4 B 4 6 Organ of Corti 7 5 5 6 3 2 7 A Cochlear duct 8

15 11 12 17 9 10

12 18 13

19 15

91416 13 16 C Vessels of labyrinth 17 25 24 18

23 19 21 22 20

D Bony labyrinth, 24 posterior wall 25

1 Cochlear recess. Recessus cochlearis. Depres- 17 Ampullary osseous crura. Crura ossea ampul- 1 sion lying below and in front of the spherical laria. Crura of the semicircular canals dilated for recess. It is occupied by the lower end of the accomodation of the ampullae of the mem- 2 cochlear duct. C branous labyrinth. B 2 Maculae cribrosae. Perforated bony areas 18 Cochlea. It makes 21/2−23/4 turns, measures transmitting fibers of the vestibulocochlear 8−9 mm at its base and is altogether 4−5 mm 3 nerve. high. B 3 Macula cribrosa superior. Perforated bony 19 Apex of cochlea. Cupula cochlea. Anteroinferi- 4 area transmitting fibers of the utriculoampul- orly and laterally directed structure within the lar nerve. C cranium. B 5 4 Macula cribrosa media. Perforated bony area 20 Base of cochlea. Basis cochlea. Structure with a near the base of the cochlea for passage of surface pointing approx. in the direction of the fibers of the saccular nerve. C internal acoustic meatus. A 6 5 Macula cribrosa inferior. Perforated bony 21 Spiral canal of cochlea. Canalis spiralis area in the wall of the posterior osseous am- cochleae. It is partitioned into three canals by 7 pulla for passage of fibers of the posterior am- the osseous spiral lamina and the basilar mem- pullar nerve. C brane on one side and the vestibular wall of the cochlear duct on the other. A 8 6 Osseous semicircular canals. Canales semicirculares ossei. Bony canals containing per- 22 Modiolus. Conical axis of the cochlea. It is hol- ilymph and enclosing the membranous semi- lowed out for accomodation of the cochlear 9 circular ducts (filled with endolymph). C nerve and forms the medial wall of the spiral 7 Anterior (superior) semicircular canal. canal. A 10 Canalis semicircularis anterior. Canal sharing a 23 Base of modiolus. Basis modioli. Beginning of commn crus with the posterior semicircular the cochlear axis. A canal and oriented vertically, somewhat per- 24 Lamina of modiolus. Lamina modioli. Bony 11 pendicular to the axis of the petrous part of plate extending upward as a continuation of the the temporal bone. B bony spiral lamina. A 12 8 Posterior semicircular canal. Canalis semicir- 25 Spiral canal of modiolus. Canalis spiralis cularis posterior. Posterior and most inferior modioli. Fine channel in the axial wall near the semicircular canal. It lies somewhat parallel to 13 base of the bony spiral lamina. It contains the the axis of the petrous part of the temporal spiral ganglion. A bone. B 26 Longitudinal canals of modiolus. Canales 14 9 Lateral semicircular canal. Canalis semicircu- longitudinales modioli. Centrally located bony laris lateralis. Horizontally oriented canal that channels containing fibers of the cochlear nerve sometimes creates a bulge in the medial wall of leaving the spiral ganglion. A 15 the tympanic cavity. B 10 Osseous ampullae. Ampullae osseae. Dilata- 16 tions close to the base of the semicircular crura. They lodge the membranous ampullae. C 17 11 Anterior osseous ampulla. Ampulla ossea anterior. Ampulla of the anterior semicircular canal located proximal to the ampulla of the 18 lateral semicircular canal. B 12 Posterior osseous ampulla. Ampulla ossea 19 posterior. Ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal. It lies below the plane of the lateral semi- 20 circular canal. B 13 Lateral osseous ampulla. Ampulla ossea lateralis. Ampulla of lateral semicircular canal. 21 It lies near the anterior semicircular ampulla. B 14 Crura ossea. Osseous crura of the semicircular 22 canals. 15 Common osseous crus. Crus osseum com- 23 mune. Posteriorly situated common limb formed by the union of the crura of the superior and posterior semicircular canals. B 24 16 Simple osseous crus. Crus osseum simplex. Posteriorly situated crus of the lateral semi- 25 circular canal opening independently into the wall of the vestibule. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 377

24 2

3 25 7 22 4 26 5 17 23 21 6

A Cochlea, 20 longitudinal section 7 15 11 8 17 13 9 9 8 16 18 10

12 11 19

17 12

13 B Cast of osseous labyrinth 14

6 15 10 16

3 17 5 4 18 1 19

23 C Bony labyrinth, posterior wall 24

1 Bony spiral lamina. Lamina spiralis ossea. 15 MIDDLE EAR. Auris media. Part of the ear com- 1 Bilayered bony plate projecting from the modi- prising the tympanic (middle ear) cavity, audi- olus into the spiral canal of the cochlea in a spi- tory tube and mastoid cells. 2 ral fashion. Together with the cochlear duct to 16 Tympanic cavity. Cavitas tympanica (cavum which it is attached, it forms a complete parti- tympani). Obliquely oriented space medial to tion between the scala vestibuli and scala tym- the tympanic membrane (eardrum). It contains 3 pani. B the auditory ossicles and communicates post- 2 Hook of spiral lamina. Hamulus laminae spi- erosuperiorly with the mastoid air cells and an- 4 ralis. Free hook-shaped upper end of the os- teroinferiorly with the nasopharyngeal cavity seous spiral lamina at the apex of the cochlea. B via the auditory tube. 3 Helicotrema. Confluence between scala vesti- 5 17 Tegmental wall (tegmen tympani). Paries buli and scala tympani at the apex of the tegmentalis. Thin roof of the tympanic cavity. It cochlea. It exists because the bony spiral lamina lies lateral to the arcuate eminence of the 6 and the cochlear duct end before reaching the petrous part of the temporal bone. C apex of the cochlea. B 18 Epitympanic recess (attic). Recessus epitym- 7 4 Secondary spiral lamina. Lamina spiralis panicus. Dome of tympanic cavity located secundaria. Bony ridge situated in the lower above the upper margin of the tympanic mem- half of the basal turn. It projects from the outer brane and arching superiorly and laterally. C 8 wall of the spiral canal across from the bony spiral lamina. The inferior part of the basilar mem- 19 Cupular part. Pars cupularis. Upper portion of brane extends between these two spiral epitympanic recess. C 9 laminae. B 20 Jugular wall. Paries jugularis. Floor of the tym- 5 Internal acoustic (auditory) meatus. Meatus panic cavity facing the jugular fossa. C 10 acusticus internus. Arises near the posterior 21 Styloid prominence. Prominentia styloidea. wall of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It Elevation on the floor of the tympanic cavity is about 1 cm long and transmits the vestibulo- produced by the styloid process. C 11 cochlear and facial nerves and the labyrinthine artery and vein. A 22 Labyrinthine wall. Paries labyrinthicus. Medial wall of tympanic cavity. C 12 6 Porus acusticus. Outer opening of internal acoustic meatus into the posterior wall of the 23 Oval window. Fenestra vestibuli [[ovalis]]. It is closed by the base of the stapes. C 13 petrous part of the temporal bone above the jugular foramen. A 24 Fossula fenestrae vestibuli. Small depression 7 Fundus of internal auditory meatus. Fundus in medial wall of tympanic cavity between the 14 meatus acustici interni. Floor of meatus, which malleus and incus. C is subdivided into several fields. A 25 Promontory. Promontorium. Prominence 15 8 Transverse crest. Crista transversa. Trans- caused by the basal turn of the cochlea. C versely oriented ridge dividing the fundus of 26 Sulcus promontorii. Groove on the promontory the internal acoustic meatus into an upper and produced by the tympanic nerve from the tym- 16 lower part. A panic plexus. C 9 Facial nerve area. Area nervi facialis. Region 17 containing the beginning of the facial nerve 27 Subiculum promontorii. Small bony ridge behind canal. A the promontory and round window. C 18 10 Cochlear area. Area cochleae. Large region below the transverse crest. It contains the foraminous spiral tract. A 19 11 Foraminous spiral tract. Tractus spiralis foraminosus. Area perforated by fibers of the spiral 20 ganglion forming the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve. It corresponds to the spiral canal of the cochlea. A 21 12 Superior vestibular area. Area vestibularis superior. Region lateral to the facial canal and per- 22 forated by fibers of the utriculo-ampullar nerve. A 23 13 Inferior vestibular area. Area vestibularis inferior. Region located lateral to foraminous spiral tract and perforated by fibers of the sacular 24 nerve. A 14 Small opening for the posterior ampullar nerve. 25 Foramen singulare. It lies behind the inferior vestibular area. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 379

2 9 12 3

4 3 8 5 14 6 10 6 2 7

11 13 1 8 A Internal acoustic meatus 9

10 1 4 11

B Section of cochlea 12

14 19

17 15

18 16 23 17 24 25 26 18

27 19 21 20 20

22 C Medial wall of tympanic cavity 23

1 Tympanic sinus. Sinus tympani. Deep fossa be- 17 Mastoid air cells. Cellulae mastoideae. Like 1 hind the promontory and round window. D the tympanic cavity, they are lined by squamous 2 Round window (fenestra of cochlea). and/or cuboidal epithelium. D 2 Fenestra cochleae [[rotunda]]. Round opening at 18 Tympanic cells. Cellulae tympanicae. Small the end of the scala tympani. It is closed by the cell-like depressions in the floor of the tym- secondary tympanic membrane. D panic cavity. D 3 3 Fossula of round window. Fossula fenestrae 19 Carotid wall. Paries caroticus. Anterior wall cochleae. Small fossa leading into the round formed partly by the carotid canal, partly by the 4 window. D opening of the auditory tube. D 4 Crest of round window. Crista fenestrae 20 Membranous wall. Paries membranaceus. 5 cochleae. Bony ridge along the edge of the Lateral wall of tympanic cavity formed pri- round window for attachment of the secondary marily by the tympanic membrane. B tympanic membrane. D 21 Tympanic membrane (eardrum). Membrana 6 5 Cochleariform process. Processus cochleari- tympanica. Obliquely oriented membrane at formis. Spoon-shaped bony process found the end of the external acoustic meatus. Diame- 7 above the promontory at the end of the semi- ter: 9−11 mm. A B canal for the tensor tympani muscle. In combi- 22 Pars flaccida [[Shrapnell’s membrane]].Smaller, nation with a connective tissue loop, it serves as more flaccid part of tympanic membrane lo- 8 a pulley for the muscle. D cated above the anterior and posterior mallear 6 Secondary tympanic membrane. Membrana folds. A B 9 tympani secundaria. Sheath across the round 23 Pars tensa. By far, the largest part of the tym- window that forms a membranous partition be- panic membrane, situated within the tympanic tween the scala tympani and the tympanic cav- ring. A B 10 ity. 24 Anterior malleolar fold (6). Plica mallearis 7 Mastoid wall. Paries mastoideus [adnexa mas- anterior. Fold on the inner surface of the tym- 11 toidea]. Components connected with the mas- panic membrane. It has a concave lower edge toid process. and extends anteriorly from the base of the manubrium of the malleus. B 12 8 Mastoid (posterior) wall. Paries mastoideus. Posterior wall of middle ear cavity facing the 25 Posterior malleolar fold (6). Plica mallearis mastoid process. D posterior. Fold on the inner surface of the tym- 13 panic membrane. It has a concave lower edge 9 Mastoid antrum. Antrum mastoideum. Closed and extends posteriorly from the root of the space, the posterosuperior part of which is con- manubrium of the malleus. B 14 tinuous with the tympanic cavity. The inferior edge communicates with the mastoid cells. D 26 Mallear prominence. Prominentia mallearis. Small elevation on the outside of the tympanic 15 10 Aditus ad antrum. Entrance to the mastoid an- membrane caused by the lateral process of the trum from the tympanic cavity. D maleus. A 16 11 Prominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis. Prom- 27 Stria mallearis. A bright band that appears on inence on the wall of lateral semicircular canal, the outer surface of the tympanic membrane situated above the prominence of the facial due to the underlying manubrium of the mal- 17 canal. D leus, which is fused with the tympanic mem- 12 Prominence of facial nerve canal. Prominentia brane. A 18 canalis facialis. Bulge lying between the oval 28 Umbo of tympanic membrane. Umbo mem- window and prominence of the lateral semi- branae tympani. Structure at the tip of the man- circular canal. D ubrium of the malleus, where the tympanic 19 13 Pyramidal eminence (pyramid). Eminentia membrane is drawn inward. A pyramidalis. Small, bony pyramidal projection 29 Cutaneous layer. Stratum cutaneum. The layer 20 at the level of the oval window. Its apex is per- of stratified squamous epithelium on the exter- forated. The eminence contains the stapedius nal surface of the tympanic membrane. C muscle, the tendon of which emerges from it. D 30 Fibrocartilaginous ring. Anulus fibrocar- 21 14 Incudal fossa. Fossa incudis. Small depression tilagineus. Attaches the tympanic membrane in in the aditus ad antrum for the posterior liga- the tympanic sulcus. C 22 ment of the incus. D 31 Radiate layer. Stratum radiatum. Outer group 15 Sinus posterior. Small groove between the in- of radially oriented fibers of the tympanic 23 cudal fossa and pyramid. D membrane. C 16 Typmpanic aperture of canaliculus of 32 Circular layer. Stratum circulare. Inner group of chorda tympani. Apertura tympanica circularly oriented fibers of the tympanic mem- 24 canaliculi chordae tympani. Opening of chorda brane. C tympani canal into tympanic cavity. It lies at the 33 Mucosal layer. Stratum mucosum. Layer of 25 posterior margin of the tympanic membrane at simple squamous epithelium covering the the level of the pyramid. D inner surface of the tympanic membrane. C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 381

25 22 2

3 23 22 26 24 4 27 23 20 5 28 6

7 31 32 A Right eardrum, 29 B Lateral wall of 8 external view tympanic cavity 33 9

30 12 C Attachment of eardrum 13

9 14 5 15

11 16 10 12 14 17 15 13 4 19 18 18 1 3 2 8 19

16 20

17 21

D Medial wall of tympanic cavity 22

1 Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes). 19 Incudomallear joint. Articulatio incudomal- 1 Ossicula auditoria (auditus). They operate col- learis. Joint between the incus and malleus. It lectively as a bent lever system transferring occasionally exhibits an articular cavity. A 2 sound waves from the tympanic membrane to 20 Incudostapedial articulation. Articulatio in- the inner ear. cudostapedialis. Union between the lenticular 2 Stapes (stirrup). A stirrup-shaped auditory os- process of the long crus of the incus and the 3 sicle. Its base is inserted into the fenestra vesti- stapes. A buli. A B 21 Tympanostapedial syndesmosis. Syndesmo- 4 3 Head of stapes. Caput stapedis. It lies opposite sis tympanostapedialis. Connective tissue at- the base of the stapes and articulates with the taching the base of the stapes to the oval win- 5 lenticular process of the incus. A B dow. It is broader anteriorly than posteriorly. B 4 Anterior crus (limb.). Crus anterius. The vir- 22 Ligaments of auditory ossicles. Ligg. ossiculorum auditoriorum. 6 tually straight anterior limb of the stapes. A B 5 Posterior crus (limb.). Crus posterius. The 23 Anterior ligament of malleus. Lig. mallei an- more curved posterior limb of the stapes. A B terius. Ligament that arises from the anterior 7 process of the malleus, lies in the anterior mal- 6 Base (footplate) of stapes. Basis stapedis. The lear fold and extends as far as the petrotym- plate of bone inserts into the fenestra vestibuli panic fissure. D 8 (ovalis). A B 24 Superior ligament of malleus. Lig. mallei su- 7 Incus (anvil). The central ossicle situated be- perius. It passes from the head of the malleus to 9 tween the head of the malleus and the head of the roof of the epitympanic recess. C D the stapes. A D 25 Lateral ligament of malleus. Lig. mallei 10 8 Body of incus. Corpus incudis. It articulates laterale. It unites the neck of the malleus with with the malleus by means of a saddle-shaped the upper margin of the tympanic notch. C joint. A 11 26 Superior ligament of incus. Lig. incudis su- 9 Long crus (limb.). Crus longum. Long process perius. Courses approximately parallel to the which projects almost vertically downward be- superior ligament of the malleus and connects 12 hind the manubrium of the malleus with the the body of the incus with the roof of the lenticular process at its tip. A epitympanic recess. C D 13 10 Lenticular process. Processus lenticularis. Small 27 Posterior ligament of incus. Lig. incudis post- bony projection on the tip of the long crus. It ar- erius. It passes from the short limb of the incus 14 ticulates with the stapes. A to the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity. C D 11 Short crus (limb). Crus breve. Small posteri- 28 Stapedial membrane. Membrana stapedialis. orly directed process attached to the incudal Thin membrane between the limbs and base of 15 fossa by a ligament. A the stapes. B 12 Malleus [[hammer]]. It lies between the tym- 29 Anular ligament of stapes. Lig. anulare stape- 16 panic membrane and the incus. A C diale. Ligament situated between the base of the stapes and the margin of the oval window. It 13 Handle (manubrium) of malleus. Manu- is broader anteriorly than posteriorly. B 17 brium mallei. Its outer surface is fused to the tympanic membrane as far as the lateral 18 process. A 14 Head of malleus. Caput mallei. It has a convex articular surface for accomodation of the body 19 of the incus. A 15 Neck of malleus. Collum mallei. Structure con- 20 necting the head and manubrium of the malleus. A 21 16 Lateral process of malleus. Processus lateralis. Short process that projects from the end of 22 the manubrium and produces the mallear prominence. A 17 Anterior process of malleus. Processus ante- 23 rior. Long, very thin process. It extends into the petrotympanic fissure in the newborn, but 24 diminishes in the adult. A 18 Articulations of auditory ossicles. Articula- 25 tiones ossiculorum auditoriorum. They are not true joints but syndesmoses. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 383

19 1 14 11 2 8 3 12 15 7 4

16 5

17 6 9 7 10 5 13 2 A Auditory ossicles 3 8

6 20 4 9 10

26 24 5 11

3 12 28 29 4 6 13 27 21 14 21 12 B Base of stapes 25 in oval window 15 29 16

24 26 17

23 18

19 C Tympanic cavity, 7 posterior half 20 27 21

24 D Lateral wall of tympanic cavity 25

1 Muscles of auditory ossicles. Musculi os- 13 AUDITORY (PHARYNGOTYMPANIC, EUSTA- 1 siculorum auditoriorum. The following two CHIAN) TUBE. Tuba auditoria (auditiva). Narrow muscles are attached to the ossicles. 4 cm long, partly cartilaginous, partly bony tube 2 2 M. tensor tympani. Muscle located in the sem- between the middle ear and the nasopharynx icanal for the tensor tympani muscle above the for aeration of the tympanic cavity. A C auditory tube. Its tendon bends laterally around 14 Tympanic ostium of auditory tube. Ostium 3 the cochleariform process almost at a right tympanicum tubae auditoriae. Opening of the angle and inserts at the base of the manubrium auditory tube on the anterior wall of the tym- 4 of the malleus. I: Mandibular nerve. A panic cavity. It usually lies slightly above the 3 M. stapedius. Muscle that originates in a bony floor of the tympanic cavity. A canal on the posterior wall of the tympanic cav- 15 Osseous part of auditory tube. Pars ossea 5 ity. Its tendon passes through an opening at the tubae auditoriae. Laterally and posterosuperi- apex of the pyramid before inserting at the head orly situated portion that involves about 1/3 of 6 of the stapes. By tilting the stapes, it exerts a the tube’s length. It lies below the semicanal for dampening effect on sound vibrations reaching the tensor tympani muscle and emerges be- the inner ear. I: Nerve to stapedius from the fa- tween the carotid canal and the foramen spino- 7 cial nerve. B sum. A 4 Mucous membrane of tympanic cavity. Tunica 16 Isthmus [tubae auditoriae]. Narrow portion of 8 mucosa cavitatis tympanicae. It consists of the tube between the cartilaginous and bony simple squamous and/or cuboidal epithelium parts of the auditory tube. A and a delicate vascular-rich lamina propria. 17 Air cells. Cellulae pneumaticae. Small fossae in 9 5 Posterior mallear fold. Plica mallearis poste- the wall of the osseous part of the auditory tube. rior. Fold extending from the base of the handle A 10 of the malleus to the posterior, upper part of the 18 Cartilaginous part of auditory tube. Pars car- tympanic ring. It contains the posterior portion tilaginea [tubae auditoriae]. Located anterome- of the chorda tympani. D dially and has a length of about 2.5 cm. A 11 6 Anterior mallear fold. Plica mallearis anterior. 19 Cartilage of auditory tube. Cartilago tubae Fold extending from the base of the manubrium auditoriae. Hook-shaped in cross section. It be- 12 to the anterior, upper part of the tympanic ring. comes lower lateroposteriorly and contains It contains the anterior segment of the chorda elastic cartilage only in the angle between the tympani, the anterior process of the malleus two cartilaginous laminae. A 13 and the anterior ligament of the malleus. D 20 Medial cartilaginous lamina. Lamina (car- 7 Fold of chorda tympani. Plica chordae tym- tilaginis) medialis. Broad plate of cartilage. C 14 pani. Fold created by the chorda tympani on the 21 Lateral cartilaginous lamina. Lamina (car- neck of the malleus between the two above- tilaginis) lateralis. Narrow anterolaterally mentioned folds. D 15 directed plate of cartilage. C 7a Recess of tympanic membrane. Recessus 22 Membranous lamina. Lamina membranacea. membranae tympanicae. Mucosal pouch in the Membranous portion of the wall of the car- 16 tympanic cavity. tilaginous part of the auditory tube. A C 8 Anterior recess of tympanic membrane. Re- 23 Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of auditory 17 cessus [membranae tympani] anterior. Mucosal tube lined by a simple ciliated epithelium. C pouch between the anterior mallear fold and 24 Glands of auditory tube. Glandulae tubariae. the tympanic membrane. D Mucous glands especially in the cartilaginous 18 9 Superior recess of tympanic membrane part of the tube. C Recessus [membranae (Prussak’s pouch). 25 Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube. Ostium tympani] superior. Recess bounded laterally by 19 pharyngeum tubae auditoriae. Funnel-shaped the flaccid part of the tympanic membrane, me- to slit-like opening above the levator eminence dially by the head and neck of the malleus and at the level of the inferior nasal meatus 1 cm the body of the incus. D 20 lateral and anterior to the posterior wall of the 10 Posterior recess of tympanic membrane. Re- pharynx. A 21 cessus [membranae tympani] posterior. Mu- cosal pouch between the posterior mallear fold and tympanic membrane. D 22 11 Incudal fold. Plica incudialis. Mucosal fold extending from the roof of the epitympanic recess 23 to the head of the incus or from the short limb of the incus to the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity. D 24 12 Stapedial fold. Plica stpedialis. Mucosal fold extending from the posterior wall of the tympanic 25 cavity to the stapes. It covers the stapedius muscle and the stapes. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 385

15 3

14 4

16 5 15 18 6 17 2 7 A Auditory tube 19 25 8 22 9

21 11 12 12

13 3 22 14 23 20 15 B Stapedius muscle 11 16

24 17 9 C Auditory tube, cross section 8 18 6 7 11 5 5 19

10 20

D Lateral wall of tympanic cavity 23

1 EXTERNAL EAR. Auris externa. The part of the 20 Cymba conchalis. Upper, slit-like part of the 1 ear consisting of the auricle (pinna) and exter- concha between the crura of helix and anthelix. nal acoustic meatus. A 2 2 External acoustic (auditory) meatus (canal). 21 Cavity of concha. Cavitas (cavum) conchalis. Meatus acusticus externus. Flat, partly car- Main part of the concha located below the crus tilaginous, partly bony, S-shaped canal about of the helix and behind the tragus. A 3 2.4 cm long with a diameter of about 6 mm. C 22 Antitragus. Small tubercle present on the infe- 3 External opening of acoustic canal. Porus rior continuation of the anthelix and separated 4 acusticus extrnus. C from the tragus by the intertragic incisure. A D 3aTympanic notch. Incisura tympanica. Defect 23 Tragus. Flat projection in front of the external 5 between the greater and lesser tympanic opening of the acoustic canal. A spines. In the newborn, it is the superior gap be- 24 Anterior notch. Incisura anterior (auris). It lies tween the still free ends of the tympanic ring. between the tragus (supratragic tubercle) and 6 See p. 16.8 the crus of the helix. A 4 Cartilaginous part of external acoustic mea- 25 Intertragic incisure. Incisura intertragica. 7 tus. Meatus acusticus externus cartilagineus. Notch between tragus and antitragus. A D Lateral, cartilaginous third of the external 26 Auricular [[Darwin’s]] tubercle. [Tuberculum acoustic meatus. C 8 auriculare]. It is occasionally present on the 5 Cartilage of external acoustic meatus. Car- anterior margin of the helix from which it ex- tilago meatus acustici. Together with the car- tends posteroinferiorly. A 9 tilage of the pinna, it forms a groove that opens 27 Apex of auricle. [Apex auricularis]. Outer mar- superiorly and posteriorly. D gin of the auricular cartilage (helix) which, 10 6 Incisurae cartilaginis meatus acustici. Two when present, projects backward, upward and fissures in the cartilage of the external acoustic outward. B meatus. They are bridged by connective tissue 28 Posterior auricular sulcus. Sulcus auricularis 11 and are usually directed anteriorly. D posterior. Shallow indentation between the an- 7 Lamina tragi. Lateral part of the meatal car- titragus and anthelix. A 12 tilage. It lies in front of the external opening of 29 Supratragic tubercle. [Tuberculum supratragi- the acoustic meatus. D cum]. Small tubercle occasionally present at the 13 8 Auricle (Pinna). Auricula. A B upper end of the tragus. A 9 Ear lobe. Lobulus auricularis. Lower end of the pinna devoid of cartilage. A B C 14 10 Auricular cartilage. Cartilago auricularis. Structural framwork of the pinna consisting of 15 elastic cartilage. D 11 Helix. External, curved margin of the auricle. A 16 BCD 12 Crus of helix. Crus helicis. Site of origin of the helix in the cavity (concha) of the auricle. A B D 17 13 Spine of helix. Spina helicis. Small, forward- projecting cartilaginous prominence on the 18 crus helices. D 14 Tail of helix. Cauda helicis. Posterior, inferior 19 end of the helix separated from the antitragus by an indentation. D 15 Antihelix [[anthelix]].Arched projection located 20 in front of the posterior part of the helix. A B C D 16 Tringular fossa. Fossa triangularis. Antero- 21 superiorly located fossa enclosed by the two crura of the anthelix. A D 22 17 Crura of anthelix (antihelix). Crura anthelicis. Formed by the bifurcation of the anthelix superiorly, the two crura form the boundary of 23 the triangular fossa. A D 18 Scaphoid fossa. Scapha. Narrow fossa situated 24 posteriorly between the helix and anthelix. A D 19 Concha (cavity) of auricle. Concha auricularis. 25 It is embraced by the anthelix, antitragus and tragus. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 387

1 17 26 16 2 17 11 3 20 27 18 12 24 29 11 19 4 21 23 15 12 5 15 22 25 6

9 9 7

28 8 A Auricle (pinna) B Auricle with apex 9

11 12

13 15 3 14 2 15 11 4 17 16 16 9 13 17 17 12 18 18 15 C External acoustic meatus 19 10 7 20 6 25 5 21 22 14 22

D Auricular cartilage frontal view 24

1 Isthmus of auricular cartilage. Isthmus car- 19 M. antitragicus. Muscle fibers on the anti- 1 tilaginis auricularis. Narrow bridge of cartilage tragus. They extend partly to the tail of the connecting the cartilage of the external acoustic helix. B 2 meatus and tragic lamina with the auricular 20 M. transversus auricularis. Muscle located on cartilage. A the posterior surface of the auricular cartilage. 2 Terminal notch. Incisura terminalis auricularis. It extends between the eminences of the sca- 3 Deep notch separating the lamina tragi from the phoid fossa and concha. C auricular cartilage. A 21 M. obliquus auricularis. It lies between the 4 3 Fissura antitragohelicina. Deep fissure sepa- eminences of the concha and triangular fossa. C rating the antitragus and helix inferiorly as well 22 [M. incisurae helicis]. Muscle fibers occasion- as the anthelix and helix further superiorly. A 5 ally present in the caudal continuation of trans- 4 Transverse sulcus of anthelix. [[Sulcus antheli- versus auricularis muscle. C cis transversus]]. Posteromedial depression vis- 23 OLFACTORY ORGAN. Organum olfactorium (ol- 6 ible between the eminences of the triangular factus). Organ of smell. fossa and concha. A 24 Nasal mucosa of the olfactory region. Regio 7 5 Groove of crus of helix. Sulcus cruris helicis. olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi. This region, Shallow furrow on the posterior surface of the which is covered by olfactory epithelium, is auricular cartilage. It corresponds to the crus of 8 about the size of a nickel and occupies the the helix on the anterior surface. A lateral and medial walls and roof (below the cri- 9 6 Fossa of anthelix. Fossa anthelicis. Furrow on briform plate) of the nasal cavity at the level of posterior surface of auricular cartilage corre- the superior nasal concha. E F sponding to the anthelix on the anterior sur- 25 Olfactory glands (of Bowman). Glandulae ol- face. A 10 factoriae. Serous glands found below the ol- 7 Eminence of concha. Eminentia conchae. factory epithelium. Their predominantly serous 11 Elevation on the posterior surface of the auricu- secretions can enhance or wash away odorous lar cartilage corresponding to the cavity of the substances. F concha. A GUSTATORY ORGAN. 12 26 Organum gustatorium 8 Eminence of scaphoid fossa. Eminentia (Gustus). Organ of taste, comprised of all the scaphae. Curved elevation on the posterior sur- taste buds. face of the auricular cartilage corresponding to 13 27 Taste bud. Caliculus gustatorius (gemma gusta- the scaphoid fossa on the anterior surface. A toria). Occupying the full thickness of the 14 9 Eminence of triangular fossa. Eminentia fossae epithelium, it consists of supporting cells and triangularis. Elevation on the posterior surface taste cells. Each of the taste cells has microvilli of the auricular cartilage corresponding to the on its surface which serve as chemoreceptors. 15 triangular fossa. A Distribution of taste buds: aggregated in the 10 Auricular ligaments. Ligg. auricularia. Liga- epithelium of vallate (circumvallate) and foliate 16 ments of the pinna. They attach the auricular papillae; solitary on the outside of the tongue. D cartilage to the temporal bone. 28 Taste pore. Porus gustatorius. Space left by the 17 11 Anterior auricular ligament. Lig. auriculare an- epithelium above the apex of the taste bud. Mi- terius. It extends from the root of the zygomatic crovilli project into it. D arch to the spine of the helix. B 18 12 Superior auricular ligament. Lig. auriculare superius. It passes from the upper margin of the 19 osseous external auditory meatus to the spine of the helix. B 20 13 Posterior auricular ligament. Lig. auriculare posterius. It extends from the eminence of the concha to the mastoid process. C 21 14 Mm. auriculares. Muscles of the pinna. 15 M. helicis major. It passes upward from the 22 spine of the helix to the helix. B 16 M. helicis minor. It lies on the crus of the helix. 23 B 17 M. tragicus. It lies vertically on the lamina tragi. 24 B 18 M. pyramidalis auricularis. Muscle fibers that 25 occasionally split off from the tragicus muscle and pass to the spine of the helix. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Sense organs 389

1 15 9 8 2 4 5 7 16 3 6 12 4 5 11

3 18 5 17 6 2

1 19 7

A Auricular cartilage, medial view B Auricular cartilage, lateral view 8

9 28 10

11 21 20 12

13 13 22 14

16 C Auricular cartilage, medial view D Taste bud 17

19 24 20 25 21

25 24 E Olfactory region F Olfactory mucosa 25

1 SKIN (INTEGUMENT). Integumentum com- 16 Papillary layer. Stratum papillare. The delicate 1 mune. Common integument (skin). The outer upper layer of the dermis with numerous con- covering of the body consisting of three layers, nective tissue papillae connecting it to the 2 the epidermis, dermis (corium) and subcutis. In epidermis. A the adult it covers an area of about 1.8 square 17 Papillae. Conical extensions of connective tissue meters. projecting into the epidermis. They may form 3 2 Cutis. Collective term for epidermis and der- rows (dermal ridges) or branches and vary mis. markedly in form and organization. A E 4 3 Sulci of skin. Sulci cutis. Variably sized depres- 18 Reticular layer. Stratum reticulare. Part of der- sions or furrows on the surface of the skin, e. g., mis adjoining the papillary layer. It consists of the nasolabial sulcus, the deep sulci of the more compact, densely interwoven connective 5 joints, the fine depressions on the smooth areas tissue. A of the skin, and the dermal ridges on the palms 19 Subcutaneous tissue. Tela subcutanea. Layer of 6 and soles. A subcutaneous fatty tissue compartmentalized 4 Dermal ridges. Cristae cutis. Ridges produced by fibrous tracts and firmly connected with the corium with mobile connections to the fascia. A 7 by the underlying papillae of the corium on the thick skin of the palms of the hands and soles of 20 Panniculus adiposus. The thicker layer of fat in the feet. A the subcutaneous tissue. A 8 5 Retinacula cutis. Bands of connective tissue 21 Terminal nerve corpuscles. Corpuscula nervosa which attach the skin to the underlying tissue. terminalia. Collective term for encapsulated 9 A nerve endings. 6 Tactile elevations. Toruli tactiles. Skin regions 22 End bulbs of Krause (bulboid corpuscles). with more abundant fat deposits, e. g., near the Corpuscula bulboidea. Oval convolutions of 10 phalanges, thenar and hypothenar eminences. nerve fibers found especially in the lamina pro- B pria of the mucosa. They are considered to be 11 7 Coccygeal foveola. [Foveola coccygea]. Pit cold receptors. E above the coccyx caused by the caudal reti- 23 Lamellated [[Vater-Pacini, pacinian]] cor- naculum. C puscles. Corpuscula lamellosa. Oval bodies, 2− 12 8 Caudal retinaculum. Retinaculum caudale. 3 mm long, with concentric layers of connective Connective tissue remains of the embryonic tissue surrounding an inner core (axon and 13 notochord lying between the coccygeal foveola Schwann cells). They are pressure receptors and the coccyx. C found in the subcutaneous fat muscles and viscera. A 14 9 Epidermis. Stratified, keratinized squamous epithelium covering the body. Its thickness var- 24 Tactile [[Meissner’s]] corpuscles. Corpuscula ies from 30 µm to 4 mm or more. A tactus. These encapsulated sensory organs in the connective papilla of the dermis measure about 15 10 Stratum corneum. Most superficial, cornified 0.1 mm in length and consist of transversely (keratinized) layer of the epidermis which un- oriented tactile cells within a ramified nerve dergoes continual desquamation. A 16 network. A 11 Stratum lucidum. Located between the 25 Genital corpuscles. [[Corpuscula genitalia]].El- stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. It is liptical, encapsulated nerve endings similar to 17 a homogeneous, strongly refractile layer rich in the end bulbs of Krause and found abundantly in eleidin fibers. A the clitoris, glans and nipple. E 18 12 Stratum granulosum. It consists of 1−5 cell 26 Tactile menisci [[Merkel’s discs or cor- layers with degenerative nuclear changes. It puscles]]. Menisci tractus. Flat group of light contains stongly refractory keratohyaline cells with intracellular neurofibrils. They occupy 19 granules. A the epithelium. D 13 Stratum spinosum. Prickle cell layer. It consists 27 Articular corpuscles. [[Corpuscula articu- 20 of polygonal cells with spinous processes laria]]. Modified pacinian corpuscles within which project from their surfaces and contact joint capsules. 21 each other by means of a desmosome. They appear to bridge over relatively large intercellular spaces (shrinkage artifact). A 22 14 Stratum basale [cylindricum]. Deepest, cylindrical cell layer of the epidermis. Cell prolifera- 23 tion occurs here and in the stratum spinosum, thus ensuring the continual renewal of the epidermis. A 24 15 Dermis (corium). The layer of skin consisting of an intimate network of collagenous and elastic 25 fibers rich in nerves and blood vessels and devoid of fat. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Skin and its appendages 391

3 4 3 1

6 2 10 10 3 9 11 4 12 5

13 6 7 8 14 7 B Tactile elevation C Coccygeal dimple 17 24 17 8

16 26 17 9

15 11

12 26 18 13

14 D Tactile discs (tactile menisci) 15 23 16

17 18 5 23 19; 20 19 22 20

5 25 21

23 A Skin and subcutaneous layer E Corpuscular nerve endings 24

1 Pili. Collective term for any type of hair. 28 Lunula. Crescentic, whitish area at the base of 1 2 Lanugo. Fine woolly hair which is distributed the nail. Its anterior margin corresponds to the over the entire body, especially in the newborn. anterior border of the nail-forming tissue. C 2 It usually lacks a medulla. 29 Margo occultus. Proximal, posterior margin of a 3 Scalp hairs. Capilli. nail located deep within the nail sinus. D 3 4 Hairs of eyebrow. Supercilia. 5 Eyelashes. Cilia. 4 6 Hairs of beard. Barba. 7 Hairs of external acoustic meatus. Tragi. 5 8 Hairs of the nasal vestibule. Vibrissae. 9 Axillary hairs. Hirci. 6 10 Pubic hairs. Pubes. 11 Hair follicle. Folliculus pili. Connective tissue 7 epithelium covering of the hair root. A 12 Hair papilla. Papilla pili. Connective tissue papilla which projects into the bulb-like, dis- 8 tended lowermost part of the hair root. A 13 Hair shaft. Scapus pili. Part of the hair that pro- 9 jects out from the skin. A 14 Hair root. Radix pili. A 10 15 Bulb of hair. Bulbus pili. Bulb-like enlargement at the lower end of the hair root. A 11 16 Mm. arrectores pilorum. Bundles of smooth muscle passing from the middle of the hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis. They are 12 absent on hair of eyelashes, eyebrows, nose, ear and beard. A.: erect hairs (goose-bumps), prob- 13 ably also compression and emptying of sebaceous glands. Innervation: sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic ganglion. A 14 17 Hair streams. Flumina pilorum. Orientational patterns of hair. B 15 18 Whorled pattern of hair growth. Vortices pilorum. B 16 19 Cruciate pattern of hair growth. Cruces pilorum. It is found at sites where the hair patterns meet from two directions and continue 17 two new directions perpendicular to each other. B 18 20 Nails. Unguis. Fingernails and toenails. C D 21 Nail matrix (bed). Matrix unguis. Tissue (epidermis) upon which the nail rests (root and 19 lunula). Nail substance is formed in the region of the lunula. D E 20 22 Crests of nail matrix. Cristae matricis unguis. Longitudinal ridges in nail bed. E 21 23 Nail groove (fold). Sulcus matricis unguis. Cu- taneous slit into which the lateral nasal margins are embedded. C 22 24 Nail sinus. Sinus unguis. Deep furrow into which the root of the nail is inserted. D 23 25 Wall of nail. Vallum unguis. Cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and proximal end of the 24 nail. C D 26 Body of nail. Corpus unguis. C D E 25 27 Root of nail. [[Radix unguis]]. Part of nail situated in the nail sinus. D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Skin and its appendages 393

13 1

3 18 4

6 14 19 16 7

A Hair follicle B Hair growth patterns 10

11 11 23 12

13 15 26 28 14

25 15

12 C Fingernail 16

17 25 27 26 18 20 19

20 21 24 D Nail matrix, longitudinal section 29 21

26 22

21 23

24 E Nail matrix, cross section 22 25

1 Lateral margin. Margo lateralis. Lateral margin 21 Mammary gland. Glandula mammaria. Glan- 1 of nail lying beneath the nail wall. B dular tissue of female breast. D 2 Free margin. Margo liber. Anterior, free margin 22 Lateral (axillary) process; axillary tail. Proces- 2 of nail. It corresponds to the abrasive or cutting sus lateralis (axillaris). Glandular process ex- edge of the nail. B tending toward the axilla. 3 3 Perionyx. Projecting edge of the eponychium 23 Lobes of mammary gland. Lobi glandulae covering the proximal strip of the lunula. A mammariae. 15−20 conical lobes. D 4 Eponychium. Cuticle. The small band of 24 Lobules of mammary gland. Lobuli glandulae 4 epithelium that extends from the posterior nail mammariae. Subdivisions of each lobe produced wall onto the base of a nail. A by connective tissue septa. D 5 5 Hyponychium. Epithelium of nail bed located 25 Lactiferous ducts. Ductus lactiferi. Excretory beneath the nail. Its posterior portion in the re- ducts, 15−20, one from each lobe. They have a di- 6 gionofthelunulaandnailrootformthematrix.A ameter of 1.7−2.3 mm and open on the nipple. D 6 Stratum corneum unguis. Already cornified 26 Lactiferous sinus. Sinus lactiferi. Spindle-shaped part of nail. A dilatation of the lactiferous duct with a diameter 7 of 5−8 mm shortly before opening at the apex of 7 Stratum germinativum unguis. Layer of nail the nipple. D bed epithelium still undergoing cell prolifera- 8 tion. A 27 Areola mammae. Round, pigmented area around the nipple with a ring of small, rounded 8 [[Retinacula unguis]]. Anchoring tracts of con- papillae produced by the areolar glands. D 9 nective tissue extending from the nail bed to the periosteum of the nail segement. A 28 Areolar glands (of Montgomery). Glanduale areolares. 10−15 apocrine glands in the region of 10 9 Cutaneous glands. Glandulae cutis. Glands aris- the areola. D ing from the epidermis and standing in close relationship to the skin. 29 Male mammary gland. Mamma masculina. Rudimentary mammary gland of the male. 11 10 Sweat glands. [[Gll. glomiformes]]. Collective 30 Accessory mammary glands. [Mammae acces- term for the small eccrine sweat glands and the soriae]. The acessory mammary glands lying large apocrine sweat or odoriferous glands. 12 along the embryonic milk ridge. C 11 Eccrine (merocrine) sweat (sudoriferous) 31 Suspensory ligaments of breast. Ligg. suspen- glands. Gll. sudorifer merocrina (eccrina). Ec- 13 soria mammaria. Tracts of connective tissue crine sweat glands, as opposed to the apocrine from the skin of the breast to the pectoral fascia sweat glands of the anal, genital and axillary re- with which they are united by a thin layer of 14 gions. E loose displaceable tissue. D 12 Terminal secretory part. Portio terminalis. 15 Coiled, secretory body of a sweat gland lying in thesubcutaneoustissueorinthedeepportionof the dermis. E F 16 13 Sweat gland duct. Ductus sudorifer. Excretory duct passing to the surface. It is shaped like a 17 corkscrew within the highly cornified squamous epithelium of palms and soles and opens on the dermal ridges. E F 18 14 Pore of sweat gland. Porus sudorifer. Opening of the excretory duct of a sweat gland on the skin. 19 E 15 Circumanal glands. Gll. circumanales. Large 20 apocrine sweat glands grouped around the anus. 16 Ceruminous glands. Gll. ceruminosae. Apocrine 21 glands that secrete a proteinaceous material called cerumen (ear wax). 17 Sebaceous glands. Gll. sebaceae. Holocrine 22 glands opening into the hair follicles. F 18 Breast. Mamma. It consists of glandular tissue, 23 connective tissue tracts and fat. D 19 Nipple. Papilla mammae. It contains openings of 24 the lactiferous ducts and smooth muscle tissue. D 25 20 Body of mammary gland. Corpus mammae. Glandular body surrounded by adipose tissue. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Skin and its appendages 395

6 3 4 4 1

8 5 7 4 A Nail matrix, longitudinal section 5

2 6

31 7 1 1 29 8 24 28 25 9 B Nail from above 19 10 21 14 26 11 27 12 30 23 13

14 C Milk line D Mammary gland 15

18 13 19 17 13 20

21 12 22

12 23

24 E Sudoriferous gland F Skin glands 25

1 GENERAL TERMINOLOGY. Termini generales. 36 Peripheral. Peripheralis. Not pertaining to the 1 2 Vertical (perpendicular). Verticalis. center. 3 Horizontal. Horizontalis. 36 a Periphery. Periphericus. 2 4 Median. Medianus. Lying in the midline (mid- 37 Radial. Radialis. Pertaining to or located at the sagittal plane). radius. B 3 5 Coronal. Coronalis. Lying in the plane of the 38 Ulnar. Ulnaris. Pertaining to or located at the coronal suture. A ulna. B 4 6 Sagittal. Sagittalis. Lying in the plane of the 39 Fibular. Fibularis. Pertaining to the fibula or lo- sagittal suture. A cated on the fibular part of the leg. B 7 Right. Dexter. 40 Tibial. Tibialis. Pertaining to the tibia or locted 5 on the tibial part of the leg. B 8 Left. Sinister. 41 Palmar. Palmaris. Pertaining to or located on 6 9 Transverse. Transversalis. Situated at right an- the plam. B gles to the long axis of a part. 42 Volar. Volaris. Same as palmar. B 7 10 Medial. Medialis. Lying close to the median plane. 43 Plantar. Plantaris. Pertaining to or located on the sole of the foot. B 11 Intermediate. Lying between two structures. 8 44 Flexor. A muscle that bends (flexes) a joint. 12 Lateral. Lateralis. Situated toward the side. 45 Extensor. A muscle that straightens (extends) a 13 Anterior. Situated in front of. 9 joint. 14 Posterior. Situated behind. 46 REGIONS AND PARTS OF THE BODY. Regiones et partes corporis. 10 15 Ventral (anterior). Ventralis. Toward the belly. 16 Dorsal (posterior). Dorsalis. Toward the back. 47 Anterior median line. Linea mediana anterior. 17 Frontal. Frontalis. 1. Pertaining to the forehead; Vertical plane through the middle of the trunk. 11 2. Plane separating the body into front and back C parts (frontal or coronla plane). A 48 Sternal line. Linea sternalis. Line correspond- 12 18 Occipital. Occipitalis. Pertaining to the occiput. ing to the lateral margin of the sternum. C 19 Upper. Superior. 49 Parasternal line. Linea parasternalis. Vertical 13 line midway between the sternal and mid- 20 Lower. Inferior. clavicular lines. C 21 Cranial. Cranialis. Pertaining to the head; 50 Midclavicular (mammary) line. Linea medio- 14 toward the head. clavicularis. Vertical line passing through the 22 Caudal. Caudalis. Situated toward the tail. halfway point of the clavicle. C 15 23 Rostral. Rostralis. Located toward the rostrum 51 Mammary line. Linea mamillaris. Same as mid- of the corpus callosum. clavicular line. C 16 24 Apical. Apicalis. Pertaining to or located at the 52 Anterior axillary line. Linea axillaris anterior. It apex. lies at the anterior fold of the axilla. C 17 25 Basal. Basalis. Pertaining to or located at the 53 Axillary (midaxillary) line. Linea axillaris base. media. It lies in the middle between the ante- 26 Basilar. Basilaris. Pertaining to the base of the rior and posterior axillary lines. C 18 skull. 54 Posterior axillary line. Linea axillaris posterior. 27 Middle. Medius. It lies at the posterior fold of the axilla. B C 19 28 Transverse. Transversus. 55 Scapular line. Linea scapularis. A vertical line through the inferior angle of the scapula. B 29 Longitudinal. Longitudinalis. Running longi- 20 tudinally. 56 Paravertebral line. Linea paravertebralis. Verti- cal line through the ends of the transverse 30 Axialis. Pertaining to or located at the axis, e. g., processe visible only in radiograms. B 21 the 2nd cervical vertebra. 30 a External (outer). Externus. 22 30 a Internal (inner). Internus. 31 Superficial. Superficialis. Lying near the sur- 23 face. 32 Deep. Profundus. 24 33 Proximal. Proximalis. Lying near the trunk. B 34 Distal. Distalis. Lying further away from the trunk. 25 35 Central. Centralis. Lying in the midpoint. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. General terms 397

1 17 2 6 5 3

4 55 54 5

33 6

34 7 56 8 37 A Frontal plane of skull

38 9 10

B Directions of orientation 11

41; 42 12

33 16 52 34 53 17 54 18 48 39 49 19 40 20

47 50; 51 21

23 43 C Lines of orientation on upper part of body 24

1 Posterior median line. Linea mediana poste- 25 Carotid triangle. Trigonum caroticum. Tri- 1 rior. Vertical line through the median plane of angular region bounded by the sternoclei- the posterior trunk. B domastoid muscle, posterior belly of the diga- 2 2 Subcostal plane. Planum subcostale. Trans- stric muscle and superior belly of the omohyoid verse plane through the lower edge of the 10th muscle. A costal cartilage. C 26 Muscular (inferior carotid) triangle. 3 Trigonum musculare (omotracheale). Triangu- 3 Transpyloric plane. Planum transpyloricum. lar region between the anterior median line of Horizontal plane transecting the trunk halfway the neck, the anterior margin of the sternoclei- 4 between the upper margin of the pubic sym- domastoid muscle and the superior belly of the physis and the upper margin of the manubrium omohyoid muscle. A 5 sterni. C 27 Submental (suprahyoid) triangle. Trigonum 4 Supracristal plane. Planum supracristale. Hori- submentale. Triangle below the chin between zontal plane through the highest point of the the hyoid bone and the anterior belly of the di- 6 iliac crest. It transects the vertebral column at gastric muscle on each side. A the level of the spinous process of L4. C 7 28 Sternocleidomastoid region. Regio sternoclei- 5 Intertubercular plane. Planum intertubercu- domastoidea. Region overlying the sternoclei- lare. Transverse plane through the iliac domastoid muscle. A tubercle. C 8 29 Lesser supraclavicular fossa. Fossa supra- 6 Interspinal plane. Planum interspinale. Trans- clavicularis minor. Triangular depression be- 9 verse plane through the anterior superior iliac tween the sternal and clavicular origins of the spine. C sternocleidomastoid muscle. A 7 Preaxillary line. Linea praeaxillaris. 10 30 Posterior triangle of neck. Regio cervicalis 8 Postaxillary line. Linea postaxillaris. lateralis (trigonum cervicale posterius). Tri- angle between the clavicle, anterior margin of 11 9 Head regions. Regiones capitis. The various an- the trapezius and posterior border of the ster- atomic regions of the head. nocleidomastoid muscle. A 12 10 Frontal region. Regio frontalis. A 31 Supraclavicular (omoclavicular, subclavian) 11 Parietal region. Regio parietalis. The region triangle. Trigonum omoclaviculare (fossa su- above the parietal bone. A B praclavicular major) greater supraclavicular 13 fossa. Triangle between the sternocleidomas- 12 Occipital region. Regio occipitalis. The region toid and omohyoid muscles and the clavicle. A above the occipital bone. A B 14 32 Posterior region of the neck (nuchal region). 13 Temporal region. Regio temporalis. The region Regio cervicalis posterior (regio nuchalis). B above the temporal bone. A B 15 33 Pectoral regions. Regiones pectorales. Collec- 14 Facial regions. Regiones faciales. The various tive term for the various regions of the chest, anatomic regions of the face. A which are described below. 16 15 Orbital region. Regio orbitalis. Area involving 34 Presternal region. Regio presternalis. Area in the orbit. A front of the sternum. C 17 16 Nasal region. Regio nasalis. Region involving 35 Infraclavicular fossa. Fossa infraclavicularis. the nose. A Depression produced by the clavipectoral tri- 18 17 Oral region. Regio oralis. Area around the angle. C mouth. A 36 Clavipectoral triangle. Trigonum clavipec- 18 Mental region. Regio mentalis. Chin area. A torale. Triangle between the deltoid, pectoralis 19 major and clavicle. C 19 Infraorbital region. Regio infraorbitalis. Region below the orbit. A 37 Pectoral region. Regio pectoralis. Area on the 20 pectoralis major muscle. C 20 Buccal region. Regio buccalis. Cheek area. A 38 Mammary region. Regio mammaria. Region 21 21 Zygomatic region. Regio zygomatica. A pertaining to the mammary gland. C 22 Cervical regions. Regiones cervicales. The 39 Inframammary region. Regio inframammaria. 22 various anatomic regions of the neck. Region below the mammary region. C 23 Anterior triangle of neck. Regio cervicalis 40 Axillary region. Regio axillaris. C anterior (trigonum cervicalis anterius). Region 41 Axillary fossa. Fossa axillaris. C 23 between the midline and the sternocleidomastoid muscle. 24 24 Submandibular (digastric) triangle. Trigonum submandibulare. Region bounded by 25 the inferior border of the mandible and the two bellies of the digastric muscle. A Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. General terms 399

1 10 2 15 16 19 3 11 13 21 4 17 18 20 11 5 12 27 24 6 13 25 12 7 28 26 30 8

31 9 29 32 10 A Head and neck regions 11

12 1 13 B Head and nuchal regions 35; 36 14

15 40 16 41 34 37 38 17

18 39 19 3 2 20

4 21 5 6 22

C Planes for orientation 24 and regions of trunk 25

1 Abdominal regions. Regiones abdominales. 22 Posterior brachial region. Regio (facies) 1 brachialis posterior. Posterior surface of the 2 Hypochondriac region (hypochondrium). upper arm. A Regio hypochondriaca (hypochondrium). Re- 2 gion lateral to the midclavicular line between 23 Elbow. Cubitus. the pectoral region and the transpyloric plane. 24 Anterior cubital region. Regio (facies) cubi- 3 B talis anterior. Anterior surface of the elbow. B 3 Epigastric region (epigastrium). Regio epiga- 25 Posterior cubital region. Regio (facies) cubi- strica (epigastrium). Region medial to the mid- talis posterior. Posterior surface of the elbow. A 4 clavicular line between the pectoral region and 26 Cubital fossa. Fossa cubitalis. B the transpyloric plane. B 27 Lateral bicipital groove. Sulcus bicipitalis later- 5 4 Lumbar (lateral) region. Regio lateralis. Region alis (radialis). B lateral to the midclavicular line between the 28 Medial bicipital groove. Sulcus bicipitalis medi- transpyloric and intertubercular planes. B 6 alis (ulnaris) B. 5 Umbilical region. Regio umbilicalis. Area me- 29 Forearm. Antebrachium. dial to the midclavicular line between the 7 transpyloric and intertubercular planes. B 30 Anterior antebrachial region. Regio (facies) antebrachialis anterior. Anterior surface of the 6 Inguinal (iliac) region. Regio inguinalis. Region forearm. A B 8 lateral to the midclavicular line between the in- 31 Regio (facies) tertubercular plane and the inguinal ligament. Posterior antebrachial region. antebrachialis posterior. Posterior surface of B 9 the forearm. A B Hypogastric (pubic) region. 7 Regio pubica (hy- 32 Lateral margin. Margo lateralis (radialis). pogastrium). Region medial to the midclavicu- 10 lar line between the intertubercular plane and 33 Medial margin. Margo medialis (ulnaris). the inguinal ligament. B 34 Wrist. Carpus. 11 8 Posterior (dorsal) regions. Regiones dorsales. 35 Anterior carpal region. Regio carpalis ante- The various anatomic regions of the back. rior. Anterior of flexor side of the wrist. A 12 9 Vertebral region. Regio vertebralis. Region 36 Posterior carpal region. Regio carpalis poste- overlying the vertebral column. A rior. Posterior or extensor side of the wrist. B 13 10 Sacral region. Regio sacralis. Region overlying 37 Hand. Manus. the sacrum. A 38 Dorsum of hand. Dorsum manus. B 14 11 Scapular region. Regio scapularis. Region over- 39 Palm of hand. Palma manus. A lying the scapula. A 40 Thenar eminence. Thenar (eminentia thenaris). Ball of the thumb. 15 12 Infrascapular region. Regio infrascapularis. Area between the scapular region and the lum- 41 Hypothenar eminence. Hypothenar (eminen- bar region. A tia hypothenaris). Ball of the little finger. 16 13 Region cranial to the iliac crest. Regio lum- 42 Metacarpus. Part of the hand between the baris (lumbalis). A wrist and digits. 17 14 Lumbar (Petit’s) trigone. Trigonum lumbare 43 Digits (fingers). Digiti. [[Petiti]]. Triangle above the iliac crest between 44 Thumb. Pollex (digitus primus (I)). 18 the margins of the latissimus dorsi and external 45 Index finger. Index (digitus secundus (II)). abdominal oblique. 46 Middle finger. Digitus medius (tertius (III)). 15 Perineal region. Regio perinealis. C 19 47 Ring finger. Digitus anularis (quartus (IV)). 16 Anal region. Regio analis. Area around the 48 Little finger. Digitus minimus (quintus (V)). anus. It is bordered anteriorly by an imaginary 20 line through the two ischial tuberosities. C 49 Ventral (palmar, flexor) side of fingers. Facies digitales ventrales (palmares). 17 Urogenital region. Regio urogenitalis. Perineal 50 Dorsal (extensor) side of fingers. Facies digitales 21 area in front of the imaginary line between the dorsales. two ischial tuberosities. C 22 18 Regions of upper limb. Regiones membri superioris. 23 19 Deltoid region. Regio deltoidea. Region overlying the deltoid muscle. B 24 20 Upper arm. Brachium. 21 Anterior brachial region. Regio (facies) 25 brachialis anterior. Anterior surface of the upper arm. B Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. General terms 401

19 19 3 11 4 9 27 5 28 12 22 21 3 6 2 26 7 13 24 25 5 4 8 30 10 31 9 6 7 10 30 31 36 35 11 38 39 12

20 17 21 16 22

23 C Perineal regions 24 A Posterior regions B Anterior regions 25

1 Regions of lower limb. Regiones membri infe- 29 OSTEOLOGY. Osteologia. 1 rioris. The various anatomic regions of the 30 SKELETAL SYSTEM. Systema skeletale. lower limb. 31 Bony part. Pars ossea. 2 2 Gluteal region. Regio glutealis. Area over the gluteal muscles. A 32 Periosteum. External covering of bone. 33 Endosteum. Internal lining of bone. It also lines 3 3 Gluteal fold. Sulcus glutealis. Fold passing over the gluteus maximus and bordering the but- the marrow cavity. tocks inferiorly when the hip joint is extended. 34 Cortical substance. Substantia corticalis. Su- 4 A perficial layer formed by the external main 3a Hip joint. Coxa (regio coxalis). lamellae of the bone. 5 4 Thigh region. Femur (regio femoralis). 35 Compact bone. Substantia compacta. Dense bony substance formed by osteons. 5 Anterior thigh region. Regio (facies) femoralis 6 anterior. B 36 Spongy (trabecular) bone. Substantia spongiosa (trabecularis). Loosely organized bone 6 Femoral triangle. Trigonum femorales. Triangu- substance with interstices occupied by bone 7 lar region of the groin bordered by the sartorius marrow. and adductor longus muscles and the inguinal ligament. B 37 Cartilaginous part (of the skeleton). Pars cartilaginosa. 8 7 Posterior thigh region. Regio (facies) femoralis posterior. A 38 Perichondrium. Connective tissue covering of cartilage. It contributes to cartilage growth. 9 8 Knee. Genus. 39 Axial skeleton. Skeleton axiale. Skeleton of the 9 Anterior side of knee. Regio genus anterior. B trunk. 10 10 Posterior side of knee. Regio genus posterior. 40 Appendicular skeleton. Skeleton appendicu- A lare. Skeleton of the limbs. 11 11 Popliteal fossa. Fossa poplitea. A 41 Long bone. Os longum. Long bone such as the 12 Lower leg. Crus. fibula. 12 13 Anterior surface of lower leg. Regio (facies) 42 Short bone. Os breve. Short bone such as the cruralis anterior. B wrist bone. 13 14 Posterior surface of lower leg. Regio (facies) 43 Flat bone. Os planum. Flat bone such as the cruralis posterior. A parietal bone. 15 Calf. Sura (regio suralis). A 14 44 Irregular bone. Os irregulare. Irregular bone 16 Anterior and posterior talocrural (malle- such as the sphenoid bone. olar) regions. Regiones talocrurales anterior et 45 Pneumatic bone. Os pneumaticum. Bone with 15 posterior. air-containing cells, e. g., the ethmoid bone. 17 Foot. Pes. 46 Epiphysis. End of a long bone temporarily in- 16 18 Heel (calcaneal region). Calx (regio calcanea). volved in bone growth. A 47 Diaphysis. Middle piece (shaft) of bone. 17 19 Dorsum of foot. Dorsum (regio dorsalis) pedis. 48 Metaphysis. Bony region between the epiphy- B sis and diaphysis. 18 20 Plantar surface of foot (sole). Planta (regio 49 Epiphysial cartilage. Cartilago epiphysialis. plantaris) pedis. A Cartilage zone between the diaphysis and 21 Lateral (fibular, outer) margin of foot. epiphysis. It is responsible for the longitudinal 19 Margo lateralis (fibularis) pedis. growth of long bones. 22 Medial (tibial, inner) margin of foot. Margo 20 medialis (tibialis) pedis. 23 Ankle. Tarsus. 21 24 Metatarsus. Part of foot between ankle and toes. 22 25 Toes. Digiti. 26 Big (great) toe. Hallux (digitus primus (I)). 23 27 Second, third, fourth toes. Digiti secundus, tertius, quartus (II, III, IV). 24 28 Little toe. Digitus minimus (quintus) (V). 28 a Plantar surface (undersurface) of toe. Facies digitalis plantaris. 25 28 b Dorsal surface of toe. Facies digitalis dorsalis. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. General terms 403

2 10

11 6 12 3 5 13 7 14

15 9 16 10; 11 17

15 18 13 19

14 20

22 18 19 20 23

24 A Posterior regions of leg B Anterior regions of leg 25

1 Epiphysial line. Linea epiphysialis. Line visible 26 Spheroidal joint. Articulatio sphaeroidea 1 in radiograms and in sections of bone marking (cotylica). Ball and socket joint, e. g., the the former site of the epiphysial cartilage. shoulder joint. 2 2 Joint surface. Facies articularis. 27 Ellipsoidal (condylar) joint. Articulatio ellip- 3 Medullary cavity. Cavitas medullaris. soidea (condylaris). Joint with two axes, e. g., the wrist joint. 3 4 Yellow bone marrow. Medulla ossium flava. It contains abundant fat. 28 Hinge joint. Ginglymus. Joint with one axis, e. g., the elbow joint. 5 Red bone marrow. Medulla ossium rubra. It is 4 29 Bicondylar joint. Articulatio bicondylaris. Ar- hemopoietic. ticulation with one main transverse axis and 5 6 Nutrient foramen. Foramen nutriens. Macro- another axis in the longitudinal direction of a scopic foramen for nutrient vessels supplying skeletal part., e. g., the knee joint. mainly the bone marrow. 6 30 Trochoidal joint. Articulatio trochoidea. Pivot 7 Nutrient canal. Canalis nutriens. Canal con- joint with one axis, e. g., the radio-ulnar joint. tinuous with the nutrient foramen. 31 Saddle (sellar) joint. Articulatio sellaris. Joint 7 8 Center of ossification. Centrum ossificationis. with two axes, e. g., the metacarpophalangeal Site of onset of ossification of bones preformed joint of the thumb. in cartilage (endochondral ossification). 8 32 Ovoidal joint. [[Articulatio ovoidalis]]. Joint 9 Primary center of ossification. Centrum ossi- with only weakly curved articular surfaces. ficationis primarium. The center situated in the 33 Articular cartilage. Cartilago articularis. 9 diaphysis (diaphysial ossification). 34 Articular cavity. Cavitas articularis. Joint cavity. 10 Secondary center of ossification. Centrum 10 ossificationis secondarium. The center situated 35 Articular disk. Discus articularis. Disk that in the epiphysis (epiphysial ossification). divides a joint cavity into two separate chambers. 11 11 ARTHROLOGY. Arthrologia. Study of the joints. 36 Meniscus. Meniscus articularis. Ring-like artic- 12 FIBROUS JOINTS. Articulationes fibrosae. They ular disk., e. g., in the knee joint. 12 usually have no direct relationship to an articular cavity. 37 Articular lip. Labrum articulare. Rim of fibrocartilage at the margin of a socket. 13 Syndesmosis. Fibrous joint with interosseous 13 membrane or ligament. 38 Joint capsule. Capsula articularis. 14 Suture. Sutura. 39 Fibrous membrane. Membrana fibrosa 14 (stratum fibrosum). Connective tissue layer of 15 Dentate suture. Sutura serrata. Serrated su- the capsule often reinforced by ligaments. ture, e. g., the lambdoid suture. 15 40 Synovial membrane. Membrana synovialis 16 Squamous suture. Sutura squamosa, e. g., on (stratum synoviale). Inner layer of the articular the temporal bone. capsule comprised of epithelium-like connec- 16 17 Flat suture. Sutura plana. Bony union produc- tive tissue cells on loose connective tissue. ing a smooth surface, e. g., between the zygo- 41 Synovial fold. Plica synovialis. Fold projecting 17 matic bone and the maxilla. from the capsule into the joint space. 18 Schindylesis. Union between a groove in one 42 Synovial villi. Villi synoviales. bone and a ridge in the other, e. g., between the 43 Synovia. Synovial fluid secreted by the syn- 18 vomer and the sphenoid bone. ovial membrane of the capsule. 19 CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS. Articulationes car- 44 Articular ligaments. Ligamenta. 19 tilagineae. 45 Extracapsular ligaments. Ligamenta extra- 20 Synchondrosis. Bony union by means of hya- capsularia. Ligaments lying outside the capsu- line cartilage. 20 lar wall, e. g., the external collateral ligament of 21 Symphysis. Bony union, partly by means of fi- the knee joint. brocartilage. 21 46 Capsular ligaments. Ligamenta capsularia. 22 SYNOVIAL JOINTS. Articulationes synoviales. Reinforcing fibers outside a joint capsule, e. g., Bony union with an intervening articular cav- the collateral ligaments of the interphalangeal 22 ity. joints. 23 Simple joint. Articulatio simplex. Joint be- 47 Intracapsular ligaments. Ligamenta intra- 23 tween only two bones, e. g., the hip joint. capsularis. Ligaments located within a joint 24 Composite joint. Articulatio composita (com- space, e. g., the cruciate ligaments of the knee 24 plexa). Joint involving more than two bones, joint. e. g., the wrist joint. 25 25 Plane joint. Articulatio plana. Joint with almost smooth articular surfaces. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. General terms 405

1 MYOLOGY. Myologia. Study of the muscles. 26 b Deep fascia. Fascia profunda. 2 Muscle. Musculus. 27 Tendinous intersections. Intersectio tendinea. 1 3 Head. Caput. 27 a Intermediate tendon. Tendo intermedius. 2 4 Belly. Venter. 28 Tendinous arch. Arcus tendineus. It serves as 5 Fusiform muscle. Musculus fusiformis. the origin of muscle fibers. Spindle-shaped muscle. 29 Muscular trochlea. Trochlea muscularis. Struc- 3 6 Quadrate muscle. M. quadratus. Square- ture that changes the direction of pull of a ten- shaped muscle. don, e. g., the sustentaculum tali of the flexor 4 hallucis longus tendon. 7 Triangular muscle. M. triangularis. Triangular 30 SYNOVIAL BURSAE. Bursae synoviales. muscle. 5 8 Unipennate muscle. M. unipennatus. Muscle 31 Subcutaneous bursa. Bursa [synovialis] subcu- with fibers approaching the tendon from one tanea. It lies directly beneath the skin. side. 32 Submuscular bursa. Bursa [synovialis] sub- 6 9 Bipennate muscle. M. bipennatus. Muscle with muscularis. It lies beneath a muscle. fibers approaching the tendon from two sides. 33 Subfascial bursa. Bursa [synovialis] sub- 7 10 Multipennate muscle. M. multipennatus. fascialis. It lies beneath a fascia. Muscle with fibers approaching the tendon 34 Subtendinous bursa. Bursa [synovialis] sub- 8 from many sides. tendinea. It lies beneath a tendon. SPLANCHNOLOGY. 11 Sphincter muscle. M. sphincter. 35 Splanchnologia. Study of 9 11 a Dilator muscle. M. dilator (dilatator). viscera. 36 General terms. Nomina generalia. 12 Orbicular muscle. M. orbicularis. Circular 10 muscle. 37 Tunica albuginea. Tough, whitish connective 13 Cruciate muscle. M. cruciatus. Muscle with tissue sheath. crossing fibers. 38 Tunica fibrosa. Fine connective tissue layer. 11 14 Articular muscle. [[M. articularis]]. Muscle 39 Tunica adventitia. Outermost connective which attaches to a joint capsule. tissue covering. 12 15 Skeletal muscle. M. skeleti. Muscle with at- 40 Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane with its tachment to the skeleton in contrast to a cu- various layers. 13 taneous muscle. 41 Epithelium mucosae. Epithelial cell layer of the 16 Cutaneous muscle. M. cutaneus. mucosa. 14 17 Tendon. Tendo. 42 Lamina propria mucosae. Lamina propria of 18 Tendon (synovial) sheath. Vagina tendinis. Lu- the mucosa. Layer of reticular connective tissue bricated sheath for easy gliding of a tendon. extending up to the muscularis mucosae. 15 19 Fibrous layer. Stratum fibrosum. Outer, con- 43 Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth nective tissue portion of a tendon sheath. muscle fibers between the lamina propria and 16 submucosa. It acts upon the mucosa. 20 Synovial layer. Stratum synoviale. Inner, smooth layer of a tendon sheath. It secretes 44 Tela submucosa. Mobile layer of collagen fibers 17 synovial fluid. and elastic meshlike tissue between the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis. It is 20 a Synovial sheath of tendon. Vagina synovialis the main conveyer of blood vessels. tendinis. The inner gliding capsule of the 18 fibrous sheath of a tendon. 45 Tunica muscularis. Double layer of smooth muscle. 21 Mesotendineum. Mesentery-like sheath con- 19 necting a tendon to its fibrous sheath. It carries 46 Stratum circulare. Circular muscle layer. blood vessels to the tendon. 47 Stratum longitudinale. Longitudinal muscle 20 22 Peritendineum. Connective tissue on the sur- layer. face of a tendon. 48 Tunica serosa. The smooth, glistening external 21 23 Aponeurosis. Flat tendinous expansion. surface of the intraperitoneal segments of the 23 a Epimysium. Fibrous sheath enveloping an en- intestinal tract. tire muscle. 22 24 Perimysium. Fibrous sheath enclosing a bundle of muscle fibers. 23 25 Endomysium. Fibrous sheath surrounding a single muscle fiber enclosed by sarcolemma. 24 26 Fascia. External sheath investing one or more muscles. 25 26 a Superficial fascia. Fascia superficialis. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 406 General terms

1 Tela subserosa. Connective tissue substrate for 33 Tunica media. Middle layer of a blood vessel 1 the serosal (peritoneal) epithelium. wall. 2 Parenchyma. The essential functional ele- 34 Valve. Valva. Large flap. 2 ments of an organ. 35 Lymphatic valve. Valvula lymphatica. Valve in 3 Stroma. Supporting connective tissue frame- lymphatic vessels. 3 work of an organ. 36 Valve of veins. Valvula venosa. 4 Gland. Glandula. 37 Anastomotic vessel. Vas anastomoticum. 4 5 Lobe. Lobus. 38 Capillary. Vas capillare. 6 Lobule. Lobulus. 39 Collateral vessel. Vas collaterale. Vessel form- 5 7 Mucous gland. Glandula mucosa. ing a shunt. 8 Serous gland. Glandula serosa. Gland that 40 Lymphatic vessel. Vas lymphaticum. 6 secretes watery material. 41 Sinusoid. Vas sinusoideum. Special, thin- 9 Seromucous gland. Glandula seromucosa. walled vascular segment with a large lumen. 7 Mixed gland that secretes watery mucous 42 Vasa vasorum. Blood vessels supplying the material. walls of blood vessels. 10 ANGIOLOGY. Angiologia. Study of vessels. 43 Vein. Vena. 8 11 Arteriovenous anastomosis. Anastomosis 44 Accompanying vein. Vena comitans. arteriolovenularis (arteriovenosa). Direct con- 45 Cutaneous vein. Vena cutanea. 9 nection between an artery and vein. 46 Emissary vein. Vena emissaria. Vein passing 12 Artery. Arteria. through a foramen of the skull to the outside. 13 Nutrient artery. Arteria nutricia (nutriens). An 10 47 Deep vein. Vena profunda. Vein situated below artery that supplies tissues with nutrients. the fascia. 14 Arteriole. Arteriola. Small artery directly pre- 11 48 Superficial vein. Vena superficialis. Cutaneous ceding a capillary. vein lying on the fascia of the limbs. Arterial circle. 12 15 Circulus arteriosus. Circle of 49 Venule. Venula. Small vein directly following a anastomosing arteries. capillary. 16 Circular connection of vessels. Circulus 13 50 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Systema nervo- vasculosus. sum centrale. It comprises the brain and spinal 17 Cistern. Cisterna. Dilatation of a lymphatic ves- cord. 14 sel. 51 Gray matter (nuclei and columns). Substantia 18 Blood. Haema (hema). grisea [nuclei et columnae]. It consists of an ac- 15 19 Lymph. Lympha. cumulation of nerve cell bodies and is gray because only a sparse amount of medullary 20 Nervi vasorum. Nerves innervating the wall of sheath material (myelin) is present in it. 16 blood vessels. 52 White matter. Substantia alba [tractus et 21 Lymph node. Nodus lymphaticus (lym- fasciculi]. It is present in the tracts and conduc- 17 phonodus). tion bundles. 22 Lymphatic nodule (follicle). Nodulus (fol- 53 Reticular formation. Formatio (substantia) re- liculus) lymphaticus. Circular mass of lympho- 18 ticularis. Scarcely definable mixture of cells and cytes. fibers that influence movements, circulation 23 Lymphatic plexus. Plexus lymphaticus. and respiration as well as the sleeping-waking 19 24 Vascular plexus. Plexus vasculosus. rhythm. 25 Venous plexus. Plexus venosus. 54 Substantia gelatinosa. Glia-rich, weakly pig- 20 mented zone near the apex of the posterior 26 Arterial plexus. Plexus arteriosum. horn of the spinal cord. It serves afferent tracts. 27 Rete mirabile. Two capillary networks lying 21 55 Ependyma. Cellular lining of the cavities of the one after another. central nervous system. 28 Rete vasculosum articulare. Network of anas- 22 tomosing blood vessels around a joint. 29 Rete venosum. Venous network. 23 30 Sinus venosus. Venous segment devoid of a typical venous wall. 24 31 Tunica externa. Outer layer of a blood vessel wall. 25 32 Tunica intima. Inner layer of a blood vessel wall. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. General terms 407

1 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Pars periph- 21 Gray ramus communicans. Ramus communicans erica (system nervosum periphericum). It griseus. Connection between the sympathetic 1 begins at the surface of the brain and spinal trunk and spinal nerve. It contains postgan- cord. glionic, nonmyelinated fibers and therefore ap- 2 2 Nerve. Nervus. pears gray. 22 Parasympathetic ganglion. Ganglion para- 3 Endoneurium. Delicate connective tissue sympatheticum (parasympathicum). See 3 sheath attaching directly to the basal mem- pp. 338, 28−35. brane of an individual nerve fiber. 23 Spinal nerves. Nervi spinales. They arise from 4 4 Perineurium. Connective tissue sheath enclos- the union of dorsal and ventral roots. ing the bundles of fibers of a peripheral nerve. It consists of lamellae made of epithelioid con- 24 Plexus of spinal nerves. Plexus nervorum spi- 5 nective tissue cells. nalium. It is present in the cervical, lumbar and sacral regions and gives rise to the nerves for 5 The connective tissue sheath Epineurium. the limbs. 6 covering a peripheral nerve. 6 Afferent nerve fibers. Neurofibrae afferentes. 7 Nerve fibers traveling into the central nervous system. 7 Efferent nerve fibers. Neurofibrae efferentes. 8 Nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system. 9 8 Somatic nerve fibers. Neurofibrae somaticae. They oppose the autonomic nerves, i. e., 10 visceral nerves. 9 Autonomic (visceral) nerve fibers. Neurofi- 11 brae autonomicae (viscerales). Fibers of the visceral nerves. 10 Ganglion. An accumulation of nerve cell bodies 12 and thus a macroscopic thickening of a nerve. 11 Capsule of ganglion. Capsula ganglii (gan- 13 glionica). It is composed of connective tissue. 12 Stroma of ganglion. Stroma ganglii (ganglion- 14 icum). Internal connective tissue of a ganglion. 13 Craniospinal (sensory) ganglia. Ganglia 15 craniospinalia (encephalospinalia sensoria). Collective term for the following two special cases. 16 14 Spinal ganglia (sensory). Ganglia spinalia (sensoria). Dorsal root ganglia. 17 15 Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves. Ganglia sensoria neuricum cranialium (gg. en- 18 cephalica). Spinal ganglia equivalent of cranial nerves. 19 16 Autonomic (visceral) ganglia. Ganglia autonomica (visceralia). Ganglia of visceral nerves. 17 Preganglionic nerve fibers. Neurofibrae 20 praeganglionicae. Myelinated nerve fibers passing to the ganglia of the visceral nerves. 21 18 Postganglionic nerve fibers. Neurofibrae postganglionicae. Nonmyelinated nerve fibers 22 passing from the visceral ganglia to the viscera. 19 Sympathetic ganglion. Ganglion sympatheticum (sympathicum). Represented mainly by 23 the symphathetic trunk. 20 White ramus communicans. Ramus communi- 24 cans alba. Connection between the spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk. It appears white on ac- 25 count of its myelinated preganglionic fibers. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 408 General terms

1 CRANIAL NERVES. Nervi craniales (en- 1 cephalici). They are characterized by the fact that they leave the cerebrospinal space through 2 foramina in the base of the skull. 2 Cranial nerve nuclei. Nuclei nervorum cranialium (encephalicorum). 3 3 Nuclei of origin. Nuclei originis. They give rise to the efferent, mostly motor, nerve fibers. 4 4 Nuclei of termination. Nuclei terminationis. Sensory nuclei where the afferent nerve fibers 5 terminate and synapse with a second neuron. 5 Mixed nerve. Nervus mixtus (n. mixtarum neurofibrarum). Considered to be a nerve con- 6 taining both motor and sensory fibers; it can also refer to a nerve with somatic and visceral 7 components. 6 Cutaneous branches. Rami cutanei. Cu- taneous nerves or rami conducting impulses to 8 the skin. 7 Articular branches. Rami articulares. Nerves 9 or nerve rami conducting impulses to joints. 8 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Nerves 10 or nerve rami extending to the muscles. 9 Motor nerve. Nervus motorius. Nerve which only has fibers for muscles. Afferent fibers, e. g., 11 from muscle spindles, are not considered when naming such nerves. 12 10 Sensory nerve. Nervus sensorius. Nerve containing afferent fibers which convey impulses to the central nervous system from peripheral 13 receptors. 11 Communicating branch. Ramus communicans. 14 12 Autonomic (visceral) nerve and ramus. Ner- vus et ramus autonomici (viscerales). Nerves and their rami that conduct impulses from the 15 region of nerve supply to the viscera. 13 Autonomic (visceral) plexus. Plexus autono- 16 micus (visceralis). A plexus situated within an organ. 17 13 a Vascular plexus. Plexus vascularis. Nerve plexus in the wall of vessels with sensory and autonomic components. 18 14 Periarterial plexus. Plexus periarteriales. Nerve plexus within the adventitia of arteries. 19 15 Nervi vasorum. Nerves supplying blood vessels. 20 16 Vasa nervorum. Blood vessels supplying nerves. 17 NERVOUS TISSUE. Textus nervosus. 21 18 Neuron (nerve cell). Neuron (neurocytus). 19 Nerve cell body (perikaryon). Corpus neurale. 22 Portion of a neuron containing the nucleus but excluding the cell processes. 23 20 Axon (axis cylinder). Axon (neuritum). Usually a long process of a neuron which helps to form the peripheral nerves and can be either nonmy- 24 elinated or myelinated. 21 Dendrite. Dendritum. One of many tree-like 25 branched processes of a neuron. In contrast to the axons, it has no special sheath. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. References 409

References 22 Duus, Peter: Neurologisch-topische Dia- gnostik. Thieme, Stuttgart 1976; 6. Aufl. 1 1 Ahrens, G.: Naturwissenschaftliches und 1995 medizinisches Latein, 3. Aufl. Barth, Leip- 23 Duvernoy, H. M.: Human Brainstem Ves- 2 zig 1963 sels. Springer, Berlin 1978 2 Alverdes, K.: Grundlagen der Anatomie, 3. 24 Elias, H., D. Petty: Gross anatomy of the 3 Aufl. Edition Leipzig 1963 blood vessels and ducts within the human liver. Amer. J. Anat. 90 (1952) 59−111 3 Arey, L. B.: Developmental Anatomy, 5th 4 ed. Saunders, Philadelphia 1949 25 Fasel, J.: The exit of the chorda tympani 4 Bargmann, W.: Histologie und mikrosko- nerve through the external surface of the pische Anatomie des Menschen, 6. Aufl. base of the skull. Acta Anat. 126 (1986) 5 Thieme, Stuttgart 1967: 7. Aufl. 1977 205−207 5 Benninghoff, A., K. Goerttler: Lehrbuch 26 Frick, H., H. Leonhardt, D. Starck: Taschen- 6 der Anatomie des Menschen, 7. Aufl. Ur- lehrbuch der gesamten Anatomie, Bd. I: ban & Schwarzenberg, München 1964 Allgemeine Anatomie. Spezielle Anatomie 6 Benninghoff, A.: Anatomie. 15. Aufl. Urban I., 2. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart 1980; 4. Aufl. 7 & Schwarzenberg, München 1994 1992 7 Boyden, E. A.: Segmental Anatomy of the 27 Georges, K. E.: Ausführliches lateinisch- 8 Lungs. Mc Graw-Hill, New York 1955 deutsches Handwörterbuch. Hahnsche 8 Braus, H., C. Elze: Anatomie des Menschen, Buchhandlung, Hannover u. Leipzig 1913/ 9 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin 1960 1918 9 Brodal, A.: Neurological Anatomy, 2nd ed. 28 Gottschick, J.: Die Leistungen des Nerven- Oxford University Press, London 1969 systems. Fischer, Jena 1952 10 10 Bucher, O.: Histologie und mikroskopische 29 Gray, H.: Anatomy of the Human Body, Anatomie des Menschen, 4. Aufl. Huber, 29th ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1973 11 Bern 1965 30 Gray’s Anatomy, 36th ed. Churchill Liv- ingstone, Edinburgh 1980. 38th ed. 1995 11 Bucher, O., H. Wartenberg: Cytologie, Hi- 12 stologie und mikroskopische Anatomie 31 Guntz, M.: Nomenclature anatomique il- des Menschen, 12. Aufl. Huber, Bern 1997 lustrée. Masson, Paris 1975 12 Carpenter, B. M.: Human Neuroanatomy, 32 Hafferl, A.: Lehrbuch der topographischen 13 7th ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1976 Anatomie, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin 1957 13 Clara, M.: Das Nervensystem des Men- 33 Hamilton, W. J.: Textbook of Human Anat- 14 schen, 3. Aufl. Barth, Leipzig 1959 omy, Macmillan, London 1958 34 Hamilton, W. J., J. D. Boyd, H. W. Moss- 14 Corning, H. K.: Lehrbuch der Topographi- 15 schen Anatomie, 20. und 21. Aufl. Berg- mann: Human Embryology, 3rd. ed. Hef- mann, München 1942 fer, Cambridge 1962 15 Critchley, M.: Butterworths Medical Dic- 35 Hjortsjö, C.-H.: The Anatomical Founda- 16 tionary, 2nd ed. Butterworths, London tions of Liver Surgery. Karger, Basel 1980 36 Hoff, H., G. Osler: Neurologie auf den 17 16 Crosby, E. C., Tr. Humphrey, E. W. Lauer: Grundlagen der Physiologie. Maudrich, Wien 1957 Correlative Anatomy of the Nervous Sys- 18 tem. Macmillan, New York 1962 37 Hollinshead, W. H.: Anatomy for Sur- 17 Cunningham, D. J.: Textbook of Anatomy, geons. Hoeber-Harper, New York 1961 11th ed. Oxford University Press, London 38 Horstmann, E.: Die Haut. In Bargmann, 19 1972 W.: Handbuch der mikroskopischen Ana- 18 Curtis, A., St. Jacobsen, E. M. Marcus. An tomie des Menschen, Bd. III/3. Springer, 20 Introduction to the Neurosciences. Saun- Berlin 1957 39 Kägi, J.: Beitrag zur Topographie der A. ders, Philadelphia 1972 21 19 Dauber, W.: Anatomische Grundlagen der transversa colli. Eine Untersuchung an Funktionsdiagnostik. In Siebert, G. K.: At- 134 Halshälften. Anat. Anz. 107 (1959) las der zahnärztlichen Funktionsdiagno- 168−186 22 stik., 3. Aufl. Hanser Verlag, München 40 Kahle, W., H. Leonhardt, W. Platzer: Ta- 1996: 20−39 schenatlas der Anatomie, 3 Bde. 6. Aufl. 23 20 Denker, A., W. Albrecht: Lehrbuch der Thieme, Stuttgart 1991 41 Kincaid, O. W.: Renal Angiography. Medi- Krankheiten des Ohres und der Luftwege, 24 12. u. 13. Aufl. Fischer, Jena 1932 cal Publisher, Chicago 1966 21 Donath, T.: Erläuterndes Anatomisches 42 Knese, K. H.: Nomina Anatomica, 5. Aufl. Wörterbuch. Terra, Budapest 1960 Thieme, Stuttgart 1957 25 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 410 References

43 Kolmer, W.: Gehörorgan. In Bargmann, 65 Pernkopf, E.: Topographische Anatomie 1 W.: Handbuch der mikroskopischen Ana- des Menschen. Urban & Schwarzenberg, tomie des Menschen, Bd. III/1. Springer, München 1960 2 Berlin 1927 66 Pernkopf, E.: Atlas der topographischen 44 Krayenbühl, H., M. G. Yasargil: Zerebrale und angewandten Anatomie des Men- 3 Angiographie für Klinik und Praxis, 3. schen. 3. Aufl. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart 1979 München 1994 45 Krieg, W. J. S.: Functional Neuroanatomy. 67 Platzer, W.: Atlas der topographischen 4 Blakiston, Philadelphia 1942 Anatomie. Thieme, Stuttgart 1982 46 Krüber, G.: Der Anatomische Wortschatz, 68 Poirier, P., A. Charpy: D’anatomie humai- 5 8. Aufl. Hirzel, Leipzig 1964 ne, 3me ed. Masson, Paris 1920 47 Kubik, S.: Klinische Anatomie Bd. III 2. 69 Ranson, St. W., S. L. Clark: The Anatomy of 6 Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart 1969 the Nervous System, 10th ed. Saunders, 48 Lazorthes, G.: Le systeme nerveux central, Philadelphia 1964 2me ed. Masson, Paris 1973 70 Rauber, A., F. Kopsch: Lehrbuch und Atlas 7 49 Lierse, W.: Becken. In v. Lanz Wachsmuth: der Anatomie des Menschen, 19. Aufl. Praktische Anatomie Bd. II/8 a, Springer, Thieme, Stuttgart 1955 8 Berlin 1984 71 Rauber, A., F. Kopsch: Anatomie des Men- 50 Mac Nalty, A. S.: Butterworths Medical schen in 4 Bdn., Thieme, Stuttgart 1987− 9 Dictionary. Butterworths, London 1965 1997 51 Menge, H., O. Güthling: Großwörterbuch 72 Rohen, J.: Die funktionelle Gestalt des Au- Altgriechisch, I. Teil: Altgriechisch- ges und seiner Hilfsorgane. Verlag der 10 Deutsch, 29. Aufl. Langenscheidt, Berlin Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Li- 1997 teratur, Mainz, Jg. 1953, Nr. 4 11 52 Menge, H., O. Güthling: Großwörterbuch 73 Rohen, J. W.: Topographische Anatomie. Lateinisch, I. Teil: Lateinisch-Deutsch, 25. Schattauer, Stuttgart 1966, 9. Aufl. 1992 Aufl. Langenscheidt, Berlin 1996 74 Rohen, J. W., F. J. Rentsch: Zur funktionel- 12 53 Meyer, W.: Die Zahn-, Mund- und Kiefer- len Morphologie des Akkommodations- heilkunde. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Mün- apparates. In: Neue Ergebnisse zur funk- 13 chen 1955−1960 tionellen Morphologie. Schattauer, Stutt- 54 Morris, J., J. Parsons, Schaeffer: Human gart 1969 14 Anatomy, 12th ed. Blakiston, Philadelphia 75 Seeger, W.: Atlas of Topographical Anato- 1966 my of the Brain and Surrounding Structu- 55 Mühlreiter, E.: Anatomie des menschli- res, Springer, Wien 1978 15 chen Gebisses, 5. Aufl. Felix, Leipzig 1928 76 Sicher, H.: Oral Anatomy 4th ed. Mosby, 56 Mumenthaler, M., H. Schliack: Läsionen Saint Louis 1965 16 peripherer Nerven. Thieme, Stuttgart 77 Sieglbauer, F.: Lehrbuch der normalen 1965, 6. Aufl. 1993 Anatomie des Menschen, 8. Aufl. Urban & 17 57 Netter, F. H.: The Ciba Collection of Medical Schwarzenberg, München 1958 Illustrations. Ciba, New York 1983−1997 78 Sobotta, J., H. Becher: Atlas der Anatomie 58 Neubert, K.: Die Basilarmembran des des Menschen, 16. Aufl. Urban & Schwar- 18 Menschen und ihr Verankerungssystem. zenberg, München 1962 Z. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch. 114 (1949/50) 79 Sobotta, J., H. Becher: Atlas der Anatomie 19 539−588 des Menschen in 2 Bdn., Urban & Schwar- 59 Nomina anatomica, 4th ed. Excerpta Me- zenberg, München 1993 20 dica, Amsterdam 1977. 6th ed. Churchill- 80 Spalteholz, W., R. Spanner: Handatlas der Livingstone, Edinburgh 1989 Anatomie des Menschen, 16. Aufl. Schel- 60 Oelrich, T. M.: The striated urogenital tema & Holkema, Amsterdam 1961 21 sphincter muscle in the female. Anat. Rec. 81 Starck, D.: Embryologie, 2. Aufl. Thieme, 205 (1983) Stuttgart, 1965, 3. Aufl. 1975 22 61 Oliveros, L. G.: Veins of the Lungs, Sala- 82 Stedman, Th. L.: Medical Dictionary, 20th manca 1959 ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1961 23 62 Pape, W.: Griechisch-Deutsches Hand- 83 Stephens, R. B., D. L. Stillwell: Arteries and wörterbuch, 3. Aufl. Braunschweig 1914 Veins of the Human Brain. Thomas 63 Paturet, G.: Anatomie Humaine. Bd. I, II, Springfield/III. 1969 24 III. Masson, Paris 1958 84 Stieve, H.: Nomina Anatomica, 4. Aufl. Fi- 64 Peele, T. L.: The Neuroanatomic Basis for scher, Jena 1949 25 Clinical Neurology. Mc Graw-Hill, New 85 Taber, Cl., W.: Cyclopedic Medical Dictio- York 1977 nary, 9th ed. Blackwell, Oxford 1962 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. References 411

86 Tandler, J.: Lehrbuch der Systematischen 94 Voss, H., R. Herrlinger: Taschenbuch der Anatomie. Vogel, Leipzig 1926 Anatomie, 10. Aufl. Fischer, Stuttgart 1959 1 87 Testut, L.: D’anatomie humaine, 4me ed. 95 Waldeyer, A.: Anatomie des Menschen, 4. Paris 1900 u. 5. Aufl. De Gruyter, Berlin 1967 2 88 Tondury, G.: Anatomie der Lungengefäße 96 Waldeyer, A., A. Mayert. Anatomie des Ergebn. ges. Tuberk.- u. Lung.-Forsch. 14 Menschen. 16. Aufl. De Gruyter, Berlin 3 (1958) 61−100 1993 89 Töndury, G.: Angewandte und topogra- 97 Woerdemann, M. W.: Nomina anatomica phische Anatomie, 3. Aufl. Thieme, Stutt- Parisiensia (1955) et B. N. A. (1895). Oost- 4 gart 1965, 5. Aufl. 1981 hoek, Utrecht 1957 90 Toldt, C., F. Hochstetter: Anatomischer At- 98 Wolf-Heidegger, G.: Atlas der systemati- 5 las, 23. Aufl. Urban & Schwarzenberg, schen Anatomie des Menschen. Karger, Wien 1961. 27. Aufl. Urban & Schwarzen- Basel 1957 6 berg, München 1979 99 Wolf-Heidegger, G.: Atlas der Human- 91 Truex, R. C., M. B. Carpenter: Strong and Anatomie, 4. Aufl. Karger, Basel 1990 Elwyn’s Human Neuroanatomy, 5th ed. 100 Wyburn, G. M.: The Nervous System. Aca- 7 Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1964 demic Press, London 1960 92 Viamonte jr. M., Ruttimann: Atlas of 101 Zenker, R., Heberer, H.-H. Löhr: Die Lun- 8 Lymphography. Thieme, Stuttgart 1980 genresektionen. Springer, Berlin 1954 93 Villiger, E., E. Ludwig: Gehirn und Rücken- 102 Zöllner, F.: Anatomie, Physiologie, Patho- 9 mark, 11.−13. Aufl. Engelmann, Leipzig logie und Klinik der Ohrtrompete. Sprin- 1940 ger, Berlin 1942 10

A Acetabular Ala(-ae) 1 fossa 42.7 major ossis sphenoidalis 10.23 Abdomen ligament, transverse 66.27 minor ossis sphenoidalis 10.19 2 parietal lymph nodes 262.1 lip 66.26 nasi 134.22 visceral lymph nodes 262.13 notch 42.8 ossis ilii 42.13 Abdominal Acetabulum 42.5 sacralis 4.19 3 aorta 216.19 margin 42.6 vomeris 20.29 aortic plexus 348.10 Achilles tendon 96.19 Alar Acoustic cartilage 4 cavity 176.18 muscles 86.1 meatus greater 134.25 opening of uterine tube 166.30 external 16.3, 386.2 lesser 134.28 5 part cartilage 386.5 folds 68.11 of esophagus 120.5 cartilaginous part 386.4 ligaments 58.3 opening 16.4, 386.3 part of nasal muscle 78.15 6 of pectoralis major 84.6 of thoracic duct 254.21 internal 14.13, 378.5 Alcock’s canal 176.15 of ureter 156.20 opening 14.12 Alimentary canal 120.1 7 regions 400.1 radiation 300.27, 318.23 Alveolar veins, subcutaneous 234.16 Acromial arch 24.9, 26.27 Abducens nerve, nucleus 286.2 angle 34.12 artery 8 Abducent nerve 326.18 articular surface anterior superior 200.2 Aberrant ductules 160.7 of clavicle 34.32 inferior 198.12 of scapula 34.11 posterior superior 198.28 9 inferior 160.9 superior 160.8 branch bone 112.17 Accessory axillary artery 212.13 branches of infraorbital nerve 10 carpal bone 40.3 suprascapular artery 212.2 anterior 324.5 cephalic vein 244.22 end (clavicle) 34.31 middle 324.4 network 212.14 posterior 324.3 11 cuneate nucleus 280.18 hemiazygos vein 246.4 Acromioclavicular canals 22.16 lacrimal glands 368.14 joint 60.16 ducts 152.3 12 nasal cartilages 134.29 ligament 60.17 foramina 22.15 nerve 332.31 Acromion 34.10 juga 24.13, 26.31 trunk 332.34 Adductor nerve 13 nodes 258.12 canal 98.17 inferior 326.9 nucleus of oculomotor nerve tubercle 46.23 superior 324.2 Adenohypophysis 182.14 part of mandible 26.26 14 292.29 obturator Adenoids 116.27 process 24.8 artery 224.24 Adhesio interthalamica 296.21 sacs 152.4 15 nerve 342.30 Adipose body of ischioanal fossa Alveoli vein 250.24a 176.14 dentales 24.10, 26.28 Aditus pulmonis 152.5 16 organs of eye 364.1 pancreas 128.30 ad antrum 380.10 Alveus 314.18 parotid gland 110.10 laryngis 142.24 Ambient cistern 270.9 17 phrenic nerves 336.11 orbitalis 32.13 Amiculum olivare 280.29 process 2.29 Adrenal Ampulla(-ae) 124.3 ramus, middle meningeal cortex 182.37 canaliculi lacrimalis 368.20 18 artery 198.17 gland 182.29 ductus deferentis 160.14 saphenous vein 252.8 anterior surface 182.30 diverticula 160.15 posterior surface 182.31 hepatopancreatica 134.14 19 spleen 268.2 suprarenal glands 182.39 renal surface 182.32 membranaceae 370.18 thymic nodules 182.25 medulla 182.38 anterior 370.19 20 thyroid glands 182.6 Aequator 354.18 lateral 370.21 vertebral Afferent posterior 370.20 glomerular arteriole 156.5 osseae 376.10 21 vein 234.11 Accompanying lymphatic vessels 254.24 anterior 376.11 artery nerve fibers 407.6 lateral 376.13 22 of median nerve 214.23 Agger nasi 136.18 posterior 376.12 of sciatic nerve 222.25 Aggregated lymphatic follicles recti 126.16 vein 406.44 (nodules) 122.33 tubae uterinae 166.34 23 of profunda femoris artery of vermiform appendix 124.24 Ampullar 252.9 Air cells 384.17 nerve 24 Acetabular ethmoidal 20.7 anterior 330.10 branch Ala(-ae) lateral 330.11 medial circumflex femoral cristae galli 20.4 posterior 330.13 25 artery 226.7 lobuli centralis (cerebellum) Ampullary obturator artery 222.16 288.22 crest 370.23 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 413

Ampullary Anococcygeal Anterior membranous crura 370.28 ligament 174.12 branch(-es) 1 osseous crura 376.17 nerves 346.26 great auricular nerve 334.30 Amygdaloid body 318.1 Anocutaneous line 126.30 left superior pulmonary vein 2 Anal Anorectal 230.32 canal 126.24 line 126.28 lumbar nerves 342.6 columns 126.25 lymph nodes 266.12 medial antebrachial cu- 3 pecten 126.29 Ansa taneous nerve 338.6 region 400.16 cervicalis 334.23 obturator sinuses 126.26 thyrohyoid branch 334.26 artery 222.17 4 sphincter hypoglossi 334.23 nerve 342.26 external 126.31 lenticularis 302.9 portal vein of liver 248.3 5 internal 126.20 nucleus of 302.15 renal artery 220.19 valves 126.27 peduncularis 302.10 spinal nerve 334.9, 334.21 Anastomosis arteriolovenularis subclavia 352.9 superior 6 (arteriovenosa) 406.11 Anserine bursa 106.1 mesenteric artery 220.2a Anastomotic Antebrachial right pulmonary vein 230.8 7 atrial branch of left coronary fascia 92.20 ulnar recurrent artery 214.16 artery 192.22 median vein 244.25 calcanean facet 50.15 branch region carpal region 400.35 8 lacrimal artery 202.4 anterior 400.30 cecal artery 220.7 superior tympanic artery posterior 400.31 cerebral 198.23 Antebrachium 400.29 artery 204.1, 208.14 9 vein Anterior 396.13, 396.15 veins 240.23 inferior 240.20 ampullar nerve 330.10 cervical lymph nodes 256.17 10 superior 240.19 amygdaloid area 318.2 chamber of eye 360.15 vessel 406.37 antebrachial region 400.30 choroidal artery 202.22 Angiology (angiologia) 406.10 arch of atlas 4.5 ciliary 11 Angle, of rib 6.16 articular surface of dens 4.14 arteries 202.9 Angular ascending branch veins 244.2 12 artery 196.14 left pulmonary artery 190.33 circumflex branch, occipital artery 196.17 right pulmonary artery humeral artery 212.23 gyrus 208.9 190.18 scapular vein 244.13a 13 ligament, of stapes 382.29 atlanto-occipital clinoid process 10.21 notch 120.20 ligament 56.28 cochlear nucleus 282.17 spine of sphenoid 10.38 membrane 56.27 column 274.17 14 vein 236.6 auricular of rugae 170.15 Angulus branches, transverse facial commissure 312.20, 318.30 15 acromialis 34.12 artery 198.4 communicating artery 204.6, costae 6.16 ligament 388.11 208.15 frontalis 16.35 nerves 324.29 conjunctival arteries 202.10 16 inferior (scapula) 34.17 veins 236.27 corticospinal tract 276.22 infrasternalis 6.41 axillary line 396.52 cranial fossa 30.2 17 iridocornealis 360.16 basal cruciate ligament of knee 68.8 lateralis (scapula) 34.18 branch cubital region 400.24 mandibulae 28.2 left inferior pulmonary cusp 18 mastoideus 16.38 vein 232.10 atrioventricular valve 188.27 occipitalis 16.36 left pulmonary artery pulmonary valve 188.4 oculi 190.40 cutaneous branch, intercostal 19 lateralis 366.11 right pulmonary artery nerve 340.24 medialis 366.12 190.26 deep temporal artery 198.25 20 oris 108.11 root 230.23 descending branch sphenoidalis 16.37 segment left pulmonary artery 190.31 sterni (sternalis) 6.27 of lower lobe of left lung right pulmonary artery 190.17 21 subpubicus 44.23 150.25 divisions, brachial plexus 336.17 superior (scapula) 34.19 of lower lobe of right lung end of spleen 268.9 22 Ankle 400.23 150.13 epithelium of cornea 356.7 bone 50.3 segmental bronchus 146.13, ethmoidal joint 70.1 146.25 artery 202.15 23 Annular border, radius 38.10 foramen 32.21 ligament brachial region 400.21 nerve 322.5 of the radius 62.7 branch(-es) external 24 of trachea 144.22 cutaneous 344.3 arcuate fibers 278.24, 282.23 part of fibrous sheath 92.28, iliohypogastric nerve 342.17 vertebral venous plexus 25 100.23 gluteal nerve 342.12 246.17 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 414 Index

Anterior Anterior Anterior 1 facet for the talus 52.1 mediastinal lymph nodes 260.9 septal branches of anterior fasciculi proprii 276.20 mediastinum 152.27 ethmoidal 2 fontanelle 32.28 membranous ampulla 370.19 artery 202.16a funiculus 274.2, 276.19 meningeal branch side of knee 402.9 gastric branches, vagal trunk anterior ethmoidal artery sinus 138.6 3 332.26 202.16 spinal glandular branch, superior thy- vertebral artery 206.9 artery 206.11 roid artery 194.15 meniscofemoral ligament 68.3 veins 246.20a 4 gluteal line 42.26 nasal spine 22.12 spinocerebellar tract 278.3 gray commissure 276.16a notch 386.24 spinothalamic tract 276.25 5 horn 274.18, 314.4 nucleus(-i) sternoclavicular ligament hypothalamic nucleus 302.20 of thalamus 198.13 60.24 inferior cerebellar artery 206.18 of trapezoid body 286.15 superior 6 intercondylar area 46.32 obturator tubercle 44.18 alveolar arteries 200.2 intercostal osseous ampulla 376.11 alveolar branches, infraorbi- 7 branches, internal thoracic palpebral surface 366.5 tal nerve 324.5 artery 210.10 papillary muscle 188.16, 190.8 pancreaticoduodenal artery veins 234.18 paraventricular nuclei 198.18 218.22 8 intermuscular septum of leg parietal surface 100.9 arteries 204.33 of adrenal gland 182.30 internal vertebral venous peritoneum 180.12 of cornea 356.5 9 plexus 246.18 part of iris 358.4 interosseous of anterior commissure 318.31 of kidney 154.8 10 artery 214.22 of fornix of vagina 170.3 of lens 362.19 nerve of forearm 338.11 of midbrain 290.29 of lower leg 402.13 veins 244.19a of pons 284.8 of maxilla 22.8 11 interventricular of tongue 112.32 of prostate 162.13 branch, left coronary artery perforated substance 212.2 of scapula 34.4 12 192.17 pole 354.16 of stomach 120.16 groove 184.18 of lens capsule 362.17 of ulna 38.26 vein 232.16 pontomesencephalic vein talocrural region 402.16 13 intraoccipital synchondrosis 242.14 talofibular ligament 70.8 56.6 process, malleus 380.17 temporal jugular radicular artery 216.10d artery 204.26 14 lymph nodes 256.18 ramus, lateral sulcus 306.18 branches, lateral occipital vein 238.4 recess of tympanic membrane artery 208.3 15 labial 384.8 diploic vein 238.26 branches, external pudendal region of hypothalamus 302.16 thalamic radiations 302.1, arteries 224.34 root 334.5 318.9 16 commissure 170.27 sacral foramina 4.27 thigh region 402.5 nerves 342.20 sacrococcygeus muscle 88.3 tibial 17 veins 252.6 scalene muscle, tubercle 6.18 artery 226.22 lacrimal crest 22.26 scrotal node 266.21 ligament branches, external pudendal recurrent artery 226.24 18 of head of fibula 68.21 arteries 224.33 veins 252.16 of malleus 382.23 nerves 342.19 tibiofibular ligament 68.25 limb of internal capsule 318.8 veins 252.6 tibiotalar part, medial (deltoid) 19 limiting membrane 356.8 segment ligament 70.5 lingual glands 108.37 of kidney triangle of neck 398.23 20 lip of uterine ostium 168.19 lower 154.19 tubercle 2.19 lobe of cerebellum 288.18 upper 154.18 of atlas 4.7 longitudinal ligament 56.19 of liver 130.19 of calcaneus 50.26 21 lymph nodes 258.5, 258.10 of upper lobe of left lung of thalamus 296.22 mallear fold 384.6, 389.24 150.18 tympanic artery 198.11 22 margin of upper lobe of right lung vagal trunk 332.24 fibula 48.25 150.5 vein lung 148.17 segmental of right ventricle 232.22 23 radius 38.13 artery 218.7 of septum pellucidum 242.5 testis 158.21 bronchus 146.5, 146.18 ventral nucleus 300.4 tibia 48.8 semicircular vertebral vein 234.10 24 ulna 38.30 canal 376.7 wall of vagina 170.6 median duct 370.12 white commissure 276.18 25 fissure 272.19, 278.18 semilunar cusp of pulmonary Anteroventral nucleus, thalamus line 396.47 valve 188.11 298.15 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 415

Anterodorsal nucleus, thalamus Apertura Aponeurosis 405.23 298.14 externa epicranialis 78.11 1 Anterolateral aquaeductus glutealis 94.8a central arteries 204.20 cochleae 372.14 lingualis 114.17 2 fontanelle 32.30 vestibuli 14.16 m. bicipitis brachii (bicipitalis) nucleus 274.19 canaliculi cochleae 14.22 88.16 sulcus 272.22, 278.21 inferior 88.23 palatina 116.18 3 surface lateralis (ventriculi quarti) palmaris 92.24 arytenoid cartilage 140.13 288.10 plantaris 100.17 humerus 36.13 mediana (ventriculi quarti) Apophysis anularis 2.3b 4 Anteromedial 288.9 Apparatus central arteries 204.3, 208.16 pelvis (pelvica) digestorius 108.1 5 frontal branch, callosomarginal inferior 44.28 lacrimalis 368.9 artery 204.11 superior 44.27 respiratorius 134.17 nucleus 274.20 piriformis (nasalis anterior) urogenitalis 154.1 6 thalamus 298.16 32.3 Appendicular surface (humerus) 36.13 sinus artery 220.9 7 thalamostriate arteries 204.3 frontalis 18.29 lymph nodes 264.7 Antihelix (anthelix) 386.15 sphenoidalis 10.17 skeleton 402.40 crura 386.17 superior 88.23 vein 248.26 8 fossa 388.6 thoracis Appendix(-ces) transverse sulcus 388.4 inferior 6.37 epididymidis 160.11 Antitragus 386.22 superior 6.36 epiploicae (omentales) 124.34 9 Antrum tympanica canaliculi chordae fibrosa hepatis 130.14 mastoideum 380.9 tympani 380.16 testis 160.10 10 pyloricum 120.28 Apex ventriculi laryngis 144.2 Anulus auricularis 386.27 vermiformis 124.22 conjunctivae 356.2 capitis fibulae 48.18 vesiculosae 170.20 11 femoralis 100.1 cartilaginis arytenoidea 140.21 Approximal surface, tooth fibrocartilagineus 380.30 of cochlea 376.19 110.27 12 fibrosus 56.11 cordis 184.16 Aquaeductus dexter/sinister 186.6 cuspidis 110.15 cochleae 372.13 inguinalis dentis 4.13 mesencephali (cerebri) 292.20 13 profundus 86.29 linguae 112.37 vestibuli 14.15 superficialis 86.14 nasi 134.21 apertura externa 14.16 iridis ossis sacri 4.36 Aqueous humor 360.17, 362.2 14 major 358.6 partis petrosae 12.25 Arachnoid granulations minor 358.7 patellae 48.33 270.12 15 lymphaticus cardiae 262.16 posterior horn 276.3 Arachnoidea mater tendineus communis 364.9 prostatae 162.12 cranialis (encephali) 270.1 tympanicus 16.2 pulmonis (pulmonalis) 148.9 spinalis 270.13 16 umbilicalis 86.23 radicis dentis 110.22 Arbor Anus 126.32 vesicae (vesicalis) 156.26 bronchialis 144.29 17 Aorta 192.3 Apical 396.24 vitae (cerebelli) 290.10 abdominal 216.19 branch Archaecortex 314.20 arch 194.1 to inferior lobe of right pul- Archicerebellum (archaeocere- 18 ascending 192.4 monary bellum) 290.6 bifurcation 222.5 artery 190.23 Archicortex 314.20 bulb 192.5 left pulmonary artery 190.30 Archipallium 314.20 19 ostium 184.31 right pulmonary artery 190.15 Arcuate Aortic superior right pulmonary artery(-ies) 156.3 20 hiatus 84.29 vein 230.5 of foot 228.4 lymph nodes, lateral 262.3 foramen, of root of tooth 112.4 crest 140.15 sinus 192.6 ligament of dens 58.4 eminence 14.3 21 valve 190.2 lymph nodes 258.17 fibers left semilunar cusp 190.5 segment of upper lobe of right anterior external 278.24, 22 posterior semilunar cusp lung 150.3 282.23 190.3 segmental bronchus 146.3 cerebrum 316.14 right semilunar cusp 190.4 Apicalis 396.24 externae posteriores 282.24 23 Aortic plexus Apicoposterior ligament abdominal 348.10 branch of pulmonary vein lateral 84.34 thoracic 348.4 230.29 medial 84.33 24 Aorticorenal ganglia 348.13 segment of upper lobe of left median 84.35 Apertum ductus nasolacrimalis lung 150.17 line 42.14, 86.7 25 136.23a segmental bronchus 146.17 nucleus 282.22, 302.22, 304.5 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 416 Index

Arcuate Areolar Arteria(-ae) 1 palpebrales glands (of Montgomery) circumflexa inferior 202.19 394.28 femoris 2 superior 202.18 venous plexus 244.16 lateralis 226.8 plantaris Arteria(-ae) 190.10, 406.12 medialis 226.3 profundus 228.22 alveolaris iliaca 3 superficialis 228.26a inferior 198.12 profunda 224.27 popliteal ligament 68.15 superior superficialis 224.31 pubic ligament 66.17 anterior 200.2 posterior humeri 212.24 4 veins 156.11 posterior 198.28 scapulae 212.22 Arcus angularis 196.14 colica 5 alveolaris 24.9, 26.27 appendicularis 220.9 dextra 220.10 anterior atlantis 4.5 arcuata(-ae) 156.3 media 220.11 aortae 194.1 of foot 228.4 sinistra 220.13 6 cartilaginis cricoideae 140.2 ascendens 220.12a collateralis costalis 6.39 auricularis media 212.30 7 dentalis posterior 196.22 radialis 212.31 inferior 112.19 profunda 198.10 ulnaris superior 112.18 axillaris 212.9 inferior 212.33 8 ductus thoracici 254.18 azygoi vaginae 224.3 superior 212.32 iliopectineus 98.21 basilaris 206.17 combitans inguinalis 86.10 brachialis 212.25 nervi ischiadici 222.25 9 palatoglossus 116.6 superficialis 212.26 nervi mediani 214.23 palatopharyngeus 116.7 buccalis 198.27 communicans 10 palmaris bulbi anterior 204.6, 208.15 profundus 214.11 penis 224.14 posterior 208.18 superficialis 214.27 vestibuli 224.15 coronaria 11 posterior atlantis 4.8 caecalis dextra 192.7 pubis 44.22 anterior 220.7 sinistra 192.16 12 superciliaris 18.5 posterior 220.8 cremasterica 224.25 tendineus 405.28 callosomarginalis 204.10 cystica 218.5 fasciae pelvis 174.27 canalis pterygoidei 200.4 descendens genicularis 226.1a 13 musculi capsulares 220.17a digitales levatoris ani 174.11 caroticotympanicae 200.14 dorsales 214.8, 228.6 solei 96.18 carotis palmares 14 venae azygos 246.1a communis 194.6 communes 214.28 venosus externa 194.9 propriae 214.29 15 dorsalis pedis 252.18 interna 200.10, 208.13 plantares jugularis 238.5 caudae pancreatis 218.30 communes 228.25 palmaris centralis(-es) propriae 228.26 16 profundus 244.32 anterolaterales 204.20 dorsalis superficialis 244.30 anteromedialis 204.3, 208.16 clitoridis 224.19 17 plantaris 252.24 brevis 204.4 nasi 202.21 vertebrae (vertebralis) 2.4 longa 204.5 pedis 228.1 zygomaticus 30.12 posterolaterales 206.27 penis 224.17 18 Area(-ae) posteromediales 206.25 scapulae 210.24a amygdaloidea, anterior 318.2 retinae 202.2 ductus deferentis 222.27 cochleae 378.10 cerebri epigastrica 19 contingens 110.29a anterior 204.1, 208.14 inferior 224.21 cribrosa 154.34 media 204.18, 208.17 superficialis 224.30 20 gastricae 122.14 posterior 206.23, 208.24 superior 210.12 intercondylaris cervicalis episclerales 202.12 anterior 46.32 ascendens 210.20 ethmoidalis 21 posterior 46.33 profunda 212.4 anterior 202.15 nervi facialis 378.9 choroidea, anterior 202.22 posterior 202.14 22 nuda 128.29 ciliares facialis 196.7 postrema 286.34 anteriores 202.9 femoralis 224.29 preoptica 296.31 conjunctivales fibularis 228.12 23 pretectalis 296.14 anteriores 202.10 flexura, dextra 220.10a retro-olivaris 278.26 posteriores 202.11 frontobasalis subcallosa 312.4 posteriores lateralis 204.25 24 vestibularis 286.26 breves 202.6 medialis 204.9 inferior 378.13 longae 202.7 gastrica 25 superior 378.12 circumflexa dextra 218.3 Areola mammae 394.27 anterior humeri 212.23 sinistra 216.29 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 417

Arteria(-ae) Arteria(-ae) Arteria(-ae) gastrici masseterica 198.24 plantaris 1 breves 218.34 maxillaris 198.9 profunda 228.7 posterior 218.35a media genus 226.16 pontis 206.20 2 gastro-omentalis medullaris segmentalis 216.10e poplitea 226.13 dextra 218.19 meningea praepancreatica 218.28a sinistra 218.31 media 198.16 precunealis 204.16 3 gastroduodenalis 218.13 mediae sulcus 16.26b princeps pollicis 214.9 glutealis posterior 194.18 profunda inferior 222.24 mesencephalicae 206.21 brachii 212.27 4 superior 222.19 mesenterica clitoridis 224.18 gyri, angularis 204.34 inferior 220.12 femoris 226.2 5 helicinae 164.18 superior 220.1 linguae 196.5 hepatica metacarpales penis 224.16 communis 218.1 dorsales 214.7 pterygomeningea 198.23a 6 propria 218.2 palmares 214.12 pudenda(-ae) hyaloidea 362.5 metatarsales, plantares 228.23 externae 224.32 7 hypophysialis musculophrenica 210.11 interna 224.8 inferior 200.23 nasales posteriores laterales pulmonalis superior 200.25 200.9 dextra 190.14 8 ileales 220.4 nasi externa 202.21 sinistra 190.29 ileocolica 220.5 nutriens (nutricia) 406.13 radialis 214.1 iliaca fibulae 228.17a indicis 214.10 9 communis 222.6 tibialis 228.11a radicularis externa 224.20 nutrients (nutriciae) anterior 216.10d 10 interna 222.7 femoris 226.12a posterior 216.10c iliolumbalis 222.8 humeri 212.28 rectalis inferior obturatoria 222.14 inferior 224.9 11 anterior cerebelli 206.18 accessoria 224.24 media 224.7 lateralis genus 226.18 occipital sulcus 12.20 superior 220.15 12 medialis genus 226.19 occipitalis 196.15 recurrens 204.5 posterior cerebelli 206.12 lateralis 208.2 radialis 214.2 infraorbitalis 200.1 medialis 208.6 tibialis 13 insulares 204.24 ophthalmica 202.1 anterior 226.24 intercostalis(-es) ovarica 222.3 posterior 226.23 posterior 212.6 palatina ulnaris 214.15 14 posteriores 216.8 ascendens 196.8 renalis(-es) 156.1, 220.17 suprema 212.5 descendens 200.5 retroduodenales 218.18 15 interlobares 156.2 major 200.6 sacralis(-es) interlobulares 132.3, 156.4 minores 200.7 laterales 222.12 intermesenterica 220.12a palpebrales mediana 216.25 16 interossea laterales 202.5 segmenti anterior 214.22 mediales 202.17 anterioris 218.7 17 communis 214.19 pancreatica inferioris 220.22 posterior 214.20 dorsalis 218.27 superioris 220.21 recurrens 214.21 magna 218.29 inferioris 220.23 18 jejunales 220.3 pancreaticoduodenalis medialis 218.11 labialis inferior 220.2 posterioris 218.8, 220.25 inferior 196.12 superior superioris 220.20 19 superior 196.13 anterior 218.22 sigmoidea 220.14 labyrintha 374.11 posterior 218.15 sphenopalatina 200.8 20 labyrinthi 206.19 paracentralis 204.15 spinalis lacrimalis 202.3 parietales anterior 206.11 laryngea superior 194.13 anterior 204.33 posterior 206.16 21 laryngealis inferior 210.15 posterior 204.33 splenica 218.25 lienalis 218.25 parieto-occipitalis 204.17 stylomastoidea 196.23 22 ligamenti teretis uteri 224.26 pericardiacophrenica 210.5 subclavia(-ae) 206.1 lingualis 196.1 perinealis 224.10 sulcus 6.19 lobi caudati 218.6, 218.10 pharyngea, ascendens 194.17 subcostalis 216.16 23 lumbales 216.22 phrenica(-ae) sublingualis 196.3 imae 216.26 inferior 216.20 submentalis 196.10 malleolaris anterior superiores 216.7 subscapularis 212.20 24 lateralis 226.25 plantaris sulci medialis 226.26 lateralis 228.21 centralis 204.30 25 marginalis coli 220.11a medialis 228.18 postcentralis 204.32 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 418 Index

Arteria(-ae) Arterial Articular 1 sulci glomeruli of cochlea 374.14 process precentralis 204.31 grooves 30.8 superior 2.14, 4.20 2 superior plexus 406.26 surface cerebelli 206.22 Arteriola(-ae) 406.14 for arytenoid cartilage 140.4 lateralis genus 226.14 glomerularis of arytenoid cartilage 140.11 3 medialis genus 226.15 afferens 156.5 of clavicle 34.27 supraduodenalis 218.14 efferens 156.6 acromial 34.32 supraorbitalis 202.13 macularis of dens 4 suprarenalis(-es) inferior 360.13 anterior 4.14 inferior 220.18 superior 360.12 posterior 4.15 5 media 220.16 medialis retinae 360.14 of malleolus 48.12, 48.28 superiores 216.21 nasalis retinae of scapula, acromial 34.11 suprascapularis 212.1 inferior 360.11 for thyroid cartilage 140.5 6 supratrochlearis 202.20 superior 360.10 of tibia surales 226.17 rectae 156.8 inferior 48.14 7 tarsalis(-es) temporalis retinae superior 46.28 dorsales 228.5 inferior 360.9 tubercle 16.22 lateralis 228.2 superior 360.8 veins 236.29 8 mediales 228.3 Arteriole 406.14 Articulatio(-nes) temporalis Arteriovenous anastomosis 406.11 acromioclavicularis 60.16 anterior 204.26 Artery(-ies) 190.10, 406.12 atlanto-axialis 9 media 198.6, 204.27 of angular gyrus 204.34 lateralis 58.1 sulcus 16.15 of bulb mediana 58.2 10 posterior 198.25a, 204.28 of penis 224.14 atlanto-occipitalis 56.26 profunda anterior 198.25 of vestibule 224.15 bicondylaris 404.29 superficialis 198.1 to caudate lobe 218.6, 218.10 calcaneocuboidea 70.17 11 testicularis 222.1 of central sulcus 204.30 capitis costae (costales) 58.11 thalamostriatae of ductus deferens 222.27 carpi 62.15a 12 anterolaterales 204.20 of postcentral sulcus 204.32 carpometacarpales 64.7 anteromediales 204.3 of precentral sulcus 204.31 pollicis 64.10 thoracica to right colic flexure 220.10a cartilagineae 404.19 13 interna 210.1 of round ligament of uterus cinguli lateralis 212.18 224.26 pectoralis 60.12 superior 212.11 Arthrology (arthrologia) 404.11 pelvici 66.1 14 thoracicoacromialis 212.12 Articular columnae vertebralis 56.8 thoracodorsalis 212.21 branch(-es) 408.7 composita (complexa) 404.24 15 thyroidea descending genicular artery condylar 404.27 ima 194.5 226.1c costochondrales 58.28 inferior 210.14 capsule of cricoarytenoid joint costotransversaria 58.14 16 superior 194.10 140.24 costovertebrales 58.10 tibialis carpal surface (radius) 38.17 cotylica 404.26 17 anterior 226.22 cartilage 404.33 coxae 66.20 posterior 228.8 cavity 404.34 cranii 56.8 transversa circumference cricoarytenoidea 140.23 18 cervicis 210.22 radius 38.4 cricothyroidea 140.6 faciei (facialis) 198.3 ulna 38.33 cubiti (cubitalis) 62.1 tympanica corpuscles 390.27 cuneocuboidea 70.17a 19 anterior 198.11 disc (disk) 60.3, 60.18, 60.23, cuneonavicularis 70.18 inferior 194.20 62.13, 404.35 ellipsoidea 404.27 20 posterior 196.24 facet fibrosae 404.12 superior 198.19 of costa tubercle 6.15 humeri (glenohumeralis) 60.29 ulnaris 214.14 for fibula 46.31 humeroradialis 62.3 21 umbilicalis 222.26 inferior 4.4 humeroulnaris 62.2 urethralis 224.13 superior 4.3 iliofemoralis 66.20 22 uterina 224.2 fovea 38.3 incudomallearis 382.19 vaginalis 224.6 genus (genualis) 66.1 incudostapedialis 382.20 vertebralis 206.2 ligaments 404.44 intercarpales 62.16 23 sulcus 4.9 lip 404.37 interchondrales 58.27 vesicalis(-es) muscle 405.14 intercuneiformes 70.18a inferior 224.1 network intermetacarpales 64.11 24 superiores 222.29 of elbow 214.18 intermetatarsales 72.13 zygomatico-orbitalis 198.5 of the knee 226.20 interphalangeales 25 Arterial process manus 64.20 circle 406.15 inferior 2.15 pedis 72.22 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 419

Articulatio(-nes) Ascending Auditory intertarseae 70.10 lumbar vein 246.10 tube 1 laryngeales 138.13 palatine artery 196.8 semicanal 12.30 lumbosacralis 66.4 part of duodenum 124.6 tympanic ostium 384.14 2 manus 64.1 pharyngeal artery 194.17 Auerbach’s plexus 350.5 mediocarpalis 62.17 ramus, lateral sulcus 306.18 Auricle 386.8 membri Association neurofibers 318.33 apex 386.27 3 inferioris liberi 66.19 Asterion 30.10b concha 386.19 superioris liberi 60.28 Atlantal part of vertebral artery Auricula 386.8 metacarpophalangeales 64.16 206.7 atrialis 184.27 4 metatarsophalangeales 72.18 Atlanto-axial joint dextra 186.22 ossiculorum auditorium 380.18 lateral 58.1 sinistra 188.21 5 ossis pisiformis 64.3 median 58.2 Auricular ovoidalis 404.32 Atlanto-occipital artery pedis 70.11 joint 56.26 deep 198.10 6 plana 404.25 membrane posterior 196.22 radiocarpalis 62.15 anterior 56.27 branch(-es) 196.27 7 radioulnaris 62.9 posterior 56.29 posterior auricular nerve distalis 62.12 Atlas 4.1 328.8 proximalis 62.4 anterior vagus nerve 332.5 8 sacrococcygea 56.21 arch 4.5 cartilage 386.10 sacroiliaca 66.11 tubercle 4.7 isthmus 388.1 simplex 404.23 dental fovea 4.6 ligaments 388.10 9 sphaeroidea 404.26 lateral mass 4.2 anterior 388.11 stellaris 404.31 posterior arch 4.8 posterior 388.13 10 sternoclavicularis 60.22 Atrial superior 388.12 sternocostales 58.20 branches nerves subtalaris 70.13 left coronary artery 192.27a anterior 324.29 11 synoviales 404.22 right coronary artery 192.9a great 334.28 cranii 60.1 veins posterior 328.6 12 talocalcaneonavicularis 70.12 left 232.24 sulcus, posterior 386.28 talocruralis 70.1 right 232.24 surface (ilium) 4.22, 42.30 tarsi transversa 70.16 Atrioventricular tubercle 386.26 13 tarsometatarsales 72.9 branches vein(-s) temporomandibularis 60.2 left coronary artery 192.22a anterior 236.27 thoracic 56.8, 58.9 right coronary artery 192.7a posterior 238.3 14 tibiofibularis 68.20, 68.23 bundle 186.10 Auriculotemporal nerve 324.24 trochoidea 404.30 groove 184.20 Auris 15 zygapophysiales 56.14 node 186.9 externa 386.1 Aryepiglottic branch, left coronary artery interna 370.2 fold 142.25 192.27 media 378.15 16 part of oblique arytenoid opening, right 188.2 Autonomic muscle 142.21a septum 184.25 column 276.11 17 Arytenoid valve ganglia 407.16 cartilage 140.10 left 188.26 nerve 408.12 apex 140.21 right 188.3 fibers 407.9 18 articular surface for 140.4 veins 232.26 nervous system 348.1 base 140.12 Atrium plexus 348.2, 408.13 muscle auricle 184.27 ganglia 348.3 19 oblique 142.21 cordis 184.26 ramus 408.12 transverse 142.22 dextrum 186.14 Axial skeleton 402.39 20 Ascending meatus medii 136.22 Axialis 396.30 aorta 192.4 sinistrum 188.20 Axillary branch Auditory artery 212.9 21 deep circumflex iliac artery meatus see Acoustic meatus fascia 92.15 224.28 ossicles 382.1 fossa 398.41 22 lateral circumflex femoral articulations 380.18 hairs 392.9 artery 226.9 ligaments 382.22 line 396.53 medial circumflex femoral muscles 384.1 anterior 396.52 23 artery 226.5 teeth 372.27 posterior 396.54 transverse cervical artery tube 384.13 lymph nodes 258.16 210.23a glands 384.24 lymphatic plexus 258.15 24 cervical artery 210.20 groove 10.39 nerve 340.13 colon 124.26 osseous part 384.15 process, mammary gland 25 intermesenteric artery 220.12a pharyngeal opening 118.2 394.22 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 420 Index

Axillary Basis Body 1 region 398.40 pedunculi 290.29 of vertebra 2.3 vein 244.13 cerebri 292.1 Bones 2 Axis 4.11 phalangis 40.29, 52.29 thoracic 6.1 bulbi posterior horn 276.6 of upper limb 34.1 externus 354.20 prostatae 162.11 see also Os(-sa) 3 internus 354.21 pulmonis (pulmonalis) 148.8 Bony cylinder 408.20 pyramidis 154.32 nasal septum 32.2 dens (odontoid process) 4.12 stapedis 382.6 palate 30.22 4 lens 362.21 Basivertebral veins 246.19 part 402.31 opticus 354.22 Basolateral part of amygdaloid spinal lamina 378.1 5 pelvic 44.29 body 318.3 hook 378.2 Axon 408.20 Biceps muscle 88.12 Bowman’s Azygos Bicipital capsule 154.39 6 arteries of vagina 224.3 aponeurosis 88.16 membrane 356.8 vein 246.1 groove Brachial 7 arch 246.1a lateral 400.27 artery 212.25 medial 400.28 superficial 212.26 B Bicipitoradial bursa 102.18 fascia 92.17 8 Bicondylar joint 404.29 lymph nodes 258.18, 258.24 Barba 392.6 Bifurcate ligament 70.28 plexus 336.12 Bartholin’s gland 172.3 Bifurcatio region 9 Basal 396.25 aortae 222.5 anterior 400.21 lamina 356.18, 356.28 carotica 194.8a posterior 400.22 10 membrane of semicircular trachea (trachealis) 144.24 veins 244.17 duct 370.16 trunci pulmonalis 190.13 Brachiocephalic nuclei 316.20 Big toe 402.26 trunk 194.4 11 part Bile duct veins of left pulmonary artery common 134.12 left 232.28 12 190.38 sphincter muscle 134.13 right 232.28 of right pulmonary artery Biliary glands 134.16 Brachium 400.20 190.24 Bipennate muscle 405.9 colliculi 13 tentorial branch of internal Biventral lobule 288.37 inferioris 292.16, 294.20, carotid 200.17 Bladder see Urinary bladder 300.26 vein 240.22 Blood 406.18 superioris 292.17, 294.23, 14 common 230.21, 232.8 Body 300.28 inferior 232.13 of caudate nucleus 316.24 conjunctivum 290.26 15 superior 230.22, 232.9 of cerebellum 288.15 pontis 290.25 Basalis 396.25 of clavicle 34.29 Brain 278.14 Basilar 396.26 of epididymis 160.3 Brainstem 278.15 16 artery 206.17 of gallbladder 134.3 Branch(-es) crest 374.5 of humerus 36.11 to atrioventricular node (right 17 membrane 372.20 of hyoid 28.17 coronary artery) 192.14 part of pons 284.8 of ilium 42.11 to carotid sinus (glossopharyn- plexus 238.12 of incus 382.8 geal nerve) 330.28 18 sulcus of pons 284.4 of ischium 44.2 communicating with facial Basilaris 396.26 of mammary gland 394.20 nerve 324.28 Basilic vein 244.23 of mandible 26.12 to conus arteriosus (right coro- 19 median 244.27 of maxilla 22.3 nary artery) 192.8 Basioccipital bone 8.6 of metacarpal bone 40.19 to isthmus of fauces (lingual 20 Basion 8.4 of nail 392.26 nerve) 326.2 Basis of pancreas 128.5 to maxillary sinus (naso- cartilaginis arytenoideae of penis 162.29 palatine nerve) 322.20e 21 140.12 of phalanx 40.30 to nasal septum (nasopalatine cochlea 376.20 of pubis 44.9 nerve) 322.20b 22 cordis 184.11 of radius 38.6 to sinuatrial node (right coro- cranii of rib 6.13 nary artery) 192.9 externa 30.16 of sphenoid bone 10.2 to tail of caudate nucleus 23 interna 30.1 of sternum 6.31 208.23 mandibulae 26.13 of stomach 120.25 to trigeminal ganglion (inter- metacarpalis 40.18 of talus 50.6 nal carotid) 200.20 24 metatarsalis 52.18 of tongue 112.29 Breast 394.18 modioli 376.23 of ulna 38.24 suspensory ligaments 394.31 25 ossis sacri 4.17 of urinary bladder 156.27 Bregma 28.29 patellae 48.32 of uterus 168.7 Broad ligament of uterus 180.24 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 421

Bronchial Bulbourethral gland 162.24 Bursa(-ae) branches duct 162.25 subtendinea 405.34 1 aorta 216.3 Bulbus iliaca 104.15 internal thoracic artery aortae 192.5 musculi 2 210.4 cornus occipitalis (posterioris) bicipitis femoris inferior segmental 148.1 314.12 106.2 vagus nerve 332.21 duodeni 124.3 gastrocnemii 3 glands 148.5 inferior venae jugularis lateralis 106.4 tree 144.29 234.24 medialis 106.5 veins 234.5, 246.6 oculi 354.15 infraspinati 102.11 4 Bronchioles 152.1 olfactorius 310.27 latissimi dorsi 102.14 respiratory 152.2 penis 164.10 obturatoris interni 104.11 5 Bronchioli 152.1 pili 392.15 sartorii 104.24 respiratorii 152.2 superior venae jugularis subscapularis 102.12 Bronchoesophageal muscle 120.9 234.22 tertis majoris 102.13 6 Bronchomediastinal trunk, right/ vestibuli 170.34 tibialis anterioris 106.16 left 254.12 Bulla ethmoidalis 20.10, 138.9 trapezii 102.6 7 Bronchopulmonary segments Bundle of His 186.11 tricipitis brachii 102.17 150.1 Bursa(-ae) prepatellaris 104.19 Bronchus(-i) 144.28 anserina 106.1 suprapatellaris 104.20 8 lingularis bicipitoradialis 102.18 synovialis(-es) 405.30 inferior 146.20 cubitalis interossea 102.19 trochlearis 364.12 superior 146.19 iliopectinea 104.14 tendinis calcanei (Achilles) 9 lobaris(-es) 146.1 infrahyoidea 102.5 106.18 inferior infrapatellaris profunda 104.22 trochanterica 10 dexter 146.9 intermusculares mm. musculi glutei sinister 146.21 gluteorum 104.12 maximi 104.6 medius dexter 146.6 intratendinea olecrani 102.16 medii 104.7 11 superior ischiadica (sciatica) minimi 104.8 dexter 146.2 m. glutei maximi 104.13 12 sinister 146.16 m. obturatoris interni principalis (dexter/sinister) 104.10 C 144.30 membri Caecum 13 segmentalis(-es) 146.1 inferioris 104.4a cupulare 372.16 anterior 146.5, 146.18 superioris 102.5a vestibulare 372.17 14 apicalis 146.3 musculi Calcaneal region 402.18 apicoposterior 146.17 bicipitis femoris superior Calcanean basalis 104.16 branches 15 anterior 146.13, 146.25 coracobrachialis 102.10 peroneal artery 228.16 lateralis 146.14, 146.26 piriformis 104.9 posterior tibial artery 228.11 16 medialis 146.12, 146.24 poplitei 106.3 facet posterior 146.15, 146.27 semimembranosi 106.6 anterior 50.15 lateralis 146.7 tensoris veli palatini 102.2 middle 50.14 17 medialis 146.8 omentalis 176.30 posterior 50.12 posterior 146.4 pharyngealis 118.1 network 228.17 subapicalis 146.11, 146.23 retrohyoidea 102.4 process 52.15 18 superior 146.10, 146.22 subacromialis 102.8 Calcaneocuboid Bruch’s membrane 356.18 subcutanea 405.31 joint 70.17 19 Brunner’s glands 124.14 acromialis 102.7 ligament 70.30 Bucca 108.12 calcanea 106.17 dorsal 70.31a Buccal infrapatellaris 104.21 plantar 72.3 20 artery 198.27 malleoli Calcaneofibular ligament 70.9 branches of facial nerve 328.15 lateralis 106.7 Calcaneonavicular ligament 21 fat pad 108.13 medialis 106.8 70.29 glands 108.33 olecrani 102.15 plantar 72.4 nerve 324.23 prepatellaris 104.17 Calcaneus 50.22 22 region 398.20 prominentiae laryngealis anterior tubercle 50.26 surface of tooth 110.25a 102.3 lateral process 50.25 Buccinator node 256.11 trochanterica 104.5 medial process 50.24 23 Buccopharyngeal fascia 80.18, tuberositas tibiae 104.23 Calcar avis 314.13 118.34a subdeltoidea 102.9 Calcarine 24 Bulbar conjunctiva 368.1 subfascialis 405.33 branch Bulboid corpuscles 290.22 subfascialis prepatellaris medial occipital artery Bulbopontine sulcus 284.3 104.18 208.10 25 Bulboreticulospinal tract 276.30 submuscularis 405.32 sulcus 310.12 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 422 Index

Calf 402.15 Canalis(-es) Caput 1 Calices semicirculares longum renales 156.16 anterior 376.7 (biceps femoris) 96.3 2 majores 156.17 lateralis 376.9 (triceps) 88.20 minores 156.18 ossei 376.6 lymph nodes 256.2 Caliculus gustatorius 388.27 posterior 376.8 mallei 382.14 3 Callosomarginal artery 204.10 spiralis mandibulae 28.13 Calx 402.18 cochleae 376.21 mediale Camerae modioli 376.25 (flexor hallucis brevis) 4 anterior 360.15 vertebralis 2.2 98.2a bulbi 360.14a vomerorostralis 30.30 (gastrocnemius) 96.16 5 posterior 362.1 vomerovaginalis 30.29 (triceps) 88.22 vitrea 362.3 Canine metacarpale 40.20 Canal of Schlemm 354.30 fossa 22.10 metatarsale 52.20 6 Canaliculus(-i) teeth 112.21 muscle 405.3 caroticotympanici 12.27 Capillary 406.38 nuclei caudati 316.23 7 chordae tympani 12.24 Capilli 392.3 obliquum cochleae 14.21 Capitate 40.12 (adductor hallucis) 98.4 apertura externa 14.22 Capitulum humeri 36.23 (adductor pollicis) 92.7 8 innominatus 10.37 Capsula pancreatis 128.2 lacrimalis 368.19 adiposa 154.14 phalangis mandibulae 28.8 articularis 66.21, 404.38 fingers 40.31 9 mastoideus 14.25 cricoarytenoidea 140.24 toes 52.31 tympanicus 14.28 cricothyroidea 140.7 posterior horn 276.4 10 Canalis(-es) externa 318.6 profundum (flexor pollicis adductorius 98.17 extrema 318.5 brevis) 92.4 alimentarius 120.1 fibrosa 154.15 radiale (flexor digitorum su- 11 alveolares 22.16 perivascularis 132.2 perficialis) 90.8 analis 126.24 (thyroid gland) 182.7 radii 38.2 12 caroticus 12.26 ganglii (ganglionica) 407.11 stapedis 382.3 carpi (carpalis) 64.6 glomerularis (Bowman’s) superficiale (flexor pollicis centralis 274.12 154.39 brevis) 92.3 13 cervicis uteri 168.21 interna 318.7 tali (talare) 50.4 condylaris 8.15 lentis 362.16 transversum diploici 28.24 pancreatis 128.24 (adductor hallucis) 98.5 14 facialis 12.22 prostatica 162.19 (adductor pollicis) 92.8 genu 12.23 tonsillaris 116.12 ulnae 38.32 15 femoralis 98.24 Capsular ulnare gastricus (ventricularis) arteries 220.17a (extensor carpi ulnaris) 120.26 branches, interlobular arteries 90.20 16 hyaloideus 362.6 156.7 (flexor carpi ulnaris) 90.5 hypoglossalis 8.16 ligaments 404.46 (pronator teres) 88.28 17 incisivus 24.4, 30.25 veins 246.20a Cardiac infraorbitalis 22.5 Caput ganglia 348.6 inguinalis 86.30 breve impression 128.25 18 longitudinales (biceps brachii) 88.15 of lung 148.14 modioli 376.26 (biceps femoris) 96.4 nerve musculotubarius 12.28 costae 6.8 cervical 19 septum 12.31 epididymidis 160.2 inferior 352.10 nasolacrimalis 32.7 femoris 46.3 middle 352.7 20 nervus fibulae (fibulare) 48.16 superior 352.4 petrosi majoris, hiatus 14.4 humerale notch 120.24, 148.18 petrosi minoris, hiatus 14.5 (extensor carpi ulnaris) orifice 120.22 21 nutriens 404.7 90.19 part of stomach 120.21 obturatorius 66.3 (flexor carpi ulnaris) 90.4 plexus 348.5 22 opticus 10.20 (pronator teres) 88.27 veins 232.14 palatini minores 24.22 humeri (humerale) 36.3 small 232.21 palatinus major 30.17 humeroulnare (flexor digi- smallest 232.23 23 palatovaginalis 30.28 torum superficialis) 90.7 Carina paraurethrales 164.36 laterale tracheae 144.25 pterygoideus (vidii) 12.12 (flexor hallucis brevis) 98.2b urethralis vaginae 170.16 24 pudendalis (Alcock) 176.15 (gastrocnemius) 96.15 Caroticotympanic pyloricus 120.29 (triceps) 88.21 arteries 200.14 25 radicis dentis 112.3 longum canaliculi 12.27 sacralis 4.34 (biceps brachii) 88.13 nerves 330.24 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 423

Carotid Cartilago(-ines) Cavitas(-tes) artery nasi (nasalis) 134.23 pharyngis 116.24 1 common 194.6 accessoriae 134.29 pleuralis 152.11 external 194.9 lateralis 134.24 thoracis (thoracica) 6.35a, 2 internal 200.10, 208.13 septi nasi 134.30 152.6 bifurcation 194.8a sesamoidea 140.27 trigeminalis 268.29 body 194.7 thyroidea 138.14 tympanica 14.30, 378.16 3 canal 12.26 tracheales 144.20 uteri 168.12 groove 10.11 triticea 138.28 Cavum nerve vomeronasalis 134.32 Retzii 176.16 4 external 350.31 Caruncula(-ae) septi pellucidi 312.28 internal 350.29 hymenales 170.9 Cecal 5 plexus lacrimalis 366.26 artery, anterior 220.7 common 352.2 sublingualis 108.26 fold 180.7 external 352.1 Cauda vascular 180.3 6 internal 350.30 epididymidis 160.4 Cecum (caecum) 124.18 sheath 82.25 equina 334.13 Celiac 7 sinus 194.8, 200.12 helicis 386.14 branches, vagus nerve 332.29 triangle 398.25 nuclei caudati 316.25 ganglia 348.12 inferior 398.26 pancreatis 128.13 lymph nodes 262.14 8 tubercle 2.21 Caudal 396.22 plexus 348.11 wall 380.19 retinaculum 390.8 trunk 216.28 Carpal Caudalis 396.22 Cellulae 9 bones 40.2 Caudate ethmoidales 20.7, 138.4 accessory 40.3 branches, portal vein of liver mastoideae 380.17 10 canal/tunnel 64.6 248.7 pneumaticae 384.17 groove 40.15 lobe of liver 130.26 tympanicae 380.18 joints 62.15a left duct of 132.16 Cementum 112.16 11 ligament, radiate 62.21 right duct of 132.15 Central 396.35 region nucleus 316.22 artery(-ies) 12 anterior 400.35 body 316.24 anteromedial 204.3, 208.16 posterior 400.36 head 316.23 long 204.5 surface, articular (radius) tail of 316.25 posterolateral 206.27 13 38.17 process, liver 130.28 posteromedial 206.25 Carpometacarpal Caval lymph nodes, lateral 262.8 short 204.4 joint of thumb 64.10 Cavernae canal 274.12 14 ligaments corporis spongiosi 164.17 fovea 360.4 dorsal 64.8 corporum cavernosorum gray matter 292.11 15 palmar 64.9 164.16 intermediate 276.12 Carpus 40.1, 400.34 Cavernous lobule, cerebellum 288.20 Cartilaginous nerves lymph nodes 258.21, 264.3 16 joints 404.19 of clitoris 350.20 nervous system 272.12, lamina of penis 350.19 406.50 17 lateral 384.21 part of internal carotid 200.16 nucleus 274.24 medial 384.20 plexus of concha 136.17 lateral 298.28 nasal septum 134.30, sinus 200.22, 238.21 medial 298.29 18 136.5a veins 164.19 part of lateral ventricle 314.2 part Cavitas(-tes) retinal artery 202.2 of auditory tube 384.18 abdominalis 176.18 sulcus 306.16 19 of skeleton 402.37 articularis 404.34 of insula 308.30 Cartilago(-ines) conchalis 386.21 tegmental tract 294.26 20 alaris coronae 112.2 tendon 84.31 major 134.25 cranii 28.20a of perineum 174.4 minores 134.28 dentis (pulparis) 112.1 thalamic radiations 302.2, 21 articularis 404.33 glenoidalis 34.20 318.20 arytenoidea 140.10 infraglottica 144.8 vein 132.5, 182.36 22 auricularis 386.10 laryngis 142.23 of retina 244.4 corniculata 140.28 intermedia 142.29a Centralis 396.35 costalis 6.6 medullaris 404.3 Centromedian nucleus 298.25 23 cricoidea 140.1 nasi (nasalis) 32.1, 136.1 Centrum cuneiformis 142.1 oris 108.2 ossificationis 404.8 epiglottica 142.6 propria 108.14 primarium 404.9 24 epiphysialis 402.49 pelvis (pelvica) 44.21a secondarium 404.10 laryngeales 138.13 pericardialis 184.7 tendineum 84.31 25 meatus acustici 386.5 peritonealis 176.19 perinei 174.4 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 424 Index

Cephalic vein 244.20 Ceruminous glands 394.16 Choroid 1 accessory 244.22 Cervical branch of posterior inferior median 244.26 artery cerebellar 2 Ceratocricoid ascending 210.20 artery 206.13 ligament 140.7a deep 212.4 fissure 314.9 muscle 142.16 transverse 210.22 glomus 272.7 3 Cerebellar branch of facial nerve 328.18 plexus 298.10 anterior lobe 288.18 canal 168.21 fourth ventricle 272.3, 288.6 artery enlargement 272.14 lateral ventricle 272.6, 314.11 4 anterior inferior 206.18 fascia 82.12 third ventricle 272.5 posterior inferior 206.12 ganglion vein 5 superior 206.22 middle 352.5 inferior 240.29 cortex 290.13 superior 350.27 superior 242.3 fissure 288.13 glands 168.23 Choroidal 6 fossa 8.34b lymph nodes artery, anterior 202.22 hemisphere 288.17 anterior 256.17 veins of eye 242.29 7 peduncles 290.23 inferior deep 258.7 Choroidea 356.13 inferior 280.2, 282.4, 290.24 lateral 258.1 Cilia 366.15, 392.5 middle 284.5, 290.25 nerves 334.14 Ciliary 8 superior 290.26, 292.19 transverse 336.1 arteries sections 290.9 part anterior 202.9 veins 242.18 of esophagus 120.3 long posterior 202.7 9 precentral 242.23 of internal carotid 200.11 short posterior 202.6 Cerebellum 288.11 of thoracic duct 254.19 body 356.19 10 body 288.15 of trachea 144.18 folds 356.22 folia 288.12 plexus 334.22 ganglion 320.8, 352.29 nucleus 290.17 regions 398.22 glands (of Moll) 368.6 11 tonsil 288.38 rib 6.22 margin 358.3 vermis 288.16 segment of spinal cord 274.6 muscle 356.24 12 Cerebellomedullary cistern septum, intermediate 272.10 nerves 270.5 veins long 322.3 Cerebral deep 234.12 short 320.10 13 aqueduct 292.20 transverse 238.7 processes 356.21 arterial circle 208.12 vertebrae 2.16 veins 244.1 artery Cervicothoracic ganglion 352.8 anterior 244.2 14 anterior 204.1, 208.14 Cervix zonule 362.24 middle 204.18, 208.17 dentis 110.20 Cingular branch, callosomarginal 15 posterior 206.23, 208.24 posterior horn 276.5 artery 204.14 cortex 306.3, 316.2 uteri 168.15 Cingulate crus 290.29 vesicae 156.29 gyrus 310.3 16 fossa 8.34a Chambers of the eye 360.14a isthmus 310.4 gyri 306.4 anterior 360.15 sulcus 310.5 17 hemisphere 306.14 posterior 362.1 Cingulum 110.30, 316.15 lobes 306.6 vitreous 362.3 membri part of internal carotid 200.24 Cheek 108.12 inferioris (pelvicum) 42.2 18 peduncle 290.28 muscle 80.10 superioris (pectorale) 34.2 sulci 306.5 Chiasma Circle of Willis 208.12 surface 10.24, 16.23 opticum 296.32 Circular 19 veins 240.9 tendinum 92.34 connection of vessels 406.16 anterior 240.23 Chiasmatic fibers 356.26 20 deep 240.21 branch, posterior communicat- folds, small intestine 122.29 middle 240.24 ing artery 208.19 layer great 242.1 cistern 270.7 of colon 126.7 21 inferior 240.16 Choanae 32.10, 136.3 of small intestine 122.25 internal 242.2 Choanal crest of vomer 20.30a of stomach 122.7 22 superficial 240.10 Chondrocranium 8.1a of tympanic membrane 380.32 middle 240.18 Chopart’s joint 70.16 sulcus of insula 308.31 superior 240.11 Chorda(-ae) Circulus 23 Cerebrospinal fluid 270.3, obliqua 62.11 arteriosus 406.15 270.15 tendineae 186.4 cerebri 208.12 Cerebrum 306.2 tympani nerve 328.21 iridis 24 arcuate fibers 316.14 canaliculus 12.24 major 358.15 lateral fossa 306.9 utero-ovarica 166.28 minor 358.16 25 longitudinal fissure 306.7 Choriocapillaris 356.17 vasculosus 406.16 transverse fissure 306.8 Choroid 356.13 nervi optici 360.7 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 425

Circumanal glands 394.15 Coccygeal Colliculus 140.16 Circumferentia articularis plexus 346.25 facialis 286.24 1 (radius) 38.4 segment of spinal cord 274.10 inferior 292.14 (ulna) 38.33 Cochlea 376.18 seminalis 164.26 2 Circumflex apex 376.19 superior 292.15 branch of left coronary artery base 376.20 Collum 192.21 Cochlear anatomicum (humerus) 36.4 3 scapular aqueduct 372.13 chirurgicum (humerus) 36.5 artery 212.22 branch of labyrinthine artery costae 6.11 vein 244.13a 374.13 dentis 110.20 4 Circumvallate papillae 114.7 canaliculus 14.21 femoris 46.5 Cistern 406.17 external opening 14.22 fibulae 48.19 5 ambient 270.9 duct 372.15 glandis 164.4 Cisterna(-ae) 406.17 tympanic wall 372.18 lymph nodes 256.2 ambiens 270.9 ganglion 330.16 mallei 382.15 6 cerebellomedullaris 270.5 labyrinth 372.9 mandibulae 28.14 chiasmatica 270.7 nerve 330.3, 330.15 radii 38.5 7 chyli 254.22 area 378.10 scapulae 34.23 fossae lateralis cerebri 270.6 nuclei 282.16, 286.13 tali 50.5 interpeduncularis 270.8 anterior 282.17 vesicae biliaris 134.4 8 magna 270.5 posterior 282.18 Colon 124.25 pericallosa 270.10 recess 376.1 ascendens 124.26 pontocerebellaris 270.11 Cochleariform process 380.5 descendens 124.30 9 subarachnoideae 270.4 Colic sigmoideum 124.31 Claustrum 316.32 artery transversum 124.28 10 Clavicle (clavicula) 34.25 left 220.13 Columna(-ae) body (shaft) 34.29 marginal 220.11a anales 126.25 Clavicular middle 220.11 anterior 274.17 11 branch of axillary artery 212.15 right 220.10 autonomica 276.11 notch 6.25 branch of ileocolic artery 220.6 fornix 312.25 12 part of pectoralis major 84.4 flexure griseae 274.16 Clavipectoral left 124.29 interomediolateral 276.11 fascia 84.10 right 124.27 lateralis 276.9 13 triangle 398.36 impression 130.11 posterior 276.1 Clinical lymph nodes renales 154.36 crown of tooth 110.19 left 264.10 rugarum 170.13 14 root of tooth 110.23 middle 264.10 anterior 170.15 Clinoid process right 264.10 posterior 170.14 15 anterior 10.21 surface of spleen 268.7 thoracica 276.14 middle 10.7 vein vertebralis 2.1 posterior 10.10 left 248.34 Commissura 16 Clitoris 172.4 middle 248.28 alba body 172.6 right 248.27 anterior 276.18 17 cavernous nerves of 350.20 Collar bone 34.25 posterior 276.18a corpus cavernosum 172.10 Collateral anterior 312.20, 318.30 crus 172.5 artery colliculorum 18 dorsal nerve of 346.23 inferior ulnar 212.33 inferiorum 294.21 frenulum 172.8 middle 212.30 superiorum 294.24 glans 172.7 radial 212.31 epithalamica 296.8, 296.16 19 prepuce 172.9 superior ulnar 212.32 fornix 312.26 suspensory ligament 86.25 branch of posterior intercostal grisea anterior/posterior 276.16a 20 Clival branch of internal carotid arteries 216.13 habenularum (habenularis) 200.26 eminence 314.14 296.7, 296.13 Clivus 8.6a, 30.5 ligaments 64.17, 72.19, 72.23 labiorum 108.10 21 Clunial nerves fibular 68.12 anterior 170.27 inferior 344.15 of interphalangeal joints posterior 170.28, 232.8 22 medial 342.11 64.21 palpebralis superior 342.5 radial 62.6 lateralis 366.9 Coccygeal carpal 62.23 medialis 366.10 23 body 216.27 tibial 68.13 supraoptica bone 4.37 ulnar 62.5 dorsalis 304.12 cornu (horn) 4.38 carpal 62.22 ventralis 304.13 24 foveola 390.7 sulcus 310.18 Commissural muscles 88.1 trigone 314.15 neurofibers 318.34 25 nerve 342.7, 346.24 vessel 406.39 nucleus 282.19 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 426 Index

Common Communicating Convoluted 1 annular tendon 364.9 ramus(-i) uriniferous tubules 154.23 basal vein 230.21, 232.8 to chorda tympani nerve Cor 184.10 2 bile duct 134.12 326.4 Coracoacromial ligament 60.13 carotid to hypoglossal nerve 326.3 Coracobrachial bursa 102.10 artery 194.6 with zygomatic nerve 320.22 Coracoclavicular ligament 60.19 3 plexus 352.2 Compact tuberosity for 34.31a digital nerves 338.15 bone 402.35 Coracohumeral ligament 60.31 hepatic artery 218.1 part of substantia nigra 292.8 Coracoid process 34.24 4 iliac Compages thoracis 6.35 Cords (brachial plexus) 336.18a artery 222.6 Companion vein of hypoglossal lateral 336.25 5 lymph nodes 264.15 nerve 234.30 medial 336.26 vein 248.37 Composite joint 404.24 posterior 336.27 integument 390.1 Concha(-ae) Corium 390.15 6 interosseous artery 214.19 auricularis 386.19 Cornea 356.1 membranous crus 370.29 cavity 386.21 Corneoscleral 7 osseous crus 376.15 eminence 388.7 junction 354.26, 356.3 palmar nasalis part of trabecular meshwork digital arteries 214.28 inferior 20.17, 136.13 354.28 8 digital nerves 338.23 media 20.15, 136.12 Corniculate peroneal (fibular) nerve 344.18 superior 20.14, 136.11 cartilage 140.28 communicating branch suprema 20.13 tubercle 140.29, 142.9 9 344.20 sphenoidalis 10.18 Cornu plantar digital Conchal crest 22.20, 24.23 anterius 274.18, 314.4 10 arteries 228.25 Condylar coccygeus 4.38 nerves 346.10, 346.14 canal 8.15 frontale 314.4 sheath of flexor muscles 104.2 emissary vein 240.4 inferius 314.6 11 tendinous ring 364.9 fossa 8.17 (margo falciformis) 100.6 tendon sheath for peroneal joint 404.27 (thyroid) 138.23 12 muscles 106.15 process 28.12 laterale 276.10 Communicating Condylus(-i) majus 28.19 artery humeri 36.22 minor 28.18 13 anterior 204.6, 208.15 lateralis occipitale 314.5 posterior 208.18 (femur) 46.24 posterius 276.2, 314.5 branch(-es) 350.25, 408.11 (tibia) 46.30 sacrale 4.33 14 with auriculotemporal nerve medialis superius 330.34 (femur) 46.21 (margo falciformis) 100.5 15 of auriculotemporal nerve (tibia) 46.29 (thyroid) 138.22 with facial nerve 324.28 occipitalis 8.14 temporale 314.6 with chorda tympani 330.35 Confluence of sinuses 238.10 uteri dextrum/sinistrum 168.9 16 with cochlear nerve 330.6 Confluens sinuum 238.10 Corona of facial nerve Conical papillae 114.5 ciliaris 356.20 17 with glossopharyngeal Conjoined tendon 86.21 clinica 110.19 nerve 328.11 Conjugate diameter (pelvis) 44.30 dentis 110.13 with tympanic plexus Conjunctival glandis 164.2 18 328.4 arteries radiata 318.29 with vagus nerve 328.5 anterior 202.10 Coronal 396.5 of glossopharyngeal nerve posterior 202.11 suture 54.2 19 with branch glands 368.8 Coronalis 396.5 of vagus nerve 330.25 ring 356.2 Coronary 20 inferior laryngeal nerve sac 368.5 artery 332.19 veins 244.7 left 192.16 with meningeal branch of Connective tissue capsule of right 192.7 21 mandibular nerve 330.33 spleen 268.14 groove 184.20 of nasociliary nerve with cil- Connexus intertendineus 90.16 ligament 178.21 22 iary ganglion 322.2 Conoid sinus 232.15 peroneal artery 228.14 ligament 60.21 opening 186.27a peroneal (fibular) nerve, tubercle 34.33 vein 23 common 344.20 Conus left 232.16a with recurrent laryngeal arteriosus 188.8 right 232.20b nerve 332.13 elasticus 144.12 Coronoid 24 spinal nerve 334.11 medullaris 272.16 fossa 36.26 to ulnar nerve 338.14, 340.9 Convoluted process 25 of vagus nerve with glos- part of renal cortex 154.27 mandible 28.10 sopharyngeal nerve 332.6 seminiferous tubules 158.29 ulna 38.20 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 427

Corpus(-ora) Corpus(-ora) Costal adiposum trapezoideum 286.14 notches 6.33 1 buccae 108.13 ulnae 38.24 part fossae ischioanalis 176.14 unguis 392.26 of diaphragm 84.27 2 infrapatellare 68.19 uteri 168.7 of parietal pleura 152.16 pararenale 154.13 vertebrae 2.3 pleura 152.17 prae-epiglotticum 138.26a vesicae 156.27 process 2.13 3 adiposum orbitae 364.23 biliaris 134.3 surface albicans 166.27 vitreum 362.4 of lung 148.10 amygdaloideum 318.1 Corpusculum(-a) of scapula 34.4 4 callosum 312.6 articularia 390.27 tubercle 6.14 radiation of 312.11, 316.19 lamellosa 390.23 articular facet 15 5 sulcus 310.2 bulboidea 390.22 Costocervical trunk 212.3 cavernosum genitalia 390.25 Costochondral joints 58.28 clitoridis 172.10 nervosa terminalia 390.21 Costoclavicular 6 penis 164.8 renale 154.37 ligament 60.26 tunica albuginea 164.11 tactus 390.24 impression for 34.28 7 cerebelli 288.15 Cortex Costodiaphragmatic recess 152.20 ciliare 356.19 adrenal 182.37 Costomediastinal recess 152.21 claviculae (claviculare) 34.29 cerebellaris 290.13 Costotransverse 8 clitoridis 172.6 cerebralis (pallium) 306.3, foramen 58.19 costae 6.13 316.2 joint 58.14 epididymidis 160.3 lentis 362.12 ligament 58.15 9 femoris 46.12 lymph node 254.26 lateral 58.17 fibulae 48.20 ovarii 166.16 superior 58.16 10 of fornix 312.23 renalis 154.26 Costovertebral joints 58.10 gastricum (ventriculare) thymi 182.27 Costoxiphoid ligaments 58.24 120.25 Cortical Cowper’s gland 162.24 11 geniculatum labyrinth 154.27 Coxa 402.3a laterale 296.28 lobules 154.29 Cranial 396.21 12 mediale 296.27 substance 402.34 arachnoid 270.1 humeri 36.11 Corticolobular fibers 292.2 bones 8.1 ilii 42.11 Corticomedial part of amyg- cavity 28.20a 13 incudis 382.8 daloid body 318.4 dura mater 268.23 lingulae 112.29 Corticonuclear fontanelles 32.27 luteum 166.26 fibers 280.12, 284.11, 292.3 fossa 14 Luysii 300.17 tract 318.12 anterior 30.2 mamillare 296.36 Corticopontine fibers 284.13, middle 30.3 15 mammae 394.20 292.4 posterior 30.4 mandibulae 26.12 Corticoreticular fibers 284.12, nerves 320.2, 408.1 maxillae 22.3 292.23, 318.17 nuclei 408.2 16 medullare 290.11 Corticorubral fibers 318.16 part of parasympathetic sys- metacarpale 40.19 Corticospinal tem 352.26a 17 metatarsale 52.19 fibers 280.11, 284.10, 292.2, pia mater 272.1 neurale 408.19 318.15 roots of accessory nerve nuclei caudati 316.24 tract 332.32 18 ossis anterior 276.22 synchondroses 56.1 hyoidea 28.17 lateral 276.28 Cranialis 396.21 ischii 44.2 Corticotectal fibers 318.24 Craniospinal ganglia 407.13 19 pubis 44.9 Corticothalamic fibers 318.18 Cranium 28.20 sphenoidalis 10.2 Costa(-ae) 6.2 internal base of 30.1 20 pancreatis 128.5 cervicalis 6.22 Cremasteric para-aortica 194.3 fluitantes 6.5 artery 224.25 penis 162.29 prima 6.17a fascia 160.29 21 phalangis secunda 6.20a Cribriform fingers 40.30 spuriae 6.4 fascia 100.7 22 toes 52.30 verae 6.3 foramina 20.2 pineale 182.22, 296.9, 296.17 Costal plate 20.2 radii 38.6 arch 6.39 Cricoarytenoid 23 spongiosum penis 164.9 cartilage 6.6 joint 140.23 tunica albuginea 164.12 fovea articular capsule 140.24 sterni 6.31 inferior 2.26 ligament 140.25 24 striatum 316.21 superior 2.25 Cricoarytenoid muscle tali 50.6 transverse 2.27 lateral 142.17 25 tibiae (tibiale) 48.1 groove 6.17 posterior 142.15 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 428 Index

Cricoesophageal tendon 120.8 Crown Culmen 288.21 1 Cricoid of head 28.30 pulmonis sinistri 148.22a cartilage 140.1 pulp 112.6 Cumulus oophorus (ovifer) 2 arch 140.2 of tooth 110.13 166.24 lamina 140.3 Cruces pilorum 392.19 Cuneate Cricopharyngeal ligament 140.26 Cruciate fasciculus 280.4, 280.16 3 Cricothyroid ligaments of knee 68.7 nucleus 280.17 branch of superior thyroid anterior 68.8 accessory 280.18 artery 194.14 posterior 68.9 tubercle 280.5 4 joint 140.6 part of fibrous sheath 92.29, Cuneiform capsule 140.7 100.24 bone 5 ligament, median 140.8 Cruciate muscle 405.13 intermediate 52.10 Cricotracheal ligament 140.9 Cruciform lateral 52.11 Crista(-ae) eminence 8.28 medial 52.9 6 ampullaris 370.23 ligament of dens 58.5 cartilage 142.1 arcuata 140.15 longitudinal fasciculi 58.6 part of vomer 20.30b 7 basilaris 374.5 Crural fascia 100.8 tubercle 142.2 capitis costae 6.10 Crus(-ra) 402.12 Cuneocuboid choanalis vomeris 20.30a anterius capsulae internae joint 70.17a 8 colli costae 6.12 318.8 ligament conchalis 22.20, 24.23 anterius (stapes) 382.4 dorsal 70.26 cutis 390.4 anthelicis 386.17 interosseous 70.21 9 ethmoidalis 22.28, 24.24 breve (incus) 382.11 plantar 72.8 fenestrae cochleae 380.4 cerebri 290.29 Cuneometatarsal ligaments, in- 10 frontalis 18.15 clitoridis 172.5 terosseous 72.12 galli 20.3 of conducting system of heart Cuneonavicular ala 20.4 186.12 joint 70.18 11 iliaca 42.15 dextrum 84.25 ligaments infratemporalis 10.32 of fornix 312.22 dorsal 70.31 12 intertrochanterica 46.11 helicis 386.12 plantar 72.5 lacrimalis laterale Cuneus 310.11 anterior 22.26 (alar cartilage) 134.27 Cupula 370.25 13 posterior 20.22 (inguinal ring) 86.16 cochlea 376.19 marginalis (tooth) 110.31 longum (incus) 382.9 pleurae 152.13 matricis unguis 392.22 mediale Cupular 14 medialis 48.24 (alar cartilage) 134.26 cecum 372.16 musculi supinatoris 38.31 (inguinal ring) 86.15 part of epitympanic recess 15 nasalis 24.2, 24.32 membranacea 370.26 378.18 obturatoria 44.16 ampullaria 370.28 Curvatura gastrica (ventricularis) occipitalis commune 370.29 major 120.18 16 externa 8.24 simplex 370.27 minor 120.19 interna 8.30 osseum(-a) 376.14 Cusp of tooth 110.14 17 palatina 24.33 ampullaria 376.17 Cuspis pubica 44.12 commune 376.15 anterior sacralis simplex 376.16 atrioventricular valve 188.27 18 intermedia 4.31 penis 162.30 pulmonary valve 188.4 lateralis 4.32 posterius commissurales 188.28a mediana 4.29 capsulae internae 318.13 dentis 110.14 19 sphenoidalis 10.13 (stapes) 382.5 posterior spiralis 372.21 sinistrum 84.26 atrioventricular valve 188.28 20 supracondylaris Cryptae tonsillares 116.11, 116.29 pulmonary valve 188.5 lateralis 36.20 Cubital septalis 188.6 medialis 36.17 fossa 400.26 Cutaneous 21 supramastoidea 16.17 lymph nodes 258.25 branch(-es) 408.6 supraventricularis 188.7 region anterior 22 temporalis 28.10a anterior 400.24 femoral nerve 344.3 terminalis 186.17 posterior 400.25 iliohypogastric nerve transversa 378.8 vein, median 244.24 342.17 23 transversalis (tooth) 110.17 Cubitus 400.23 intercostal nerve 340.24 triangularis (tooth) 110.18 Cuboid lateral tuberculi bone 52.12 iliohypogastric nerve 24 majoris 36.9 tuberosity 52.14 342.16 minoris 36.10 Cuboideonavicular ligament intercostal nerve 340.21 25 urethralis 164.25, 172.21 dorsal 70.27 medial, of the leg 344.6 vestibuli 374.24 plantar 72.6 obturator nerve 342.27 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 429

Cutaneous Deep Deep branch(-es) branch vein(-s) 406.47 1 posterior, thoracic nerves plantar nerve 346.16 of clitoris 250.18 340.19 radial nerve 340.6 of penis 250.17 2 glands 394.9 superior gluteal artery Deferential plexus 350.15 layer of tympanic membrane 222.21 Deltoid 380.29 transverse cervical artery branch 3 muscle 405.16 210.24 axillary artery 212.16 nerve ulnar nerve 338.25 brachial artery 212.29 intermediate dorsal 344.24 cerebral veins 240.21 fascia 92.16 4 lateral cervical ligament, talocrural joint 70.2 antebrachial 338.3 artery 212.4 region 400.19 5 brachial 340.3 vein 234.13 tuberosity 36.21 dorsal 346.6 circumflex iliac Deltopectoral lymph nodes 258.23 femoral 342.24 artery 224.27 Dendrite 408.21 6 sural 344.19 vein 250.25 Dendritum 408.21 medial dorsal Dens(-tes) 110.12 7 antebrachial 338.5 sacrococcygeal ligament acustici 372.27 brachial 338.4 56.23 apex 4.13 dorsal 344.23 vein articular surface 8 sural 346.4 of clitoris 250.12 anterior 4.14 perforating 344.16a of penis 250.11 posterior 4.15 posterior facial vein 236.14 axis 4.12 9 antebrachial 340.4 fascia 405.26b canini 112.21 brachial 340.2 of penis 164.21 decidui 112.25 10 femoral 344.14 head of flexor pollicis brevis incisivi 112.20 superior lateral brachial 92.4 molares 112.23 340.14 infrapatellar bursa 104.22 permanentes 112.26 11 vein 406.45 inguinal premolares 112.22 Cuticle 394.4 lymph nodes 266.18 serotinus 112.24 12 Cutis 390.2 ring 86.29 Dental Cymba conchalis 386.20 lamina of levator tendon alveoli 24.10, 26.28 Cystic 364.16 arch 13 artery 218.5 layer, temporal fascia 80.22 inferior 112.19 duct 134.10 lingual superior 112.18 node 262.30 artery 196.5 branches (rami) 14 vein 248.15 vein 234.32 anterior superior alveolar ar- lymph nodes 256.19, 258.28 teries 200.3 15 D superior 258.3 inferior alveolar artery 198.13 lymphatic vessel 254.8 posterior superior alveolar Dartos muscle 166.4 middle cerebral vein 240.24 artery 198.28 16 Darwin’s tubercle 386.26 palmar fovea of atlas 4.5 Decidua arch 214.11 papilla 112.8 17 basalis 172.26 branch, ulnar artery 214.26 plexus capsularis 172.25 venous arch 244.32 inferior 326.11 parietalis 172.24 parotid lymph nodes 256.6 superior 324.6 18 Decidual membranes 172.23 part tubercle 110.16 Deciduous teeth 112.25 of external anal sphincter Dentate Declive 288.26 174.17 gyrus 310.13 19 Decussatio(-nes) of masseter muscle 80.14 nucleus 290.18 lemniscorum medialum 280.20 of parotid gland 110.9 hilum 290.19 20 pedunculorum cerebellarium perineal space 176.2 suture 404.15 superiorum 294.8 peroneal (fibular) nerve 344.26 Dentatorubral fibers 294.9 pyramidum 278.20, 280.13 petrosal Dentatothalamic tract 302.4 21 tegmenti (tegmentales) 294.7 nerve 328.25 Denticulate ligament 272.9 trochlearis 25, 294, 320.14 plantar Dentine (dentinum) 112.9 22 Deep 396.32 arch 228.22 Dermal ridges 390.4 artery artery 228.7 Dermis 390.15 of clitoris 224.18 popliteal lymph nodes 266.20 Descemet’s membrane 356.10 23 of penis 224.16 temporal Descending auricular artery 198.10 nerves 324.16 aorta 216.1 branch veins 236.25 branch 24 medial circumflex femoral transverse lateral circumflex femoral artery 226.4 metacarpal ligament 64.19 artery 226.10 25 medial plantar artery 228.19 metatarsal ligament 72.21 medial circumflex femoral Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme artery 226.6 All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 430 Index

Descending Digital Dorsal 1 branch veins cuneonavicular ligaments 70.31 occipital artery 196.21 palmar 244.31 digital 2 transverse cervical artery plantar 252.26 arteries 214.8, 228.6 210.23b Digits 40.23, 400.43 nerves colon 124.30 Digitus(-i) 400.43, 402.25 of foot 344.25 3 genicular artery 226.1a anularis 400.47 of hand 338.20, 340.10 palatine artery 200.5 medius 400.46 of lateral surface of great part of duodenum 124.4 minimus 400.48, 402.28 toe 344.28 4 Descensus testis 162.7 primus 400.44, 402.26 of medial surface of sec- Desmodontium 112.15 quartus 400.47, 402.27 ond toe 344.28 5 Detrusor muscle of bladder 158.4 quintus 400.48, 402.28 veins of foot 252.19 Dexter 396.7 secundus 400.45, 402.27 hypothalamic Diagonal stria of Broca 312.3 tertius 400.46, 402.27 nucleus 304.3 6 Diameter (pelvis) Dilator muscle 405.11a region 302.14 conjugata 44.30 Diploë 28.23 intercarpal ligaments 62.24 7 obliqua 44.32 Diploic lateral nucleus 300.3 transversa 44.31 branch 202.13a ligaments of tarsus 70.23 Diaphragm 84.23 canals 28.24 lingual vein 234.29 8 urogenitale 176.1 veins 238.24 longitudinal fasciculus 304.14 Diaphragma anterior temporal 238.26 medial nucleus 298.22 pelvis 174.5 frontal 238.25 mesentery 178.1 9 sellae 268.28 occipital 238.28 metacarpal Diaphragmatic posterior temporal 238.27 arteries 214.7 10 part of parietal pleura 152.18 Discus ligaments 64.12 pleura 152.18 articularis 60.3, 60.18, 60.23, veins 244.33 surface 62.13, 404.35 metatarsal 11 of heart 184.13 interpubicus 66.18 ligaments 72.15 of liver 128.23 intervertebralis 56.10 veins 252.20 12 of lung 148.15 nervi optici 360.1 muscles 74.1 of spleen 268.3 Distal 396.34 nasal artery 202.21 Diaphysis 402.47 end of phalanx 40.31 nerve 13 Diastema 112.27 phalanx of the clitoris 346.23 Diencephalon 296.2 fingers 40.27 of the penis 346.22 Digastric toes 52.27 pancreatic artery 218.27 14 branch of facial nerve 328.9 tuberosity 40.28, 52.28 radiocarpal ligament 62.18 fossa 26.20 radioulnar joint 62.12 regions 400.8 15 triangle 398.24 surface, tooth 110.29 root 334.6 Digestive Distalis 396.34 ganglion 334.7 system 108.1 Diverticula ampullae 160.15 sacrococcygeus muscle 88.4 16 tract 120.1 Divisiones sacroiliac ligaments 66.14 Digital anteriores 336.17 scapular 17 arteries posteriores 336.18 artery 210.24, 210.24a common Dorsal 396.16 nerve 336.20 palmar 214.28 artery vein 244.11 18 plantar 228.25 of clitoris 224.19 side of finger 400.50 dorsal 214.8 of penis 224.17 supraoptic commissure 304.12 proper branch(-es) surface 19 palmar 214.28 abdominal aorta 216.23 of sacrum 4.28 plantar 228.26 azygos vein 246.14 of toe 402.28b 20 impressions 30.6 to corpus callosum, medial tarsal arteries 228.5 nerves occipital artery 208.7 tarsometatarsal ligaments common 338.15 great auricular nerve 334.29 72.10 21 palmar 338.23 posterior intercostal arteries thalamus 296.20 plantar 346.10, 346.14 212.7, 216.9, 216.17 tubercle 38.15 22 dorsal spinal nerve 334.10, 334.15 vagal nucleus 282.7 of the foot 344.25 ulnar nerve 338.19 vein of corpus callosum 242.12 of hand 338.20, 340.10 calcaneocuboid ligament 70.31a venous 23 of lateral surface of great carpal arch of foot 252.18 toe 344.28 branch network of foot 252.17 of medial surface of sec- radial artery 214.5 plexus of hand 244.28 24 ond toe 344.28 ulnar artery 214.25 Dorsalis 396.16 proper network 214.6 Dorsolateral tract 278.5 25 palmar 338.16 carpometacarpal ligaments Dorsomedial hypothalamic nu- plantar 346.11, 346.15 64.8 cleus 304.2 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 431

Dorsum Ductus(-i) Eminentia linguae 112.31 submandibularis 110.6 conchae 388.7 1 manus 400.38 sudorifer 394.13 cruciformis 8.28 nasi 134.20 thoracicus 254.17 fossae triangularis 388.9 2 pedis 402.19 dexter 254.16 frontalis 18.4 penis 162.31 thyroglossalis 114.13 hypothenaris 400.41 sellae 10.9 utriculosaccularis 370.9 iliopubica (iliopectinea) 44.14 3 of tongue 112.31 venosus 248.9 intercondylaris 46.34 Ductulus(-i) Duodenal maxillaris 22.17 aberrantes 160.7 branches medialis 286.23 4 inferior 160.9 anterior superior pancreati- orbitalis 26.6a superior 160.8 coduodenal pyramidalis 380.13 5 alveolares 152.3 artery 218.24 scaphae 388.8 biliferi 132.7 posterior superior pancreati- thenaris 400.40 efferentes testis 158.32 coduodenal Emissary 6 excretorii 368.13 artery 218.17 veins 240.1, 406.46 interlobulares 132.6 flexure condylar 240.4 7 prostatici 162.21 inferior 124.8 mastoid 240.3 transversi epoophorontis superior 124.7 occipital 240.5 170.19 fold parietal 240.2 8 Ductus(-i) inferior 178.30 Enamel (enamelum) 112.10 arteriosus 192.1 superior 178.28 Encephalon 278.14 choledochus (biliaris) 134.12 glands 124.14 End bulbs of Krause 390.22 9 cochlearis 372.15 impression 130.10 Endocardium 186.13 cysticus 134.10 papilla Endocrine 10 deferens 160.13 greater 124.12 glands 182.1 ampulla 160.14 lesser 124.13 pancreas 128.21 diverticula 160.15 recess Endolymph 370.4 11 vestigialis 170.22 inferior 178.31 Endolymphatic ejaculatorius 160.19 superior 178.29 duct 370.7 12 endolymphaticus 370.7 Duodenojejunal sac 370.8 epididymidis 160.6 flexure 124.9 Endomysium 405.25 epoophorontis longitudinalis fold 178.28 Endoneurium 407.3 13 170.18 Duodenomesocolic fold 178.30 Endopeduncular nucleus 294.6 excretorius (seminal vesicle) Duodenum 124.1 Endopelvic fascia 174.21 160.24 Dura mater Endosteum 402.33 14 glandula bulbourethralis cranial 268.23 Endothoracic fascia 152.8 162.25 spinal 268.31 Enteric plexus 350.3 15 hepaticus Dural sinuses 238.8 Ependyma 406.55 communis 132.8 Epicanthus 366.6 dexter 132.9 E Epicondylus 16 sinister 132.12 lateralis incisivus 136.25 Ear (femur) 46.25 17 lactiferi 39.25 external 386.1 (humerus) 36.30 lobi caudati internal 370.2 medialis dexter 132.15 lobe 386.9 (femur) 46.22 18 sinister 132.16 middle 378.15 (humerus) 36.28 lymphaticus(-i) 254.15 Eardrum 380.21 Epidermis 390.9 dexter 254.16 Eccrine sweat glands 394.11 Epididymal branches of testicu- 19 mesonephricus 172.32 Efferent lar artery 222.2a nasolacrimalis 368.23 ductules of testis 158.32 Epididymis 160.1 20 pancreaticus 128.17 glomerular arteriole 156.6 body 160.3 accessorius 128.19 lymphatic vessel 254.25 duct 160.6 paramesonephricus 172.33 nerve fibers 407.7 head 160.2 21 paraurethrales 164.36, Ejaculatory duct 160.19 inferior ligament 162.5 172.20 Elbow 400.23 lobules (cone) 160.5 22 parotideus 110.11 joint 62.1 sinus 162.6 reuniens 372.1 Ellipsoidal joint 404.27 superior ligament 162.4 semicirculares 370.11 Elliptical recess of vestibule tail 160.4 23 anterior 370.12 374.23 Epidural space 268.33 lateral 370.14 Emboliform nucleus 290.20 Epigastric posterior 370.13 Embryological terminology 172.22 artery 24 sublingulis Eminentia inferior 224.21 major 110.3 arcuata 14.3 superficial 224.30 25 minor 110.4 collateralis 314.14 superior 210.12 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 432 Index

Epigastric Ethmoidal External 1 fold 180.18 bulla 138.9 laryngeal nerve 332.11 lymph nodes, inferior 262.12 crest 22.28, 24.24 lip of iliac crest 42.16 2 region 400.3 foramina 18.25, 20.12 male genitalia 162.26 vein(-s) anterior 32.21 medullary laminae 296.23, inferior 250.24 posterior 32.22 298.23 3 superficial 252.4 infundibulum 20.8 nasal superior 234.15 labyrinth 20.6 branch(-es) Epigastrum 400.3 nerve of anterior ethmoidal 4 Epiglottis 142.3 anterior 322.5 nerve 320.10 stalk 142.4 posterior 322.4 of infraorbital nerve 5 Epimysium 405.23a process 20.20 324.10 Epineurium 407.5 sinus 138.5 veins 236.10 Epiphysial sulcus 20.27 nose 134.18 6 cartilage 402.49 veins 242.27 occipital line 404.1 Ethmoidolacrimal suture 54.21 crest 8.24 7 Epiphysis 296.9, 402.46 Ethmoidomaxillary suture 54.20 protuberance 8.22 Epiploic foramen 176.29 Eustachian tube 384.13 opening Episclera 354.31 Excavatio of acoustic canal 386.3 8 Episcleral disci 360.2 of cochlear canaliculus 14.22 arteries 202.12 rectouterina 180.31 of female urethra 172.14 space 364.22 rectovesicalis 180.33 of vestibular aqueduct 14.16 9 veins 244.5 vesicouterina 180.32 palatine vein 236.16 Epistropheus 4.11 Excretory duct(-s) pudendal 10 Epithalamic commissure 296.8, of lacrimal glands 368.13 arteries 224.32 296.16 of seminal vesicle 160.24 veins 252.2 Epithalamus 296.3 Exocrine pancreas 128.15 pyramidal layer, cerebral cor- 11 sections 296.10 Extensor 396.45 tex 316.5 Epithelium retinaculum 92.22 sheath, optic nerve 354.12 12 anterius, of cornea 356.7 inferior 100.13 spermatic fascia 160.27 ductus semicircularis 370.17 superius 100.11 spiral sulcus 372.29 folliculare 166.23 side of fingers 400.50 surface 13 lentis 362.15 External 396.30a frontal bone 18.3 mucosae 405.41 abdominal oblique muscle parietal bone 16.27 pigmentosum (iris) 358.13 86.9 table (lamina) 28.22 14 posterius (cornea) 356.11 acoustic (auditory) meatus urethral orifice 164.33 Epitympanic recess (attic) 378.18 16.3, 386.2 wall of cochlear duct 374.4 15 Epo-ophoron 170.17 cartilaginous part 386.4 Externus 396.30a duct 170.18 hairs 392.7 Extracapsular ligaments 404.45 Eponychium 394.4 opening 16.4 Extraperitoneal 16 Eptiglottic anal sphincter 126.31 fascia 176.21 cartilage 142.6 aperture, perilymphatic duct organ 176.22 17 tubercle 142.5 372.14 space 176.19a Equator 354.18 axis of eyeball 354.20 Extreme capsule 318.5 of lens 362.22 branch Extremitas 18 Esophageal accessory nerve 332.36 acromialis 34.31 branches 352.15b superior laryngeal nerve anterior (spleen) 268.9 aorta 216.4 332.11 inferior (testis) 158.18 19 inferior thyroid artery 210.18 capsule 318.6 posterior (spleen) 268.8 left gastric artery 216.30 carotid sternalis 34.26 20 vagus nerve 332.17 artery 194.9 superior (testis) 158.17 glands 120.14 nerves 350.31 tubaria (tubalis) 166.12 hiatus 84.30 plexus 352.1 uterina 166.13 21 impression 130.8 ear 386.1 Eye 354.3 plexus 332.23, 348.7 filum terminale 268.32 accessory organs 364.1 22 veins 234.7, 246.5 granular layer, cerebral cortex muscles 364.2 Esophagus 120.2 316.4 Eyeball 354.15 Ethmoid iliac Eyebrow 366.1 23 bone 20.1 artery 224.20 hairs 392.4 notch 18.27 lymph nodes 264.21 Eyelashes 366.15, 392.5 Ethmoidal vein 250.23 Eyelids 366.2 24 air cells 20.7 intercostal lower 366.4 artery membrane 58.25, 84.16 upper 366.3 25 anterior 202.15 muscles 84.15 posterior 202.14 jugular vein 238.1 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 433

F Facies Facies articularis lateralis 1 Facial malleoli 48.12, 48.28 (fibula) 48.21 artery 196.7 navicularis (talus) 50.16 (ovary) 166.9 2 transverse 198.3 (patella) 48.34 (radius) 38.11 bones 22.1 posterior (axis) 4.15 (testis) 158.19 canal 12.22 sternalis (clavicle) 34.27 (tibia) 48.6 3 genu 12.23 superior (zygomatic bone) 26.2 colliculus 286.24 (atlas) 4.3 lingualis (tooth) 110.26 ganglion 328.20 (tibia) 46.28 lunata (acetabulum) 42.9 4 lymph nodes 256.10 talaris malleolaris muscles 78.5 anterior 52.1 lateralis (talus) 50.10 5 nerve 328.1 media 52.2 medialis (talus) 50.9 area 378.9 posterior 52.3 masticatoria dentis 110.24 genu 286.4, 328.2 (temporal bone) 16.21 maxillaris 6 nucleus 286.3 thyroidea 140.5 (palatine bone) 24.18 sensory root 328.19 tuberculi costae (rib) 6.15 (sphenoid) 10.26 7 regions 398.14 auricularis (ilium) 4.22, 42.30 medialis vein 236.5 brachialis (arytenoid cartilage) 140.19 deep 236.14 anterior 400.21 (fibula) 48.22 8 Facies posterior 400.22 (hemispherii cerebri) 310.1 antebrachialis cerebralis 10.24, 16.23 (lung) 148.11 anterior 400.30 colica (spleen) 268.7 (ovary) 166.8 9 posterior 400.31 costalis (testis) 158.19 anterior (lung) 148.10 (tibia) 48.3 10 (adrenal gland) 182.30 (scapula) 34.4 (ulna) 38.27 (cornea) 356.5 cruralis mediastinalis (lung) 148.13 (iris) 358.4 anterior 402.13 mesialis (tooth) 110.28 11 (kidney) 154.8 posterior 402.14 nasalis 24.17 (lens) 362.19 cubitalis (maxilla) 22.18 12 (maxilla) 22.8 anterior 400.24 (palatine bone) 24.17 palpebralis 366.5 posterior 400.25 occlusalis dentis 110.24 (pancreas) 128.6 diaphragmatica orbitalis 13 partis petrosae 14.1 (heart) 184.13 (frontal bone) 18.22 (patella) 48.35 (liver) 128.23 (maxilla) 22.4 (prostate) 162.13 (lung) 148.15 (sphenoid) 10.27 14 (radius) 38.10 (spleen) 268.3 (zygomatic bone) 26.4 (scapula) 34.4 digitalis(-es) palatini 24.29 15 (ulna) 38.26 dorsales 400.50, 402.28b patellaris (femur) 46.26 anterolateralis plantaris 28a pelvica (sacrum) 4.24 (arytenoid cartilage) 140.13 ventrales 400.49 poplitea (femur) 46.20 16 (humerus) 36.13 distalis (tooth) 110.29 posterior anteromedialis (humerus) dorsalis ossis sacri 4.28 (adrenal gland) 182.31 17 36.12 externa (arytenoid cartilage) 140.20 approximalis (tooth) 110.27 (frontal bone) 18.3 (cornea) 356.6 articularis 404.2 (parietal bone) 16.27 (fibula) 48.23 18 acromii facilis dentis 110.25 (humerus) 36.14 (clavicle) 34.32 femoralis (iris) 358.5 (scapula) 34.11 anterior 402.5 (kidney) 154.9 19 anterior (axis) 4.14 posterior 402.7 (lens) 362.20 (arytenoid cartilage) 140.11 gastrica (spleen) 268.6 palpebralis 366.7 20 arytenoidea 140.4 glutealis (ilium) 42.25 (pancreas) 128.7 calcanea inferior partis petrosae 14.11 anterior 50.15 hemispherii cerebri 310.1 (prostate) 162.14 21 media 50.14 linguae 112.34 (radius) 38.9 posterior 50.12 (pancreas) 128.8 (scapula) 34.6 22 capitis partis petrosae 14.23 (tibia) 48.4 costae (rib) 6.9 inferolateralis 162.15 (ulna) 38.25 fibulae 48.17 infratemporalis (maxilla) 22.14 pulmonalis (heart) 184.14 23 carpalis (radius) 38.17 interlobaris (lung) 148.16 renalis cuboidea 52.6 interna (adrenal gland) 182.32 fibularis 46.31 (frontal bone) 18.14 (spleen) 268.5 24 inferior (parietal bone) 16.25 sacropelvina (ilium) 42.29 (atlas) 4.4 intervertebralis 2.3a sternocostalis (heart) 184.12 25 (tibia) 48.14 intestinalis (uterus) 168.11 superior (talus) 50.8 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 434 Index

Facies Fascia(-ae) Female pudendum 170.24 1 superolateralis hemispherii penis Femoral 306.15 profunda 164.21 artery 224.29 2 symphysialis (pubis) 44.11 superficialis 164.20 lateral circumflex 226.8 temporalis perinei superficialis 176.12 medial circumflex 226.3 (frontal bone) 18.10 peritoneoperinealis 174.23 branch of genitofemoral nerve 3 (sphenoid) 10.25 pharyngobasilaris 118.15 342.23 (temporal bone) 16.14 phrenicopleuralis 152.10 canal 98.24 (zygomatic bone) 26.3 profundus 405.26b cutaneous nerve 4 urethralis (penis) 162.32 prostatae 174.22 lateral 342.24 vesicalis (uterus) 168.13 renalis 154.12 posterior 344.14 5 vestibularis dentis 110.25 retinens rostralis 178.27 nerve 344.1 visceralis spermatica plexus 350.8 (liver) 130.1 externa 160.27 ring 100.1 6 (spleen) 268.4 interna 160.30 septum 100.2 Falciform superficialis 405.26a triangle 98.23, 402.6 7 ligament of liver 178.22 temporalis 80.21 veins 252.1 margin 100.4 thoracica 84.22 lateral circumflex 252.11 process 66.7 thoracolumbalis 76.20 medial circumflex 252.10 8 Fallopian tube 166.29 transversalis 86.28 Femur 46.2, 402.4 False ribs 6.4 Fasciculus(-i) head 46.3 Falx atrioventricularis 186.10 ligament of 66.28 9 cerebelli 268.27 brachial plexus 336.18a pit (fovea) 46.4 cerebri 268.24 cuneatus 278.13, 280.4, 280.16 neck 46.5 10 inguinalis 86.21 gracilis 278.12, 280.6, 280.14 shaft 46.12 septi 188.22 hypothalamici 304.10 Fenestra Fascia(-ae) 405.26 interfascicularis 278.11 cochleae (rotunda) 380.1 11 antebrachii 92.20 lateralis 336.25 vestibuli (ovalis) 378.23 axillaris 92.15 lenticularis 302.9 Fetal part of placenta 172.29 12 brachii (brachialis) 92.17 longitudinalis(-es) Fibrae buccopharyngea 80.18, (cruciform ligament) 58.6 arcuatae 118.34a dorsalis 304.14 cerebri 316.14 13 bulbi 364.21 inferior 316.17 externae cervicalis 82.12 medialis 280.23, 284.19, anteriores 278.24, 282.23 clavipectoralis 84.10 292.24 posteriores 282.24 14 clitoridis 172.12 posterior 280.24, 284.20, internae 280.19 cremasterica 160.29 292.25 circulares 356.26 15 cribrosa 100.7 superior 316.16 corticonucleares 280.12, cruris 100.8 mamillothalamicus 302.7, 284.11, 292.3 deltoidea 92.16 304.16 corticopontinae 284.13, 292.4 16 diaphragmatis mamillotegmentalis 304.15 corticoreticulares 284.12, pelvis medialis 336.26 292.23, 318.17 17 inferior 174.29 parieto-occipitopontinus corticorubrales 318.16 superior 174.26 318.28 corticospinales 280.11, 284.10, urogenitalis peduncularis 302.10 292.2, 318.15 18 inferior 176.6 posterior 336.27 corticotectales 318.24 superior 176.5 proprii corticothalamicae 318.18 dorsalis anteriores 276.20 dentatorubrales 294.9 19 manus 92.21 laterales 276.27 frontopontinae 292.6 pedis 100.16 posteriores 278.8 intercrurales 86.17 20 endopelvina 174.21 prosencephalicus intrathalamicae 302.11 endothoracica 152.8 medialis 304.19 lentis 362.14 extraperitonealis 176.21 pyramidalis 280.10 longitudinales 356.25 21 iliaca 98.19 septomarginalis 278.10 meridionales 356.25 lata femoris 98.13 subthalamicus 302.6 obliquae (stomach) 122.9 22 masseterica 80.19 sulcomarginalis 276.21 paraventriculares 304.22 musculares 364.20 thalamicus(-i) 300.21, 302.5 parietotemporopontinae 292.5 nuchae 76.21 transversi 92.25, 100.18 periventriculares 302.12, 23 obturatoria 174.20 uncinatus 316.18 304.11 orbitales 364.17 Fastigial nucleus 290.22 pontis parotidea 80.20 Fat pad, infrapatellar 68.19 longitudinales 284.9 24 pectoralis 84.9 Fatty capsule 154.14 transversae 284.14 pelvis 174.18 Fauces 116.2 pontocerebellares 284.15 25 parietalis 174.19 isthmus 116.3 radiales 356.27 visceralis 174.21 muscles of 116.17 striae terminalis 304.18 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 435

Fibrae Fissura Folliculus(-i) supraopticae 304.21 cerebelli 288.13 ovarici 1 temporopontinae 318.25 choroidea 314.9 primarii 166.18 thalamoparietales 318.19 horizontalis vesiculosi 166.19 2 zonulares 362.25 (cerebellum) 288.34 pili 392.11 Fibroelastic membrane of larynx (pulmonis dextri) 148.27 Fonticulus(-i) 144.9 ligamenti anterior 32.28 3 Fibrous teretis 130.3 cranii 32.27 capsule 154.15 venosi 128.31 mastoideus (posterolateralis) of thyroid gland 182.7 limitans 306.13 32.31 4 joints 404.12 longitudinalis posterior 32.29 layer, tendon sheath 405.19 cerebralis 306.7 sphenoidalis (anterolateral) 5 membrane 404.39 mediana anterior 272.19, 32.30 pericardium 184.2 278.18 Foot 402.17 ring 186.6 obliqua (lung) 148.26 dorsal digital nerves 344.25 6 sheaths orbitalis dorsum 402.19 of digits of foot 100.22 inferior 32.24 joints 70.11, 72.22 7 of fingers 92.27 superior 10.22, 32.23 lateral margin 402.21 trigone 186.5 petro-occipitalis 30.20 medial margin 402.22 tunic of eyeball 354.23 petrosquamosa 14.32 plantar surface 402.20 8 Fibula 48.15 petrotympanica 14.31 Foramen(-ina) articular facet for 46.31 posterolateralis 288.39 alveolaria 22.15 head 48.16 prima 288.24 apicis radicis dentalis 112.4 9 anterior ligament 68.21 pterygomaxillaris 30.15 caecum (cecum) 18.17 apex 48.18 secunda 288.30 linguae 114.12 10 posterior ligament 68.22 sphenopetrosa 30.19 costotransversarium 58.19 neck 48.19 telodiencephalica 306.8 cribrosa 20.2 shaft 48.20 transversa cerebralis 306.8 epiploicum 176.29 11 Fibular 396.39 tympanomastoidea 14.34 ethmoidale 18.25, 20.12 artery 228.12 tympanosquamosa 14.33 anterius 32.21 12 circumflex branch, posterior ti- Flat posterius 32.22 bial artery 228.9 bone 402.43 frontale 18.9 collateral ligament 68.12 suture 404.17 incisivum 24.14, 30.26 13 margin of foot 402.21 Flexor 396.44 infraorbitale 22.9 nerve 344.18 retinaculum 92.26, 100.12 interventriculare 298.3, 314.3 communicating branch side of fingers 400.49 intervertebrale 2.7, 4.26 14 344.20 Flexura(-ae) jugulare 30.18 deep 344.26 coli lacerum 30.21 15 superficial 344.21 dextra 124.27 of Luschka 288.10 node 266.23 sinistra 124.29 of Magendie 288.9 notch 48.13 duodeni magnum 8.3 16 retinaculum inferior 124.8 mandibulae 28.6 inferior 100.15 superior 124.7 mastoideum 12.21 17 superior 100.14 duodenojejunalis 124.9 mentale 26.18 veins 252.22 perinealis 126.15 nasalia 20.27a Fibularis 396.39 sacralis 126.14 nervosa 372.22 18 Fila radicularia 334.4 Floating ribs 6.5 nutriens 404.6 Filiform papillae 114.4 Flocculonodular lobe 290.1 obturatum (obturatorium) 42.4 Filum terminale 272.17 Flocculus 290.3 omentale 176.29 19 externum 268.32 peduncle 290.4 ovale 10.34, 186.21 internum (piale) 272.11 Flumina pilorum 392.17 valve 188.22 20 Fimbria(-ae) 314.19 Foliate papilla 114.9 palatine minora 24.30 ovarica 166.33 Folium(-a) palatinum majus 30.23 tubae 166.32 cerebelli 288.12 papillaria 154.35 21 Fimbriated fold 112.35 of vermis 288.27 parietale 16.39 Fingers 40.23, 400.43 Follicular epithelium 166.23 petrosum 10.37 22 fibrous sheaths 92.27 Folliculus(-i) rotundum 10.33 index 400.45 linguales 114.15 sacralia little 400.48 lymphatici 406.22 anteriora (pelvica) 4.27 23 middle 400.46 aggregati 122.33 posteriora 4.30 ring 400.47 appendicis vermiformis sciaticum (ischiadicum) synovial sheaths 92.30 124.24 majus 66.9 24 First rib 6.17a gastrici 122.19 minus 66.10 Fissura solitarii 122.32 singulare 378.14 25 antitragohelicina 388.3 splenici (lienales) 268.20 sphenopalatinum 32.11 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 436 Index

Foramen(-ina) Fossa(-ae) Foveola(-ae) 360.5 1 spinosum 10.36 intercondylaris 46.18 coccygea 390.7 stylomastoideum 14.27 interpeduncularis 290.32 gastricae 122.16 2 supraorbitale 18.8 ischioanalis 176.13 granulares 28.27 thyroideum 138.24 jugularis 14.24 suprameatica (suprameatalis) transversarium 2.18 lateralis cerebralis 306.9 16.18 3 venae cavae 84.32 malleoli lateralis 48.30 Free margin venarum minimarum 186.28 mandibularis 16.20 nail 394.2 venosum 10.35 navicularis urethrae 164.31 ovary 166.10 4 vertebrale 2.10 olecrani 36.25 Frenulum(-a) zygomatico-orbitale 26.8 ovalis 186.19 of clitoris 172.8 5 zygomaticofaciale 26.9 ovarica 180.29 labii zygomaticotemporale 26.10 paravesicalis 180.21 inferioris 108.21 Foraminal node 262.31 poplitea 402.11 superioris 108.20 6 Foraminous spiral tract 378.11 pterygoidea 12.5 labiorum pudendi 170.31 Forceps pterygopalatina 30.14 linguae 114.2 7 frontalis 312.12 radialis 36.27 preputii 164.6 major 312.14 rhomboidea 286.20 valvae ilealis 124.21 minor 312.12 sacci lacrimalis 20.25, 32.22b veli medullaris superioris 8 occipitalis 312.13 scaphoid 12.6 288.3 Forearm 400.29 subarcuata 14.14 Frons 28.33 Forebrain 296.1 subscapularis 34.5 Frontal 396.17 9 Forehead 28.33 supraclavicularis angle 16.35 Formatio reticularis 276.16, major 398.31 bone 18.1 10 280.27, 284.23, 292.22, 406.53 minor 398.29 external surface 18.3 Fornix 304.17, 312.21 supraspinata (supraspinosa) nasal part 18.18 body of 312.23 34.8 orbital part 18.21 11 conjunctivae supratonsillaris 116.16 squama 18.2 inferior 368.4 supravesicalis 180.14 zygomatic process 18.13 12 superior 368.3 temporalis 30.11 border crus of 312.22 tonsillaris 116.15 parietal bone 16.34 gastricus (ventricularis) triangularis 386.16 sphenoid 10.29 13 120.23a trochanterica 46.7 branch of lacrimal sac 368.22 vesicae biliaris 130.2 superficial temporal artery pharyngis 116.25 vestibuli vaginae 170.33 198.7 14 sacci lacrimalis 368.22 Fossula(-ae) superior tympanic artery of stomach 120.23a fenestrae cochleae 380.3 198.20 15 vaginae 170.2 fenestrae vestibuli 378.24 crest 18.15 Fossa(-ae) 178.26 petrosa 14.29 diploic vein 238.25 acetabuli (acetabularis) 42.7 tonsillae 116.10, 116.28 gyrus 16 anthelicis 388.6 Fourth inferior 306.30 axillaris 398.41 ventricle 286.19 medial 310.7 17 canina 22.10 choroid plexus 272.3, 288.6 middle 306.28 cerebellaris 8.34b lateral aperture 288.10 superior 306.26 cerebralis 8.34a median aperture 288.9 lobe 306.22 18 condylaris 8.17 tegmen 288.1 nerve 320.23 coronoidea 36.26 tela choroidea 272.2, 288.5 notch/foramen 18.9 cranii (cranialis) tenia 288.7 operculum 306.31 19 anterior 30.2 Fovea(-ae) pole 306.23 media 30.3 articularis 38.2 process 26.6 20 posterior 30.4 capitis femoris 46.4 of maxilla 22.25 cubitalis 400.26 centralis 360.4 region 398.10 digastrica 26.20 costalis sinus 18.28, 138.4 21 glandulae lacrimalis 18.26 inferior 2.26 opening 18.29 hyaloidea 362.7 processus transversi 2.27 septum 18.30 22 hypophysalis 10.8 superior 2.25 sulcus iliaca 42.24 dentis atlantis 4.5 inferior 306.29 incisiva 30.24 inferior 286.29 superior 306.27 23 incudis 380.14 oblonga 140.17 suture 18.6a, 54.11 infraclavicularis 398.35 pterygoidea 28.15 temporal line of 18.12 infraspinata (infraspinosa) 34.9 sublingualis 26.24 tuber (tuberosity) 18.4 24 infratemporalis 30.13 submandibularis 26.25 veins 240.13 inguinalis superior 286.27 Frontalis 396.17 25 lateralis 180.19 triangularis 140.18 Frontoethmoidal suture 54.15 medialis 180.16 trochlearis 18.24 Frontolacrimal suture 54.17 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 437

Frontomaxillary suture 54.16 Ganglion(-a) Gastro-omental Frontonasal suture 54.14 oticum 324.19, 326.17, 330.31, vein 1 Frontoparietal operculum 308.7 352.31 left 248.32 Frontopontine parasympatheticum (parasym- right 248.22 2 fibers 292.6 pathicum) 407.22 Gastrocolic ligament 178.17 tract 318.10 pelvica 352.35 Gastroduodenal artery 218.13 Frontozygomatic suture 54.18 phrenica 348.17 Gastroepiploic artery 218.19 3 Fundic stomach 120.23 plexuum autonomicorum Gastrolienal ligament 178.16 Fundiform ligament of penis 86.26 (visceralium) 348.3 Gastropancreatic folds 176.35 Fundus pterygopalatinum 322.16, Gastrophrenic ligament 178.15 4 gastricus (ventricularis) 120.23 328.22, 352.30 Gastrosplenic ligament 178.16 of internal auditory meatus renalis 348.24 Gemma gustatoria 388.27 5 378.7 sacralia 352.23 General terminology 396.1, 405.36 meatus sensorium(-a) 334.7 Genicular acustici interni 378.7 neuricum cranialium 407.15 artery 6 of urinary bladder 156.28 spinale(-ia) 334.7, 407.14 descending 226.1a uteri 168.8 spirale cochlearis 374.9 lateral 7 vesicae 156.28 stroma 407.12 inferior 226.18 biliaris 134.2 sublinguale 328.29, 352.33 superior 226.14 Fungiform papillae 114.6 submandibulare 326.8, 328.26, medial 8 Funiculus(-i) 352.32 inferior 226.19 anterior 274.2, 276.19 superius 330.18, 332.2 superior 226.15 lateralis 274.3, 276.26, 278.22 sympatheticum (sympathi- middle 226.16 9 medullae spinalis 274.1 cum) 407.19 veins 252.14 posterior 274.4, 278.8 terminale 352.28 Geniculate 10 separans 286.32 thoracicum(-a) 352.14 body spermaticus 160.25 splanchnicum 352.17 lateral 296.28 umbilicalis 172.30 trigeminale 320.17 medial 296.27 11 Fusiform trunci sympathetici 350.23 ganglion 328.20 layer tympanicum 330.21 Geniculum canalis facialis 12.23 12 cerebral cortex 316.8 vertebrale 352.6 Genital muscle 405.5 vestibulare 330.5 branch of genitofemoral nerve visceralia 407.16 342.22 13 G Ganglionic branches corpuscles 390.25 lingual nerve 326.7 Genitalia Galea aponeurotica 78.11 maxillary nerve 322.15 female 14 Gallbladder 134.1 Gasserian ganglion 320.17 external 170.23 body 134.3 Gaster 120.15 internal 166.5 15 fundus 134.2 Gastric male neck 134.4 areas 122.14 external 162.26 Ganglion(-a) 407.10 artery(-ies) internal 158.15 16 aorticorenalia 348.13 posterior 218.35a Genitofemoral nerve 342.21 autonomica 407.16 right 218.3 Genitoinguinal ligament 162.9 17 capsule 407.11 short 218.34 Genu 312.9 cardiaca 348.6 branches capsulae internae 318.11 cell layer (retina) 358.25 gastroepiploic artery 218.20, nervi facialis 286.4, 328.2 18 cervicale 218.32 Genus 402.8 medium 352.5 vagal trunk Gingiva(-ae) 108.22, 112.13 superius 350.27 anterior 332.26 Gingival 19 cervicothoracicum (stellatum) posterior 332.27 branches of inferior alveolar 352.8 canal 120.26 nerve 326.16a 20 ciliare 320.8, 352.29 folds 122.12 margin 108.23 cochleare 330.16 glands, proper 122.17 papilla 108.24 coelica 348.12 impression 130.9 sulcus 108.25 21 craniospinalia 407.13 lymph nodes 262.15 Ginglymus 404.28 extracraniale 330.19 pits (foveolae) 122.16 Glabella 18.6 22 geniculi (geniculatum) 328.20 plexus 348.20 Gland 406.4 impar 352.25 surface of spleen 268.6 Glandula(-ae) 406.4 inferius 330.19, 332.3 vein(-s) adrenalis 182.29 23 intermedia 350.26 left 248.17 areolares 394.28 intracraniale 330.18 right 248.18 biliares 134.16 lumbalia (lumbaria) 352.21 short 248.31 bronchiales 148.5 24 mesentericum Gastro-omental buccales 108.33 inferius 348.16 artery, left 218.31 bulbourethralis (Cowper’s) 25 superius 348.14 lymph nodes (left/right) 262.17 162.24 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 438 Index

Glandula(-ae) Glans Gray 1 ceruminosae 394.16 clitoridis 172.7 commissure, anterior/posterior cervicalis (uteri) 168.23 penis 164.1 276.16a 2 ciliares (Molli) 368.6 Glaserian fissure 14.31 communicating ramus 334.11a circumanales 394.15 Glenohumeral matter 274.13, 406.51 conjunctivales 368.8 joint 60.29 central intermediate 276.12 3 cutis 394.9 ligaments 60.32 lateral intermediate 276.13 duodenales 124.14 Glenoid ramus communicans 407.21 endocrinae 182.1 cavity 34.20 Great 4 esophageae 120.14 lip 60.30 auricular nerve 334.28 gastrica propria 122.17 Globose nucleus 290.21 cerebral 5 glomiformes 394.10 Globus pallidus vein 242.1 intestinales 122.31, 126.11 lateralis 316.29 Greater labiales 108.32 medialis 316.31 alar cartilage 134.25 6 lacrimalis 368.10 Glomerular arterial circle of iris 358.15 accessoriae 368.14 arteriole curvature of stomach 120.18 7 fossa for 18.26 afferent 156.5 duodenal papilla 124.12 laryngeales 144.15 efferent 156.6 horn (cornu) 28.19 linguales 108.36 capsule 154.39 occipital 8 anterior 108.37 Glomerulus(-i) 154.38 nerve 334.19 mammaria 394.21 arteriosi cochleae 374.14 omentum 178.14 molares 108.34 Glomus palatine 9 mucosa 406.7 caroticum 194.7 artery 200.6 nasales 136.16a choroideum 272.7 canal 30.17 10 olfactoriae 388.25 coccygeum 216.27 foramen 30.23 oris 108.30a Glossoepiglottic fold nerve 322.22 palatinae 108.35 lateral 118.11 sulcus 22.23, 24.20 11 parathyroidea median 118.10 pelvis 44.24 inferior 182.12 Glossopharyngeal nerve 330.17 petrosal nerve 328.24 12 superior 182.11 Glottis 144.3 groove for 14.6 parotidea 110.7 Gluteal hiatus of canal 14.4 accessoria 110.10 aponeurosis 94.8a ring (circle) of iris 358.6 13 pharyngis 118.18 artery saphenous vein 252.7 pinealis 182.22, 296.9, 296.17 inferior 222.24 sciatic pituitaria 182.13 superior 222.19 foramen 66.9 14 preputiales 164.22 fold 402.3 notch 44.6 prostatica 162.10 line splanchnic nerve 352.16 15 pylorica 122.18 anterior 42.26 trochanter 46.6 salivariae inferior 42.28 tubercle (humerus) 36.6 majores 110.1 posterior 42.27 crest 36.9 16 minores 108.31 lymph nodes tympanic spine 16.5 sebaceae (Zeiss) 368.7,394.17 inferior 266.3 vestibular glands 172.3 17 seromucosa 406.9 superior 266.2 wing of sphenoid 10.23 serosa 406.8 nerves Groove sublingualis 110.2 inferior 344.13, 344.15 for auditory tube 10.39 18 submandibularis 110.5 medial 342.11 for greater petrosal nerve sudorifer merocrina (eccrina) superior 342.5, 344.12 14.6 394.11 region 402.2 for inferior petrosal sinus 8.7, 19 suprarenalis(-es) 182.29 surface, ilium 42.25 14.18 accessoriae 182.39 tuberosity 46.17 for lesser petrosal nerve 14.7 20 tarsales 366.21 veins for middle meningeal artery thyroidea 182.2 inferior 250.3 16.26b accessoriae 182.6 superior 250.2 for middle temporal artery 21 tracheales 144.27 Gnathion 26.17 16.15 tubariae 384.23 Gomphosis 112.11 for occipital artery 12.20 22 urethrales 164.35, 172.18 Gonion 28.3 for occipital sinus 8.33a uterinae 168.30 Graafian follicles 166.19 for peroneus longus tendon vestibularis(-es) Gracile 52.4, 52.13 23 major 172.3 lobule 288.36 for popliteus 46.25a minores 172.2 tubercle 280.7 for radial nerve 36.15 Glandular branches Granular pits 28.27 for sigmoid sinus 8.33, 12.19, 24 inferior thyroid artery 210.16 Granulationes arachnoideae 16.26 submandibular ganglion 270.12 for spinal nerve 2.22 25 328.28 Gray for subclavian artery 6.19 submental artery 196.11 columns 274.16 for subclavian vein 6.20 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 439

Groove Hair(-s) Helix for superior petrosal sinus 14.10 follicle 392.11 spine 386.13 1 for superior sagittal sinus 8.31, of nasal vestibule 392.8 tail 386.14 16.26a, 18.16, 28.26 papilla 392.12 Hemiazygos vein 246.3 2 for transverse sinus 8.32 pubic 392.10 accessory 246.4 for ulnar nerve 36.29 root 392.14 Hemisphaerium see also Sulcus scalp 392.3 cerebelli 288.17 3 Gubernaculum testis 162.8 shaft 392.13 cerebralis 306.14 Gums 108.22 streams 392.17 Hemorrhoidal plexus 250.7 Gustatory organ 388.26 whorled pattern of growth Hepar 128.22 4 Gyrus(-i) 392.18 Hepatic angularis 308.9 Hallux 402.26 artery 5 breves insulae 308.27 Hamate 40.13 common 218.1 cerebrales 306.4 hamulus (hook) of 40.14 proper 218.2 cinguli (cingulatum) 310.3 Hamulus branches of vagus nerve 6 dentatus 310.13 lacrimalis 20.24 332.28 fasciolaris 312.18 laminae spiralis 378.2 duct 7 frontalis ossis hamati 40.14 left 132.12 inferior 306.30 pterygoideus 12.10 right 132.9 medialis 310.7 sulcus 12.11 ligaments 178.20 8 medius 306.28 Hand 400.37 lobules 132.1 superior 306.26 dorsum 400.38 lymph nodes 262.29 hippocampi (parahippo- fascia of 92.21 plexus 348.18 9 campalis) 310.15 joints 64.1, 64.20 veins 246.24 insulae 308.26 palm 400.39 intermediate 246.26 10 lingualis 310.17 Hard palate 30.22, 108.16 left 246.27 longus insulae 308.28 Haustra coli 124.33 right 246.25 occipitotemporalis Head Hepatocolic ligament 178.13 11 lateralis 310.22 of caudate nucleus 316.23 Hepatoduodenal ligament 178.12 medialis 310.20 crown of 28.30 Hepatogastric ligament 178.11 12 olfactorii of epididymis 160.2 Hepatopancreatic lateralis 310.31 of femur 46.3 ampulla 134.14 medialis 310.31 pit (fovea) 46.4 fold 176.35a 13 orbitales 310.25 of fibula 48.16 Hepatorenal paraterminalis 312.5 apex 48.18 ligament 178.25 postcentralis 308.2 of humerus 36.3 recess 180.11 14 precentralis 306.25 lymph nodes 256.2 Hiatus rectus 310.23 of mandible 28.13 adductorius 98.18 15 supramarginalis 308.8 of metacarpal bone 40.20 aorticus 84.29 temporalis(-es) of metatarsal bone 52.20 canalis inferior 308.24 of muscle 405.3 nervus petrosi majoris 14.4 16 medius 308.22 muscles of 76.22 nervus petrosi minoris 14.5 superior 308.19 of pancreas 128.2 maxillaris 22.22 17 transversi 308.18 of posterior horn 276.4 oesophageus 84.30 of radius 38.2 sacralis 4.35 H regions 398.9 saphenus 100.3 18 of rib 6.8 semilunaris 20.9, 138.11 Habenula 296.4 joints 58.11 tendineus 98.18 commissure 296.7, 296.13 of stapes 382.3 Highest 19 trigone 296.6 of talus 50.4 intercostal artery 212.5 Habenular of ulna 38.32 nuchal line 8.26 20 nuclei (medial/lateral) 296.11 Heart 184.10 Hilum sulcus 296.5 base 184.11 adrenal gland 182.35 Habenulointerpeduncular tract conducting system 186.7a liver 130.6 21 296.12 vortex 186.2 lung 148.20 Haema (hema) 406.18 Heel 402.18 lymph node 254.28 22 Hair(-s) bone 50.22 nuclei axillary 392.9 Helicine dentati 290.19 of beard 392.6 arteries 164.18 olivaris inferioris 280.30 23 bulb of 392.15 branches of uterine artery ovarii 166.7 cruciate pattern of growth 224.2a pulmonis 148.20 392.19 Helicotrema 378.3 renale 154.6 24 of external acoustic meatus Helix 386.11 splenicum 268.12 392.7 crus 386.12 Hindbrain 278.16 25 of eyebrow 392.4 groove of 388.5 Hinge joint 404.28 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 440 Index

Hip Hypoglossal Iliac 1 bone 42.3 nerve 334.1 fascia 98.19 joint 66.20 trigone 386.31 fossa 42.24 2 capsule 66.21 nucleus 282.5 lymph nodes socket 42.5 Hyponychium 394.5 common 264.15 region 402.3a Hypophysial external 264.21 3 Hippocampal sulcus 310.14 fossa 10.8 interiliac external 264.28 Hippocampus 314.16 portal veins 240.8a intermediate Hirci 392.9 Hypophysis 182.13 common 264.17 4 His‘ bundle 186.11 Hypothalamic external 264.23 Horizontal 396.3 branch of posterior communi- internal 266.1 5 fissure cating artery 208.22 lateral of cerebellum 288.34 fasciculi 304.10 common 264.18 of right lung 148.27 nucleus external 264.24 6 part of duodenum 124.5 anterior 302.20 medial plate 24.27 dorsal 304.3 common 264.16 7 Horizontalis 396.3 dorsomedial 304.2 external 264.22 Humeral posterior 304.8 obturator external 264.29 artery ventromedial 304.1 promontory common 264.20 8 anterior circumflex 212.23 region subaortic common 264.19 posterior circumflex 212.24 anterior (ventral) 302.16 plexus 350.7 head dorsal (posterior) 302.14, region 400.6 9 of externsor carpi ulnaris 304.6 spine 90.19 intermediate 302.21 anterior 10 of flexor carpi ulnaris 90.4 lateral 302.24 inferior 42.21 of pronator teres 88.27 sulcus 298.2 superior 42.20 Humeroradial joint 62.3 tract 304.10 posterior 11 Humeroulnar Hypothalamohypophysial tract inferior 42.23 head of flexor digitorum su- 304.20 superior 42.22 12 perficialis 90.7 Hypothalamus 296.30 tuberosity 42.31 joint 62.2 sections 302.13 vein Humerus 36.2 Hypothenar eminence 400.41 common 248.37 13 body 36.11 deep circumflex 250.25 capitulum 36.23 I external 250.23 condyle 36.22 internal 250.1 14 head 36.3 Ileal branch(-es) superficial circumflex 252.3 neck ileocolic artery 220.9a Iliofemoral ligament 66.23 15 anatomical 36.4 superior mesenteric Iliohypogastric nerve 342.15 surgical 36.5 artery 220.4 Ilioinguinal nerve 342.18 trochlea 36.24 vein 248.21a Iliolumbar 16 Humor Ileocecal artery 222.8 aquosus 360.17, 362.2 fold 180.5 ligament 66.5 17 vitreus 362.9a recess vein 348.39 Hyaloid inferior 180.4 Iliopectineal artery 362.5 superior 180.2 arch 98.21 18 canal 362.6 valve 124.19 bursa 104.14 fossa 362.7 opening 124.20 eminence 44.14 membrane 362.8 Ileocolic Iliopubic eminence 44.14 19 Hymen 170.8 artery 220.5 Iliotibial tract 98.14 Hymenal caruncle 170.9 lymph nodes 264.4 Ilium 42.10 20 Hyoid vein 248.25 body 42.11 body 28.17 Ileum 124.16 wing (ala) 42.13 bone 28.16 Iliac Impressio(-nes) 21 Hypochondriac region 400.2 artery cardiaca 128.25, 148.14 Hypochondrium 400.2 common 222.6 colica 130.11 22 Hypoepiglottic ligament 142.8 deep circumflex 224.27 digitatae (gyrorum) 30.6 Hypogastric external 224.20 duodenalis 130.10 nerve, right/left 350.10 internal 222.7 gastrica 130.9 23 plexus superficial circumflex 224.31 ligamenti costoclavicularis inferior 350.11 branch of iliolumbar artery 34.28 superior 350.9 222.11 oesophagea 130.8 24 region 400.7 crest 42.15 renalis 130.12 vein 250.1 external lip 42.16 suprarenalis 130.13 25 Hypoglossal internal lip 42.19 trigeminalis 12.8 canal 8.16 tubercle 42.17 Incisal margin 110.32 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 441

Incisive Inferior Inferior bone 24.3 aberrant ductules 160.9 ganglion 330.19, 332.3 1 canal 24.4, 30.25 alveolar gingival branches of inferior duct 136.25 artery 198.12 alveolar nerve 326.13 2 foramen 24.14, 30.26 nerve 326.9 gluteal fossa 30.24 anastomotic vein 240.20 artery 222.24 papilla 108.30 angle (scapula) 34.17 line 42.28 3 scapulae (scapularis) 34.16 anterior segmental artery lymph nodes 266.3 suture 24.5 220.22 nerve 344.13 Incisor teeth 112.20 aperture 88.23 veins 250.3 4 Incisura(-ae) articular horn 314.6 acetabuli (acetabularis) 42.8 facet 4.4 falciform margin 100.6 5 angularis 120.20 process 2.15 thyroid cartilage 138.23 anterior (auris) 386.24 surface, tibia 48.14 hypogastric plexus 350.11 apicis cordis 184.17 basal hypophysial artery 200.23 6 cardiaca 120.24, 148.18 segment 230.26 ileocecal recess 180.4 cartilaginis meatus acustici vein 232.13 labial 7 386.6 branch(-es) artery 196.12 clavicularis 6.25 superior gluteal artery veins 236.13 costales 6.33 222.23 laryngeal 8 ethmoidalis 18.27 transverse cervical nerve artery 210.15 fibularis 48.13 336.3 nerve 332.18 frontale 18.9 bulb of jugular vein 234.24 vein 232.31 9 interarytenoidea 142.26 carotid triangle 398.26 ligament of epididymis 162.5 intertragica 386.25 cerebellar peduncle 24, 290, lingular 10 ischiadica (ischialis) 280.2, 282.4 bronchus 146.20 major 44.6 cerebral veins 240.16 segment of upper lobe of minor 44.7 cervical left lung 150.19 11 jugularis 6.26, 8.19, 14.19 cardiac branches of vagus longitudinal lacrimalis 22.27 nerve 332.14 fasciculus 316.17 12 ligamenti teretis 130.16 cardiac nerve 352.10 muscle of tongue 114.24 mandibulae 28.11 choroid vein 240.29 lymph nodes 266.17 mastoidea 12.18 clunial (gluteal) branch 344.15 macular arteriole/venule 360.13 13 nasalis 22.11 colliculus 292.14 margin pancreatis 128.4 brachium 292.16, 294.20, of cerebral hemisphere parietalis 16.12 300.26 306.11 14 preoccipitalis 308.14 commissure 294.21 of liver 130.15 pterygoidea 12.4 nucleus 294.19 of lung 148.19 15 radialis 38.23 costal fovea 2.26 mediastinum 152.26 sphenopalatina 24.19 deep cervical lymph nodes medullary velum 288.4 supraorbitalis 18.8 258.7 mesenteric 16 tentorii 268.26 dental artery 220.12 terminalis auricularis 388.2 arch 112.19 ganglion 348.16 17 thyroidea branches, inferior alveolar lymph nodes 264.11 inferius 138.18 nerve 326.12 plexus 350.1 superior 138.17 plexus 326.11 vein 248.33 18 trochlearis 38.22 duodenal nasal tympanica 16.8, 386.3a flexure 124.8 arteriole/venule of retina ulnaris 38.16 fold 178.30 360.11 19 vertebralis recess 178.31 concha 20.17, 136.13 inferior 2.9 end of testis 158.18 meatus 32.6, 136.23 20 superior 2.8 epigastric nuchal line 8.27 Inclinatio pelvis 44.33 artery 224.21 oblique muscle 364.13 Incudal lymph nodes 262.12 olivary nucleus 280.28 21 fold 384.11 vein 250.24 ophthalmic vein 244.8 fossa 380.14 extensor retinaculum 100.13 orbital fissure 32.24 22 Incudomallear joint 382.19 fascia palpebral Incudostapedial articulation of pelvic diaphragm 174.29 arch 202.19 382.20 of urogenital diaphragm branches, infraorbital nerve 23 Incus 382.1, 382.7 176.6 324.9 body 382.8 fornix of conjunctiva 368.4 pancreatic lymph nodes Index finger 400.45 fovea 286.29 262.24 24 Indicis artery, radialis 214.10 frontal pancreaticoduodenal Indusium griseum 312.15 gyrus 306.30 artery 220.2 25 Inferior 396.20 sulcus 306.29 lymph nodes 262.28 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 442 Index

Inferior Inferior Inguinal 1 parathyroid gland 182.12 vena cava 246.21 ligament 86.10 parietal lobule 308.6 foramen 84.32 lymph nodes 2 part opening 186.24 deep 266.18 of duodenum 124.5 valve 186.26 superficial 266.14 of left superior pulmonary ventricular vein 240.28 region 400.6 3 vein 232.3 vesical artery 224.1 ring peroneal (fibular) retinaculum vestibular deep 86.29 100.15 area 378.13 superficial 86.14 4 petrosal nucleus 282.13 trigone 180.17 sinus 238.18 wall 32.18 Inion 8.23, 32.25a 5 groove for 8.7, 14.18 Inferolateral surface 162.15 Inner 396.30a pharyngeal constrictor muscle Infra-auricular lymph nodes 256.8 ear, vessels 374.10 118.32 Infraclavicular margin of foot 402.22 6 phrenic fossa 398.35 Insula artery 216.20 lymph nodes 258.23 central sulcus 308.30 7 lymph nodes 262.11 part circular sulcus 308.31 veins 246.22 brachial plexus 336.24 long gyrus 308.28 ramus Infraglenoid tubercle 34.21 short gyri 308.27 8 of oculomotor nerve 320.7 Infraglottic cavity 144.8 Insular of pubis 44.20 Infrahyoid arteries 204.24 rectal branch of superior thyroid lobe 308.25 9 artery 224.9 artery 194.11 part of middle cerebral artery nerves 346.18 bursa 102.5 204.23 10 veins 250.20 lymph nodes 256.19a veins 240.25 rectus muscle 364.5 muscles 82.13 Integumentum commune 390.1 right pulmonary vein 230.17 Infralobar part of superior right Interalveolar septa 24.11, 26.29 11 sagittal sinus 238.16 pulmonary vein 230.12 Interarytenoid salivary nucleus 282.21 Inframammary region 398.39 fold 144.7a 12 segment of kidney 154.20 Infraorbital notch 142.26 segmental artery 220.23 artery 200.1 Interatrial septum 184.28 semilunar lobule 288.35 canal 22.5 Intercapitular veins 244.29, 13 subtendinous bursa of biceps foramen 22.9 252.26a femoris 106.2 groove 22.6 Intercarpal suprarenal artery 220.18 margin joints 62.16 14 surface maxilla 22.7 ligaments of petrous temporal 14.23 orbit 32.16 dorsal 62.24 15 of tongue 112.34 nerve 324.1 interosseous 64.2 synovial membrane 60.7 region 398.19 palmar 62.25 tarsal Infrapatellar Intercartilaginous part of rima 16 muscle 366.23 branch of saphenous nerve glottidis 144.7 plate 366.17 344.5 Intercavernous sinus 238.22 17 temporal fat pad 68.19 Interchondral joints 58.27 arteriole/venule of retina synovial fold 68.10 Interclavicular ligament 60.27 360.9 Infrascapular region 400.12 Intercondylar 18 gyrus 308.24 Infraspinous fossa 34.9 area line 16.29 Infrasternal angle 6.41 anterior 46.32 sulcus 308.23 Infratemporal posterior 46.33 19 thalamic peduncle 302.8 crest 10.32 eminence 46.34 thalamostriate veins 240.26 fossa 30.13 fossa 46.18 20 thoracic aperture 6.37 surface 22.14 line 46.19 thyroid Infratrochlear nerve 322.11 tubercle artery 210.14 Infundibular nucleus 304.5 lateral 46.36 21 notch 138.18 Infundibulum 182.20,188.8,296.38 medial 46.35 tubercle 138.20 ethmoidale 20.8, 138.10 Intercostal 22 veins 232.30 recess 298.5 artery(-ies) tracheobronchial lymph nodes tendon 186.6a highest 212.5 260.15 tubae uterinae 166.31 posterior 212.6, 216.8 23 transverse scapular ligament Inguinal lymph nodes 260.4 60.15 branches of external pudendal membrane tympanic artery 194.20 arteries 224.35 external 58.25, 84.16 24 ulnar collateral artery 212.33 canal 86.30 internal 58.26, 84.18 vein(-s) fossa muscles 25 of cerebellum 242.22 lateral 180.19 external 84.15 of vermis 242.20 medial 180.16 innermost 84.19 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 443

Intercostal Intermuscular bursae of gluteal Internal muscles muscles 104.12 thoracic 1 internal 84.17 Internal 396.30a artery 210.1 nerves 340.20 abdominal oblique muscle veins 234.14 2 vein(-s) 86.18 tunic of eyeball 358.18 anterior 234.18 acoustic (auditory) meatus Internasal suture 54.26 left superior 234.20 14.13, 378.5 Internus 396.30a 3 posterior 246.13 fundus 378.7 Interomediolateral column 276.11 right superior 246.2 opening 14.12 Interosseous supreme 234.19 anal sphincter 126.20 artery 4 Intercostal space 6.40 arcuate fibers 280.19 anterior 214.22 Intercostobrachial nerves 340.23 axis of eyeball 354.21 common 214.19 5 Intercrural fibers 86.17 branch of accessory nerve posterior 214.20 Intercuneiform 332.35 recurrent 214.21 joints 70.18a capsule 318.7 border, ulna 38.28 6 ligament anterior limb 318.8 cuneometatarsal ligaments dorsal 70.25 genu 318.11 72.12 7 interosseous 70.22 posterior limb 318.13 intercarpal ligaments 64.2 plantar 72.7 carotid ligaments of tarsus 70.19 Interdental papilla 108.24 artery 200.10, 208.13 margin 8 Interfascicular fasciculus 278.11 cavernous part 200.16 fibula 48.26 Interfoveolar ligament 86.31 cerebral part 200.24 radius 38.8 Interganglionic branches 350.24 cervical part 200.11 tibia 48.9 9 Interiliac external iliac lymph petrous part 200.13 membrane nodes 264.28 nerve 350.29 forearm 62.10 10 Interlobar plexus 350.30 tibiofibular joint 68.24 arteries 156.2 cerebral veins 242.2 metacarpal ligaments 64.14 sulci 306.21 ear 370.2 metatarsal ligaments 72.14 11 surface of lung 148.16 female genitalia 166.5 nerve of forearm, anterior veins 156.10 filum terminale 272.11 338.11 12 Interlobular granular layer, cerebral cortex sacroiliac ligaments 66.13 arteries 132.3, 156.4 316.6 spaces ductules 132.6 iliac metacarpal 64.15 13 veins 132.4, 156.12 artery 222.7 metatarsal 72.17 Intermaxillary suture 54.30 lymph nodes 266.1 veins Intermediate 396.11 vein 250.1 anterior 244.19a 14 atrial branch intercostal posterior 244.19b left coronary artery 192.24 membrane 58.26, 84.18 Interosseous nerve of the leg 15 right coronary artery 192.11 muscles 84.17 346.3 branch of medial segmental jugular vein 234.21 Interparietal bone 8.13 artery 218.12a laryngeal nerve 332.12 Interpectoral lymph nodes 16 cervical septum 272.10 lip of iliac crest 42.19 258.22 common iliac lymph nodes male genitalia 158.15 Interpeduncular 17 264.17 medullary laminae 296.23, cistern 270.8 cuneiform 52.10 298.23 fossa 290.32 dorsal cutaneous nerve 344.24 nasal branches nucleus 292.31 18 external iliac lymph nodes of anterior ethmoidal nerve perforated substance 290.33 264.23 322.7 Interphalangeal ganglia 350.26 of infraorbital nerve 324.11 joints of foot 72.22 19 hepatic veins 246.26 nuclear layer, retina 358.24 joints of hand 64.20 hypothalamic region 302.21 occipital collateral ligaments 64.21 20 lacunar node 264.26 crest 8.30 Interpubic disc 66.18 laryngeal cavity 142.29a protuberance 8.29 Interradicular septa 24.12, 26.30 lumbar lymph nodes 262.6 pudendal Intersectiones tendineae 86.3, 21 part of bulb of vestibule artery 224.8 405.27 170.35 vein 250.16 Intersegmental part 22 sacral crest 4.31 pyramidal layer, cerebral cor- inferior right pulmonary vein supraclavicular nerves 336.6 tex 316.7 230.20, 230.25 tendon 405.27a sheath optic nerve 354.13 left inferior pulmonary vein 23 ventral nucleus 300.5 spermatic fascia 160.30 232.7 Intermembranous part of rima spiral sulcus 372.28 left superior pulmonary vein glottidis 144.6 surface 230.31, 230.34 24 Intermesenteric plexus 348.15 frontal bone 18.14 superior basal vein 232.12 Intermetacarpal joints 64.11 parietal bone 16.25 superior right pulmonary vein 25 Intermetatarsal joints 72.13 table (lamina) 28.25 230.7, 230.10 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 444 Index

Intersigmoid recess 180.1 Intraparietal sulcus 308.5 Joint(-s) 1 Interspinal Intraparotid plexus 328.12 condylar 404.27 ligaments 56.16 Intrasegmental part ellipsoidal 404.27 2 plane 398.6 inferior right pulmonary vein fibrous 404.12 Interstitial nucleus of Cajal 294.1 230.19, 230.24 of foot 70.11 Intertarsal joints 70.10 left inferior pulmonary vein of free lower limb 66.19 3 Intertendinous connections 90.16 232.6 of free upper limb 60.28 Interthalamic adhesion 296.21 left superior pulmonary vein of hand 64.1 Intertragic incisure 386.25 230.30, 230.33 hinge 404.28 4 Intertrochanteric superior basal vein 232.11 ovoidal 404.32 crest 46.11 superior right pulmonary of pelvic girdle 66.1 5 line 46.10 vein 230.6, 230.9 plane 404.25 Intertubercular Intratendinous bursa, of saddle 404.31 groove 36.8 olecranon 102.16 sellar 404.31 6 plane 398.5 Intrathalamic fibers 302.11 of shoulder girdle 60.12 tendon sheath 88.14 Intratransverse ligaments 56.15 simple 404.23 7 Interureteric ridge 158.11 Intumescentia of skull 56.8 Intervaginal spaces 354.14 cervicalis 272.14 spheroidal 404.26 Intervenous tubercle 186.25 lumbosacralis 272.15 surface 494.2 8 Interventricular tympanica 330.21 synovial 404.22 foramen 298.3, 314.3 Iridial folds 358.8 of thorax 56.8, 58.9 groove Iridocorneal angle 360.16 trochoidal 404.30 9 anterior 184.18 Iris 358.1 of vertebral column 56.8 posterior 184.19 Irregular bone 402.44 Juga alveolaria 24.13, 26.31 10 septum 184.22 Ischial Jugular vein bursa foramen 30.18 anterior 232.16 of gluteus maximus muscle fossa 14.24 11 posterior 232.20 104.13 ganglion 330.18, 332.2 Intervertebral of obturator internus muscle nerve 350.28 12 disc 56.10 104.10 notch 6.26, 8.19, 14.19 foramen 2.7, 4.26 spine 44.5 process 8.20 symphysis 56.9 tuberosity 44.4 trunk, right/left 254.14 13 vein 246.15 Ischioanal fossa 176.13 tubercle 8.18 Intestinal adipose body 176.14 vein glands 122.31, 126.11 Ischiofemoral ligament 66.24 anterior 238.4 14 surface of uterus 168.11 Ischium 44.1 external 238.1 trunks 254.11 body 44.2 inferior bulb 234.24 15 villi 122.30 ramus 44.3 internal 234.21 Intestinum Isthmus superior bulb 234.22 crassum 124.17 aortae 194.2 venous arch 238.5 16 tenue 122.20 cartilaginis auricularis wall 378.20 Intra-articular 388.1 Jugulo-omohyoid node 258.8 17 ligament of head of rib 58.13 faucium 116.3 Jugulodigastric node 258.6 sternocostal ligament 58.21 glandulae thyroidea 182.4 Jugum sphenoidale 10.3 Intracanalicular part of optic gyri cinguli (cingulatus) 310.4 Junctio neurocentralis 2.6a 18 nerve 354.6 prostatae 162.17 Juncturae tendineum 90.16 Intracapsular ligaments 404.47 tubae auditoriae 384.16 Juxtaintestinal lymph nodes Intracranial part tubae uterinae 166.35 264.2 19 of optic nerve 354.5 uteri 168.14 of vertebral artery 206.8 K 20 Intraglandular lymph nodes J 256.9 Keith-Flack sinus node 186.8 Intrajugular process 14.20 Jacobson’s Kerckring’s folds 122.29 21 of occipital bone 8.21 cartilage 134.32 Kidney 154.3 Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus organ 136.7 lower pole 154.11 22 298.24 Jejunal upper pole 154.10 Intralobar part of superior right branches of superior mesen- Knee 402.8 pulmonary vein 230.13 teric artery 220.3 anterior side 402.9 23 Intraoccipital veins 248.21 cap 48.31 synchondrosis 56.4a Jejunum 124.15 joint 68.1 Intraoccipital synchondrosis Joint(-s) posterior side 402.10 24 anterior 56.6 bicondylar 404.29 posterior 56.5 capsule 66.21, 404.38 25 Intraocular part of optic nerve cartilaginous 404.19 354.8 composite 404.24 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 445

L Lacrimal Lamina(-ae) crest granularis 1 Labial anterior 22.26 externa (cerebral cortex) artery posterior 20.22 316.4 2 inferior 196.12 fold 368.24 interna (cerebral cortex) superior 196.13 gland 368.10 316.6 branches of inferior alveolar accessory 368.14 horizontalis 24.27 3 nerve 326.16 fossa for 18.26 interna 28.25 commissure hamulus 20.24 lateralis (processus ptery- anterior 170.27 lake 368.16 goidei) 12.2 4 posterior 170.28 margin of maxilla 22.21 limitans anterior (Bowman) glands 108.32 nerve 320.21 356.8 5 nerves notch 22.27 limitans posterior (Descemet) anterior 342.20 nucleus 286.6 356.10 posterior 346.20 part of m. orbicularis oculi medialis (processus ptery- 6 part of m. orbicularis oris 78.20 goidei) 12.3 78.28 process 20.18 medullaris(-es) 7 surface of tooth 110.25b punctum 368.18 interna/externa 296.23, 298.23 vein(-s) sac 368.21 lateralis 316.28 anterior 252.6 fossa 20.25, 32.22b medialis 316.30 8 inferior 236.13 sulcus 20.23, 22.19, 32.22a membranacea 384.22 posterior 250.21 vein 242.28 modioli 374.24 superior 236.12 Lacrimoconchal suture 54.29 molecularis (cerebral cortex) 9 Labium(-a) Lacrimomaxillary suture 54.28 316.3 anterius (uterine ostium) Lactiferous multiformis (cerebral cortex) 10 168.19 ducts 394.25 316.8 externum (iliac crest) 42.16 sinus 394.26 muscularis mucosae 405.43 inferius 108.9 Lacuna(-ae) (colon) 126.10 11 internum (iliac crest) 42.19 laterales 238.15 (esophagus) 120.13 laterale (linea aspera) 46.14 musculorum 98.20 (small intestine) 122.28 12 limbi urethrales 164.34, 172.19 (stomach) 122.13 tympanicum 372.25 vasorum 98.22 orbitalis 20.11 vestibulare 372.24 Lacunar parietalis 184.5 13 majus pudendi 170.26 ligament 86.11 (tunica vaginalis testis) mediale (linea aspera) 46.15 node 162.2 minus pudendi 170.30 intermediate 264.26 perpendicularis 20.5, 24.16 14 oris 108.5 lateral 264.27 plexiformis (cerebral cortex) posterius (uterine ostium) medial 264.25 316.3 15 168.20 Lacus lacrimalis 368.16 posterior (rectus sheath) 86.6 superius 108.6 Lambda 32.26 pretrachealis (fascia cervicalis) Labrum Lambdoid margin of occipital 82.23 16 acetabulare 66.26 bone 8.12 prevertebralis (fascia cervi- articulare 404.37 Lambdoidal suture 54.4 calis) 82.24 17 glenoidale 60.30 Lamellated corpuscles 390.23 profunda 364.16 Labyrinthine Lamina(-ae) 2.6 (fascia temporalis) 80.23 artery 206.19, 374.11 affixa 314.8 propria mucosae 405.42 18 veins 238.19, 374.15 alba 290.12 pyramidalis wall 378.22 anterior (rectus sheath) externa (cerebral cortex) Labyrinthus 86.5 316.5 19 cochlearis 372.9 arcus vertebrae (vertebralis) interna (cerebral cortex) ethmoidalis 20.6 2.6 316.7 20 membranaceus 370.3 basalis 356.28, 372.20 quadrigemina 292.13, 294.18 osseus 374.20 cartilaginis septi pellucidi 312.29 vestibularis 370.6 cricoideae 140.3 sinistra (larynx) 138.16 21 Lacerate foramen 30.21 lateralis 384.21 spiralis Lacertus medialis 384.20 ossea 378.1 22 fibrosus 88.16 choroidocapillaris 356.17 secundaria 378.4 musculi recti lateralis 364.8 cribrosa 20.2, 354.34 superficialis 364.15 Lacrimal dextra (larynx) 138.16 (fascia cervicalis) 82.22 23 apparatus 368.9 episcleralis 354.31 (fascia temporalis) 80.22 artery 202.3 externa 28.22 suprachoroidea 356.14 bone 20.21 fusca 356.14 tectalis 292.13, 294.18 24 canaliculus 368.19 sclerae 354.33 terminalis 312.19 ampulla 368.20 ganglionaris (cerebral cortex) tragi 386.7 25 caruncle 366.26 316.7 vasculosa 356.16 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 446 Index

Lamina(-ae) Lateral Lateral 1 visceralis 184.6 basal funiculus 274.3, 276.26, 278.22 (tunica vaginalis testis) 162.3 segmental bronchus 146.14, geniculate 2 Lanugo 392.2 146.26 body 296.28 Large intestine 124.17 bicipital groove 400.27 nucleus Laryngeal border, radius 38.11 dorsal part 300.12 3 artery brachial cutaneous nerve 340.3 ventral part 300.15 inferior 210.15 branch(-es) glandular branch of superior superior 194.13 cutaneous, iliohypogastric thyroid artery 194.16a 4 cartilages 138.13 nerve 342.16 globus pallidus 316.29 cavity 142.23 left coronary artery 192.19 glossoepiglottic fold 118.11 5 intermediate 142.29a lumbar nerves 342.4 habenular nucleus 296.11 glands 144.15 middle cerebral artery 204.22 head inlet (aditus) 142.24 portal vein of liver 248.11 of flexor hallucis brevis 98.2b 6 joints 138.13 posterior ramus, spinal of gastrocnemius 96.15 musculature 142.10 nerve 334.17 of triceps 88.21 7 nerve right pulmonary artery horn 276.10 external 332.11 190.21 hypothalamic region 302.24 inferior 332.18 sacral/coccygeal nerves inferior genicular artery 226.18 8 internal 332.12 342.10 inguinal fossa 180.19 recurrent 332.15 supraorbital nerve 320.25 intermediate gray matter 276.13 superior 332.10 calcaneal branches 346.7 intermuscular septum 9 prominence 138.15 tibial nerve 346.7 of arm 92.19 vein cartilaginous lamina 384.21 of thigh 98.15 10 inferior 232.31 caval lymph nodes 262.8 lacunae 238.15 superior 236.4 central nucleus 298.28 lacunar node 264.27 Laryngopharyngeal branches 352.3 cervical lymph nodes 258.1 lemniscus 286.17, 294.13, 300.22 11 Laryngopharynx 118.12 circumflex nucleus 286.18 Larynx 138.12 femoral artery 226.8 ligament 12 fibroelastic membrane 144.9 femoral veins 252.11 of malleus 382.25 lymph nodes 144.15 column 276.9 temporomandibular joint 60.4 saccule 144.2 common iliac lymph nodes lip of linea aspera 46.14 13 ventricle 144.1 264.18 longitudinal stria, corpus callo- vestibule 142.27 condyle sum 312.17 Lateral 396.12 femur 46.24 lymph nodes 258.4, 258.9 14 ampullar nerve 330.11 tibia 46.30 malleolar angle cord 336.25 branches of peroneal artery 15 of eye 366.11 corticospinal (pyramidal) tract 228.15 of scapula 34.18 276.28 fossa 48.30 antebrachial cutaneous nerve costal branch of internal network 226.27 16 338.3 thoracic artery 210.9 surface, talus 50.10 anterior costotransverse ligament 58.17 malleolus 48.28 17 malleolar artery 226.25 cricoarytenoid muscle 142.17 mammary branches nasal branches of anterior crus axillary artery 212.19 ethmoidal alar cartilage 134.27 intercostal nerve 340.22 18 artery 202.16b inguinal ring 86.16 posterior intercostal arteries aortic lymph nodes 262.3 cuneiform 52.11 216.15 aperture of fourth ventricle cutaneous branch margin 19 288.10 intercostal nerve 340.21 foot 402.21 arcuate ligament 84.34 posterior intercostal arteries forearm 400.32 20 atlanto-axial joint 58.1 216.12, 216.14 humerus 36.19 atlanto-occipital membrane direct veins 242.10 kidney 154.4 56.30 dorsal cutaneous nerve 346.6 nail 394.1 21 atrial vein of lateral ventricle epicondyle orbit 32.16a 242.8 femur 46.25 scapula 34.14 22 basal humerus 36.30 tongue 112.36 branch external iliac lymph nodes marginal vein 252.26b left pulmonary artery 264.24 mass 23 190.41 fasciculi proprii 276.27 of atlas 4.2 right pulmonary artery femoral cutaneous nerve of sacrum 4.21 190.27 342.24 medullary 24 segment flattened surface of testis branch of posterior of lower lobe of left lung 158.19 inferior 25 150.26 fossa of cerebrum 306.9 cerebellar artery 206.15 of lower lobe of right lung frontobasal artery 204.25 lamina 316.28 Feneis,150.14 Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 447

Lateral Lateral Left membranous ampulla 380.21 semicircular hepatic 1 meniscus 68.2 canal 376.9 artery 218.9 muscular branches of thoracic duct 370.14 duct 132.12 2 nerves 340.18 subtendinous bursa of veins 246.27 nasal gastrocnemius muscle 106.5 horn of uterus 168.9 branches sulcus 306.17 inferior 3 anterior ethmoidal nerve superior genicular artery 226.14 lobar bronchus 146.21 322.8 supraclavicular nerves 336.7 pulmonary vein 232.4 nasopalatine nerve supracondylar jugular trunk 254.14 4 322.20d line 46.20b lamina, larynx 138.16 cartilage 134.24 ridge 36.20 lobe 5 nuclei of mamillary body sural cutaneous nerve 344.19 of liver 130.21 304.7 surface of prostate 162.16 occipital artery 208.2 of fibula 48.21 lumbar 6 occipitotemporal gyrus 310.22 of ovary 166.9 lymph nodes 262.2 olfactory of tibia 48.6 trunk 254.10 7 gyri 310.31 of zygomatic bone 26.2 lung 148.7 striae 310.30 talocalcaneal ligament 70.14 culmen 148.22a osseous ampulla 376.13 tarsal artery 228.2 lingula 148.22 8 palpebral thoracic lower lobe 150.21 arteries 202.5 artery 212.18 upper lobe 150.16 commissure 366.9 vein 244.14 main bronchus 144.30 9 ligament 366.20 thyrohyoid ligament 138.27 margin of uterus 168.10 raphe 366.19 tract 74.10a marginal branch 192.23 10 part tubercle, talus 50.20 ovarian vein 246.31 of fornix of vagina 170.5 umbilical fold 180.18 posterior ventricular branch of of superior right pulmonary ventricle 314.1 left coronary artery 192.25 11 vein 230.15 choroid plexus 272.6, 314.11 pulmonary pectoral nerve 336.29 vesicular lymph nodes 266.9 artery 190.29 12 pericardial lymph nodes 260.8 vestibular nucleus 282.15, 286.11 veins 230.27 plantar wall of orbit 32.19 superior 230.27, 230.28 artery 228.21 Lateralis 396.12 semilunar cusp 13 nerve 346.12 Lateropharyngeal space 118.37 of aortic valve 190.3 posterior Left 396.8 of pulmonary valve 188.13 nasal branches of spheno- atrial veins 232.24 subclavian trunk 254.13 14 palatine artery 200.9 atrium of heart 184.26, 188.20 superior superior nasal branches of auricle 188.21 intercostal vein 234.20 15 pterygopalatine gan- brachiocephalic veins 232.28 lobar bronchus 146.16, glion 322.18 branch 146.21 preoptic nucleus 302.17 to conus arteriosus (left suprarenal vein 246.29 16 process coronary testicular vein 246.30 calcaneus 50.25 artery) 192.18 triangular ligament 178.24 17 malleus 382.16 hepatic artery proper 218.9 umbilical vein 248.12 mammary gland 394.22 portal vein of liver 248.5 ventricle of heart 184.21, nasal septum 134.30a bronchomediastinal trunk 188.24 18 talus 50.11 254.12 Lemniscus pterygoid colic lateralis 286.17, 294.13, 300.22 muscle 80.16 artery 220.13 medialis 280.21, 284.21, 19 plate 12.2 flexure 124.29 294.14, 300.23 recess 286.21 lymph nodes 264.10 spinalis 284.24, 294.15, 300.24 20 rectus muscle 364.7 vein 248.34 trigeminalis 284.28, 294.16, retinaculum of patella 68.18 coronary 300.25 root 296.34, 338.10 artery 192.16 trigone 292.18 21 sacral vein 232.16a Lens 362.10 arteries 222.12 duct of caudate lobe 132.16 capsule 362.16 22 branches 216.26a fibrous cortex 362.12 crest 4.32 ring 186.6 epithelium 362.15 veins 250.5 trigone 186.5 fibers 362.14 23 sacrococcygeal ligament 56.25 gastric nucleus 362.13 segment artery 216.29 radii 362.23 of liver 130.24 vein 248.17 Lenticular 24 of middle lobe of right lung gastro-omental fossa 362.7 150.7 artery 218.31 papillae 114.8 25 segmental bronchus 146.7 vein 248.32 process, incus 382.10 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 448 Index

Lentiform nucleus 316.24 Ligamentum(-a) Ligamentum(-a) 1 Lesser capitis extracapsularia 404.45 alar cartilages 134.28 costae falciforme (hepatis) 178.22 2 arterial circle of iris 358.16 intra-articulare 58.13 flava 56.13 curvature of stomach 120.19 radiatum 58.12 fundiforme penis 86.26 duodenal papilla 124.13 femoris 66.28 gastrocolicum 178.17 3 horn (cornu) 28.18 fibulae gastrophrenicum 178.15 occipital nerve 334.27 anterius 68.21 gastrosplenicum (gastrol- omentum 178.10 posterius 68.22 ienale) 178.16 4 palatine capsularia 404.46 genitoinguinale 162.9 arteries 200.7 carpi glenohumeralia 60.32 5 canals 24.22 dorsum 92.22 hepatis 178.20 foramina 24.30 transversum 92.26 hepatocolicum 178.13 nerves 322.24 carpometacarpalia hepatoduodenale 178.12 6 pelvis 44.25 dorsalia 64.8 hepatogastricum 178.11 petrosal nerve 330.32 palmaria 64.9 hepatorenale 178.25 7 groove for 14.7 ceratocricoideum 140.7a hyoepiglotticum 142.8 hiatus of canal 14.5 collaterale iliofemorale 66.23 ring (circle) of iris 358.7 carpi iliolumbale 66.5 8 sac of peritoneum 176.30 radiale 62.23 incudis sciatic ulnare 62.22 posterius 382.27 foramen 66.10 fibulare 68.12 superius 382.26 9 notch 44.7 radiale 62.6 inguinale 86.10 supraclavicular fossa 398.29 tibiale 68.13 intercarpalia 10 trochanter 46.8 ulnare 62.5 dorsalia 62.24 tubercle (humerus) 36.7 collateralia 64.17, 64.21, 72.19, interossea 64.2 crest 36.10 72.23 palmaria 62.25 11 tympanic spine 16.6 conoideum 60.21 interclaviculare 60.27 vestibular glands 172.2 coracoacromiale 60.13 intercuneiformia 12 wing of sphenoid 10.19 coracoclaviculare 60.19 dorsalia 70.25 Lien 268.1 coracohumerale 60.31 interossea 70.22 Lienal coronarium 178.21 plantare 72.7 13 lymph nodes 262.25 costoclaviculare 60.26 interfoveolare 86.31 plexus 348.19 costotransversarium 58.15 interspinalia 56.16 Lienorenal ligament 178.19 laterale 58.17 intertransversaria 56.15 14 Ligamentum(-a) 404.44 superius 58.16 intracapsularis 404.47 acromioclaviculare 60.17 costoxiphoidea 58.24 ischiofemorale 66.24 15 alaria 58.3 cricoarytenoideum lacunare 86.11 anococcygeum 174.12 140.25 laterale (temporomandibular anulare cricopharyngeum 140.26 joint) 60.4 16 radii 62.7 cricothyroideum medianum latum uteri 180.24 stapediale 382.29 140.8 lienorenale 178.19 17 anularia, tracheae 144.22 cricotracheale 140.9 longitudinale apicis dentis 58.4 cruciata genus (genualia) 68.7 anterius 56.19 arcuatum anterius 68.8 posterius 56.20 18 laterale 84.34 posterius 68.9 lumbocostale 58.18 mediale 84.33 cruciforme atlantis 58.5 mallei medianum 84.35 cuboideonaviculare anterius 382.23 19 pubis 66.17 dorsale 70.27 laterale 382.25 arteriosum 192.2 plantare 72.6 superius 382.24 20 node 260.10 cuneocuboideum mediale atlanto-occipitale dorsale 70.26 articulationis talocruralis anterius 56.27 interosseum 70.21 70.2 21 laterale 56.30 plantare 72.8 (temporomandibular joint) auricularia 388.10 cuneometatarsalia interossea 60.5 22 anterius 388.11 72.12 meniscofemorale posterius 388.13 cuneonavicularia anterius 68.3 superius 388.12 dorsalia 70.31 posterius 68.4 23 bifurcatum 70.28 plantaria 72.5 metacarpale transversum calcaneocuboideum 70.30 deltoideum articulationis profundum 64.19 dorsale 70.31a talocruralis 70.2 superficiale 92.23 24 plantare 72.3 denticulatum 272.9 metacarpalia calcaneofibulare 70.9 epididymidis dorsalia 64.12 25 calcaneonaviculare 70.29 inferius 162.5 interossea 64.14 plantaria 72.4 superius 162.4 palmaria 64.13 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 449

Ligamentum(-a) Ligamentum(-a) Linea(-ae) metatarsale transversum supraspinalis 56.17 alba 86.22 1 profundum 72.21 suspensorium(-a) adminiculum 86.24 superficiale 100.19 mammaria 394.31 anocutanea 126.30 2 metatarsalia ovarii 180.28 anorectalis 126.28 dorsalia 72.15 penis/clitoridis 86.25 arcuata 42.14, 86.7 interossea 72.14 talocalcaneum aspera 46.13 3 plantaria 72.16 interosseum 70.20 lateral lip 46.14 nuchal 56.18 laterale 70.14 medial lip 46.15 ossiculorum auditoriorum mediale 70.15 axillaris 4 382.22 posterior 70.15a anterior 396.52 ovarii proprium 166.28 talofibulare media 396.53 5 palmaria 64.18, 64.22 anterius 70.7 posterior 396.54 palpebrale posterius 70.8 epiphysialis 404.1 laterale 366.20 talonaviculare 70.24 glutealis 6 mediale 366.18 tarsi anterior 42.26 patellae 68.16 dorsalia 70.23 inferior 42.28 7 pectinatum 354.27 interossea 70.19 posterior 42.27 pectineale 86.12 plantaria 72.1 intercondylaris 46.19 phrenicocolicum 178 tarsometatarsalia intermedia 42.18 8 phrenocosplenicum 178.19 dorsalia 72.10 intertrochanterica 46.10 pisohamatum 64.4 plantaria 72.11 mammillaris 396.51 pisometacarpale 64.5 teres mediana 9 plantare longum 72.2 hepatis 130.4 anterior 396.47 plantaria 72.20, 72.24 uteri 168.32 posterior 398.1 10 popliteum thyroepiglotticum 142.7 medioclavicularis 396.50 arcuatum 68.15 thyrohyoideum musculi solei (tibia) 48.5 obliquum 68.14 laterale 138.27 mylohyoidea 26.22 11 pterygospinale 60.10 medianum 138.26 nuchalis pubicum superius 66.16 tibiofibulare inferior 8.27 12 pubofemorale 66.25 anterius 68.25 superior 8.26 puboprostaticum 174.28 posterius 68.26 suprema 8.25 pubovesicale 174.28 transversum obliqua 26.19, 138.21 13 pulmonale 152.23 acetabuli 66.27 parasternalis 396.49 quadratum 62.8 atlantis 58.7 paravertebralis 396.56 radiocarpale genus (genuale) 68.6 pectinea 46.16 14 carpi radiatum 62.21 perinei 176.7 postaxillaris 398.8 dorsale 62.18 scapulae preaxillaris 398.7 15 palmare 62.19 inferius 60.15 scapularis 396.55 ulnocarpale palmare 62.20 superius 60.14 semilunaris 86.33 reflexum 86.13 trapezoideum 60.20 sternalis 396.48 16 sacrococcygeum triangulare supracondylaris anterius (ventrale) 56.24 dextrum 178.23 lateralis 46.20b 17 laterale 56.25 sinistrum 178.24 medialis 46.20a posterius (dorsale) umbilicale temporalis profundum 56.23 mediale (laterale) inferior 16.29 18 superficiale 56.22 222.30 ossis frontalis 18.12 sacroiliaca medianum 156.30 superior 16.28 anteriora (ventralia) 66.12 venae cavae 130.32 terminalis 44.26 19 interossea 66.13 venosum 130.5, 248.10 transversae 4.25 posteriora (dorsalia) 66.14 vestibulare 144.11 trapezoidea 34.34 20 sacrospinale 66.8 vocale 144.13 Lineal artery 218.25 sacrotuberale 66.6 Limbus(-i) 354.26 Lingua 112.28 sphenomandibulare 60.8 acetabuli 42.6 Lingual 21 spirale 372.21 corneae 356.3 aponeurosis 114.17 splenorenale 178.19 fossae ovalis 186.20 artery 196.1 22 sternoclaviculare laminae spiralis osseae deep 196.5 anterius 60.24 372.23 branch(-es) posterius 60.25 palpebrales facial nerve 328.16 23 sternocostale intra-articulare anteriores 366.13 glossopharyngeal nerve 58.12 posteriores 366.14 330.30 sternocostalia radiata 58.22 Limen hypoglossal nerve 334.2 24 sternopericardiaca 184.3 insulae 308.29 left pulmonary artery 190.34 stylohyoideum 60.11 nasi 136.9 lingual nerve 326.6 25 stylomandibulare 60.9 Limiting sulcus 286.26 follicles 114.15 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 450 Index

Lingual Lobulus(-i) Longitudinal 1 glands 108.36 semilunaris superior 288.33 ligament anterior 108.37 simplex 288.32 anterior 56.19 2 gyrus 310.17 testis 158.27 posterior 56.20 lymph nodes 256.14a thymi 182.26 pontine fibers 284.9 nerve 326.1 thyroid gland 182.10 Longitudinalis 396.29 3 papillae 114.3 Lobus(-i) 406.5 Lower 396.20 septum 114.16 anterior cerebelli 288.18 anterior segment of kidney surface (tooth) 110.26 caudatus (liver) 130.26 154.19 4 tonsil 114.14 cerebrales 306.6 eyelid 366.4 vein 234.28 dexter leg 402.12 5 deep 234.32 (liver) 130.18 anterior surface 402.13 dorsal 234.29 (prostate) 162.16 posterior surface 402.14 Lingula 288.19 flocculonodularis 290.1 lingular branch of left pulmo- 6 mandibulae 28.7 frontalis 306.22 nary artery 190.36 pulmonis sinistri 148.22 glandulae lip 108.9 7 sphenoidalis 10.12 mammariae 394.23 lobe of lung 148.25 Lingular thyroidea (dexter/sinister) left lung 150.21 branch of left superior pulmo- 182.3 right lung 150.9 8 nary vein 232.1 hepatis (liver) 130.17 margin of spleen 268.11 bronchus inferior (lung) 148.25 omental recess 176.33 inferior 146.20 pulmonis dextri 150.9 pelvic aperture 44.28 9 superior 146.19 pulmonis sinistri 150.21 pole of kidney 154.11 Linguofacial trunk 196.6 medius trunk 336.16 10 Lips 108.5 (lung) 148.24 Lowest lumbar arteries commissure 108.10 pulmonis dextri 150.6 216.26 lower 108.9 (prostate) 162.18 Lumbar 11 upper 108.6 nervosus 182.21 arteries 216.22 Liquor cerebrospinalis 270.3, occipitalis 308.10 lowest 216.26 12 270.15 parietalis 308.1 branch of iliolumbar artery Little posterior cerebelli 288.25 222.9 finger 400.48 pyramidalis 182.5 ganglion 352.21 13 toe 402.28 quadratus (liver) 130.25 lymph nodes Liver 128.22 renales 154.25 intermediate 262.6 hilum 130.6 sinister left 262.2 14 lobes of 130.17 (liver) 130.21 right 262.7 left 130.21 (prostate) 162.16 nerves 342.1 15 right 130.18 superior (lung) 148.23 part of diaphragm 84.24 Lobar bronchus(-i) 146.1 pulmonis dextri 150.2 plexus 342.14 left pulmonis sinistri 150.16 region 400.4 16 inferior 146.21 temporalis 308.15 segment of spinal cord 274.8 superior 146.16 thymus 182.24 splanchnic nerves 352.22 17 right Locus caeruleus 286.28 triangle 86.27 inferior 146.9 Long trigone 400.14 middle 146.6 bone 402.41 trunk, right/left 254.10 18 superior 146.2 central artery 204.5 vein(-s) 246.11, 246.23 Lobe 406.5 ciliary nerves 322.3 ascending 246.10 Lobule 406.6 gyrus of insula 308.28 vertebrae 2.28 19 Lobulus(-i) 406.6 head Lumbocostal ligament 58.18 auricularis 386.9 of biceps brachii 88.13 Lumbosacral 20 biventer 288.37 of biceps femoris 96.3 enlargement 272.15 centralis (cerebellum) 288.20 of triceps 88.20 joint 66.4 coni epididymidis 160.5 nasopalatine nerve 322.20a plexus 342.13 21 corticales 154.29 plantar ligament 72.2 trunk 344.7 glandulae mammariae 394.24 posterior ciliary arteries Lunate 40.6 22 gracilis 288.36 202.7 sulcus 308.13 hepatis 132.1 thoracic nerve 336.21 surface of acetabulum 42.9 insularis 308.25 Longitudinal 396.29 Lungs 148.6 23 pancreaticus 128.16 canals of moliolus 376.26 apex 148.9 paracentralis 310.8 fissure of cerebrum 306.7 base 148.8 parietalis folds of duodenum 124.11 hilum 148.20 24 inferior 308.6 layer root 148.21 superior 308.4 colon 126.2 Lunula(-ae) 392.28 25 quadrangularis 288.23, small intestine 122.24 valvularum semilunarium 288.32 stomach 122.6 188.15, 190.7 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 451

Lymph Lymph Lymph nodes 254.23, 406.21 nodes nodes 1 anorectal 266.12 mesenteric 264.1 superolateral 266.16 anterior 258.5, 258.10 mesocolic 264.8 superomedial 266.15 2 cervical 256.17 obturator external iliac supraclavicular 258.11 jugular 256.18 264.29 supratrochlear 258.26 mediastinal 260.9 occipital 256.3 thyroid 256.21 3 apical 258.17 pancreatic 262.22 tracheobronchial 260.13 appendicular 264.8 pancreaticoduodenal 262.26 Lymph (lympha) 406.19 axillary 258.16 paracolic 264.9 Lymphatic 4 brachial 258.18, 258.24 paramammary 260.2 capillary network 254.4 celiac 262.14 pararectal 266.12 ducts 254.15 5 central 258.21, 264.3 parasternal 260.3 right 254.16 colic 264.10 paratracheal 256.23, 260.16 nodules (follicles) 122.19, common iliac 264.15 parauterine 266.10 254.29, 406.22 6 cubital 258.25 paravaginal 266.11 aggregated 122.33 deep 256.19, 258.28 paravertebral 260.5 of vermiform appendix 7 inguinal 266.18 parietal 262.1 124.24 parotid 256.6 pectoral 258.20 solitary 122.32, 126.12 popliteal 266.20 perivesicular 266.6 of spleen 268.20 8 deltopectoral 258.23 postaortic 262.5 plexus 254.6, 406.23 external, iliac 264.21 postcaval 262.10 axillary 258.15 facial 256.10 posterior mediastinal 260.11 system 254.1 9 gastric 262.15 postvesicular 266.8 trunks 254.9 gastro-omental 262.17 pre-aortic 262.4 valve 406.35 10 hepatic 262.29 preauricular 256.7 vessels 254.2, 254.5, 406.40 ileocolic 264.4 precaval 262.9 afferent 254.24 inferior 266.17 prececal 264.5 deep 254.8 11 deep cervical 258.7 prelaryngeal 256.20 efferent 254.25 epigastric 262.12 prepericardial 260.7 superficial 254.7 12 gluteal 266.3 pretracheal 256.22 Lymphocapillary vessel 254.3 mesenteric 264.11 prevesicular 266.7 pancreatic 262.24 promontory common iliac M 13 pancreaticoduodenal 262.28 264.20 phrenic 262.11 pulmonary juxtaesophageal Macula(-ae) 360.3, 372.3 tracheobronchial 260.15 260.12 cribrosae 376.2 14 infra-auricular 256.8 pyloric 262.18 inferior 376.5 infraclavicular 258.23 regional 256.1 media 376.4 15 infrahyoid 256.19a retroauricular 256.4 superior 376.3 intercostal 260.4 retrocecal 264.6 sacculi 372.5 interiliac external iliac 264.28 retropharyngeal 256.23a, utriculi 372.4 16 intermediate 258.13 Macular arteriole/venule common iliac 264.17 right lumbar 262.7 inferior 360.13 17 external iliac 264.23 sacral 266.4 superior 360.12 lumbar 262.6 sigmoid 264.12 Magnocellular part of red nu- internal iliac 266.1 splenic 262.25 cleus 294.5 18 interpectoral 258.22 subaortic common iliac Main bronchus (right and left) intraglandular 256.9 264.19 144.30 juxtaintestinal 264.2 submandibular 256.16 Major 19 of larynx 144.16 submental 256.15 calices of kidney 156.17 lateral 258.4, 258.9 subscapular 258.19 sublingual duct 110.3 20 aortic 262.3 superficial 256.18, 258.2, Malar node 256.13 caval 262.8 258.27 Male urethra 164.23 cervical 258.1 inguinal 266.14 Mallear 21 common iliac 264.18 parotid 256.5 fold external iliac 264.24 popliteal 266.19 anterior 380.24, 384.6 22 pericardial 260.8 superior 264.3 posterior 380.25, 384.5 vesicular 266.9 deep 258.3 prominence 380.26 left lumbar 262.2 gluteal 266.2 Malleolar 23 lienal 262.25 pancreatic 262.23 artery lingual 256.14a pancreaticoduodenal lateral 226.25 mastoid 256.4 262.27 medial 226.26 24 medial phrenic 260.6 fossa, lateral 48.30 common iliac 264.16 rectal 264.13 groove 48.11 25 external iliac 264.22 tracheobronchial 260.14 network, lateral 226.27 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 452 Index

Malleolar Marginal Margo 1 region tentorial branch of internal medialis anterior 402.16 carotid 200.18 (orbit) 32.16b 2 posterior 402.16 tubercle 26.7 pedis 402.22 surface of talus vein (scapula) 34.13 lateral 50.10 lateral 252.26b (tibia) 48.7 3 medial 50.6 medial 252.26c mesovaricus 166.11 Malleolus right 232.20a nasalis (frontal bone) 18.20 articular surface 48.12, Margo occipitalis 4 48.28 acetabularis 42.6 (parietal bone) 16.31 lateralis 48.28 anterior (temporal bone) 12.16 5 medialis 48.10 (fibula) 48.25 orbitalis (orbit) 32.14 Malleus 382.1, 382.12 (lung) 148.17 parietalis head 382.14 (pancreas) 128.10 (frontal bone) 18.11 6 manubrium 382.13 (radius) 38.13 (sphenoid) 10.30 neck 382.15 (testis) 158.21 (temporal bone) 16.11 7 Mamillary (tibia) 48.8 posterior body 296.36 (ulna) 38.30 (fibula) 48.27 lateral nuclei 304.7 ciliaris 358.3 partis petrosae 14.17 8 medial nuclei 304.7 dexter (heart) 184.15 (radius) 38.12 process 2.30 falciformis 100.4 (testis) 158.22 Mamillated areas 122.14 fibularis pedis 402.21 (ulna) 38.29 9 Mamillotegmental fasciculus frontalis pupillaris 358.2 304.15 (parietal bone) 16.34 radialis 400.32 10 Mamillothalamic fasciculus (sphenoid) 10.29 sagittalis (parietal bone) 16.33 302.7, 304.16 gingivalis 108.23 sphenoidalis (temporal bone) Mamma(-ae) 394.18 incisalis 110.32 16.13 11 accessoriae 394.30 inferior squamosus masculina 394.29 (cerebral hemisphere) 306.11 (parietal bone) 16.32 12 Mammary (liver) 130.15 (sphenoid) 10.31 gland 394.21 (lung) 148.19 superior body 394.20 (spleen) 268.11 (adrenal gland) 182.33 13 lobes 394.23 inferioris (pancreas) 128.11 (cerebral hemisphere) lobules 394.24 infraorbitalis 306.10 line 396.50, 396.51 (maxilla) 22.7 (pancreas) 128.9 14 region 398.38 (orbit) 32.16 partis petrosae 14.9 Mandible (mandibula) 26.11 interosseus (scapula) 34.15 15 angle 28.2 (fibula) 48.26 (spleen) 268.10 base 26.13 (radius) 38.8 supraorbitalis body 26.12 (tibia) 48.9 (frontal bone) 18.7 16 head 28.13 (ulna) 38.28 (orbit) 32.15 lingula 28.7 lacrimalis (maxilla) 22.21 tibialis pedis 402.22 17 neck 28.14 lambdoideus (occipital bone) ulnaris 400.33 ramus 28.1 8.12 uteri dexter/sinister 168.10 Mandibular lateralis zygomaticus (sphenoid) 10.28 18 canal 28.8 (forearm) 400.32 Massa foramen 28.6 (humerus) 36.19 intermedia 296.21 fossa 16.20 (kidney) 154.4 lateralis atlantis 4.2 19 nerve 324.13 (nail) 394.1 Masseteric node 256.14 (orbit) 32.16a artery 198.24 20 notch 28.11 pedis 402.21 fascia 80.19 Manubriosternal synchondrosis (scapula) 34.14 nerve 324.15 6.29 liber tuberosity 28.4 21 Manubrium (nail) 394.2 Masticatory mallei 382.13 (ovary) 166.10 muscles 78.5 22 sterni 6.24 linguae 112.36 surface of tooth 110.24 Manus 400.37 mastoideus (occipital bone) Mastoid Marginal 8.11 air cells 380.17 23 colic artery 220.11a medialis angle 16.38 crest, tooth 110.31 (adrenal gland) 182.34 antrum 380.9 mandibular branch of facial (cerebral hemisphere) branches 24 nerve 328.17 306.12 occipital artery 196.16 part of m. orbicularis oris (forearm) 400.33 posterior tympanic artery 25 78.27 (humerus) 36.16 196.25 sinus 238.10a (kidney) 154.5 canaliculus 14.25 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 453

Mastoid Medial Medial emissary vein 240.3 branch(-es) ligament 1 fontanelle 32.31 lumbar nerves 342.3 talocrural joint 70.2 foramen 12.21 middle cerebral artery 204.21 temporomandibular joint 2 lymph nodes 256.4 portal vein of liver 248.14 60.5 margin of occipital bone 8.11 posterior ramus, spinal lip of linea aspera 46.15 notch 12.18 nerve 334.16 longitudinal 3 process 12.17 sacral/coccygeal nerves fasciculus 280.23, 284.19, wall 380.7 342.9 292.24 posterior 380.8 supraorbital nerve 320.26 stria, corpus callosum 312.16 4 Matrix unguis 392.21 calcaneal branches (tibial malleolar Maxilla 22.2 nerve) 346.8 branches of posterior 5 body 22.3 cardiac branch of right pulmo- tibial artery 228.10 frontal process 22.25 nary artery 190.25 network 228.10a tuber 22.17 cartilaginous lamina 384.20 surface of talus 50.9 6 Maxillary central nucleus 298.29 malleolus 48.10 artery 198.9 circumflex femoral mammary branches 7 hiatus 22.22 artery 226.3 intercostal nerve 340.25 nerve 322.13 veins 252.10 internal thoracic artery 210.8 process 20.19 common iliac lymph nodes margin 8 sinus 22.24, 138.2 264.16 adrenal gland 183.34 surface 10.26 condyle cerebral hemisphere 306.12 palatine bone 24.18 femur 46.21 foot 402.22 9 veins 236.22 tibia 46.29 forearm 400.33 Meatus cord 336.26 humerus 36.16 10 acusticus crest 48.24 kidney 154.5 externus 16.3, 386.2 crus orbit 32.16b cartilage 386.5 alar cartilage 134.26 scapula 34.13 11 cartilagineus 386.4 inguinal ring 86.15 tibia 48.7 internus 14.13, 378.5 cuneiform 52.9 marginal vein 252.26c 12 nasi (nasalis) cutaneous branch(-es) medullary inferior 32.6, 136.23 of the leg 344.6 branch of posterior inferior medius 32.5, 136.21 of posterior intercostal cerebellar artery 206.15 13 superior 32.4, 136.20 artery 216.11 lamina 316.30 nasopharyngeus 32.9, 136.24 dorsal cutaneous nerve 344.22 meniscus 68.5 Mebranous lamina 384.22 epicondyle muscular branches of thoracic 14 Medial 396.10 femur 46.22 nerves 340.18 accessory olivary nucleus humerus 36.28 nasal branches of anterior eth- 15 280.31 external iliac lymph nodes moidal nerve 322.9 angle of eye 366.11 264.22 nuclei antebrachial cutaneous nerve flattened surface of testis of mamillary body 304.7 16 338.5 158.20 of thalamus 298.21 anterior malleolar artery frontal gyrus 310.7 occipital artery 208.6 17 226.26 frontobasal artery 204.9 occipitotemporal gyrus 310.20 aperture of fourth ventricle geniculate olfactory 288.9 body 296.27 gyri 310.31 18 arcuate ligament 84.33 nucleus striae 310.30 arteriole of retina 360.14 dorsal part 300.13 orbitofrontalis branch of ante- atrial vein of lateral ventricle ventral part 300.16 rior cerebral 19 242.7 globus pallidus 316.31 artery 204.9 basal habenular nucleus 296.11 palpebral 20 branch head arteries 202.17 left pulmonary artery of flexor hallucis brevis 98.2a commissure 366.10 190.39 of gastrocnemius 96.16 ligament 366.18 21 right pulmonary artery of triceps 88.22 part of superior right pulmo- 190.25 inferior genicular artery 226.19 nary vein 230.16 22 segment inguinal fossa 180.16 pectoral nerve 336.28 lower lobe of left lung intercondylar tubercle 46.35 plantar 150.24 intermuscular septum artery 228.18 23 lower lobe of right lung of arm 92.18 nerve 346.9 150.12 of thigh 98.16 posterior superior nasal segmental bronchus 146.12, lacunar node 264.25 branches of 24 146.24 lemniscus 280.21, 284.21, pterygopalatine ganglion bicipital groove 400.28 300.23 322.19 25 brachial cutaneous nerve 338.4 decussation 280.20 preoptic nucleus 302.17 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 454 Index

Medial Median Membrana 1 process of calcaneus 50.24 sulcus 286.22 basalis, ductus semicircularis prosencephalic fasciculus thyrohyoid membrane 138.26 370.16 2 304.19 umbilical cricovocalis 144.12 pterygoid fold 180.13 deciduae 172.23 muscle 80.17 ligament 156.30 elastica laryngis 144.9 3 plate 12.3 Medianus 396.3 fibroelastica laryngis 144.9 rectus muscle 364.6 Mediastinal fibrosa 404.39 retinaculum of patella 68.17 branches intercostalis 4 root 296.35, 338.9 aorta 216.6 externa 58.25, 84.16 sacral vein 248.38 (internal thoracic artery) interna 58.26, 84.18 5 segment 210.2 interossea of liver 130.22 lymph nodes antebrachii 62.10 of middle lobe of right lung anterior 260.9 cruris 68.24 6 150.8 posterior 260.11 obturatoria 66.2 segmental part of parietal pleura 152.16 perinei 176.6 7 artery 218.11 pleura 152.16 propria ductus semicircularis bronchus 146.8 surface of lung 148.13 370.15 subtendinous bursa of veins 234.4, 246.8 pupillaris 358.17 8 gastrocnemius muscle 106.5 Mediastinum 152.24 quadrangularis 144.10 superior genicular artery anterior 152.27 reticularis 374.1 226.15 inferior 152.26 spiralis 372.18 9 supraclavicular nerves 336.5 middle 152.28 stapedialis 382.28 supracondylar posterior 152.29 statoconiorum 372.7 10 line 46.20a superior 152.25 sterni 58.23 ridge 36.17 testis 158.25 suprapleuralis 152.9 sural cutaneous nerve 346.4 Mediomedial frontal branch of synovialis 404.40 11 surface callosomarginal inferior 60.7 of arytenoid cartilage 140.19 artery 204.12 superior 60.6 12 of fibula 48.22 Medius 396.27 tectoria 58.8, 372.26 of lung 148.11 Medulla thyrohyoidea 138.25 of ovary 166.8 adrenal 182.38 tympani secundaria 380.6 13 of tibia 48.3 lymph node 254.27 tympanica 380.21 of ulna 38.27 oblongata 278.17 vestibularis 374.3 talocalcaneal ligament 70.15 raphe 282.25 vitrea 362.8 14 tarsal arteries 228.3 sections through 280.9 Membranous tract 76.1 ossium ampullae 370.18 15 tubercle, talus 50.19 flava 404.4 anterior 370.19 umbilical rubra 404.5 lateral 370.21 fold 180.15 ovarii 166.17 posterior 370.20 16 ligament 222.30 renalis 154.30 crura 370.26 ventral nucleus 300.6 spinalis 272.13 ampullary 370.28 17 venule of retina 360.14 thymi 182.28 common 370.29 vestibular nucleus 282.14, Medullary simple 370.27 286.10 body 290.11 labyrinth 370.3 18 wall of orbit 32.20 cavity 404.3 part Medialis 396.10 lamina(-ae) of nasal septum 136.5 Median 396.3 internal/external 296.23, of urethra 164.29 19 antebrachial vein 244.25 298.23 wall 380.20 arcuate ligament 84.35 lateral 316.28 of trachea 144.23 20 atlanto-axial joint 58.2 medial 316.30 Meningeal basilic vein 244.27 rays, renal cortex 154.28, 154.29a artery cephalic vein 244.26 stria(-ae) 286.30 middle 198.16 21 cricothyroid ligament 140.8 of thalamus 296.24 groove for 16.26b cubital vein 244.24 velum posterior 194.18 22 eminence 286.23 inferior 388.4 branch glossoepiglottic fold 118.10 superior 288.2 internal carotid 200.19 groove of tongue 114.10 Meissner’s mandibular nerve 324.14 23 line, posterior 398.1 corpuscles 390.24 occipital artery 196.19 nerve 338.8 plexus 350.6 ophthalmic nerve 320.20 nuclei of thalamus 298.17 Meibomian glands 366.21 spinal nerve 334.12 24 palatine suture 54.33 Membrana vagus nerve 332.4 sacral atlanto-occipitalis nerve 322.14 25 artery 216.25 anterior 56.27 veins 234.27 crest 4.29 posterior 56.29 middle 236.24 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 455

Meninges 268.22 Mesocolon Midclavicular line 396.50 Meniscifemoral ligament of descending colon (descen- Middle 396.27 1 anterior 68.3 dens) 178.7 calcanean facet 50.14 posterior 68.4 sigmoideum 178.8 cerebellar peduncle 284.5, 2 Meniscus(-i) 404.36 transversum 178.5 290.25 articularis 404.36 Mesocortex 314.22a cerebral artery 204.18, 208.17 lateralis 68.2 Mesometrium 180.25 cervical 3 medialis 68.5 Mesonephric duct 172.32 cardiac nerve 352.7 tractus 390.26 Mesonephros 172.31 ganglion 352.5 Mental Mesosalpinx 180.26 clinoid process 10.7 4 branch(-es) Mesotendineum 405.21 colic inferior alveolar artery Mesovarian border 166.11 artery 220.11 5 198.15 Mesovarium 180.27 lymph nodes 264.10 inferior alveolar nerve Metacarpal vein 248.28 326.15 arteries collateral artery 212.30 6 foramen 26.18 dorsal 214.7 cranial fossa 30.3 nerve 326.14 palmar 214.12 ear 378.15 7 protuberance 26.15 articulations 64.7 cavity 14.30 region 398.18 bones 40.17 facet for the talus 52.2 spine 26.21 base 40.18 finger 400.46 8 tubercle 26.16 body 40.19 frontal gyrus 306.28 Meridiani 354.19 head 40.20 genicular artery 226.16 Meridians 354.19 third 40.21 lobe 9 Meridional fibers 356.25 ligaments branch of superior right pul- Merkel’s corpuscles 390.26 deep transverse 64.19 monary 10 Merocrine sweat glands 394.12 dorsal 64.12 vein 230.14 Mesencephalic interosseous 64.14 of lung 148.24 aqueduct 292.20 palmar 64.13 right lung 150.6 11 arteries 206.21 superficial transverse 92.23 of prostate 162.18 nucleus of trigeminal nerve veins mediastinum 152.28 12 284.30 dorsal 244.33 meningeal tectum 292.12, 294.17 palmar 244.34 artery 198.16 tegmentum 292.10 Metacarpophalangeal joints groove for 16.26b 13 tract of trigeminal nerve 64.16 veins 236.24 284.29, 292.26 Metacarpus 40.16, 400.42 nasal nucleus 292.27 interosseous spaces 64.15 concha 20.15, 136.12 14 Mesencephalon 290.27 Metaphysis 402.48 meatus 32.5, 136.21 sections 292.21 Metatarsal phalanx 15 Mesenteric arteries, plantar 228.23 fingers 40.26 artery bones 52.17 toes 52.26 inferior 220.12 base 52.18 pharyngeal constrictor muscle 16 superior 220.1 head 52.20 118.29 ganglion shaft 52.19 rectal 17 inferior 348.16 tuberosity artery 224.7 superior 348.14 fifth metatarsal 52.22 plexus 350.13 lymph nodes 264.1 first metatarsal 52.21 veins 250.19 18 inferior 264.11 interosseous spaces 72.17 sinus 138.7 plexus ligaments superior alveolar branch of in- inferior 350.1 deep transverse 72.21 fraorbital 19 superior 348.28 dorsal 72.15 nerve 324.4 vein intersseous 72.14 suprarenal artery 220.16 20 inferior 248.33 plantar 72.16 temporal superior 248.20 superficial transverse 100.19 artery 198.6, 204.27 Mesenteriolum 178.9 veins groove for 16.15 21 Mesenterium 178.2 dorsal 252.20 branches of lateral occipital dorsale commune 178.1 plantar 252.25 artery 208.4 22 Mesentery 178.2 Metatarsophalangeal joints 72.18 gyrus 308.22 dorsal 178.1 Metatarsus 52.16, 402.24 temporal vein 236.20 root 178.3 Metathalamus 296.26 thyroid veins 236.2 23 Mesial surface of tooth 110.28 sections 298.11 trunk 336.15 Meso-appendix 178.9 Metencephalon 284.1 Midtarsal joint, transverse 70.16 Mesocolic lymph nodes 264.8 Metopic suture 54.11 Milk teeth 112.25 24 Mesocolon 178.4 Midaxillary line 396.53 Minor of ascending colon (ascendens) Midbrain 290.27 calices of kidney 156.18 25 178.6 Midcarpal joint 62.17 sublingual ducts 110.4 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 456 Index

Mitral valve 188.26 Musculus(-i) 405.2 Musculus(-i) 1 Mixed nerve 408.5 abdominis 86.1 depressor Mobile part of nasal septum abductor supercilii 78.22 2 134.33 digiti minimi 92.9, 98.6 detrusor vesicae 158.4 Modiolus 80.9a, 376.22 hallucis 98.1 digastricus 82.7 base 376.23 pollicis dilator (dilatator) 405.11a 3 lamina 376.24 brevis 92.1 pupillae 358.11 Molar longus 90.22 dorsi 74.1 glands 108.34 adductor epicranius 78.6 4 teeth 112.23 brevis 94.24 erector spinae 74.10 Molecular layer hallucis 98.3 extensor 5 cerebellum 290.14 longus 94.23 carpi cerebral cortex 316.3 magnus 94.25 radialis Mongolian fold 366.6 minimus 94.25a brevis 90.14 6 Mons pubis 170.25 pollicis 90.6 longus 90.13 Motor anconaeus 88.24 ulnaris 90.18 7 nerve 408.9 antitragicus 388.19 digiti minimi 90.17 nucleus of trigeminal nerve arrectores pilorum 392.16 digitorum 90.15 286.1 articularis 405.14 brevis 96.26 8 root 334.5 cubiti 88.25 longus 96.8 trigeminal nerve 320.18 genus 94.21 hallucis Mouth aryepiglotticus 142.11 brevis 96.25 9 angle 108.11 arytenoideus longus 96.10 vestibule 108.3 obliquus 142.21 indicis 90.25 10 Mucosa 118.17 transversus 142.22 pollicis Mucosal layer of tympanic mem- auricularis(-es) 388.14 brevis 90.23 brane 380.33 anterior 78.23 longus 90.24 11 Mucous posterior 78.25 faciales 78.5 gland 406.7 superior 78.24 faucium 116.17 12 membrane of tongue 114.1 biceps fibularis Müllerian duct 172.33 brachii 88.12 brevis 96.12 Multiform layer of cerebral cor- femoris 96.2 longus 96.11 13 tex 316.8 bipennatus 405.9 tertius 96.9 Multipennate muscle 405.10 brachialis 88.18 flexor Muscle 405.2 brachioradialis 90.12 accessorius 98.9 14 Muscular bronchoesophageus 120.9 carpi arteries 202.8 buccinator 80.10 radialis 90.1 15 branches 408.8 bulbi 364.2 ulnaris 90.3 accessory nerve 332.37 bulbospongiosus 176.11 digiti minimi, brevis 92.10, axillary nerve 340.14 capitis 76.22 98.7 16 femoral nerve 344.2 ceratocricoideus 142.16 digitorum median nerve 338.12 chondroglossus 114.21 brevis 98.8 17 musculocutaneous nerve ciliaris 356.24 longus 96.23 338.2 coccygei 88.1 profundus 90.9 obturator nerve 342.29 coccygeus 88.2, 174.13 superficialis 90.6 18 perineal nerves 346.21 colli (cervicalis) 80.24 hallucis peroneal (fibular) nerve compressor urethrae 176.4a brevis 98.2 344.22, constrictor pharyngis longus 96.24 19 344.26 inferior 118.32 pollicis radial nerve 340.5 medius 118.29 brevis 92.2 20 tibial nerve 346.2 superior 118.22 longus 90.10 ulnar nerve 338.18 coracobrachialis 88.17 fusiformis 405.5 of vertebral artery 206.6 corrugator supercilii 78.21 gastrocnemius 96.14 21 fasciae 364.20 cremaster 86.19, 160.28 gemellus lacuna 98.20 cricoarytenoideus inferior 94.13 22 process, arytenoid cartilage lateralis 142.16 superior 94.12 140.22 posterior 142.15 genioglossus 114.19 triangle 398.26 cricothyroideus 142.12 geniohyoideus 82.12 23 trochlea 405.29 cruciatus 405.13 gluteus Musculocutaneous nerve 338.1 cutaneus 405.16 maximus 94.6 Musculophrenic deltoideus 88.6 medius 94.7 24 artery 210.11 depressor minimus 94.8 veins 234.17 anguli oris 80.1 gracilis 94.26 25 Musculotubal canal 12.28 labii inferioris 80.8 helicis septum 12.31 septi 78.16 major 388.15 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme minor 388.16 All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 457

Musculus(-i) Musculus(-i) Musculus(-i) hyoglossus 114.20 mentalis 80.11 puboprostaticus 162.23 1 iliacus 94.3 multifidi 76.15 puborectalis 174.9 iliococcygeus 174.10 multipennatus 405.10 pubovaginalis 174.8 2 iliocostalis 74.15 mylohyoideus 82.11 pubovesicalis 158.5 cervicis 74.18 nasalis 78.13 pyramidalis 86.8 lumborum 74.16 obliquus auricularis 388.18 3 thoracis 74.17 auricularis 388.21 quadratus 405.6 iliopsoas 94.2 capitis superior 78.2 femoris 94.14 incisurae helicis 388.22 externus abdominis 86.9 lumborum 86.32 4 infrahyoidei 82.13 inferior 78.3, 364.13 plantae 98.9 infraspinatus 88.8 internus abdominis 86.18 quadriceps femoris 94.16 5 intercostales superior 364.10 recto-uterinus 168.31 externi 84.15 obturator rectococcygeus 126.21 interni 84.17 externus 96.1 rectourethralis 126.22, 6 intimi 84.19 internus 94.11 158.7 interossei occipitofrontalis 78.7 rectovesicalis 158.6 7 dorsales 92.13 omohyoideus 82.15 rectus pedis 98.11 opponens abdominis 86.2 palmares 92.14 digiti minimi 92.11, 98.7a capitis 8 plantares 98.12 pollicis 92.5 anterior 76.24 interspinales 76.6 orbicularis 405.12 lateralis 78.1 cervicis 76.7 labial part 78.28 posterior 9 lumborum 76.9 marginal part 78.27 major 76.25 thoracis 76.8 oculi 78.17 minor 76.26 10 intertransversarii 74.21 oris 78.26 femoris 94.17 anteriores cervicis 74.28 orbitalis 364.3 inferior 364.5 laterales lumborum 74.22 ossiculourm auditoriorum lateralis 364.7 11 mediales lumborum 74.23 384.1 medialis 364.6 posteriores cervicis 74.25 palati 116.17 superior 364.4 12 thoracis 74.24 palatoglossus 116.22 rhomboideus ischiocavernosus 176.10 palatopharyngeus 116.23 major 74.5 laryngis 142.10 palmaris minor 74.6 13 latissimus dorsi 74.4 brevis 90.26 risorius 80.3 levator longus 90.2 rotatores 76.16 anguli oris 80.9 papillaris(-es) 186.3 cervicis 76.17 14 ani 174.6 anterior 188.16, 190.8 lumborum 76.19 glandulae thyroideae 82.20 posterior 188.17, 190.9 thoracis 76.18 15 labii superioris 80.6 septales 188.18 sacrococcygeus alaeque nasi 80.7 pectinati 186.15, 188.21a dorsalis 88.4 palpebrae superioris 364.14 pectineus 94.22 ventralis 88.3 16 prostatae 174.8 pectoralis salpingopharyngeus 118.28 scapulae 74.7 major 84.3 sartorius 94.15 17 veli palatini 116.19 minor 84.7 scalenus levatores costarum 84.12 perinei (perineales) 174.3 anterior 82.2 breves 84.14 peroneus tuberculum 6.18 18 longi 84.13 brevis 96.12 medius 82.3 linguae (linguales) 114.18 longus 96.11 minimus 82.5 longissimus 74.11 tertius 96.9 posterior 82.4 19 capitis 74.14 pharyngopalatinus 116.23 semimembranosus 96.6 cervicis 74.13 piriformis 94.10 semispinalis 76.11 20 thoracis 74.12 plantaris 96.20 capitis 76.14 longitudinalis pleuroesophageus 120.10 cervicis 76.13 inferior 114.24 popliteus 96.21 thoracis 76.12 21 superior 114.23 procerus 78.12 semitendinosus 96.5 longus pronator serratus 22 capitis 78.4 quadratus 90.11 anterior 84.11 colli 82.1 teres 88.26 posterior lumbricales 92.12 psoas inferior 74.8 23 pedis 98.10 major 94.4 superior 74.9 masseter 80.12 minor 94.5 skeleti 405.15 masticatorii 78.5 pterygoideus soleus 96.17 24 membri lateralis 80.16 sphincter 405.11 inferioris 94.1 medialis 80.17 ampullae hepatopancreat- 25 superioris 88.5 pubococcygeus 174.7 icae 134.15 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 458 Index

Musculus(-i) Musculus(-i) Nasal 1 sphincter transversus cartilages 134.23 ani perinei accessory 134.29 2 externus 126.31, 174.14 profundus 176.3 lateral 134.24 internus 126.20 superficialis 176.9 cavity 32.1, 136.1 ductus thoracis 84.21 concha 3 choledochi 134.13 trapezius 74.2 highest, rudimentary 20.13 pancreatici 128.18 triangularis 405.7 inferior 20.17, 136.13 pupillae 358.10 triceps middle 20.15, 136.12 4 pyloricus 122.8 brachii 88.19 superior 20.14, 136.11 urethrae 176.4 surae 96.13 crest 24.2, 24.32 5 urethrovaginalis 176.4b unipennatus 405.8 foramina 20.27a spinalis 76.2 uvulae 116.21 glands 136.16a capitis 76.5 vastus meatus 6 cervicis 76.4 intermedius 94.19 inferior 32.6, 136.23 thoracis 76.3 lateralis 94.18 middle 32.5, 136.21 7 splenus medialis 94.20 superior 32.4, 136.20 capitis 74.20 verticalis linguae 114.26 mucosa of olfactory region cervicis 74.19 vocalis 142.18 388.24 8 stapedius 384.3 zygomaticus muscle, alar part 78.15 sternalis 84.2 major 80.4 notch 22.11 sternocleidomastoideus 80.26 minor 80.5 openings 136.2 9 sternohyoideus 82.14 Myenteric plexus 350.5 part of frontal bone 18.18 sternothyroideus 82.18 Mylohyoid region 398.16 10 styloglossus 114.22 branch of inferior alveolar septum 136.4 stylohyoideus 82.10 artery 198.14 bony 32.2, 136.6 stylopharyngeus 118.27 groove 28.9 cartilaginous 134.30, 11 subclavius 84.8 line 26.22 136.5a subcostales 84.20 nerve 326.10 lateral process 134.30a 12 suboccipitales 76.23 Myocardium 186.7 membranous part 136.5 subscapularis 88.11 Myology (myologia) 405.1 mobile part 134.33 supinator 90.21 posterior process 134.31 13 suprahyoidei 82.6 N spine 18.19 supraspinatus 88.7 anterior 22.12 suspensorius duodeni 124.10 Nail(-s) 392.20 posterior 24.31 14 tarsalis body 392.26 surface 24.28 inferior 366.23 groove 392.23 maxilla 22.18 15 superior 366.22 matrix 392.21 palatine bone 24.17 temporalis 80.15 crest of 392.22 veins, external 236.10 temporoparietalis 78.10 root 392.27 venule of retina 16 tensor sinus 392.24 inferior 360.11 fasciae latae 94.9 wall 392.25 superior 360.10 17 tympani 384.2 Nares 136.2 vestibule, hairs 392.8 veli palatini 116.20 Nasal Nasion 28.34 tensoris tympani semicanalis arteriole of retina Nasociliary nerve 322.1 18 12.29 inferior 360.11 Nasofrontal vein 242.26 teres superior 360.10 Nasolabial node 256.12 major 88.10 artery, dorsal 202.21 Nasolacrimal 19 minor 88.9 bone 20.26 canal 32.7 thoracis 84.1 border, frontal bone 18.20 duct 368.23 20 thyroarytenoideus 142.20 branches aperture 136.23a thyroepiglotticus 142.19 anterior ethmoidal nerve Nasomaxillary suture 54.27 thyrohyoideus 82.19 322.6 Nasopalatine nerve 322.20 21 tibialis external 322.10 long 322.20a anterior 96.7 internal 322.7 short 322.20c 22 posterior 96.22 lateral 322.8 Nasopharyngeal trachealis 144.21 medial 322.9 meatus 32.9, 136.24 tragicus 388.17 infraorbital nerve tonsil 116.27 23 transversospinales 76.10 external 324.10 Nasopharynx 116.26 transversus internal 324.11 Nasus externus 134.18 abdominis 86.20 pterygopalatine ganglion Navicular 24 auricularis 388.20 322.23 bone 52.7 linguae 114.25 lateral posterior superior tuberosity 52.8 25 menti 80.2 322.18 fossa, urethra 164.31 nuchae 74.3 medial posterior superior valve 164.32 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy322.19 © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 459

Neck Nervus(-i) Nervus(-i) of femur 46.5 antebrachii digitales 1 of fibula 48.19 anterior 338.11 plantares of gallbladder 134.4 posterior 340.7 communes 346.10, 346.14 2 of humerus auricularis(-es) proprii 346.11, 346.15 anatomical 36.4 anteriores 324.29 dorsalis surgical 36.5 magnus 334.28 clitoridis 346.23 3 lymph nodes 256.2 posterior 328.6 penis 346.22 of mandible 28.14 auriculotemporalis 324.24 scapulae 336.20 muscles 80.24 autonomicus 408.12 encephalici 320.2, 408.1 4 of radius 38.5 axillaris 340.13 ethmoidalis of ribs 6.11 buccalis 324.23 anterior 322.5 5 of scapula 34.23 canalis pterygoidei 328.23 posterior 322.4 of talus 50.5 cardiacus cervicalis facialis 328.1 of tooth 110.20 inferior 352.10 femoralis 344.1 6 of urinary bladder 156.29 medius 352.7 fibularis Neocerebellum 290.8 superior 352.4 communis 344.18 7 Neocortex 314.22 caroticotympanici 330.24 profundus 344.26 Nephros 154.3 caroticus superficialis 344.21 Nerve 407.2 externi 350.31 frontalis 320.23 8 branches, internal carotid internus 350.29 genitofemoralis 342.21 200.21 cavernosi glossopharyngeus 330.17 cell 408.18 clitoridis 350.20 gluteus 9 body 408.19 penis 350.19 inferior 344.13 to external acoustic meatus cervicales 334.14 superior 344.12 10 324.25 chordae tympani canaliculus hypogastricus, dexter/sinister fibers 12.24 350.10 afferent 407.6 ciliares hypoglossus 334.1 11 autonomic 407.9 breves 320.10 iliohypogastricus 342.15 efferent 407.7 longi 322.3 ilioinguinalis 342.18 12 postganglionic 407.18 coccygeus 342.7, 346.24 incisivus 322.20 preganglionic 407.17 cochlearis 330.3, 330.15 infraorbitalis 324.1 somatic 407.8 craniales 320.2, 408.1 infratrochlearis 322.11 13 visceral 407.9 cutaneus intercostales 340.20 foramina 372.22 antebrachii intercostobrachiales 340.23 to lateral pterygoid 324.17 lateralis 338.3 intermediofacialis 328.1 14 to medial pterygoid 324.18 medialis 338.5 intermedius 328.19 to obturator internus muscle posterior 340.4 interosseus 15 344.9 brachii anterior 338.11 of pterygoid canal 328.23 lateralis cruris 346.3 to pyriformis muscle inferior 340.3 posterior 340.7 16 344.10 superior 340.15 ischiadicus 344.17 to quadratus femoris 344.11 medialis 338.4 jugularis 350.28 17 roots 336.12a posterior 340.2 labiales to stapedius 328.3 dorsalis anteriores 342.20 to subclavius 336.22 intermedius 344.24 posteriores 346.20 18 to tensor tympani muscle lateralis 346.6 lacrimalis 320.21 324.22 medialis 344.23 laryngealis to tensor veli palatini muscle femoris recurrens 332.15 19 324.21 lateralis 342.24 superior 332.10 Nervous posterior 344.14 laryngeus, inferior 332.18 20 part of retina 358.22 perforans 344.16a lingualis 326.1 system 268.21 surae lumbales (lumbares) 342.1 tissue 408.17 lateralis 344.19 mandibularis 324.13 21 Nervus(-i) 407.2 medialis 346.4 massetericus 324.15 abducens 326.18 digitales maxillaris 322.13 22 accessorius 332.31 communes 338.15 meatus acustici externi 324.25 alveolaris(-es) dorsales medianus 338.8 inferior 326.9 digiti secundi medialis mentalis 326.14 23 superiores 324.2 344.28 mixtarum neurofibrarum 408.5 ampullaris hallucis lateralis 344.28 mixtus 408.5 anterior 330.10 (hand) 338.20, 340.10 motorius 408.9 24 lateralis 330.11 pedis 344.25 musculi posterior 330.13 palmares obturatorii interni 344.9 25 anococcygei 346.26 communes 338.23 piriformis 344.10 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomyproprii 338.16,© 2000 338.24 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 460 Index

Nervus(-i) Nervus(-i) Nodulus(-i) 290.2 1 musculi splanchnicus lymphaticus (lymphonodulus) quadrati femoris 344.11 minor 352.18 254.29, 406.22 2 tensoris sacrales 352.24 thymici accessorii 182.25 tympani 324.22 stapedius 328.3 valvularum semilunarium veli palatini 324.21 subclavius 336.22 188.14, 190.6 3 musculocutaneus 338.1 subcostalis 340.26 Nodus(-i) mylohyoideus 326.10 sublingualis 326.5 accessorii 258.12 nasociliaris 322.1 suboccipitalis 334.18 arcus venae azygos 260.17 4 nasopalatinus 322.20 subscapulares 340.11 atrioventricularis 186.9 breves 322.20c supraclaviculares 336.4 buccinatorius 256.11 5 longus 322.20a intermedii 336.6 cysticus 262.30 nervorum 408.16 laterales (posteriores) 336.7 fibularis 266.23 obturatorius 342.25 mediales 336.5 foraminalis 262.31 6 accessorius 342.30 supraorbitalis 320.24 jugulodigastricus 258.6 occipitalis suprascapularis 336.23 juguloomohyoideus 258.8 7 major 334.19 supratrochlearis 320.27 lacunaris minor 334.27 suralis 346.5 intermedius 264.26 tertius 334.20 temporales profundi 324.16 lateralis 264.27 8 oculomotorius 320.5 terminalis 352.27 medialis 264.25 olfactorii 320.3 thoracici 340.16 ligamenti arteriosi 260.10 ophthalmicus 320.19 longus 336.21 lymphaticus(-i) 254.23, 406.21 9 opticus 320.4, 354.4 thoracodorsalis 340.12 anorectales 266.12 palatinus tibialis 346.1 anteriores 258.5, 258.10 10 major 322.22 transversus colli 336.1 aortici laterales 262.3 minores 322.24 trigeminus 320.15 apicales 258.17 pectoralis trochlearis 320.13 appendiculares 264.7 11 lateralis 336.29 tympanicus 330.20 axillares 258.16 medialis 336.28 ulnaris 338.17 brachiales 258.18, 258.24 12 pelvici splanchnici 352.34 utricularis 330.9 cavales laterales 262.8 perineales 346.19 utriculoampullaris 330.8 centrales 258.21, 264.3 petrosus vaginales 350.17 cervicales 13 major 328.24 vagus 332.1 anteriores 256.17 majoris, hiatus of canal 14.4 vasorum 406.20, 408.15 laterales 258.1 minor 330.32 vertebralis 352.12 coeliaci 262.14 14 hiatus of canal 14.5 vestibularis 330.2, 330.4 colici (dextra/media/sinistra) profundus 328.25 vestibulocochlearis 330.1 264.10 15 pharyngeus 322.21 zygomaticus 322.25 cubitales 258.25 phrenici accessorii 336.11 Neural lobe of pituitary gland deltopectorales 258.23 phrenicus 336.8 182.21 epigastrici inferiores 262.12 16 plantaris Neuritum 408.20 faciales 256.10 lateralis 346.12 Neurocentral junction (synchon- gastrici (dextri/sinistri) 262.15 17 medialis 346.9 drosis) 2.6a gastro-omentales (dextri/ pterygoideus Neurocranium 8.1a sinistri) 262.17 lateralis 324.17 Neurocytus 408.18 gluteales inferiores 266.3 18 medialis 324.18 Neuroepithelial layer of retina hepatici 262.29 pudendus 346.17 358.23 ileocolici 264.4 radialis 340.1 Neuroepithelium 370.24, 372.8 iliaci 19 rectales (anales) inferiores Neurofibrae communes 264.15 346.18 afferentes 407.6 intermedii 264.17 20 saccularis 330.14 associationes 318.33 laterales 264.18 sacrales 342.7 autonomicae 407.9 mediales 264.16 saphenus 344.4 commissurales 318.34 promontorii 264.20 21 sciaticus 344.17 efferentes 407.7 subaortici 264.19 scrotales postganglionicae 407.18 externi 264.21 22 anteriores 342.19 praeganglionicae 407.17 interiliaci 264.28 posteriores 346.20 projectiones 318.35 intermedii 264.23 sensorius 408.10 somaticae 407.8 laterales 264.24 23 spinalis(-es) 334.3, 407.23 tangentiales 316.9 mediales 264.22 sulcus 2.22 Neurohypophysis 182.19, 296.39, obturatorii 264.29 spinosus 324.14 304.9 interni 266.1 24 splanchnicus Neuron 408.18 inferiores 266.17 imus 352.20 Nipple 394.19 infra-auriculares 256.8 25 lumbales (lumbares) 352.22 Node of Aschoff-Tawara 186.9 infraclaviculares 258.23 major 352.16 Nodose ganglion 332.3 infrahyoidei 256.19a Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 461

Nodus(-i) Nodus(-i) Nuclear regions 300.20 lymphaticus(-i) lymphaticus(-i) Nucleus(-i) 1 inguinales profundi 256.19, 258.28 ambiguus 282.20 profundi 266.18 inferiores 258.7 ansae lenticularis 302.15 2 superficiales 266.14 superiores 258.3 anteriores (thalami) 298.13 intercostales 260.4 pylorici 262.18 anterodorsalis (anterosupe- interpectorales 258.22 rectales superiores 264.13 rior), (thalamus) 3 intraglandulares 256.9 regionales 256.1 298.14 jugulares anteriores 256.18 retroauriculares 256.4 anterolateralis 274.19 juxtaintestinales 264.2 retrocaecales 264.6 anteromedialis 274.20 4 juxtaoesophageales pulmo- retropharyngeales 256.23a, (thalamus) 298.16 nales 260.12 258.13 anteroventralis (anteroinfe- 5 laryngis 144.16 sacrales 266.4 rior), laterales 258.4, 258.9 sigmoidei 264.12 (thalamus) 298.15 linguales 256.14a solitarii 126.12 arcuatus(-i) 282.22, 302.22, 6 lumbales (lumbares) splenici (linales) 262.25 304.5 dextri 262.7 submandibulares 256.16 basales 316.20 7 intermedii 262.6 submentales 256.15 caudatus 316.22 sinistri 262.2 subscapulares 258.19 centralis 274.24 mastoidei 256.4 superficiales 256.18, 258.2, lateralis 298.28 8 mediastinales anteriores 258.27 medialis 298.29 260.9 superiores 264.3 centromedianus 298.25 mesenterici 264.1 superolaterales 266.16 cerebellaris 290.17 9 inferiores 264.11 superomediales 266.15 cochleares 282.16, 286.13 mesocolici 264.8 supraclaviculares 258.11 colliculi inferioris 294.19 10 occipitales 256.3 supratrochlearis 258.26 commissuralis 282.19 pancreatici 262.22 thyroidei 256.21 corporis geniculati inferiores 262.24 tracheobronchiales 260.13 lateralis 11 superiores 262.23 inferiores 260.15 pars dorsalis 300.12 pancreaticoduodenales superiores 260.14 pars ventralis 300.15 12 262.26 vesiculares laterales 266.9 medialis inferiores 262.28 viscerales 262.13 pars dorsalis 300.13 superiores 262.27 malaris 256.13 pars ventralis 300.16 13 paracolici 264.9 mandibularis 256.14 corporis mamillaris pararectales 266.12 nasolabialis 256.12 laterales 304.7 parasternales 260.3 retropylorici 262.21 mediales 304.7 14 paratracheales 256.23, 260.16 sinuatralis 186.8 corporis trapezoidei parauterini 266.10 subpylorici 262.20 anterior 286.15 15 paravaginales 266.11 suprapyloricus 262.19 posterior 286.16 paravesiculares 266.6 tibialis cuneatus 280.17 parietales 262.1, 264.14 anterior 266.21 accessorius 280.18 16 parotidei posterior 266.22 dentatus 290.18 profundi 256.6 Nomina generalia 405.36 dorsalis, nervi vagi 282.7 17 superficiales 256.5 Norma emboliformis 290.20 pectorales 258.20 basilaris 30.16 endopeduncularis 294.6 pericardiales laterales 260.8 facialis 28.32 fastigii 290.22 18 phrenici lateralis 30.10 globosus 290.21 inferiores 262.11 occipitalis 32.25 gracilis 280.15 superiores 260.6 verticalis (calvaria) 28.28 habenulares (medialis/later- 19 popliteales Nose 134.18 alis) 296.11 profundi 266.20 alae (wings) 22, 134 hypoglossalis 282.5 20 superficiales 266.19 dorsum (bridge) 134.20 hypothalamicus postaortici 262.5 posterior apertures of 32.10 anterior 302.20 postcavales 262.10 root 134.19 dorsalis 304.3 21 posteriores 260.11 tip 134.21 dorsomedialis 304.2 postvesiculares 266.8 vestibule 136.8 posterior 304.8 22 prae-auriculares 256.7 Nostrils 136.2 ventromedialis 304.1 praelaryngeales 256.20 Notch see Incisura infundibularis 304.5 praevertebrales 260.5 Nuchal intercalatus 282.8 23 preaortici 262.4 fascia 76.21 interpeduncularis 292.31 precaecales 264.5 line interstitialis (Cajal) 294.1 precavales 262.9 highest 8.25 lacrimalis 286.6 24 prepericardiales 260.7 inferior 8.27 lateralis pretracheales 256.22 superior 8.26 dorsalis 300.3 25 prevesiculares 266.7 region 398.32 posterior 300.2 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 462 Index

Nucleus(-i) Nucleus(-i) Obturator 1 lemnisci lateralis 286.18 subthalamicus 300.17 groove 55.17 lentiformis (lenticularis) supraopticus 302.18 membrane 66.2 2 316.26 tegmenti (tegmentales) 294.2 nerve 342.25 lentis 362.13 terminationis 408.4 accessory 342.30 medialis(-es) thalami 300.1 tubercle 3 dorsalis 298.22 tractus mesencephalici, nervi anterior 44.18 thalami 298.21 trigeminalis 292.27 posterior 44.19 mediani thalami 298.17 tuberales 302.23 veins 250.4 4 mesencephalicus, nervi vagalis dorsalis 282.7 accessory 250.24a trigeminalis 284.30 ventralis Occipital 396.18 5 motorius, nervi trigeminalis anterior 300.4 angle 16.36 286.1 intermedius 300.5 artery 196.15 nervi medialis 300.6 groove for 12.20 6 abducentis 286.2 posterior 300.7 lateral 208.2 accessorii 274.25 posterolateralis 300.8 medial 208.6 7 facialis 286.3 posteromedialis 300.9 bone 8.2 oculomotorii 292.28 ventrolaterales 300.1 basilar part 8.6 accessorius 292.29 vestibularis(-es) 282.12, 286.9 groove for inferior petrosal 8 phrenici 274.26 inferior 282.13 sinus 8.7 trochlearis 292.30 lateralis 282.15, 286.11 intrajugular process 8.21 nervorum cranialium 408.2 medialis 282.14, 286.10 lateral (condylar) part 8.9 9 olivaris superior 286.12 squamous part 8.10 accessorius Nutrient border 10 medialis 280.31 artery(-ies) 406.13 parietal bone 16.31 posterior 280.32 of femur 226.12a temporal bone 12.16 inferior 280.28 of fibula 228.17a branch(-es) 11 superioris 286.7 of humerus 212.28 occipital artery 196.20 originis 408.3 of tibia 229.11a posterior auricular 12 paracentralis 298.26 canal 404.7 artery 196.28 parafascicularis 298.27 foramen 404.6 nerve 328.7 paramedianus posterior 282.6 condyle 8.14 13 parasolitarius 282.11 O crest parasympathici sacrales 276.15 external 8.24 parataenialis (thalami) 298.20a Obex 288.8 internal 8.30 14 paraventricularis(-es) 302.19 Oblique diploic vein 238.28 anteriores/posteriores 298.18 arytenoid muscle 142.21 emissary vein 240.5 15 periventricularis posterior cord 62.11 lobe 308.10 304.4 diameter, pelvis 44.32 lymph nodes 256.3 pontinus, nervi trigeminalis fibers, stomach 122.9 nerve 16 284.27 fissure, lung 148.26 greater 334.19 pontis 284.16 head lesser 334.27 17 posteriores (thalami) 300.10 of adductor hallucis 98.4 third 334.20 posterolateralis 274.21 of adductor pollicis 92.7 plane 8.27a posteromedialis 274.23 line 26.19, 138.21 pole 308.11 18 preopticus muscle protuberance lateralis 302.17 external abdominal 86.9 external 8.22 medialis 302.17 internal abdominal 86.18 internal 8.29 19 pretectales 296.15 part of m. cricothyroideus region 398.12 pulposus 56.12 142.14 sinus 238.11 20 pulvinares 300.11 popliteal ligament 68.14 groove for 8.33a raphae 282.26 sinus of pericardium 184.9 sulcus, transverse 308.12 regionum 300.20 vein of left atrium 232.18 vein(-s) 234.9, 238.2, 240.15 21 reticulatus (thalami) 298.12, Oblong fovea 140.17 Occipitalis 396.18 298.24, 300.18 Obturator Occipitomastoid suture 54.5 22 retroposterolateralis 274.22 artery 222.14 Occipitotemporal reuniens 298.20 accessory 224.24 branch of medial occipital rhomboidalis 298.19 branch of inferior epigastric artery 208.11 23 ruber 294.3 artery 224.23 gyrus salivarius canal 66.3 lateral 310.22 inferior 282.21 crest 44.16 medial 310.20 24 superior 286.5 external iliac lymph nodes sulcus 310.21 solitarius 282.10 264.29 Occiput 28.31 25 spinalis, nervi trigeminalis fascia 174.20 Occluded part of umbilical artery 280.26, 284.26 foramen 42.4 222.29a Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 463

Occlusal surface of tooth 119.24 Optic Organum(-a) Oculomotor chiasma 296.32 gustatorium 388.26 1 nerve 320.5 disc (papilla) 360.1 oculi accessoria 364.1 branch of posterior com- nerve 320.4, 354.4 olfactorium (olfactus) 388.23 2 municating artery 208.20 radiation 300.29, 318.22 sensoria (sensuum) 354.1 nucleus 292.28 recess 298.4 spirale (Corti) 372.19 sulcus 290.31 tract 296.33 subcommissurale 296.19 3 Oculus 354.3 Ora serrata 358.26 subfornicale 296.18 Oesophagus 120.2 Oral urinaria 154.2 Olecranon 38.19 cavity 108.2 vestibulocochleare 370.1 4 fossa 36.25 proper 108.14 visus (visuale) 354.2 Olfactory small glands 108.31 vomeronasale 136.7 5 brain 310.26a, 312.1 fissure 108.4 Orifice of vagina 172.1 bulb 310.27 mucosa 108.19 Oropharynx 118.8 glands 136.16a region 398.17 Os(-sa) 6 glands (of Bowman) 388.25 Orbicular alveolare 112.17 gyri muscle 405.12 breve 402.42 7 lateral 310.31 zone 66.22 capitatum 40.12 medial 310.31 Orbiculus ciliaris 356.23 carpi (carpalia) 40.2 nerve 320.3 Orbit(-a) 32.12 centrale 40.3 8 organ 388.23 Orbital coccygis 4.37 region of nose 136.16 aditus 32.13 costale (costa) 6.7 striae branch(-es) coxae (pelvicum) 42.3 9 lateral 310.30 pterygopalatine ganglion cranii 8.1 medial 310.30 322.17 cuboideum 52.12 10 sulcus 136.10, 310.24 superior tympanic artery cuneiforme tract 310.28 198.22 intermedium 52.10 trigone 310.29 eminence 26.6a laterale 52.11 11 Olivary nucleus fasciae 364.17 mediale 52.9 inferior 280.28 fat body 364.23 digitorum 40.23 12 medial accessory 280.31 fissure pedis 52.23 posterior accessory 280.32 inferior 32.24 ethmoidale 20.1 superior 286.7 superior 10.22, 32.23 faciei 22.1 13 Olive (oliva) 278.23 gyri 310.25 femoris 46.2 Olivocerebellar tract 282.3 margin 32.14 frontale 18.1 Olivocochlear tract 286.8 muscle 364.3 squama 18.2 14 Olivospinal tract 276.33, 282.1 part hamatum 40.13 Omental of frontal bone 18.21 hyoideum 28.16 15 branches of gastroepiploic of inferior frontal gyrus ilii (iliacum) 42.10 artery 218.21, 218.33 306.32 incisivum 24.3 bursa 176.30 of lacrimal gland 368.11 interparietale 8.13 16 vestibule 176.31 of m. orbicularis oculi 78.19 irregulare 402.44 foramen 176.29 of optic nerve 354.7 ischii 44.1 17 recess plate 20.11 lacrimale 20.21 lower 176.33 process 24.25 longum 402.41 upper 176.32 region 398.15 lunatum 40.6 18 Omentum septum 364.19 membri major 178.14 sulci 310.26 inferioris 42.1 minor 178.10 surface superioris 34.1 19 Omoclavicular triangle 398.31 frontal bone 18.22 metacarpi (metacarpalia) 40.17 Opercular part of inferior frontal maxilla 22.4 tertium 40.21 20 gyrus 306.31 sphenoid 10.27 metatarsi (metatarsalia) 52.17 Operculum zygomatic bone 26.4 multangulum frontoparietale 308.7 veins 242.24a majus 40.9 21 temporale 308.20 Orchis 158.16 minus 40.11 Ophthalmic Organ of Corti 372.19 nasale 20.26 22 artery 202.1 Organum(-a) naviculare 40.4, 52.7 nerve 320.19 extraperitoneale 176.22 occipitale 8.2 vein genitalia pars basilaris 8.6 23 inferior 244.8 feminina pars lateralis 8.9 superior 242.25 externa 170.23 processus intrajugularis 8.21 Opisthion 8.5 interna 166.5 palatinum 24.15 24 Optic masulina parietale 16.24 axis 354.22 externa 162.26 pisiforme 40.8 25 canal 10.20 interna 158.15 planum 402.43 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 464 Index

Os(-sa) Ostium(-a) Palatine 1 pneumaticum 402.45 valvae ilealis 124.20 raphe 108.18 pubis 44.8 venae cavae spines 24.6 2 sacrum (sacrale) 4.16 inferioris 186.24 sulcus, greater 22.23, 24.20 pars lateralis 4.21 superioris 186.23 surface 24.29 scaphoideum 40.4 venarum pulmonalium 188.23 tooth 110.26 3 sesamoidea Otic ganglion 324.19, 326.17, suture fingers 40.32 330.31, 352.31 median 54.33 toes 52.32 Outer 396.30a transverse 54.34 4 sphenoidale 10.1 margin of foot 402.21 tonsil 116.9 ala major 10.23 Oval window 378.23 vein, external 236.16 5 ala minor 10.19 Ovarian Palatoethmoidal suture 54.32 spina 1−38 artery 222.3 Palatoglossal arch 116.6 suprasternalia 6.34 branch of uterine artery 224.4 Palatomaxillary suture 54.31 6 suturalia 30.9 fimbria 166.33 Palatopharyngeal arch 116.7 tarsi (tarsalia) 50.2 follicles Palatovaginal 7 temporale 12.14 primary 166.18 canal 30.28 thoracis 6.1 vesicular (Graafian) 166.19 groove 12.8 trapezium 40.9 fossa 180.29 Palatum 108.15 8 trapezoideum 40.11 ligament 166.28 durum 108.16 trigonum 50.21 plexus 348.27 molle 108.17, 116.4 triquetrum 40.7 vein osseum 30.22 9 zygomaticum 26.1 left 246.31 Paleocerebellum 290.7 Osseous right 246.34 Paleocortex 314.21 10 ampullae 376.10 Ovary (ovarium) 166.6 Palma manus 400.39 anterior 376.11 cortex 166.16 Palmar 396.41 lateral 376.13 hilum 166.7 aponeurosis 92.24 11 posterior 376.12 medulla 166.17 arch crus 376.14 stroma 166.15 deep 214.11 12 ampullary 376.17 suspensory ligament 180.28 superficial 214.27 common 376.15 Oviduct 166.29 branch simple 376.16 Ovoidal joint 404.32 median nerve 338.13 13 labyrinth 374.20 Ovum (oocyte) 166.25 ulnar nerve 338.21 part of auditory tube 384.15 carpal branch semicircular canals 376.6 P radial artery 214.3 14 Ossicle 40.3 ulnar artery 214.24 Ossicula auditoria (auditus) Pacchionian granulations 28.27 carpometacarpal ligaments 15 382.1 Pacinian corpuscles 390.23 64.9 Osteology (osteologia) 402.29 Palaeocortex 314.21 digital veins 244.31 Ostium(-a) Palate 108.15 intercarpal ligaments 62.25 16 abdominale tubae uterinae hard 30.22, 108.16 ligaments 64.18, 64.22 166.30 muscles of 116.17 metacarpal 17 aortae 184.31, 190.1 soft 108.17, 116.4 arteries 214.12 appendicis vermiformis 124.23 Palatine ligaments 64.13 atrioventriculare 184.29 aponeurosis 116.18 veins 244.33 18 dextrum 188.2 artery radiocarpal ligament 62.19 sinistrum 188.25 ascending 196.8 side of fingers 400.49 cardiacum (cardia) 120.27 descending 200.5 ulnocarpal ligament 62.20 19 papillae ilealis 124.21a greater 200.6 Palmaris 396.41 pharyngeum tubae auditivae lesser 200.7 Palmate folds 168.22 20 (auditoriae) 118.2, 384.25 bone 24.15 Palpebra(-ae) 366.2 pyloricum 122.2 canals inferior 366.4 sinus coronarii 186.27a greater 30.17 superior 366.3 21 trunci pulmonalis 184.30, lesser 24.22 Palpebral 188.9 crest 24.33 arch 22 tympanicum tubae auditoriae folds, transverse 108.29 inferior 202.19 384.14 foramina superior 202.18 ureteris 158.12 greater 30.23 arteries 23 urethrae lesser 24.30 lateral 202.5 externum 164.33 glands 108.35 medial 202.17 femininae 172.14 grooves 24.7 branches of infratrochlear 24 internum 158.13 nerves nerve 322.12 uteri 168.18 greater 322.22 commissure, lateral 366.9 25 uterinum tubae 166.37 lesser 322.24 conjunctiva 368.2 vaginae 172.1 process 24.1 fissure 366.8 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 465

Palpebral Papilla(-ae) Paraventricular ligament lentiformes 114.8 fibers 304.22 1 lateral 366.20 linguales 114.3 nuclei 302.19 medial 366.18 mammae 394.19 anterior/posterior 298.18 2 part nervi optici 360.1 Paraventriculohypophysial tract of lacrimal gland 368.12 pili 392.12 304.24 of m. orbicularis oculi 78.18 renales 154.33 Paravertebral 3 raphe, lateral 366.19 vallatae 114.7 line 396.56 surface Papillary lymph nodes 260.5 anterior 366.5 foramina 154.35 Paravesical fossa 180.21 4 posterior 366.7 layer 390.17 Parenchyma 182.9, 406.2 veins 244.6 muscles 186.3 prostate 162.20 5 inferior 236.11 anterior 188.16, 190.8 testis 158.28 superior 236.9 posterior 188.17, 190.8 Paries Pampiniform plexus 246.35 septal 188.18 anterior 6 Pancreas 128.1 process 130.27 (stomach) 120.16 accessorium 128.20 Para-aortic bodies 194.3 (vagina) 170.6 7 capsule 128.14 Paracentral caroticus 380.19 endocrine 128.21 artery 204.15 externus ductus cochlearis exocrine 128.15 lobule 310.8 374.4 8 head 128.2 nucleus 298.26 inferior 32.18 tail 128.13 Paracervix 168.25 jugularis 378.20 Pancreatic Paracolic labyrinthicus 378.22 9 artery, dorsal 218.27 lymph nodes 264.9 lateralis 32.19 branches sulci 180.8 mastoideus 380.7, 380.8 10 anterior superior pancreati- Paradidymis 160.12 medialis 32.20 coduodenal Paraduodenal membranaceus 380.20 artery 218.22 fold 178.32 (trachea) 144.23 11 posterior superior pancreati- recess 178.33 posterior coduodenal Parafascicular nucleus 298.27 (stomach) 120.17 12 artery 218.16 Paraflocculus 290.5 (vagina) 170.7 splenic artery 218.26 Parahippocampal gyrus 310.15 superior 32.17 duct 128.17 Paramammary lymph nodes tegmentalis 378.17 13 accessory 128.19 260.2 tympanicus ductus cochlearis lobule 128.16 Paramastoid process 8.34 372.18 lymph nodes 262.22 Paramedian lobule 288.36 vestibularis ductus cochlearis 14 inferior 262.24 Paramesonephric duct 172.33 374.3 superior 262.23 Parametrium 168.24 Parietal 15 notch 128.4 Paranasal sinuses 138.1 arteries plexus 348.21 Pararectal lymph nodes 266.12 anterior 204.33 veins 248.23, 248.30 Pararenal fatty body 154.13 posterior 204.33 16 Pancreaticoduodenal Parasternal bone 16.24 artery line 396.49 border 17 anterior superior 218.22 lymph nodes 260.3 frontal bone 18.11 inferior 220.2 Parasympathetic sphenoid 10.30 posterior superior 218.15 ganglion 407.22 temporal bone 16.11 18 lymph nodes 262.26 nuclei, sacral 276.15 branch inferior 262.28 root medial occipital artery 208.8 superior 262.27 oculomotor nerve 320.9 superficial temporal artery 19 veins 248.24 pterygopalatine ganglion 198.8 Panniculus adiposus 390.20 322.16a superior tympanic artery 20 Papilla(-ae) 390.17 system 352.26 198.21 conicae 114.5 Paratenial nucleus of thalamus emissary vein 240.2 dentis 112.8 298.20a foramen 16.39 21 ductus parotidei 108.28 Paraterminal gyrus 312.5 layer 184.5 duodeni Parathyroid gland of tunica vaginalis testis 22 major 124.12 inferior 182.12 162.2 minor 124.13 superior 182.11 lobe 308.1 filiformes 114.4 Paratracheal lymph nodes lobule 23 foliatae 114.9 256.23, 260.16 inferior 308.6 fungiformes 114.6 Paraumbilical veins 248.16 superior 308.4 gingivalis 108.24 Paraurethral duct 164.36, 172.20 lymph nodes 262.1 24 ilealis 124.19a Parauterine lymph nodes nodes of pelvis 264.14 incisiva 108.30 266.10 notch 16.12 25 lacrimalis 168.17 Paravaginal lymph nodes 266.11 pelvic fascia 174.19 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 466 Index

Parietal Pars(-tes) Pars(-tes) 1 peritoneum 176.23 basalis exocrina pancreatis 128.15 pleura 152.15 (left pulmonary artery) fetalis (placenta) 172.29 2 region 398.11 190.38 flaccida 380.22 tuber 16.30 (right pulmonary artery) glossopharyngea 118.26 veins 240.14 190.24 horizontalis (inferior), 3 Parieto-occipital basilaris (duodenum) 124.5 artery 204.17 ossis occipitalis 8.6 inferior branch of medial occipital pontis 284.8 (left superior pulmonary 4 artery 208.9 basolateralis (amygdaloid vein) 232.3 fasciculus 318.28 body) 318.3 (vestibular ganglion) 330.12 5 sulcus 310.10 buccopharyngea 118.24 inferoposterior (cerebellum) Parietomastoid suture 54.12 cardiaca (stomach) 120.21 288.32 Parietotemporopontine fibers cartilaginea infraclaviculares (brachial 6 292.5 (nasal septum) 136.5a plexus) 336.24 Paroophoron 170.21 (tubae auditoriae) 384.18 infralobaris (superior right 7 Parotid cartilaginosa 402.37 pulmonary vein) 230.12 branch(-es) cavernosa (internal carotid) insularis (middle cerebral auriculotemporal nerve 200.16 artery) 204.23 8 324.27 centralis (lateral ventricle) intercartilaginea (rima glot- facial vein 236.15 314.2 tidis) 144.7 posterior auricular artery ceratopharyngea 118.31 intermedia 9 196.28a cerebralis (internal carotid) (adenohypophysis) 182.16 superficial temporal artery 200.24 bulborum 170.35 10 198.2 cervicalis intermembranacea (rima glot- duct 110.11 (internal carotid) 200.11 tidis) 144.6 fascia 80.20 (oesophagus) 120.3 intersegmentalis 11 gland 110.7 (thoracic duct) 254.19 (inferior right pulmonary accessory 110.10 (trachea) 144.18 vein) 230.20, 230.25 12 lymph nodes chondropharyngea 118.30 (left inferior pulmonary deep 256.6 ciliaris retinae 358.27 vein) 232.7 superficial 256.5 circopharyngea 118.34 (left superior pulmonary 13 papilla 108.28 clavicularis (m. pectoralis vein) 230.31, 230.34 veins 236.28 major) 84.4 (superior basal vein) 232.12 Pars(-tes) compacta (substantia nigra) (superior right pulmonary 14 abdominalis 292.8 vein) 230.7, 230.10 aortae 216.19 convoluta (renal cortex) 154.27 intracanicularis (optic nerve) 15 (m. pectoralis major) 84.6 corneoscleralis (trabecular 354.6 (oesophagus) 120.5 meshwork) 354.28 intracranialis (thoracic duct) 254.21 corporis 396.46 (optic nerve) 354.5 16 (ureter) 156.20 corticalis (vertebral artery) 206.8 affixa (liver) 128.29 (middle cerebral artery) intralaminaris (optic nerve) 17 alaris (m. nasalis) 78.15 204.29 354.10 alveolaris 26.26 (posterior cerebral artery) intralobaris (superior right anterior 208.1 pulmonary vein) 230.13 18 (anterior commissure) corticomedialis (amygdaloid intraocularis (optic nerve) 318.31 body) 318.4 354.8 (cerebellum) 288.23 costalis intrasegmentalis 19 (fornix of vagina) 170.3 diaphragmatis 84.27 (inferior right pulmonary (liver) 128.26 (parietal pleura) 152.17 vein) 230.19, 230.24 20 (midbrain) 290.29 cranialis (parasympathetic sys- (left inferior pulmonary pontis 284.8 tem) 352.26a vein) 232.6 anularis vaginae fibrosae cruciformis vaginae fibrosae (left superior pulmonary 21 92.28, 100.23 92.29, 100.24 vein) 230.30, 230.33 aryepiglottica (m. arytenoideus cuneiformis vomeris 20.30b (superior basal vein) 232.11 22 obliquus) 142.21a cupularis 378.19 (superior right pulmonary ascendens descendens vein) 230.6, 230.9 aortae 192.4 aortae 216.1 iridica retinae 358.28 23 (duodenum) 124.6 (duodenum) 124.4 labialis (m. orbicularis oris) atlantica (vertebral artery) dextra (liver) 128.27 78.28 206.7 diaphragmatica (parietal lacrimalis (m. orbicularis oculi) 24 autonomica 348.1 pleura) 152.18 78.20 abdominalis 348.9a distalis (adenohypophysis) laryngea pharyngis 118.12 25 pelvica 350.8a 182.17 lateralis thoracica 348.3a endocrina pancreatis 128.21 (fornix of vagina) 170.5 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 467

Pars(-tes) Pars(-tes) Pars(-tes) lateralis petrosa superficialis 1 ossis occipitalis 8.9 ossis temporalis 12.15 (glandula parotidea) ossis sacri 4.21 apex 12.25 110.8 2 (superior right pulmonary facies anterior 14.1 (m. masseter) 80.13 vein) 230.15 facies inferior 14.23 (m. sphincter ani externus) libera membri facies posterior 14.11 174.16 3 inferioris 46.1 margo posterior 14.17 superior superioris 36.1 pharyngea (adenohypophysis) (duodenum) 124.2 lumbalis diaphragmatis 182.18 (left superior pulmonary 4 84.24 pigmentosa (retina) 358.21 vein) 232.2 marginalis (m. orbicularis oris) plana 356.23 (liver) 128.24 5 78.27 plicata 356.20 (vestibular ganglion) 330.7 magnocellularis (red nucleus) postcommunicalis supraclavicularis (brachial 294.5 (anterior cerebral artery) plexus) 336.19 6 medialis (superior right pul- 204.8 sympathetica 350.21 monary vein) 230.16 (posterior cerebral artery) tensa 380.23 7 mediastinalis (parietal pleura) 206.26 terminalis (middle cerebral 152.16 posterior artery) 204.29 membranacea (anterior commissure) thalamolentiformis (internal 8 (interventricular septum) 318.32 capsule) 318.14 184.24 (fornix of vagina) 170.4 thoracica (nasal septum) 136.5 (liver) 128.28 aortae 216.2 9 (urethra) 164.29 (midbrain) 290.30 (oesophagus) 120.4 mobilis septi nasi 134.33 pontis 284.17 (thoracic duct) 254.20 10 muscularis (interventricular postlaminaris (optic nerve) (trachea) 144.19 septum) 184.23 354.9 thyroepiglottica (m. thy- mylopharyngea 118.25 postsulcalis (tongue) 112.33 roarytenoideus) 142.20a 11 nasalis precommunicalis thyropharyngea 118.33 ossis frontalis 18.18 (anterior cerebral artery) tibiocalcanea 70.4 12 pharyngis 116.26 204.2 tibionavicularis 70.3 nervosa (retina) 358.22 (posterior cerebral artery) tibiotalaris obliqua (m. cricothyroideus) 206.24 anterior 70.5 13 142.14 preliminaris (optic nerve) posterior 70.6 occlusa (umbilical artery) 354.11 transversa 222.29a presulcalis (tongue) 112.32 (m. nasalis) 78.14 14 opercularis (inferior frontal prevertebralis (vertebral (portal vein of liver) 248.6 gyrus) 306.31 artery) 206.3 transversaria (vertebral artery) 15 optica retinae 358.20 profunda 206.4 oralis pharyngis 118.8 (glandula parotidea) 110.9 triangularis (inferior frontal orbitalis 18.21 (m. masseter) 80.14 gyrus) 306.33 16 (inferior frontal gyrus) (m. sphincter ani externus) tuberalis (adenohypophysis) 306.32 174.17 182.15 17 (lacrimal gland) 368.11 prostatica (urethra) 164.24 tympanica 16.1 (m. orbicularis oculi) 78.19 pterygopharyngea 118.23 umbilicus (portal vein of liver) (optic nerve) 354.7 pyloricum (stomach) 120.27 248.8 18 ossea 402.31 quadrata (liver) 130.23 uterina (nasal septum) 136.6 radiata (renal cortex) 154.28 (placenta) 172.28 tubae auditoriae 384.15 recta (m. cricothyroideus) (uterine tube) 166.36 19 palpebralis 142.13 uvealis (trabecular meshwork) (lacrimal gland) 368.12 reticularis (substantia nigra) 354.29 20 (m. orbicularis oculi) 78.18 292.9 vertebralis (lung) 148.12 parasympathetica 352.26 retrolentiformis (internal cap- Parvicellular part of red nucleus parvocellularis (red nucleus) sule) 318.26 294.4 21 294.4 sphenoidalis (middle cerebral Patella 48.31 patens (umbilical artery) artery) 204.19 apex 48.33 22 222.26a spongiosa (urethra) 164.30 base 48.32 pelvica squamosa 16.10 retinaculum (ganglion sublinguale) sternalis diaphragmatis 84.28 lateral 68.18 23 352.33a sternocostalis (m. pectoralis medial 68.17 (ureter) 156.21 major) 84.5 Patellar peripherica (nervous system) subcutanea (m. sphincter ani fossa 362.7 24 320.1, 407.1 externus) 174.15 ligament 68.16 petrosa sublentiformis (internal cap- network 226.21 25 (internal carotid) 200.13 sule) 318.21 surface (femur) 46.26 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 468 Index

Patent part of umbilical artery Pelvis 44.21 Perineal 1 222.26a major 44.24 artery 224.10 Pecten minor 44.25 body 174.4 2 analis 126.29 renalis 156.15 branches of gluteal nerve 344.16 ossis pubis 44.15 Penicilli 268.19 fascia, superficial 176.12 Pectinate Penis 162.27 flexure 126.15 3 ligament 354.27 body (shaft) 162.29 ligament, transverse 176.7 muscles 186.15 bulb 164.10 membrane 176.6 Pectineal cavernous nerves of 350.19 muscles 174.3 4 ligament 86.12 deep fascia 164.21 nerves 346.19 line 46.16 dorsal nerve of 346.22 raphe 174.2 5 of the pubis 44.15 fundiform ligament 86.26 region 400.15 Pectoral prepuce (foreskin) 164.5 space branches of thoracoacromial frenulum 164.6 deep 176.2 6 artery 212.17 root 162.28 superficial 176.8 fascia 84.9 septum 164.13 Perineum 174.1 7 girdle 34.2 superficial fascia 164.20 Perineurium 407.4 lymph nodes 258.20 suspensory ligament 86.25 Periodontal ligament 112.15 nerve Perforated substance, anterior Periodontium 112.12 8 lateral 336.29 312.2 insertionis 112.14 medial 336.28 Perforating protectoris 112.13 regions 398.33, 398.37 branch(-es) Perionyx 394.3 9 veins 244.10 dorsal metacarpal arteries Periorbita 364.18 Pedicle 2.5 214.13 Periosteum 402.32 10 Pediculus internal thoracic artery 210.7 of external skull surface 28.21 arcus vertebrae 2.5 lateral circumflex femoral of orbit 364.18 pulmonis 148.21 artery 226.12 Peripharyngeal space 118.35 11 Peduncular peroneal artery 228.13 Peripheral 396.36 branches of posterior cerebral plantar metatarsal arteries nervous system 320.1, 407.1 12 artery 206.31 228.24 Peripheralis 396.36 veins 240.30 cutaneous nerve 344.16a Periphericus 396.36a Pedunculus(-i) veins 252.12, 252.27 Periphery 396.36a 13 cerebellaris(-es) 290.23 Periarterial plexus 408.14 Peritendineum 405.22 inferior 280.2, 282.4, 290.24 Pericardiac veins 234.2 Peritoneal medius (pontinus) 284.5, Pericardiacophrenic cavity 176.19 14 290.25 artery 210.5 covering of spleen 268.13 superior 290.26, 292.19 veins 234.3 Peritoneoperineal fascia 174.23 15 cerebri (cerebralis) 290.28 Pericardial Peritoneum 176.17 floccularis 290.4 branch(-es) parietale 176.23 thalamicus, inferior 302.8 aorta 216.5 anterius 180.12 16 Pelvic phrenic nerve 336.9 urogenitale 180.22 aperture cavity 184.7 vaginal process 168.33, 180.23 17 lower 44.28 lymph nodes, lateral 260.8 viscerale 176.26 upper 44.27 veins 246.7 Perivascular fibrous capsule axis 44.29 Pericardium 184.1 132.2 18 cavity 44.21a fibrosum 184.2 Periventricular diaphragm 174.5 oblique sinus 184.9 fibers 302.12, 304.11 inferior fascia 174.29 serosum 184.4 nucleus, posterior 304.4 19 superior fascia 174.26 transverse sinus 184.8 Perivesicular lymph nodes 266.6 tendinous arch 174.27 Perichondrium 402.38 Permanent teeth 112.26 20 fascia 174.18 Perichoroidal space 356.15 Peroneal parietal 174.19 Pericranium 28.21 artery 228.12 visceral 174.21 Peridental branches nerve 21 ganglia 352.35 anterior superior alveolar ar- common 344.18 girdle 42.2 teries 200.3a communicating branch 22 joints 66.1 inferior alveolar artery 198.13a 344.20 inclination 44.33 posterior superior alveolar deep 344.26 inlet 44.27 artery 198.28a superficial 344.21 23 outlet 44.28 Perikaryon 408.19 retinaculum part Perilymph 370.5 inferior 100.15 of sublingual ganglion 352.33a Perilymphatic superior 100.14 24 of ureter 145.21 duct 372.13 trochlea 52.5 plexus 350.11 external aperture 372.14 veins 252.22 25 splanchnic nerves 352.34 space 372.10 Peroneus longus tendon, groove surface of sacrum 4.24 Perimysium 405.24 for 52.4, 52.13 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 469

Perpendicular 396.2 Pharyngeal Pituitary gland 182.13 plate 20.5, 24.16 branches anterior lobe 182.14 1 Pes 314.17, 402.17 inferior thyroid artery posterior lobe 182.19 Petiolus epiglottidis 142.4 210.17 Placenta 172.27 2 Petit’s trigone 400.14 vagus nerve 332.7, 332.17a Plane joint 404.25 Petro-occipital bursa 118.1 Plantar 396.43 fissure 30.20 cavity 116.24 aponeurosis 100.17 3 synchondrosis 56.4 fornix 116.25 arch, superficial 228.26a Petrosal glands 118.18 artery branch of middle meningeal nerve 322.21 deep 228.7 4 artery 198.18 opening of auditory tube 118.2, lateral 228.21 fossula 14.29 384.25 medial 228.18 5 nerve plexus 234.25, 332.8 digital veins 252.26 deep 328.25 raphe 118.20 ligaments 72.20, 72.24 greater 328.24 recess 118.7 of tarsus 72.1 6 groove for 14.6 tubercle 8.8 long 72.2 hiatus of canal 14.4 veins 234.26 short 72.3 7 lesser 330.32 Pharyngobasilar fascia 118.15 metatarsal groove for 14.7 Pharynx 116.1 arteries 228.23 hiatus of canal 14.5 Pharyngeal glands 118.18 ligaments 72.16 8 sinus Philtrum 108.7 veins 252.25 inferior 238.18 Phrenic nerve groove for 8.7, 14.18 arteries lateral 346.12 9 superior 238.20 inferior 216.20 medial 346.9 groove for 14.10 superior 216.7 surface 10 vein 242.24 ganglia 348.17 of foot 402.20 Petrosquamous fissure 14.32 lymph nodes of toe 402.28a Petrotympanic fissure 14.31 inferior 262.11 tarsometatarsal ligaments 72.11 11 Petrous superior 260.0 venous ganglion 330.19 nerve 336.8 arch of foot 252.24 12 part of internal carotid 200.13 accessory 336.11 network of foot 252.23 Peyer’s patches 122.33 veins Plantaris 396.43 Phalanges inferior 246.22 Planum 13 fingers 40.23, 40.24 superior 246.9 interspinale 398.6 toes 52.23, 52.24 Phrenicoabdominal branches of intertuberculare 398.5 Phalanx phrenic nerve 336.10 occipitale 8.27a 14 base Phrenicocolic ligament 178.18 subcostale 398.2 fingers 40.29 Phrenicomediastinal recess supracristale 398.4 15 toes 29, 52 152.22 transpyloricum 398.3 body (shaft) Phrenicopleural fascia 152.10 Platysma 80.25 fingers 40.30 Phrenicosplenic ligament 178.19 Pleura 152.12 16 toes 52.30 Physiological cup, optic disc parietalis 152.15 distal end (trochlea), fingers 360.2 visceralis (pulmonalis) 152.14 17 40.31 Pia mater Pleural distalis cranialis 272.1 cavity 152.11 fingers 40.27 spinalis 272.8 recesses 152.19 18 toes 52.27 Pigmented Pleuroesophageal muscle 120.10 head, fingers 52.31 epithelium (iris) 358.13 Pleuropulmonary regions 152.7 media part of retina 358.21 Plexiform layer 19 fingers 40.26 Pili 392.1 cerebellum 290.14 toes 52.26 Pineal cerebral cortex 316.3 20 proximalis body (gland) 182.22, 296.9, Plexus fingers 40.25 296.17 aorticus toes 52.25 recess 298.6 abdominalis 348.10 21 Pharyngeal Pinna 386.8 thoracicus 348.4 artery, ascending 194.17 Piriform arteriosum 406.26 22 branches aperture 32.3 autonomici 348.2 artery of pterygoid canal recess 118.13 autonomicus 408.13 200.4a Pisiform 40.8 basilaris 238.12 23 ascending pharyngeal artery Pisohamate ligament 64.4 brachialis 336.12 194.19 Pisometacarpal ligament 64.5 cardiacus 348.5 descending palatine artery Pisotriquetral joint 64.3 caroticus 24 200.7a Pit communis 352.2 glossopharyngeal nerve in head of femur 46.4 externus 352.1 25 330.26 suprameatal 16.18 internus 350.30 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 470 Index

Plexus Plexus Plica(-ae) 1 cavernosi concharum 136.17 venosus stapedialis 384.12 cervicalis 334.22 canalis hypoglossi 240.6 sublingualis 108.27 2 choroideus 298.10 caroticus internus 240.8 synovialis 404.41 ventriculi foraminis ovalis 240.7 infrapatellaris 68.10 lateralis 272.6, 314.11 haemorrhoidalis 250.7 transversae recti 126.23 3 quarti 272.3, 288.6 prostaticus 250.10 triangularis 116.13 tertii 272.5 rectalis 250.7 tubariae (tubales) 168.5 coccygeus 346.25 sacralis 250.6 umbilicalis 4 coeliacus 348.11 suboccipitalis 12, 234 lateralis 180.18 deferentialis 350.15 uterinus 250.14 medialis (lateralis) 180.15 5 dentalis vaginalis 250.15 mediana (media) 180.13 inferior 326.11 vertebralis venae cavae, sinistrae 232.19 superior 324.6 externus anterior/poste- ventricularis 142.29 6 entericus 350.3 rior 246.17 vesicalis transversa 180.20 femoralis 350.8 internus anterior/posterior vestibularis 142.29 7 gastrici 348.20 246.18 villosae 122.15 hepaticus 348.18 vesicalis 250.9 vocalis 144.5 hypogastricus vertebralis 352.13 Plicate ciliares 356.22 8 inferior 350.11 vesicalis 350.18 Pneumatic bone 402.45 superior 350.9 viscerales 348.2, 408.13 Pollex 400.44 iliaci 350.7 Plica(-ae) 178.26 Pollicis artery, princeps 214.9 9 intermesentericus 348.15 alares 68.11 Polus intraparotideus 328.12 aryepiglottica 142.25 anterior 10 lumbalis (lumbaris) 342.14 caecalis(-es) 180.7 (eyeball) 354.16 lumbosacralis 342.13 vascularis 180.3 (lens) 362.17 lymphaticus 254.6, 406.23 chordae tympani 384.7 frontalis 306.23 11 axillaris 258.15 circulares 122.29 occipitalis 308.11 mesentericus duodenalis posterior 12 inferior 350.1 inferior 178.30 (eyeball) 354.17 superior 348.28 superior 178.28 (lens) 362.18 myentericus (Auerbach) 350.5 duodenojejunalis 178.28 temporalis 308.16 13 nervorum spinalium 407.24 duodenomesocolica 178.30 Pons 284.2 oesophagealis 332.23, 348.7 epicanthus 366.6 sections of 284.7 ovaricus 348.27 epigastrica 180.18 Pontine 14 pampiniformis 246.35 fimbriata 112.35 arteries 206.20 pancreaticus 348.21 gastricae 122.12 fibers 15 pelvicus 350.11 gastropancreaticae 176.35 longitudinal 184.9 periarteriales 408.14 glossoepiglottica transverse 284.14 pharyngeus (pharyngealis) lateralis 118.11 nucleus(-i) 284.16 16 234.25, 332.8 mediana 118.10 of trigeminal nerve 284.27 prostaticus 350.14 hepatopancreatica 176.35a raphe 284.18 17 pterygoideus 236.23 ileocaecalis 180.5 veins 242.15 pulmonalis 332.22, 348.9 incudialis 384.11 Pontocerebellar rectalis interarytenoidea 144.7a cistern 270.11 18 inferior 350.13 interureterica 158.11 fibers 284.15 medius 350.12 iridis 358.8 trigone 284.6 superior 350.2 lacrimalis 368.24 Pontomesencephalic vein, ante- 19 renalis 348.23 longitudinales duodeni 124.11 rior 242.14 sacralis 344.8 mallearis Pontoreticulospinal tract 276.31 20 splenicus (lienalis) 348.19 anterior 380.24, 384.6 Popliteal subclavius 352.11 posterior 380.25, 384.5 artery 226.13 submucosus (Meissner) 350.6 mucosae 134.9 fossa 402.11 21 subserosus 350.4 nervi laryngei 118.14 ligament suprarenalis 348.22 palatinae transversae 108.29 arcuate 68.15 22 testicularis 348.26 palmatae 168.22 oblique 68.14 thyroideus palpebronasalis 366.6 lymph nodes impar 232.30 paraduodenalis 178.32 deep 266.20 23 tympanicus 330.22 rectouterina 180.30 superficial 266.19 uretericus 348.25 salpingopalatina 116.8 surface of femur 46.20 uterovaginalis 350.16 salpingopharyngea 118.4 vein 252.13 24 vasculosus (vascularis) 406.24, semilunaris 116.14 Popliteus, groove for 46.25a 408.13a coli 124.32 Porus acusticus 378.6 25 venosus 406.25 conjunctivae 366.25 Porta hepatis 130.6 areolaris 244.16 spiralis 134.11 Portal vein of liver 248.1 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 471

Portio Posterior Posterior supravaginalis cervicis branch(-es) funiculus 274.4, 278.8 1 168.16 great auricular nerve 334.29 gastric terminalis (sweat glands) left pulmonary artery 190.32 artery 218.35a 2 394.12 lumbar nerves 342.2 branches of vagal trunk vaginalis cervicis 168.17 medial antebrachial cu- 332.27 Porus taneous nerve 338.7 glandular branch of superior 3 acusticus obturator thyroid artery 194.16 externus 16.4, 386.3 artery 222.18 gluteal line 42.27 internus 14.12 nerve 342.28 gray commissure 276.16a 4 gustatorius 38.28 portal vein of liver 248.4 horn 276.2, 314.5 sudorifer 394.14 renal artery 220.24 bulb of 314.12 5 Postaortic lymph nodes 262.5 sacral/coccygeal nerves hypothalamic Postaxillary line 398.8 342.8 nucleus 304.8 Postcaval lymph nodes 262.10 spinal nerve 334.10, 334.15 region (area) 302.14, 304.6 6 Postcentral superior inferior branch of posterior intercostal mesenteric artery 220.2b cerebellar artery 206.12 7 artery 216.10a right pulmonary vein nasal branches, pterygo- gyrus 308.3 230.11 palatine sulcus 308.2 thoracic nerves 340.17 ganglion 322.23 8 Postcommunical part ulnar recurrent artery 214.17 intercondylar area 46.33 of anterior cerebral artery calcanean facet 50.12 intercostal 204.8 carpal region 400.36 arteries 212.6, 216.8 9 of posterior cerebral artery cerebral artery 206.23, 208.24 veins 246.13 206.26 chamber of eye 362.1 intermediate sulcus 272.24 10 Posterior 396.14, 396.16 circumflex intermuscular septum accessory olivary nucleus humeral artery 212.24 of leg 100.10 280.32 scapular vein 244.13a internal vertebral venous 11 ampullar nerve 330.13 clinoid process 10.10 plexus 246.18 antebrachial cochlear interosseous 12 cutaneous nerve 340.4 nucleus 282.18 artery 214.20 region 400.31 column 276.1 nerve of forearm 340.7 apertures of the nose 32.10 of rugae 170.14 veins 244.19b 13 arch of atlas 4.8 commissure 296.8, 296.16 interventricular articular surface of dens communicating artery 208.18 branch (right coronary 4.15 conjunctival arteries 202.11 artery) 192.12 14 ascending branch of right pul- cord 336.27 groove 184.19 monary artery 190.19 cranial fossa 30.4 vein 232.20 15 atlanto-occipital membrane cricoaartyenoid muscle 142.15 intraoccipital synchondrosis 56.29 cruciate ligament of knee 68.9 56.5 auricular cubital region 400.25 labial 16 artery 196.22 cusp branches (internal pudendal ligament 388.13 atrioventricular valve 188.28 artery) 224.12 17 nerve 328.6 pulmonary valve 188.5 commissure 170.28 sulcus 386.28 cutaneous branch of thoracic veins 250.21 vein 238.3 nerves 340.19 lacrimal crest 20.22 18 axillary line 396.54 descending branch of right lateral nucleus 300.2 basal pulmonary artery 190.16 ligament branch divisions, brachial plexus of head of fibula 68.22 19 left pulmonary artery 336.18 of incus 382.27 190.42 end of spleen 268.8 limb of internal capsule 318.13 20 right pulmonary artery epithelium limiting (Descemet’s) mem- 190.28 cornea 356.11 brane 356.10 segment iris 358.13 lip of uterine ostium 168.20 21 lower lobe of left lung ethmoidal lobe of cerebellum 288.25 150.27 artery 202.14 longitudinal 22 lower lobe of right lung foramen 32.22 fasciculus 280.24, 284.20, 150.15 nerve 322.4 292.25, 304.14 segmental bronchus 146.15 external ligament 56.20 23 border arcuate fibers 282.24 mallear fold 380.25, 384.5 petrous temporal 14.17 vertebral venous plexus margin radius 38.9 246.17 fibula 48.27 24 brachial facet for the talus 52.3 radius 38.12 cutaneous nerve 340.2 fasciculi proprii 278.9 testis 158.22 25 region 400.22 fontanelle 32.29 ulna 38.29 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 472 Index

Posterior Posterior Posterolateral 1 median side of knee 402.10 fissure 288.39 line 398.1 sinus 138.8 fontanelle 32.31 2 septum 272.21 spinal nucleus 274.21 sulcus 272.20, 280.8 artery 206.16 sulcus 272.23, 280.1 mediastinal lymph nodes 260.11 veins 246.20a ventral nucleus 300.8 3 mediastinum 152.29 spinocerebellar tract 278.4 Posteromedial membranous ampulla 370.20 sternoclavicular ligament central arteries 206.25 meningeal 60.25 choroid branches of posterior 4 artery 194.18 superior cerebral branch of vertebral artery alveolar artery 198.28 artery 206.29 5 206.10 alveolar branches, infraorbi- frontal branch of callosomargi- meniscofemoral ligament 68.4 tal nerve 324.3 nal artery 204.13 nasal spine 24.31 pancreaticoduodenal artery nucleus 274.23 6 nucleus(-i) 218.15 ventral nucleus 300.9 of thalamus 300.10 supraclavicular nerves 336.7 Postganglionic nerve fibers 7 of trapezoid body 286.16 surface 407.18 obturator tubercle 44.19 of arytenoid cartilage 140.20 Postlaminar part of optic nerve osseous ampulla 376.12 of cornea 356.6 354.9 8 palpebral surface 366.7 of fibula 48.23 Postpyramidal fissure 288.30 papillary muscle 188.17, 190.9 of humerus 36.14 Postvesicular lymph nodes 266.8 paramedian nucleus 282.6 of iris 358.5 Pouch of Douglas 180.31 9 paraventricular nuclei 198.18 of kidney 154.9 Pre-aortic lymph nodes 262.4 parietal arteries 204.33 of lens 362.20 Pre-epiglottic fat body 138.26a 10 part lower leg 402.14 Preauricular lymph nodes 256.7 of anterior commissure of prostate 162.14 Preaxillary line 398.7 318.32 of scapula 34.6 Precaval lymph nodes 262.9 11 of fornix of vagina 170.4 of stomach 120.17 Prececal lymph nodes 264.5 of pons 284.17 of tibia 48.4 Precentral 12 of tongue 112.33 of ulna 38.25 cerebellar vein 242.23 periventricular nucleus 304.4 surface of adrenal gland 182.31 gyrus 306.25 pole 354.17 talocalcaneal ligament 70.15a sulcus 306.24 13 of lens capsule 362.18 talocrural region 402.16 Prechiasmatic groove 10.4 process talofibular ligament 70.9 Precommissural septum 312.30 nasal septum 134.31 temporal Precommunical part 14 talus 50.17 artery 198.25a, 204.28 of anterior cerebral artery radicular artery 216.10c branches of lateral occipital 204.2 15 ramus, lateral sulcus 306.20 artery 208.5 of posterior cerebral artery recess of tympanic membrane diploic vein 238.27 206.24 384.10 thalamic radiations 302.3, Precuneal artery 204.16 16 region(-s) 400.8 318.27 Precuneus 310.11 of the neck 398.32 thigh region 402.7 Prefrontal veins 240.12 17 root 334.6 tibial Preganglionic nerve fibers 407.17 sacral foramina 4.30 artery 228.8 Prelaminar branch of posterior sacrococcygeus muscle 88.4 node 266.22 intercostal 18 scrotal recurrent artery 226.23 artery 216.10b branches (internal pudendal veins 252.21 Prelaryngeal lymph nodes 256.20 artery) 224.11 tibiofibular ligament 68.26 Premaxilla 24.3 19 nerves 346.20 tibiotalar part of medial (del- Premolar teeth 112.22 veins 250.21 toid) ligament 70.6 Preoccipital incisure 308.14 20 segment triangle of neck 398.30 Preoptic of kidney 154.21 tubercle 2.20, 4.10 area 296.31 of liver 130.20 tympanic artery 196.24 nucleus 21 of upper lobe of right lung vagal trunk 332.25 lateral 302.17 150.4 vein medial 302.17 22 segmental of corpus callosum 242.11 Prepancreatic artery 218.28a artery 218.8, 220.25 of left ventricle 232.17 Prepericardial lymph nodes bronchus 146.4 of septum pellucidum 242.6 260.7 23 semicircular ventral nucleus 300.7 Prepuce of penis 164.5 canal 376.8 wall of vagina 170.7 frenulum 164.6 duct 370.13 white commissure 276.18a Preputial glands 164.22 24 semilunar cusp of aortic valve Posterolateral Preputium 190.3 central arteries 206.27 clitoridis 172.9 25 septal branches of spheno- choroid branches of posterior penis 164.5 palatine artery 200.9a cerebral artery 206.30 Prepyloric vein 248.19 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 473

Presternal region 398.34 Processus(-i) Protuberantia Pretectal posterior mentalis 26.15 1 area 296.14 (sphenoidalis) 134.31 occipitalis nuclei 296.15 tali 50.17 externa 8.22 2 Pretracheal pterygoideus 12.1 internal 8.29 layer of cervical fascia 82.23 pterygospinosus 12.13 Proximal 396.33 lymph nodes 256.22 pyramidalis 24.21 phalanx 3 Prevertebral sphenoidalis 24.26 fingers 40.25 layer of cervical fascia 82.24 spinosus 2.11 toes 52.25 part of vertebral artery 206.3 styloideus radioulnar joint 62.4 4 Prevesicular lymph nodes 266.7 (metacarpal bone) 40.22 Proximalis 396.33 Primary (radius) 38.14 Prussak’s pouch 384.9 5 center of ossification 404.9 (temporal bone) 14.26, 16.9 Pterion 30.10a fissure 288.24 (ulna) 38.34 Pterygoid ovarian follicles 166.18 supracondylaris 36.18 branches 6 Primitive urogenital sinus 172.34 temporalis 26.5 internal carotid 200.15 Princeps pollicis artery 214.9 transversus 2.11 maxillary artery 198.26 7 Processus(-i) uncinatus 20.16, 128.3 canal 12.12 accessorius 2.29 vaginalis 12.7 artery 200.4 alveolaris 24.8 peritonei 168.33, 180.23 fossa 12.5 8 anterior (malleus) 380.17 vocalis 140.14 fovea 28.15 articularis xiphoideus 6.32 hamulus 12.10 inferior 2.15 zygomaticus 16.16, 22.29 sulcus 12.11 9 superior 2.14, 4.20 ossis frontalis 18.13 muscle axillaris (mammary gland) Profundus 396.32 lateral 80.16 10 394.22 Projecting neurofibers 318.35 medial 80.17 calcaneus 52.15 Prominentia notch (fissure) 12.4 caudatus (liver) 130.28 canalis plate 11 ciliares 356.21 facialis 380.12 lateral 12.2 clinoideus semicircularis lateralis 380.11 medial 12.3 12 anterior 10.21 laryngea 138.15 plexus 235.23 medius 10.7 spiralis 374.6 process of sphenoid bone 12.1 posterior 10.10 styloidea 378.21 tuberosity 28.5 13 cochleariformis 380.5 Promontorium 378.25 Pterygomandibular raphe 118.21 condylaris 28.12 ossis sacri 4.18 Pterygomaxillary fissure 30.15 coracoideus 34.24 Promontory 378.25 Pterygomeningeal artery 198.23a 14 coronoideus common iliac lymph nodes Pterygopalatine (mandible) 28.10 264.20 fossa 30.14 15 (ulna) 38.20 of sacrum 4.18 ganglion 322.16, 328.22, costalis 2.13 Pronator tuberosity 38.11a 352.30 ethmoidalis 20.20 Proper sulcus 22.23, 24.20 16 falciformis 66.7 membrane of semicircular Pterygospinal ligament 60.10 frontalis 22.25, 26.6 duct 370.15 Pterygospinous process 12.13 17 intrajugularis 14.20 palmar Pubes 392.10 ossis occipitales 8.21 digital arteries 214.29 Pubic jugularis 8.20 digital nerves 338.16 arch 44.22 18 lacrimalis 20.18 plantar branch lateralis digital arteries 228.26 external iliac vein 250.24a (malleus) 382.16 digital nerves 346.11, 346.15 inferior epigastric artery 19 (mammary gland) 394.22 Prosencephalon 296.1 224.22 (nasal septum) 134.30a Prostate (prostata) 162.10 obturator artery 222.15 20 tali 50.11 apex 162.12 crest 44.12 tuberis calcanei 50.25 base 162.11 ligament lenticularis 382.10 capsule 162.19 arcuate 66.17 21 mamillaris 2.30 isthmus 162.17 superior 66.16 mastoideus 12.17 Prostatic region 400.7 22 maxillaris 20.19 branches of inferior vesical symphysis 66.15 medialis tuberis calcanei artery 224.1a tubercle 44.10 50.24 ductules 162.21 Pubis 44.8 23 muscularis (arytenoid car- fascia 174.22 body 44.9 tilage) 140.22 part of urethra 164.24 pecten (pectineal line) of 44.15 orbitalis 24.25 plexus 350.14 ramus 24 palatinus 24.1 sinus 164.28 inferior 44.20 papillaris (liver) 130.27 utricle 164.27 superior 44.13 25 paramastoideus 8.34 venous plexus 250.10 Pubofemoral ligament 66.25 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 474 Index

Puboprostatic ligament 174.28 Putamen 316.27 Radiating part of renal cortex 1 Pubovesical ligament 174.28 Pyloric 154.28 Pudendal antrum 120.28 Radiatio(-nes) 2 artery(-ies) canal 120.29 acustica 300.27, 318.23 external 224.32 glands 122.17 corporis callosi 312.11, 316.19 internal 224.8 lymph nodes 262.18 optica 300.29, 318.22 3 canal 176.15 opening 122.2 thalamicae fissure 170.29 part of stomach 120.27 anteriores 302.1, 318.9 nerve 346.17 sphincter 122.8 centrales 302.2, 318.20 4 veins Pylorus 122.1 posteriores 302.3, 318.27 external 252.2 Pyramid 278.19 Radii 5 internal 250.16 of temporal bone 12.15 of lens 362.23 Pudendum femininum 170.24 of vermis 288.29 medullares 154.29a Pulmo Pyramidal Radiocarpal 6 dexter 148.7 cell layer, cerebral cortex 316.5 joint 62.15 lobus inferior 150.9 decussation 278.20, 280.13 ligament 7 lobus medius 150.6 eminence 380.13 dorsal 62.18 lobus superior 150.2 fasciculus 280.10 palmar 62.19 sinister 148.7 lobe of thyroid gland 182.5 Radioulnar 8 Pulmonary process 24.21 joint 62.9 alveoli 152.5 tract 276.22, 280.10 distal 62.12 artery Pyramides renales 154.31 proximal 62.4 9 left 190.27 Pyramis 278.19 syndesmosis 62.9 right 190.14 vermis 288.29 Radius 38.1 10 branches 348.8 vestibuli 374.25 annular ligament 62.7 juxtaesophageal lymph nodes body 38.6 260.12 Q head 38.2 11 ligament 152.23 neck 38.5 pleura 152.14 Quadrangular Radix(-ces) 336.12a 12 plexus 332.22, 348.9 lobule 288.23 anterior 334.5, 334.24 sulcus of thorax 6.38 membrane 144.10 basalis anterior 230.23 surface 184.14 Quadrate clinica 110.23 13 trunk 190.11 ligament 62.8 craniales (vagus nerve) 332.32 bifurcation 190.13 lobe of liver 130.25 dentis 110.21 opening 184.30, 188.9 muscle 405.6 facialis 328.23 14 sinuses 190.12 part of liver 130.23 lateralis 296.34, 338.10 valve 188.10 tubercle 46.10a linguae 112.30 15 anterior semilunar cusp 188.11 Quadrigeminal plate 292.13 medialis 296.35, 338.9 left semilunar cusp 188.13 mesenterii 178.3 right semilunar cusp 188.12 R motoria 334.5 16 veins 230.2 (trigeminal nerve) 320.18 left 230.27 Radial 396.37 nasi (nasalis) 134.19 17 inferior 232.4 artery 214.1 parasympathetica superior 230.27, 230.28 collateral (oculomotoria) 320.9 right 230.3 artery 212.31 (pterygopalatine ganglion) 18 inferior 230.17 ligament 62.6 322.16a superior 230.4 carpal 62.23 penis 162.28 Pulmones 148.6 fibers 356.27 pili 392.14 19 Pulp fossa 36.27 posterior 334.6, 334.25 cavity of tooth 112.1 head of flexor digitorum su- pulmonis 148.21 20 chamber in crown 112.2 perficialis 90.7 sensoria 334.6 of tooth 112.5 nerve 340.1 (nasociliaris) 320.12 Pulpa groove for 36.15 (pterygopalatine ganglion) 21 coronalis 112.6 notch 38.23 322.16c dentis 112.5 recurrent artery 214.2 (trigeminal nerve) 320.16 22 radicularis 112.7 tuberosity 38.7 spinales (vagus nerve) 332.33 splenica (lienalis) 268.16 veins 244.19 sympathetica Pulvinar 296.25 Radialis 396.37 (internal carotid plexus) 23 nuclei 300.11 indicis artery 214.10 320.11 Punctum lacrimale 368.18 Radiate (pterygopalatine ganglion) Pupil (pupilla) 358.9 carpal ligament 62.21 322.16b 24 Pupillary layer of tympanic membrane unguis 392.27 margin 358.2 380.31 Ramus(-i) 25 membrane 358.17 ligament of head of rib 58.12 accessorius (middle meningeal Purkinje cell layer 290.15 sternocostal ligament 58.22 artery) 198.17 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 475

Ramus(-i) Ramus(-i) Ramus(-i) acetabularis ascendens buccales (facial nerve) 328.15 1 (medial circumflex femoral (lateral sulcus) 306.19 calcanei artery) 226.7 (medial circumflex femoral laterales 346.7 2 (obturator artery) 222.16 artery) 226.5 mediales 346.8 acromialis (transverse cervical artery) (peroneal artery) 228.16 (axillary artery) 212.13 210.23a (posterior tibial artery) 3 (suprascapular artery) 212.2 atriales 228.11 albus (spinal nerve) 334.11b (left coronary artery) calcarinus (medial occipital alveolares superiores 192.27a artery) 208.10 4 anteriores 324.5 (right coronary artery) capsulae internae (anterior medius 324.4 192.9a choroidal artery) 202.28 5 posteriores 324.3 atrialis capsulares (interlobular arter- anastomoticus 198.23 anastomoticus (left coronary ies) 156.7 (lacrimal artery) 202.4 artery) 192.22 cardiaci 6 anterior(-es) intermedius cervicales ascendens (left coronary artery) inferiores 332.14 7 (left pulmonary artery) 192.24 superiores (vagus nerve) 190.33 (right coronary artery) 332.9 (right pulmonary artery) 192.11 thoracici 8 190.18 atrioventriculares (thoracic ganglia) 352.15 descendens (left coronary artery) (vagus nerve) 332.20 (left pulmonary artery) 192.22a carpalis 9 190.31 (right coronary artery) 192.7a dorsalis (right pulmonary artery) auricularis (radial artery) 214.5 10 190.17 anteriores (transverse facial (ulnar artery) 214.25 (gluteal nerve) 342.12 artery) 198.4 palmaris (great auricular nerve) (occipital artery) 196.17 (radial artery) 214.3 11 334.30 (posterior auricular artery) (ulnar artery) 214.24 (hepatic duct) 132.10 196.27 caudae nuclei caudati 12 (lateral sulcus) 306.18 (posterior auricular nerve) (anterior choroidal artery) (left superior pulmonary 328.8 202.30 vein) 230.32 (vagus nerve) 332.5 (posterior communicating 13 (lumbar nerves) 342.6 autonomicus 408.12 partery) 208.23 (medial antebrachial cu- basalis caudati (portal vein of liver) taneous nerve) 338.6 anterior 248.7 14 (obturator artery) 222.17 (left inferior pulmonary centrales anteromediales (obturator nerve) 342.26 vein) 232.10 204.7 15 (portal vein of liver) 248.3 (left pulmonary artery) cervicalis (facial nerve) 328.18 (renal artery) 220.19 190.40 chiasmaticus (posterior com- (spinal nerve) 334.9, 334.21 (right pulmonary artery) municating artery) 208.19 16 (superior mesenteric artery) 190.26 choroidei 220.1 lateralis posteriores 17 (superior right pulmonary (left pulmonary artery) laterales (posterior cere- vein) 230.8 190.41 bral artery) 206.30 (thoracic nerves) 340.20 (right pulmonary artery) mediales (posterior cere- 18 (ulnar recurrent artery) 190.27 bral artery) 206.29 214.16 medialis ventriculi apicalis (left pulmonary artery) lateralis (anterior 19 (left pulmonary artery) 190.39 choroidal artery) 202.23 190.30 (right pulmonary artery) tertii (anterior choroidal 20 (right pulmonary artery) 190.25 artery) 202.24 190.15 posterior choroideus ventriculi quarti (superior right pulmonary (left pulmonary artery) (posterior 21 vein) 230.5 190.42 inferior cerebellar artery) apicoposterior (left superior (right pulmonary artery) 206.13 22 pulmonary vein) 230.29 190.28 cingularis (callosomarginal articularis(-es) 408.7 tentorii (internal carotid) artery) 204.14 (descending genicular 200.17 circumflexus 23 artery) 226.1c bronchiales fibularis (posterior tibial ascendens (internal thoracic artery) artery) 228.9 (deep circumflex iliac artery) 210.4 (left coronary artery) 192.21 24 224.28 segmentorum 148.1 clavicularis (axillary artery) (lateral circumflex femoral (thoracic aorta) 216.3 212.15 25 artery) 226.9 (vagus nerve) 332.21 clivi (internal carotid) 200.26 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 476 Index

Ramus(-i) Ramus(-i) Ramus(-i) 1 clunium (gluteales) cutaneus ganglionici (ganglionares) inferiores 344.15 medialis (posterior inter- (lingual nerve) 326.7 2 mediales 342.11 costal arteries) 216.11 (maxillary nerve) 322.15 superiores 342.5 (obturator nerve) 342.27 ganglionis trigeminalis (inter- cochlearis (labyrinthine artery) posterior (thoracic nerves) nal carotid) 200.20 3 374.13 340.19 gastrici coeliaci (vagus nerve) 332.29 deltoideus (gastroepiploic artery) colicus (ileocolic artery) 220.6 (axillary artery) 212.16 218.20, 218.32 4 collateralis (posterior inter- (brachial artery) 212.29 (vagus nerve) costal arteries) 216.13 dentales anterior 332.26 5 colli (facial nerve) 328.18 (anterior superior alveolar posterior 332.27 communicans(-tes) 350.25, arteries) 198.3 genitalis (genitofemoral nerve) 408.11 (inferior alveolar artery) 342.22 6 alba 407.20 198.13 gingivales cochlearis 330.6 inferiores (inferior alveolar (inferior alveolar nerve) 326.16a 7 cum chorda tympani 326.4, nerve) 326.12 inferiores (inferior alveolar 330.35 (posterior superior alveolar nerve) 326.13 cum ganglio ciliari 322.2 artery) 198.28 superiores (infraorbital 8 cum nervi auriculotemporali descendens nerve) 324.8 330.34 (lateral circumflex femoral glandularis(-es) cum nervi faciali 324.28 artery) 226.10 anterior (superior thyroid 9 cum nervi laryngeali re- (medial circumflex femoral artery) 194.15 currenti 332.13 artery) 226.6 (inferior thyroid artery) 10 cum nervi ulnari 338.14 (occipital artery) 196.21 210.16 cum nervo glossopharyngeo (transverse cervical artery) lateral (superior thyroid 328.11, 332.6 210.23b artery) 194.16a 11 cum nervo hypoglosso 326.3 dexter posterior (superior thyroid cum nervo pterygoideo me- (hepatic artery proper) 218.4 artery) 194.16 12 diali 324.20 (portal vein of liver) (submandibular ganglion) cum nervo vago 328.5 248.2 328.28 cum nervo zygomatico 320.22 digastricus (facial nerve) 328.9 (submental artery) 196.11 13 cum plexus tympanico 328.4 diploicus 202.13a globi pallidi (anterior cum ramo auriculari nervi dorsalis(-es) choroidal artery) 202.29 vagi 330.25 linguae 196.4 griseus (spinal nerve) 334.11a 14 cum ramo laryngeo interno (posterior intercostal arter- helicini (uterine artery) 224.2a 332.19 ies) 212.7, 216.9, 216.17 hepatici (vagus nerve) 332.28 15 cum ramo meningeo 330.33 (ulnar nerve) 338.19 hypothalamicus (posterior fibularis 344.20 duodenales communicating artery) griseus 407.21 (anterior superior pancreati- 208.22 16 (peroneal artery) 228.14 coduodenal artery) 218.24 ilealis (ileocolic artery) 220.9a (spinal nerve) 334.11 (posterior superior iliacus (iliolumbar artery) 17 ulnaris 340.9 pancreaticoduodenal 222.11 conus arteriosi artery) 218.17 inferior(-es) (left coronary artery 192.18 epididymales (testicular (oculomotor nerve) 320.7 18 (right coronary artery) 192.8 artery) 222.2a ossis pubis 44.20 corporis externus (superior gluteal artery) callosi dorsalis 208.7 (accessory nerve) 332.36 222.23 19 geniculati lateralis (anterior (superior laryngeal nerve) (transverse cervical nerve) choroidal artery) 202.27 332.11 336.3 20 costalis lateralis (internal fauciales (lingual nerve) 326.2 infrahyoideus (superior thyroid thoracic artery) 210.9 femoralis (genitofemoral artery) 194.9 cricothyroideus (superior thy- nerve) 342.23 infrapatellaris (saphenous 21 roid artery) 194.14 frontalis nerve) 344.5 cutanei cruris mediales 344.6 anteromedialis (calloso- inguinales (external pudendal 22 cutaneus 408.6 marginal arteries) 224.35 anterior artery) 204.11 intercostales anteriores (inter- (iliohypogastric nerve) mediomedialis (calloso- nal thoracic artery) 210.10 23 342.17, 344.3 marginal artery) 204.12 interganglionares 350.24 (intercostal nerve) 340.24 posteromedialis (calloso- intermedius (medial segmen- lateralis marginal artery) 204.13 tal artery) 218.12a 24 (iliohypogastric nerve) (superficial temporal artery) internus 342.16 198.7 (accessory nerve) 332.35 25 (intercostal nerve) 340.21 (superior tympanic artery) (superior laryngeal nerve) (posterior intercostal ar- 198.20 332.12 Feneis,teries) Pocket 216.12, 216.14Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 477

Ramus (-i) Ramus (-i) Ramus (-i) interventricularis lumbalis (iliolumbar artery) meningeus 1 anterior (left coronary 222.9 (occipital artery) 196.19 artery) 192.17 malleolares posterior (vertebral artery) 2 posterior (right coronary laterales (peroneal artery) 206.10 artery) 192.12 228.15 recurrens (lacrimal artery) septales mediales (posterior tibial 202.5a 3 (left coronary artery) artery) 228.10 (spinal nerve) 334.12 192.20 mammarii (vagus nerve) 332.4 (right coronary artery) laterales 340.22 mentalis(-es) 4 192.13 (lateral thoracic artery) (inferior alveolar artery) isthmi faucium (lingual nerve) 212.19 198.15 5 326.2 (posterior intercostal ar- (inferior alveolar nerve) labiales teries) 216.15 326.15 anteriores (external puden- mediales musculares 408.8 6 dal arteries) 224.34 (intercostal nerve) 340.25 (accessory nerve) 332.37 (inferior alveolar nerve) (internal thoracic artery) (axillary nerve) 340.14 7 326.16 210.8 (femoral nerve) 344.2 posteriores (internal puden- mandibulae 28.1 lateralis (thoracic nerves) dal artery) 224.12 marginalis 340.17 8 superiores (infraorbital dexter (right coronary medialis (thoracic nerves) nerve) 324.12 artery) 192.10 340.17 laryngopharyngeales 352.3 mandibularis (facial nerve) (median nerve) 338.12 9 lateralis(-es) 328.17 (musculocutaneous nerve) (hepatic duct) 132.13 sinister (left coronary artery) 338.2 10 (left coronary artery) 192.19 192.23 (obturator nerve) 342.29 (lumbar nerves) 342.4 tentorii (internal carotid) (perineal nerves) 346.21 (middle cerebral artery) 200.18 (peroneal nerve) 244.27, 11 204.22 mastoideus 344.22 nasi 196.13b (occipital artery) 196.16 (radial nerve) 340.5 12 (portal vein of liver) 248.11 (posterior tympanic artery) (tibial nerve) 346.2 (right pulmonary artery) 196.25 (ulnar nerve) 338.18 190.21 medialis(-es) (vertebral artery) 206.6 13 (sacral/coccygeal nerves) (hepatic duct) 132.14 musculi stylopharyngei 342.10 (lumbar nerves) 342.3 330.27 (spinal nerve) 334.16 (middle cerebral artery) mylohyoideus (inferior alve- 14 (supraorbital nerve) 320.25 204.21 olar artery) 198.14 lingualis(-es) (portal vein of liver) 248.14 nasales 15 (facial nerve) 328.16 (right pulmonary artery) (anterior ethmoidal nerve) (glossopharyngeal nerve) 190.22 322.6 330.30 (sacral/coccygeal nerves) anteriores lateralis (anterior 16 (hypoglossal nerve) 334.2 342.9 ethmoidal artery) 202.16b (lingual nerve) 326.6 (spinal nerve) 334.15 externus(-i) 17 lingularis (supraorbital nerve) 320.26 (anterior ethmoidal nerve) (left pulmonary artery) 190.34 mediastinales 322.10 inferior 190.36 (internal thoracic artery) (infraorbital nerve) 324.10 18 superior 190.35 210.2 interni (left superior pulmonary (thoracic aorta) 216.6 (anterior ethmoidal nerve) vein) 232.1 medullares 322.7 19 lobi lateralis (posterior inferior (infraorbital nerve) 324.11 inferioris cerebellar artery) 206.15 laterales 322.20d 20 (left pulmonary artery) medialis (posterior inferior (anterior ethmoidal nerve) 190.36a cerebellar artery) 206.15 322.8 (right pulmonary artery) membranae tympani mediales (anterior eth- 21 190.22a (auriculotemporal nerve) moidal nerve) 322.9 medii 324.26 posteriores inferiores 22 (right pulmonary artery) meningeus (pterygopalatine gan- 190.20 anterior glion) 322.23 (superior right pulmonary (anterior ethmoidal (pterygopalatine ganglion) 23 vein) 230.14 artery) 202.16 posteriores superiores superioris (vertebral artery) 206.9 laterales 322.18 (left pulmonary artery) (internal carotid) 200.19 mediales 322.19 24 190.29a (mandibular nerve) nervi oculomotorii (posterior (right pulmonary artery) 324.14 communicating artery) 25 190.14a (maxillary nerve) 322.14 208.20 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 478 Index

Ramus (-i) Ramus (-i) Ramus (-i) 1 nervorum (internal carotid) parotideus(-i) posterior(-es) 200.21 (auriculotemporal nerve) (lumbar nerve) 342.2 2 nodi 324.27 (medial antebrachial cu- atrioventricularis (facial vein) 236.15 taneous nerve) 338.7 (left coronary artery) (posterior auricular artery) (obturator artery) 222.18 3 192.27 196.28a (obturator nerve) 342.28 (right coronary artery) (superficial temporal artery) (portal vein of liver) 248.4 192.14 198.2 (renal artery) 220.24 4 sinuatrialis pectorales (axillary artery) (sacral/coccygeal nerves) (left coronary artery) 212.17 342.8 5 192.26 pedunculares (posterior cere- (spinal nerve) 334.10, (right coronary artery) bral artery) 206.23 334.15 192.9 perforans(-tes) (superior mesenteric artery) 6 nucleorum hypothalamicorum (dorsal metacarpal arteries) 220.2 (anterior choroidal artery) 214.13 (superior right pulmonary 7 202.32 (internal thoracic artery) vein) 230.11 obturatorius (inferior epiga- 210.7 (thoracic nerves) 340.17 stric artery) 224.23 (lateral circumflex femoral (ulnar recurrent artery) 8 occipitalis artery) 226.12 214.17 (occipital artery) 196.20 (peroneal artery) 228.13 ventriculi sinistri (left coro- (posterior auricular artery) (plantar metatarsal arteries) nary artery) 192.25 9 196.28 228.24 posterolateralis dexter (right (posterior auricular nerve) pericardiacus(-i) coronary artery) 192.15 10 328.7 (phrenic nerve) 336.9 praelaminaris (posterior inter- occipitotemporalis (medial (thoracic aorta) 216.5 costal arteries) 216.10b occipital artery) 208.11 peridentales profundus 11 oesophageales 216.30, 352.15b (anterior superior alveolar (medial circumflex femoral (inferior thyroid artery) arteries) 198.3a artery) 226.4 12 210.18 (inferior alveolar artery) (medial plantar artery) (thoracic aorta) 216.4 198.13a 228.19 (vagus nerve) 332.17 (posterior superior alveolar (plantar nerve) 346.16 13 omentales (gastroepiploic artery) 198.29a (radial nerve) 340.6 artery) 218.21, 218.33 perineales (femoral cutaneous (superior gluteal artery) orbitalis (superior tympanic nerve) 344.16 222.21 14 artery) 198.22 petrosus (middle meningeal (transverse cervical artery) ossis ischii 44.3 artery) 198.18 210.24 15 ovaricus (uterine artery) 24.4 pharyngealis(-es) (ulnar nerve) 338.25 palmaris (glossopharyngeal nerve) prostatici (inferior vesical (median nerve) 338.13 330.26 artery) 224.1a 16 nervi ulnaris 338.21 (inferior thyroid artery) pterygoideus profundus (ulnar artery) 210.17 (internal carotid) 200.15 17 214.26 (vagus nerve) 332.7, 332.17a (maxillary artery) 198.26 superficialis, (ulnar artery) pharyngeus (pharyngeales) pubicus 214.27 (artery of pterygoid canal) (external iliac vein) 18 palpebrales 200.4a 250.24a inferiores (infraorbital (ascending pharyngeal (inferior epigastric artery) nerve) 324.9 artery) 194.19 224.22 19 (infratrochlear nerve) 322.12 (descending palatine artery) (obturator artery) 222.15 pancreatici 200.7a pulmonales 348.8 20 (anterior superior pancreati- phrenicoabdominales (phrenic thoracici 352.15a coduodenal artery) nerve) 336.10 radiculares (vertebral artery) 218.23 postcentralis (posterior inter- 206.5 21 (posterior superior pancreat- costal arteries) 216.10a renalis(-es) icoduodenal artery) 218.16 posterior(-es) (n. splanchnicus minor) 22 (splenic artery) 218.23 ascendens (right pulmonary 352.19 parietalis artery) 190.19 (vagus nerve) 332.30 (medial occipital artery) descendens (right pulmo- sacrales laterales 216.26a 23 208.8 nary artery) 190.16 saphenus (descending genicu- (superficial temporal artery) (great auricular nerve) lar artery) 226.1b 198.8 334.29 scrotales 24 (superior tympanic artery) (hepatic duct) 132.11 anteriores (external puden- 198.21 (lateral sulcus) 306.20 dal arteries) 224.33 25 parieto-occipitalis (medial (left pulmonary artery) posteriores (internal puden- occipital artery) 208.9 190.32 dal artery) 224.11 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 479

Ramus (-i) Ramus (-i) Ramus (-i) septales superior uterici 1 anteriores (anterior eth- (oculomotor nerve) 320.6 (ovarian artery) 222.4 moidal artery) 202.17 ossis pubis 44.13 (renal artery) 220.26 2 nasales 322.20b (superior gluteal artery) (testicular artery) 222.2 posteriores (sphenopalatine 222.22 vaginales artery) 200.9a superior (transverse cervical (uterine artery) 224.3 3 septi nasi 196.13a nerve) 336.2 (vaginal artery) 224.7a sinister supracostalis (posterior inter- vestibulares (labyrinthine (hepatic artery proper) 218.9 costal arteries) 216.13 artery) 374.12 4 (portal vein of liver) 248.5 suprahyoideus (lingual artery) zygomatici (facial nerve) sinus 196.2 328.14 5 carotici (glossopharyngeal sympatheticus (ad ganglion zygomaticofacialis (zygomatic nerve) 330.28 submandibulare) 328.27 nerve) 322.27 cavernosi (internal carotid) temporales zygomaticotemporalis (zygo- 6 200.22 anteriores (lateral occipital matic nerve) 322.26 maxillaris (nasopalatine artery) 208.3 Raphe 7 nerve) 322.20e (facial nerve) 328.13 medullae oblongatae 282.25 spinalis(-es) intermedii mediales (lateral palati 108.18 (ascending cervical artery) occipital artery) 208.4 palpebralis lateralis 366.19 8 210.21 posteriores (lateral occipital penis 164.7 (iliolumbar artery) 222.10 artery) 208.5 perinealis 174.2 (lateral sacral arteries) 222.13 superficialis 324.30 pharyngis 118.20 9 (posterior intercostal arter- tentorii (ophthalmic nerve) pontis 284.18 ies) 212.8, 216.10, 216.18 320.20 pterygomandibularis 118.21 10 (vertebral artery) 206.5 thalamicus(-i) scroti (scrotalis) 166.2 splenici (splenic artery) 218.35, (posterior cerebral artery) Recessus(-i) 178.26 268.18 206.28 cochlearis 376.1 11 stapedialis 196.26 (posterior communicating costodiaphragmaticus 152.20 sternales (internal thoracic artery) 208.21 costomediastinalis 152.21 12 artery) 210.6 thymici (internal thoracic duodenalis sternocleidomastoideus artery) 210.3 inferior 178.31 (occipital artery) 196.18 thyrohyoideus (ansa cervicalis) superior 178.29 13 (superior thyroid artery) 334.26 ellipticus 374.23 194.12 tonsillae cerebelli (posterior epitympanicus 378.18 stylohyoideus (facial nerve) inferior cerebellar artery) hepatorenalis 180.11 14 328.10 206.14 ileocaecalis subendocardiales 186.12a tonsillaris(-es) inferior 180.4 15 subscapulares (axillary artery) (ascending palatine artery) superior 180.2 212.10 196.9 inferior omentalis 176.33 substantiae perforatae anteri- (glossopharyngeal nerve) infundibuli (infundibularis) 16 oris (anterior choroidal 330.29 298.5 artery) 202.25 (lesser palatine nerves) intersigmoideus 180.1 17 superficialis 322.24a lateralis 286.21 (lateral plantar nerve) 346.13 tracheales membranae tympanicae (medial circumflex femoral (inferior thyroid artery) 384.7a 18 artery) 226.3a 210.19 anterior 384.8 (medial plantar artery) (internal thoracic artery) posterior 384.10 228.20 210.4a superior 384.9 19 (radial nerve) 340.8 (vagus nerve) 332.16 opticus 298.4 (superior gluteal artery) tractus optici (anterior paraduodenalis 178.33 20 222.20 choroidal artery) 202.26 pharyngeus 118.7 (transverse cervical artery) transversus (lateral circumflex phrenicomediastinalis 152.22 210.23 femoral artery) 226.11 pinealis 298.6 21 (ulnar nerve) 338.22 tubarius (tubalis) piriformis 118.13 superior (ovarian artery) 222.4a, pleurales 152.19 22 (inferior right pulmonary 224.5 retrocaecalis 180.6 vein) 230.18 (tympanic plexus) retroduodenalis 178.34 (left inferior pulmonary 330.23 sacciformis 62.14 23 vein) 232.4 tuberis cinerei (anterior sphenoethmoidalis 32.8, 136.18 lobi inferioris choroidal artery) 202.31 sphericus 374.22 (left pulmonary artery) ulnaris (medial antebrachial splenicus (lienalis) 176.34 24 190.37 cutaneous nerve) 338.7 subhepatici 180.10 (right pulmonary artery) ureterici (artery of ductus subphrenici 180.9 25 190.23 deferens) 222.28 subpopliteus 106.3 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 480 Index

Recessus(-i) Regio(-nes) Regional lymph nodes 256.1 1 superior omentalis 176.32 cruralis Reissner’s membrane 374.3 supraspinalis 298.7 anterior 402.13 Ren 154.3 2 Rectal posterior 402.14 Renal artery cubitalis anterior 400.24 arteries 156.1 inferior 224.9 deltoidea 400.19 artery 220.17 3 middle 224.7 dorsalis(-es) 400.8 branch(-es) superior 220.15 pedis 402.19 lesser splanchnic nerve 352.19 lymph nodes, superior 264.13 epigastrica (epigastrium) 400.3 vagus nerve 332.30 4 nerves, inferior 346.18 faciales 398.14 calices 156.16 plexus femoralis 402.4 major 156.17 5 middle 350.12 anterior 402.5 minor 156.18 superior 350.2 posterior 402.7 columns 154.36 veins frontalis 398.10 corpuscle 154.37 6 inferior 250.20 genus cortex 154.26 middle 250.19 anterior 402.9 fascia 154.12 7 superior 248.36 posterior 402.10 ganglia 348.24 venous plexus 250.7 glutealis 402.2 hilum 154.6 Rectouterine hypochondriaca (hypo- impression 130.12 8 fold 180.30 chondrium) 400.2 lobes 154.25 pouch 180.31 hypogastrium 400.7 medulla 154.30 Rectovaginal septum 174.25 hypothalamica papillae 154.33 9 Rectovesical anterior 302.16 pelvis 156.15 pouch 180.33 dorsalis (posterior) 302.14, plexus 348.23 10 septum 174.24 304.6 pyramids 154.31 Rectum 126.13 intermedia 302.21 base 154.32 Rectus sheath 86.4 lateralis 302.24 segments 154.16 11 anterior layer 86.5 inframammaria 398.39 sinus 154.7 posterior layer 86.6 infraorbitalis 398.19 surface 12 Recurrent infrascapularis 400.12 of adrenal gland 182.32 artery 204.5 inguinalis 400.6 of spleen 268.5 anterior tibial 226.24 lateralis 400.4 tubule (nephron) 154.22 13 posterior tibial 226.23 lumbaris (lumbalis) 400.13 straight segments 154.24 radial 214.3 mammaria 398.38 veins 156.9, 246.28 ulnar 214.15 membri Respiratory 14 interosseous artery 214.21 inferioris 402.1 region of nose 136.15 laryngeal nerve 332.15 superioris 400.18 system 134.17 15 meningeal branch of lacrimal mentalis 398.18 Restiform body 290.24 artery 202.5a nasalis 398.16 Rete Red nuchalis 398.32 acromiale 212.14 16 bone marrow 404.5 occipitalis 398.12 articular(-e) nucleus 294.3 olfactoria (nose) 136.16 cubiti 214.18 17 Reflected ligament 86.13 tunicae mucosae nasi 388.24 genus 226.20 Regio(-nes) oralis 398.17 calcaneum 228.17 abdominales 400.1 orbitalis 398.15 carpale dorsale 214.6 18 analis 400.16 parietalis 398.11 lymphocapillare 254.4 antebrachialis pectorales 398.33, 398.37 malleolare anterior 400.30 perinealis 400.15 laterale 226.27 19 posterior 400.31 plantaris pedis 402.20 mediale 228.10a axillaris 398.40 pleuropulmonales 152.7 mirabile 406.27 20 brachialis presternalis 398.34 patellare 226.21 anterior 400.21 pubica 400.7 testis 158.31 posterior 400.22 respiratoria (nose) 136.15 vasculosum articulare 406.28 21 buccalis 398.20 sacralis 400.10 venosum 406.29 calcanea 402.18 scapularis 400.11 dorsale 22 capitis 398.9 sternocleidomastoidea 398.28 manus 244.28 carpalis suralis 402.15 pedis 252.17 anterior 400.35 talocrurales plantare 252.23 23 posterior 400.36 anterior 402.16 Reticular cervicalis(-es) 398.22 posterior 402.16 formation 92.22, 276.16, anterior 398.23 temporalis 398.13 280.27, 284.23, 406.53 24 lateralis 398.30 umbilicalis 400.5 layer 390.18 posterior 398.32 urogenitalis 400.17 membrane 374.1 25 corporis 396.46 vertebralis 400.9 nucleus of thalamus 298.12, coxalis 402.3a zygomatica 398.21 298.24, 300.18 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 481

Reticulospinal tract 276.24 Right Right Reticulum trabeculare 354.27 atrium 186.14 semilunar cusp 1 Retina 358.19 of heart 184.26 of aortic valve 190.3 Retinaculum(-a) auricle 186.22 of pulmonary valve 188.12 2 caudale 390.8 brachiocephalic veins 232.28 subclavian trunk 254.13 cutis 390.5 branch superior extensorum 92.22 hepatic artery proper 218.4 intercostal vein 246.2 3 inferius 100.13 portal vein of liver 248.2 lobar bronchus 146.2 superius 100.11 bronchomediastinal trunk suprarenal vein 246.32 flexorum 92.26, 100.12 254.12 testicular vein 246.33 4 patellae colic thoracic duct 254.16 laterale 68.18 artery 220.10 triangular ligament 178.23 5 mediale 68.17 flexure 124.27 ventricle of heart 184.21, 188.1 peroneorum (fibularium) lymph nodes 264.10 Rima inferius 100.15 vein 248.27 glottidis 144.4 6 superius 100.14 coronary oris 108.4 unguis 394.8 artery 192.7 palpebrarum 366.8 7 Retinal blood vessels 360.6 vein 232.20b pudendi 170.29 Retro-olivary duct of caudate lobe 132.15 vestibuli 142.28 area 278.26 fibrous Ring 8 sulcus 27.25 ring 186.6 apophysis (epiphysis) 2.3b Retroauricular lymph nodes trigone 186.5 finger 400.47 256.4 gastric Rivus lacrimalis 368.15 9 Retrocecal artery 218.3 Roof of tympanic cavity 14.2 lymph nodes 264.6 vein 248.18 Root 10 recess 180.6 gastro-omental canal 112.3 Retroduodenal artery 218.19 filaments 334.4 arteries 218.18 vein 248.22 of lung 148.21 11 recess 178.34 hepatic of nail 392.27 Retrohyoid bursa 102.4 artery 218.4 of nose 134.19 12 Retrolentiform part of internal duct 132.9 of penis 162.28 capsule 318.26 veins 246.25 pulp 112.7 Retromandibular vein 236.18 horn of uterus 168.9 of tongue 112.30 13 Retroperitoneal space 176.20 inferior lobar bronchus 146.9 of tooth 110.21 Retropharyngeal jugular trunk 254.14 apex 110.22 lymph nodes 256.23a, 258.13 lamina, larynx 138.16 Rosenmüller’s recess 118.7 14 space 118.36 lobe Rostral 396.23 Retroposterolateral nucleus of liver 130.18 Rostralis 396.23 15 274.22 of prostate 162.16 Rostrum 312.10 Retropubic space 176.16 lumbar sphenoidale 10.14 Retropyloric nodes 262.21 lymph nodes 262.7 Round 16 Rhinal sulcus 310.19 trunk 254.10 ligament Rhinencephalon 310.26a, 312.1 lung 148.7 of liver 130.4, 248.13 17 Rhombencephalon 278.16 lower lobe 150.9 of uterus 168.32 Rhomboid fossa 286.20 middle lobe 150.6 window 380.2 Rhomboidal nucleus 298.19 upper lobe 150.2 crest 380.4 18 Ribs 6.2 lymphatic duct 254.16 fossula 380.3 angle of 6.16 main bronchus 144.30 Rubrospinal tract 276.29, 294.10 bony part 6.7 margin Rugae vaginales 170.12 19 cervical 6.22 heart 184.15 columns of 170.13 false 6.4 uterus 168.10 20 first 6.17a marginal S floating 6.5 branch (right coronary head of 6.8 artery) 192.10 Sac, lacrimal, fossa for 20.25, 21 joints 58.11 vein 232.20a 32.22b neck of 6.11 middle lobar bronchus 146.6 Saccular 22 crest 6.12 ovarian vein 246.34 macula 372.5 second 6.20a posterolateral branch of right nerve 330.14 shaft (body) of 6.13 coronary Sacculationes coli 124.33 23 true 6.3 artery 192.15 Saccule 372.2 Right 396.7 pulmonary Sacculus(-i) 372.2 atrial veins 232.24 artery 190.14 alveolares 152.4 24 atrioventricular veins 230.3 laryngis 144.2 opening 188.2 inferior 230.17 Saccus 25 valve 188.3 superior 230.4 conjunctivalis 368.5 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 482 Index

Saccus Salivary Scrotal 1 endolymphaticus 370.8 glands nerves lacrimalis 368.21 major 110.1 posterior 346.20 2 Sacral minor 108.31 veins canal 4.34 nucleus anterior 252.6 cornu (horn) 4.33 inferior 282.21 posterior 250.21 3 crest superior 286.5 Scrotum 166.1 intermediate 4.31 Salpingopalatine fold 116.8 raphe 166.2 lateral 4.32 Salpingopharyngeal fold 118.4 septum 166.3 4 median 4.29 Saphenous Sebaceous glands (of Zeis) 368.7, flexure 126.14 branch of descending genicular 394.17 5 foramina artery 226.1b Second rib 6.20a anterior 4.27 nerve 344.4 Secondary posterior 4.30 opening 100.3 center of ossification 404.10 6 ganglia 352.23 vein fissure 288.30 hiatus 4.35 accessory 252.8 spinal lamina 378.4 7 lymph nodes 266.4 greater 252.7 tympanic membrane 380.6 nerves 342.7 small 252.15 visceral substance 276.8 parasympathetic nuclei Scala Sectiones 8 276.15 tympani 372.12 cerebellares 290.9 plexus 344.8 vestibuli 372.11 epithalamici 296.10 region 400.10 Scalene muscle, anterior, hypothalami 302.13 9 segment of spinal cord 274.9 tubercle 6.18 medullae splanchnic nerves 352.24 Scalp hairs 392.3 oblongatae 280.9 10 tuberosity 4.23 Scaphoid 40.4 spinalis 274.11 vein(-s) fossa 12.6, 386.18 mesencephalici 292.21 lateral 250.5 eminence 388.8 metathalamici 298.11 11 median 248.38 tubercle 40.5 pontis 284.7 venous plexus 250.6 Scapula 34.3 telencephalici 314.19a, 316.1 12 Sacrococcygeal neck 34.23 thalami ventralis 300.14 joint 56.21 spine 34.7 thalamici 298.11 ligament Scapular Segmental 13 deep dorsal 56.23 artery artery lateral 56.25 circumflex 212.22 anterior 218.7 superficial dorsal 56.22 dorsal 210.24, 210.24a medial 218.11 14 ventral 56.24 ligament posterior 218.8, 220.25 Sacrococcygeus muscle inferior transverse 60.15 superior 220.20 15 dorsal (posterior) 88.4 superior transverse 60.14 anterior 220.21 ventral (anterior) 88.3 line 396.55 bronchial branches 148.1 Sacroiliac nerve, dorsal 336.20 bronchus(-i) 146.1 16 joint 66.11 notch 34.16 anterior 146.5, 146.18 ligaments region 400.11 basal 146.13, 146.25 17 dorsal 66.14 vein apical 146.3 interosseous 66.13 anterior circumflex 244.13a apicoposterior 146.17 ventral 66.12 circumflex 244.13a lateral 146.7 18 Sacropelvic surface, ilium 42.29 dorsal 244.11 basal 146.14, 146.26 Sacrospinous ligament 66.8 posterior circumflex 244.13a medial 146.8 Sacrotuberous ligament 66.6 Scapus pili 392.13 basal 146.12, 146.24 19 Sacrum 4.16 Schindylesis 404.18 posterior 146.4 ala 4.19 Sciatic basal 146.15 20 apex 4.36 artery 222.25 subapical 146.11, 146.23 base 4.17 nerve 344.17 superior 146.10, 146.22 dorsal surface 4.28 notch inferior 220.23 21 lateral mass 4.21 greater 44.6 anterior 220.22 promontory 4.18 lesser 44.7 medullary artery 216.10e 22 Saddle joint 404.31 Sciatic foramen Segmentum(-a) Sagittal 396.6 greater 66.9 anterius border, parietal bone 16.33 lesser 66.10 inferius (kidney) 154.19 23 sinus Sclera 354.24 (liver) 130.19 inferior 238.16 Scleral superius (kidney) 154.18 superior 238.14 sulcus 354.25 (upper lobe of left lung) 150.18 24 groove for 8.31, 16.26a, veins 244.3 (upper lobe of right lung) 18.16, 28.26 Scrotal 150.5 25 suture 54.3 nerves apicale (upper lobe of right Sagittalis 396.6 anterior 342.19 lung) 150.3 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 483

Segmentum(-a) Semicanalis Septum(-a) apicoposterius (upper lobe of musculus tensoris tympani corporum cavernosorum 172.11 1 left lung) 150.17 12.29 femorale 100.2 basale tubae auditoriae (auditivae) glandis 164.3 2 anterius 12.30 interalveolaria 24.11, 26.29 (lower lobe of left lung) Semicircular interatriale 184.28 150.25 canals intermusculare 3 (lower lobe of right lung) anterior 376.7 brachii 150.13 lateral 376.9 laterale 92.19 laterale osseous 376.6 mediale 92.18 4 (lower lobe of left lung) posterior 376.8 cruris 150.26 duct 370.11 anterius 100.9 5 (lower lobe of right lung) anterior 370.12 posterius 100.10 150.14 basal membrane 370.16 femoris mediale epithelium 370.17 laterale 98.15 6 (lower lobe of left lung) lateral 370.14 mediale 98.16 150.24 posterior 370.13 interradicularia 24.12, 26.30 7 (lower lobe of right lung) proper membrane 370.15 intersinuale 150.12 Semilunar frontale 18.30 posterius cusp sphenoidale 10.16 8 (lower lobe of left lung) of aortic valve interventriculare 184.22 150.27 left 190.5 lingualis 114.16 (lower lobe of right lung) posterior 190.3 medianum posterius 272.21 9 150.15 right 190.4 musculotubal canal 12.31 bronchopulmonalia 150.1 lunules 188.15, 190.6 nasale 136.4 10 cervicalia 274.6 nodules 188.14, 190.6 osseum 32.2, 136.6 coccygea 274.10 of pulmonary valve orbitale 364.19 inferius (kidney) 154.20 anterior 188.11 pectiniforme 164.13 11 laterale left 188.13 pellucidum (lucidum) 312.27 (liver) 130.24 right 188.12 cavity 312.28 12 (middle lobe of right lung) folds 116.14 lamina 312.29 150.7 of colon 124.32 penis 164.13 lingulare of conjunctive 366.25 precommissurale 312.30 13 inferius (upper lobe of left ganglion 320.17 rectovaginale 174.25 lung) 150.20 lobule rectovesicale 174.24 superius (upper lobe of left inferior 288.35 scroti (scrotalis) 166.3 14 lung) 150.19 superior 288.33 Seromucous gland 406.9 lumbaria 274.8 Seminal vesicle 160.20 Serous 15 mediale Seminiferous tubules gland 406.8 (liver) 130.22 convoluted 158.29 membrane 122.3 (middle lobe of right lung) straight 158.30 pericardium 184.4 16 150.8 Sense organs 354.1 Sesamoid medullae spinalis 274.5 Sensory bones 17 posterius ganglia 407.13, 407.14 fingers 40.32 (kidney) 154.21 of cranial nerves 407.15 toes 52.32 (liver) 130.20 nerve 408.10 cartilage 140.27 18 (upper lobe of right lung) root 334.6 Shaft 150.4 facial nerve 328.19 of clavicle 34.29 renalia 154.16 nasociliary nerve 320.12 of femur 46.12 19 sacralia 274.9 pterygopalatine ganglion of fibula 48.20 subapicale 322.16c of metatarsal bone 52.19 20 (lower lobe of left lung) trigeminal nerve 320.16 of penis 162.29 150.23 Septal of rib 6.13 (lower lobe of right lung) cusp 188.6 of tibia 48.1 21 150.11 interventricular branches Sheath superius left coronary artery 192.20 of extensor carpi radialis 22 (kidney) 154.17 right coronary artery 192.13 brevis 102.26 (lower lobe of left lung) papillary muscle 188.18 fibrous 150.22 Septomarginal of digits of foot 100.22 23 (lower lobe of right lung) fasciculus 278.10 of fingers 92.27 150.10 trabecula 188.19 of styloid process 16.9 thoracica 274.7 Septula testis 158.26 synovial 24 Sella turcica 10.5 Septum(-a) of fingers 92.30 Sellar joint 404.31 atrioventriculare 184.25 of toes 100.19a, 100.20 25 cervicale intermedium 272.10 see also Tendon Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 484 Index

Short Sinus(-us) Spatium(-a) 1 bone 402.42 renalis 154.7 peripharyngeum 118.35 central artery 204.4 sagittalis praevesicale 176.16 2 ciliary nerves 320.10 inferior 238.16 retroperitoneale 176.20 gastric superior 238.14 retropharyngeum 118.36 arteries 218.34 groove for 8.31, 16.26a, retropubicum 176.16 3 veins 248.31 18.16, 28.26 subarachnoideum 270.2, 270.14 gyrus of insula 308.27 sigmoideus 238.13 subdurale 268.30 head groove for 8.33, 12.19, 16.26 zonularia 362.26 4 of biceps brachii 88.15 sphenoidalis 10.15, 138.3 Spermatic of biceps femoris 96.4 aperture 10.17 cord 160.25 5 nasopalatine nerve 322.20c septum 1.16 fascia, internal 160.30 posterior ciliary arteries 202.6 sphenoparietalis 238.23 Spheno-occipital synchondrosis Shoulder splenica (lienalis) 268.17 56.2 6 blade 34.3 tarsi 50.30 Sphenoethmoidal girdle 34.2 transversus 238.9 recess 32.8, 136.19 7 joints 60.12 groove for 8.32 suture 54.7 joint 60.29 pericardii 184.8 synchondrosis 56.7 Shrapnell’s membrane 380.22 trunci pulmonalis 190.12 Sphenofrontal suture 54.6 8 Sigmoid tympani 380.1 Sphenoid bone 10.1 arteries 220.14 unguis 392.24 angular spine 10.38 colon 124.31 urogenitalis primitivus 172.34 body 10.2 9 lymph nodes 264.12 venarum cavarum 186.18 greater wing 10.23 mesocolon 178.8 venosus 406.30 lesser wing 10.19 10 sinus 238.13 sclerae 244.2a, 354.30 pterygoid process 12.1 groove for 8.33, 12.19, 16.26 Sinusoid 406.41 Sphenoidal veins 248.35 Skeletal angle 16.37 11 Simple muscle 405.15 border, temporal bone 16.13 joint 404.23 system 402.30 concha 10.18 12 membranous crus 370.27 Skeleton crest 10.13 osseous crus 376.16 appendiculare 402.40 fontanelle 32.30 Sinister 396.8 axiale 402.39 part of middle cerebral artery 13 Sinoatrial (SA) node 186.8 Skin 390.1 204.19 Sinuatrial node branch, left coro- sulci 390.3 process 24.26 nary artery 192.26 Skull 28.20 rostrum 10.14 14 Sinus(-us) joints 56.8 sinus 10.15, 138.3 anales 126.26 synovial 60.1 aperture 10.17 15 anteriores 138.6 sutures 54.1 septum 10.16 aortae 192.6 Small Sphenomandibular ligament 60.8 caroticus 194.8, 200.12 cardiac vein 232.21 Sphenomaxillary suture 54.24 16 cavernosum 238.21 intestine 122.20 Sphenopalatine coronarius 232.15 saphenous vein 252.15 artery 200.8 17 durae matris 238.8 Smallest cardiac veins 232.23 foramen 32.11 epididymidis 162.6 Soft palate 108.17, 116.4 notch 24.19 ethmoidales 138.5 Sole 402.20 Sphenoparietal 18 frontalis 18.28, 138.4 Soleal line of tibia 48.5 sinus 238.23 apertura 18.29 Solitary lymphatic follicles suture 54.9 septum 18.30 (nodules) 122.32, 126.12 Sphenopetrosal 19 intercavernosi 238.22 Somatic nerve fibers 407.8 fissure 30.19 lactiferi 394.26 Spatium(-a) synchondrosis 56.3 20 marginalis 238.10a anguli iridocornealis 358.14 Sphenosquamosal suture 54.8 maxillaris 22.24, 138.2 epidurale (peridurale) 268.33 Sphenovomerine suture 54.22 medii 138.7 episclerale 364.22 Sphenozygomatic suture 54.23 21 obliquus pericardii 184.9 extraperitoneale 176.19a Spherical recess of vestibule occipitalis 238.11 intercostale 6.40 374.22 22 groove for 8.33a interossea Spheroidal joint 404.26 paranasales 138.1 metacarpi 64.15 Sphincter muscle 405.11 petrosus metatarsi 17, 72 of bile duct 134.13 23 inferior 238.18 intervaginale(-ia) 354.14, 364.22 of pancreatic duct 128.18 groove for 8.7, 14.18 lateropharyngeum 118.37 Spina(-ae) superior 238.20 perichoroideale 356.15 helicis 386.13 24 groove for 14.10 perilymphaticum 372.10 iliaca posterior(-es) 138.8, 380.15 perinei anterior 25 prostaticus 164.28 profundum 176.2 inferior 42.21 rectus 238.17 superficiale 176.8 superior 42.20 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 485

Spina(-ae) Spinothalamic tract 278.2 Stapes 382.1, 382.2 iliaca anterior 276.25 head 382.3 1 posterior Spinous process 2.11 Staticae 372.3 inferior 42.23 Spiral Statoconia 372.6 2 superior 42.22 canal Statoconial membrane 372.7 ischiadica (ischialis) 44.5 of cochlea 376.21 Stellate mentalis 26.21 of modiolus 376.25 ganglion 352.8 3 nasalis 18.19 crest 372.21 venules 156.14 anterior 22.12 fold 134.11 Sternal posterior 24.31 ganglion 330.16 angle 6.27 4 ossis sphenoidalis 10.38 of cochlea 374.9 articular surface (clavicle) 34.27 palatinae 24.6 ligament 372.21 branches of internal thoracic 5 scapulae 34.7 membrane 372.18 artery 210.6 suprameatica 16.19 organ (of Corti) 372.19 line 396.48 trochlearis 18.23 prominence 374.6 membrane 58.23 6 tympanica sulcus part of diaphragm 84.28 major 16.5 external 372.29 synchondroses 6.28 7 minor 16.6 internal 372.28 Sternoclavicular Spinal tract, foraminous 378.11 joint 60.22 arachnoid 270.13 vein of modiolus 374.15 ligament 8 artery vessel 374.2 anterior 60.24 anterior 206.11 Splanchnic posterior 60.25 posterior 206.16 ganglion, thoracic 352.17 Sternocleidomastoid 9 branch(-es) nerves branch abdominal aorta 216.24 greater 352.16 occipital artery 196.18 10 ascending cervical artery lesser 352.18 superior thyroid artery 210.21 lowest 352.20 194.12 iliolumbar artery 222.9 lumbar 352.21 muscle 80.26 11 lateral sacral arteries 222.13 pelvic 352.34 region 398.28 posterior intercostal arteries sacral 352.24 vein 236.3 12 212.8, 216.10, 216.18 Splanchnology (splanchnologia) Sternocostal (posterior intercostal veins) 405.35 joint 58.20 246.16 Spleen 268.1 ligament 13 vertebral artery 206.5 hilum 268.12 intra-articular 58.21 cord 272.13 Splen 268.1 radiate 58.22 funiculi 274.1 accessorius 268.2 part of pectoralis major 84.5 14 sections 274.11 Splenic surface (heart) 184.12 segments 274.5 artery 218.25 synchondrosis of first rib 26a 15 veins 246.20 branches of splenic artery Sternopericardiac ligaments dura mater 268.31 218.35, 268.18 184.3 ganglion 334.7, 407.14 lymph nodes 262.25 Sternum 6.23 16 lamina plexus 348.19 body 6.31 bony 378.1 pulp 268.16 Stomach 120.15 17 secondary 378.4 recess 176.34 Straight lemniscus 284.24, 294.15, sinus 268.17 arterioles 156.8 300.24 vein 248.29 part of musculi cricothy- 18 nerve(-s) 334.3, 407.23 Splenium 312.7 roideus 142.13 groove for 2.22 Splenorenal ligament 178.19 segments of renal tubules plexus 407.24 Spongy 154.24 19 trunk 334.8 bone 402.36 seminiferous tubules 158.30 nucleus of trigeminal nerve part of urethra 164.30 sinus 238.17 20 280.26, 284.26 Squama venules 156.13 pia mater 272.8 frontalis 18.2 Stratum(-a) roots of vagus nerve 332.33 occipitalis 8.10 basale 390.14 21 tract of trigeminal nerve Squamosomastoid suture 54.13 circulare 405.46 280.26, 284.25 Squamotympanic fissure 14.33 (colon) 126.7 22 veins Squamous (rectum) 126.19 anterior 246.20a border (small intestine) 122.25 posterior 246.20b parietal bone 16.32 (stomach) 122.7 23 Spino-olivary tract 278.6, 282.2 sphenoid 10.31 (tympanic membrane) Spinocerebellar tract part of temporal bone 16.10 380.32 anterior 278.3 suture 54.10, 404.16 colliculi superioris (grisea/ 24 posterior 278.4 Stapedial alba) 294.22 Spinoreticular tract 278.7 branch 196.26 corneum 390.10 25 Spinotectal tract 278.1, 284.22 fold 384.12 unguis 394.6 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Humanmembrane Anatomy 382.28 © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 486 Index

Stratum(-a) Styloid Subfascial 1 cutaneum (tympanic mem- process bursa 405.33 brane) 380.29 head of fibula 48.18 prepatellar bursa 104.18 2 cylindricum 390.14 metacarpal bone 40.22 Subfornical organ 296.18 fibrosum 404.39 temporal bone 14.26 Subhepatic recess 180.10 (tendon sheath) 405.19 sheath 16.9 Subiculum promontorii 378.27 3 ganglionare ulna 38.14 Sublentiform part of internal nervi optici 358.25 prominence 378.21 capsule 318.21 retinae 358.24 Stylomandibular ligament Sublingual 4 germinativum unguis 394.7 60.9 artery 196.3 granulosum 166.23, 290.16, Stylomastoid ducts 5 390.12 artery 196.23 major 110.3 longitudinale 405.46 foramen 14.27 minor 110.4 (colon) 126.2 vein 236.31 fold 108.27 6 (rectum) 126.18 Subacromial bursa 102.8 fovea 26.24 (small intestine) 122.24 Subaortic common iliac lymph ganglion 328.29, 352.33 7 (stomach) 122.6 nodes 264.19 gland 110.2 lucidum 390.11 Subapical nerve 326.5 moleculare (plexiforme), (cere- segment papilla 108.26 8 bellum) 290.14 of lower lobe of left lung vein 234.31 mucosum (tympanic mem- 150.23 Submandibular brane) 380.33 of lower lobe of right lung duct 110.6 9 neurium piriformium 290.15 150.11 fovea 26.25 neuroepitheliale (retina) segmental bronchus 146.11, ganglion 326.8, 328.26, 352.32 10 358.23 146.23 gland 110.5 papillare 390.16 Subarachnoid lymph nodes 256.16 radiatum (tympanic mem- cisterns 270.4 triangle 398.24 11 brane) 380.31 space 270.2, 270.14 Submental reticulare 390.18 Subarcuate fossa 14.14 artery 196.10 12 spinosum 390.13 Subcallosal area 312.4 lymph nodes 256.15 synoviale 404.40 Subclavian triangle 398.27 (tendon sheath) 405.20 artery 206.1 vein 236.17 13 Stria(-ae) groove for 6.19 Submucosa 118.16 diagonalis (Broca) 312.3 groove 34.30 Submucosal plexus 350.6 laminae plexus 352.11 Submuscular bursa 405.32 14 granularis triangle 398.31 Suboccipital externa, cerebral cortex trunk, right/left 254.13 nerve 334.18 15 316.11 vein 244.9 part of vertebral artery 206.7 interna, cerebral cortex groove for 6.20 venous plexus 234.12 316.12 Subcommissural organ 296.19 Subparietal sulcus 310.6 16 molecularis (plexiformis), Subcostal Subphrenic recess 180.9 cerebral cortex 316.10 artery 216.16 Subpopliteal recess 106.2 17 pyramidalis interna (gan- muscles 84.20 Subpubic angle 44.23 glionaris), cerebral cortex nerve 340.26 Subpyloric nodes 262.20 316.13 plane 398.2 Subscapular 18 longitudinalis vein 246.12 artery 212.20 lateralis 312.17 Subcutaneous branches of axillary artery medialis 312.16 abdominal veins 234.16 212.10 19 mallearis 380.27 bursa 405.31 fossa 34.5 medullaris(-es) 286.30 infrapatellar 104.21 lymph nodes 258.19 20 thalamica 296.24 of laryngeal prominence nerves 340.11 olfactoriae 102.3 vein 244.13a lateralis 310.30 of lateral malleolus 106.7 Subserosal plexus 350.4 21 medialis 310.30 of medial malleolus 106.8 Substantia(-ae) terminalis 314.7 of olecranon 102.15 adamantina 112.10 22 fibers of 304.18 prepatellar 104.17 alba 274.14, 276.17, 406.52 vascularis 374.8 of tibial tuberosity 104.23 compacta 402.35 Stroma 182.8, 406.3 trochanteric 104.5 corticalis 402.34 23 ganglii (ganglionicum) 407.12 calcaneal bursa 106.17 eburnea 112.9 iridis 258.12 part of external anal sphincter gelatinosa 276.7, 406.54 ovarii 166.15 174.15 centralis 274.15 24 vitreum 362.9 tissue 390.19 grisea 274.13, 406.51 Stylohyoid Subdeltoid bursa 102.9 centralis 292.11 25 branch of facial nerve 328.10 Subdural space 268.30 intermedia centralis 276.12 ligament 60.11 Subendocardial rami 186.12a intermedia lateralis 276.13 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 487

Substantia(-ae) Sulcus(-i) Sulcus(-i) lentis 362.11 corporis callosi 310.2 sinus 1 muscularis (prostate) 162.22 costae 6.17 occipitalis 8.33a nigra 292.7 cruris helicis 388.5 petrosi 2 perforata cutis 390.3 inferioris 8.7, 14.18 anterior 312.2 ethmoidalis 20.27 superioris 14.10 interpeduncularis 290.33 frontalis sagittalis superioris 8.31, 3 propria 356.9 inferior 306.29 16.26a, 18.16, 28.26 sclerae 354.32 superior 306.27 sigmoidei 8.33, 12.19, 16.26 reticularis 280.27, 292.22, gingivalis 108.25 transversi 8.32 4 406.53 glutealis 402.3 spiralis spongiosa 402.36 habenuale (habenularis) externus 372.29 5 trabecularis 402.36 296.5 internus 372.28 visceralis secundaria 276.8 hamuli pterygoidei 12.11 subparietalis 310.6 Subtalar joint 70.13 hippocampi (hippocampalis) supraacetabularis 42.12 6 Subtendinous 310.14 tali 50.13 bursa 405.34 hypothalamicus 298.2 temporalis(-es) 7 of infraspinatus muscle infraorbitalis 22.6 inferior 308.23 102.11 interlobares 306.21 superior 308.21 of latissimus dorsi muscle intermedius posterior 272.24 transversi 308.17 8 102.14 intertubercularis 36.8 tendinis musculi of obturator internus muscle interventricularis flexoris hallucis longi 50.18, 104.11 anterior 184.18 50.28 9 of sartorius muscle 104.24 posterior 184.19 peronei (fibularis) longi 52.4, of subscapularis muscle intraparietalis 308.5 52.13 10 102.12 lacrimalis 20.23, 22.18, 32.22a terminalis 186.16 of teres major muscle 102.13 lateralis 306.17 linguae 114.11 of tibialis anterior 106.16 limitans 286.25 tubae auditoriae (auditivae) 11 of trapezius 102.6 lunatus 308.13 10.39 of triceps brachii 102.17 malleolaris 48.11, 48.30a tympanicus 16.7 12 iliac bursa 104.15 matricis unguis 392.23 venae prepatellar bursa 104.19 medianus 286.22 cavae 128.30 Subthalamic linguae 114.10 subclaviae 6.20 13 fasciculus 302.6 posterior 272.20, 280.8 venosi 30.7 nucleus 300.17 musculi subclavii 34.30 vomeris 20.30 Sudoriferous glands 394.11 mylohyoideus 28.9 vomerovaginalis 12.9 14 Sulcomarginal fasciculus 276.21 nervus(-i) Supercilia 392.4 Sulcus(-i) petrosi Superciliary arch 18.5 15 ampullaris 370.22 majoris 12.6 Supercilium 366.1 anterolateralis 272.22, 278.21 minoris 12.7 Superficial 396.31 anthelicis transversus 388.4 radialis 36.15 brachial artery 212.26 16 arteriae spinalis 2.22 branch meningeae mediae 16.26b ulnaris 36.29 lateral plantar nerve 346.13 17 occipitalis 12.20 obturatorius 44.17 medial subclaviae 6.19 occipitalis transversus 308.12 circumflex femoral artery temporalis mediae 16.15 occipitotemporalis 310.21 226.3a 18 vertebralis 4.9 oculomotorius 290.31 plantar artery 228.20 arteriales 30.8 olfactorius 136.10, 310.24 radial nerve 340.8 auricularis posterior 386.28 orbitales 310.26 superior gluteal artery 19 basilaris 284.4 palatinus(-i) 24.7 222.20 bicipitalis major 22.23, 24.20 transverse cervical artery 20 lateralis 400.27 palatovaginalis 12.8 210.23 medialis 400.28 paracolici 180.8 ulnar nerve 338.22 bulbopontines 284.3 parieto-occipitalis 310.10 cerebral veins 240.10 21 calcanei 50.29 popliteus 46.25a circumflex iliac calcarinus 310.12 postcentralis 308.2 artery 224.31 22 caroticus 10.11 posterolateralis 272.23, 280.1 vein 252.3 carpi 40.15 precentralis 306.24 dorsal centralis 306.16 prechiasmaticus 10.4 sacrococcygeal ligament 23 insulae 308.30 promontorii 378.26 56.22 cerebrales 306.5 pterygopalatinus 22.23, 24.20 veins of clitoris 252.5 cinguli (cingulatus) 310.5 pulmonalis thoracis 6.38 veins of penis 252.5 24 circularis insulae 308.31 retro-olivaris 278.25 epigastric collateralis 310.18 rhinalis 310.19 artery 224.30 25 coronarius 184.20 sclerae 354.25 vein 252.4 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 488 Index

Superficial Superior Superior 1 fascia 405.26a bulb of jugular vein 234.22 laryngeal of penis 164.20 bursa of biceps femoris 104.16 artery 194.13 2 head of flexor pollicis brevis cerebellar nerve 332.10 92.3 artery 206.23 vein 236.4 inguinal peduncle 290.26, 292.19 lateral brachial cutaneous 3 lymph nodes 266.14 decussation 294.8 nerve 340.15 ring 86.14 cerebral veins 240.11 ligament lamina of levator tendon 364.15 cervical of epididymis 162.4 4 layer cardiac of incus 382.26 of cervical fascia 82.22 branches of vagus nerve of malleus 382.24 5 temporal fascia 80.21 332.9 lingular lymph nodes 256.18, 258.2, nerve 352.4 bronchus 146.19 258.27 ganglion 350.27 segment of upper lobe of 6 lymphatic vessel 254.7 choroid vein 242.3 left lung 150.18 middle cerebral vein 240.18 clunial (gluteal) branches 342.5 longitudinal 7 palmar colliculus 292.15 fasciculus 316.16 arch 214.27 brachium 292.17, 294.23, muscle of tongue 114.23 branch, radial artery 214.4 300.28 lymph nodes 264.3 8 venous arch 244.30 commissure 294.24 macular arteriole/venule 360.12 parotid lymph nodes 256.5 gray and white layers 294.22 margin part costal fovea 2.25 adrenal gland 182.33 9 of external anal sphincter costotransverse ligament 58.16 cerebral hemisphere 306.10 174.16 deep lymph nodes 258.3 scapula 34.15 10 of parotid gland 110.8 dental mediastinum 152.25 perineal arch 112.18 medullary velum 288.2 fascia 176.12 branches of infraorbital mesenteric 11 space 176.8 nerve 324.7 artery 220.1 peroneal (fibular) nerve 344.21 plexus 324.6 ganglion 348.14 12 plantar arch 228.26a duodenal plexus 348.28 popliteal lymph nodes 266.19 flexure 124.7 vein 248.20 temporal fold 178.28 nasal 13 artery 198.1 recess 178.29 arteriole/venule of retina rami 324.30 end of testis 158.17 360.10 veins 236.19 epigastric concha 20.14, 136.11 14 transverse artery 210.12 meatus 32.4, 136.20 metacarpal ligament 92.23 veins 234.15 nuchal line 8.26 15 metatarsal ligament 100.19 extensor retinaculum 100.11 oblique muscle 364.10 vein 406.48 fascia olivary nucleus 286.7 Superficialis 396.31 of pelvic diaphragm 174.26 ophthalmic vein 242.25 16 Superior 396.19 of urogenital diaphragm 176.5 orbital fissure 10.22, 32.23 aberrant ductules 160.8 fornix of conjunctiva 368.3 palpebral 17 alveolar nerve 324.2 fovea 286.27 arch 202.18 anastomotic vein 240.19 frontal veins 236.9 angle (scapula) 34.19 gyrus 306.26 pancreatic lymph nodes 262.23 18 anterior segmental artery sulcus 306.27 pancreaticoduodenal lymph 220.21 ganglion 330.18, 332.2 nodes 262.27 aperture 88.23 gingival branches of infraorbi- parathyroid gland 182.11 19 articular tal nerve 324.8 parietal lobule 308.4 facet 4.3 gluteal part 20 process 2.14, 4.20 artery 222.19 of duodenum 124.2 surface, tibia 46.28 lymph nodes 266.2 of left superior pulmonary auricular ligament 388.12 nerve 342.5, 344.12 vein 232.2 21 basal vein 230.22, 232.9 veins 250.2 of masseter muscle 80.13 border petrous temporal 14.9 horn peroneal (fibular) retinaculum 22 branch(-es) falciform margin 100.5 100.14 to inferior lobe of right pul- thyroid cartilage 138.22 petrosal monary artery 190.23 hypogastric plexus 350.9 sinus 238.20 23 inferior right pulmonary hypohysial artery 200.25 groove for 14.10 vein 230.17 ileocecal recess 180.2 pharyngeal constrictor muscle left inferior pulmonary vein labial 118.22 24 232.5 artery 196.13 phrenic superior gluteal artery 222.22 branches of infraorbital arteries 216.7 25 transverse cervical nerve nerve 324.12 lymph nodes 260.6 336.2 vein 236.12 veins 246.9 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 489

Superior Superior Suprarenal pubic ligament 66.16 vesical arteries 222.29 arteries 1 ramus vestibular inferior 220.18 oculomotor nerve 320.6 area 378.12 middle 220.16 2 of pubis 44.13 nucleus 286.12 superior 216.21 recess of tympanic membrane wall 32.17 gland 182.29 384.9 Superolateral accessory 182.39 3 rectal lymph nodes 266.16 impression 130.13 artery 220.15 surface of cerebral hemisphere plexus 348.22 lymph nodes 264.13 306.15 vein 4 plexus 350.2 Superomedial lymph nodes left 246.29 vein 248.36 266.15 right 246.32 5 rectus muscle 364.4 Supinator crest 38.31 Suprascapular right pulmonary veins 230.3, Supra-acetabular sulcus 42.12 artery 212.1 230.4 Supra-orbital nerve 336.23 6 sagittal sinus 238.14 vein 236.8 vein 238.6 groove for 8.31, 16.26a, 18.16, Suprachoroid lamina 356.14 Supraspinal 7 28.26 Supraclavicular ligaments 56.17 salivary (salivatory) nucleus lymph nodes 258.11 recess 298.7 286.5 nerves 336.4 Supraspinous fossa 34.8 8 segment intermediate 336.6 Suprasternal bones 6.34 of kidney 154.17 lateral (posterior) 336.7 Supratonsillar fossa 116.16 of lower lobe of left lung medial 336.5 Supratragic tubercle 386.29 9 150.22 part of brachial plexus 336.19 Supratrochlear of lower lobe of right lung triangle 398.31 artery 202.20 10 150.10 Supracondylar lymph nodes 258.26 segmental line nerve 320.27 artery 220.20 lateral 46.20b veins 236.7 11 bronchus 146.10, 146.22 medial 46.20a Supravaginal part of cervix semicircular process 36.18 168.16 12 canal 376.7 ridge Supraventricular crest 188.7 duct 370.12 lateral 36.20 Supravesical fossa 180.14 semilunar lobule 288.33 medial 36.17 Supreme 13 suprarenal arteries 216.21 Supracostal branch of posterior intercostal, vein 234.19 surface of talus 50.8 intercostal nuchal line 8.25 synovial membrane 60.6 arteries 216.13 Sura 402.15 14 tarsal Supracristal plane 398.4 Sural muscle 366.22 Supraduodenal artery 218.14 arteries 226.17 15 plate 366.16 Supraglenoid tubercle 34.22 nerve 346.5 temporal Suprahyoid veins 252.13a arteriole/venule of retina branch of lingual artery 196.2 Suspensory 16 360.8 triangle 398.27 ligament gyrus 308.19 Supramarginal gyrus 308.8 of breast 394.31 17 line 16.28 Supramastoid crest 16.17 of ovary 180.28 sulcus 308.21 Suprameatal of penis (clitoris) 86.25 thalamostriate vein 242.4 pit 16.18 of vermiform appendix 178.9 18 thoracic spine 16.19 muscle of duodenum 124.10 aperture 6.36 Supraoptic Sustentaculum tali 50.27 artery 212.11 commissure Sutura(-ae) 404.14 19 thyroid dorsal 304.12 coronalis 54.2 artery 194.10 ventral 304.13 cranii (craniales) 54.1 20 notch 138.17 fibers 304.21 ethmoidolacrimalis 54.21 tubercle 138.19 nucleus 302.18 ethmoidomaxillaris 54.20 vein 236.1 Supraopticohypophysial tract frontalis 18.6a, 54.11 21 tracheobronchial lymph nodes 304.23 frontoethmoidalis 54.15 260.14 Supraorbital frontolacrimalis 54.17 22 transverse scapular ligament artery 202.13 frontomaxillaris 54.16 60.14 border/margin frontonasalis 54.14 tympanic artery 198.19 frontal bone 18.7 frontozygomatica 54.18 23 ulnar collateral artery 212.32 orbit 32.15 incisiva 24.5 vein(-s) nerve 320.24 intermaxillaris 54.30 of cerebellum 242.22 notch/foramen 18.8 internasalis 5426 24 of vermis 242.19 Suprapatellar bursa 104.20 lacrimoconchalis 54.29 vena cava 232.27 Suprapleural membrane 152.9 lacrimomaxillaris 54.28 25 opening 186.23 Suprapyloric node 262.19 lambdoidea 54.4 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 490 Index

Sutura(-ae) Syndesmosis 404.13 Talocrural 1 metopica 18.17a, 54.11 radioulnaris 62.9 region nasomaxillaris 54.27 tibiofibularis 68.23 anterior 402.16 2 occipitomastoidea 54.5 tympanostapedialis 382.21 posterior 402.16 palatina Synovia 404.43 Talofibular ligament mediana 54.33 Synovial anterior 70.7 3 transversa 54.34 bursa(-ae) 100.19a, 405.30 posterior 70.8 palatoethmoidalis 54.32 of lower limb 104.4a Talonavicular ligament 70.24 palatomaxillaris 54.31 of tensor veli palatini 102.2 Talus 50.3 4 parietomastoidea 54.12 of trochlea 364.12 body 50.6 plana 404.17 of upper limb 102.5a facet 5 sagittalis 54.3 fold 404.41 anterior 52.1 serrata 404.15 infrapatellar 68.10 middle 52.2 sphenoethmoidalis 54.7 joints 404.22 posterior 52.3 6 sphenofrontalis 54.6 layer, tendon sheath 405.20 head 50.4 sphenomaxillaris 54.24 membrane 404.40 lateral process 50.11 7 sphenoparietalis 54.9 inferior 60.7 neck 50.5 sphenosquamosa 54.8 superior 60.6 posterior process 50.17 sphenovomeriana 54.22 sheath(-s) 405.18 sulcus 50.13 8 sphenozygomatica 54.23 of fingers 92.30 Tangential fibers 316.9 squamosa 54.10, 404.16 of tendon 405.20a Tapetum 312.14 squamosomastoidea 54.13 of toes 100.19a, 100.20 Tarsal 9 temporozygomatica 54.25 villi 404.42 arteries zygomaticomaxillaris 22.13, Systema dorsal 228.5 10 54.19 alimentarium 108.1 lateral 228.2 Sutural bones 30.9 conducens cordis 186.7a medial 228.3 Suture 404.14 lymphaticum 254.1 bones 50.2 11 dentate 404.15 nervosum 268.21 glands 366.21 flat 404.17 centrale 272.12, 406.50 joint, transverse 70.16 12 Sweat glands 394.10 periphericum 320.1, 407.1 plate duct 394.13 respiratorium 134.17 inferior 366.17 eccrine 394.11 skeletale 402.30 superior 366.16 13 merocrine 394.11 urogenitale 154.1 Tarsometatarsal pore 394.14 Systema nervorum autonomicum joints 72.9 Sympathetic 348.1 ligaments 14 branch to submandibular gan- dorsal 72.10 glion 328.27 T plantar 72.11 15 ganglion 407.19 Tarsus 50.1, 402.23 root Tactile inferior 366.17 internal carotid plexus 320.11 corpuscles 390.24 superior 366.16 16 pterygopalatine ganglion elevations 390.6 Taste 322.16b menisci 390.26 bud 388.27 17 system 350.21 Taenia(-ae) pore 388.28 trunk 350.22 choroidea 314.10 Tectal lamina 292.13, 294.18 ganglia 350.23 coli 126.3 Tectobulbar tract 294.11 18 Symphyseal surface (pubis) 44.11 fornix 312.24 Tectorial membrane 58.8, 372.26 Symphysis 404.21 libera 126.6 Tectospinal tract 276.32, 280.22, intervertebral 56.9 mesocolica 126.4 284.22, 294.12 19 mandibulae (medialis) 26.14 omentalis 126.5 Tectum mesencephalicum menti 26.14 thalami 298.9 292.12, 294.17 20 pubica 66.15 ventriculi quarti 288.7 Teeth 110.12 Synchondrosis(-es) 404.21 Tail Tegmen cranii (craniales) 56.1 of caudate nucleus 316.25 tympani 14.2 21 intraoccipitalis 56.4a of epididymis 160.4 ventriculi quarti 288.1 anterior 56.6 of helix 386.14 Tegmental 22 posterior 56.5 of pancreas 128.13 nuclei 294.2 manubriosternalis 6.29 Talocalcaneal ligament tract, central 294.26 petro-occipitalis 56.4 interosseus 70.20 wall 378.17 23 spheno-ethmoidalis 56.7 lateral 70.14 Tegmentum spheno-occipitalis 52.2 medial 70.15 decussations 294.7 sphenopetrosa 56.3 posterior 70.15a mesencephalicum 292.10 24 sternales 6.28 Talocalcaneonavicular joint pontis 284.17 sternocostalis costae primae 70.12 Tela 25 58.26a Talocrural choroidea xiphisternalis 6.30 joint 70.1 ventriculi Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 491

Tela Temporal Tensor tympani muscle, semi- choroidea region 398.13 canal 12.29 1 ventriculi sulcus(-i) Tentorial quarti 272.2, 288.5 inferior 308.23 branch of ophthalmic nerve 2 tertii 272.4, 298.8 superior 308.21 320.20 subcutanea 390.19 transverse 308.17 notch 268.28 submucosa 405.44 surface 10.25, 16.14, 18.10, 26.3 Tentorium cerebelli 268.25 3 (bronchus) 148.3 veins Terminal (colon) 126.8 deep 236.25 crest 186.17 (esophagus) 120.11 middle 236.20 ganglion 352.29 4 (pharynx) 118.16 superficial 236.19 groove 186.16 (small intestine) 122.26 Temporomandibular line 44.26 5 (stomach) 122.10 joint 60.2 nerve 352.27 (urinary bladder) 158.8 ligament 60.4 corpuscles 390.21 subserosa 122.4, 406.1 Temporopontine fibers 318.25 notch 388.2 6 (gallbladder) 134.6 Temporozygomatic suture 54.25 part of middle cerebral artery (liver) 130.31 Tendinous 204.29 7 (perimetrium) 168.27 arch 405.28 phalanx 40.27 (peritoneum) 176.25 of levator ani muscle 174.11 portion of posterior cerebral (urinary bladder) 158.2 of pelvic fascia 174.27 artery 208.1 8 (uterine tube) 168.2 of soleus muscle 96.18 secretory part of sweat gland Telencephalon 306.1 intersections 86.3, 405.27 394.12 sections 314.19a, 316.1 Tendo 405.17 ventricle 272.18 9 Temporal calcaneus 96.19 Termini generales 396.1 arteriole/venule of retina conjunctivus 86.21 Testicular 10 inferior 360.9 cricoesophageus 120.8 artery 222.1 superior 360.8 infundibuli 186.6a plexus 348.26 artery intermedius 405.27a vein 11 anterior 204.26 Tendon 405.17 left 246.30 deep 198.25 of lateral rectus at greater right 246.33 12 middle 198.6, 204.27 wing 364.18 Testis 158.16 groove for 16.15 sheath 405.18 descent of 162.7 posterior 198.25a, 204.28 of abductor pollicis longus lobules 158.27 13 superficial 198.1 102.20 septa 158.26 bone 12.14 of extensor Textus nervosus 408.17 petrous part 12.15 carpi radialis brevis 102.21 Thalamic 14 anterior surface 14.1 carpi radialis longus 102.21 branch(-es) apex 12.25 carpi ulnaris 102.25 posterior cerebral artery 15 inferior surface 14.23 digiti minimi 102.24 206.28 posterior digitorum 102.23 posterior communicating border 14.17 digitorum longus 106.11 artery 208.21 16 surface 14.11 hallucis longus 106.10 fasciculus(-i) 300.21, 302.5 superior border 12.9 indicus 102.23 peduncle, inferior 302.8 17 squamous part 16.10 pollicis brevis 102.20 radiations tympanic part 16.1 pollicis longus 102.22 anterior 302.1, 318.9 zygomatic process 16.16 of flexor central 302.2 18 branches of facial nerve 328.13 carpi radialis 104.1 posterior 302.3, 318.27 crest 28.10a digitorum longus 106.12 tract 300.21 fascia 80.21 hallucis longus 106.14 Thalamolentiform part of inter- 19 fossa 30.11 pollicis longus 104.3 nal capsule 318.14 gyrus(-i) for flexors Thalamoparietal fibers 318.19 20 inferior 308.24 in region of fingers 104.4 Thalamostriate veins middle 308.22 of the toes 106.20 inferior 240.26 superior 308.19 of peroneus longus 106.19 superior 242.4 21 transverse 308.18 of superior oblique muscle Thalamus line 102.1, 364.12 anterior nuclei 298.13 22 of frontal bone 18.12 of tibialis dorsal 296.20 inferior 16.29 anterior 106.9 medial nuclei 298.21 superior 16.28 posterior 106.13 median nuclei 198.17 23 lobe 308.15 Tenia(-ae) paratenial nucleus 298.20a nerves, deep 324.16 choroidea 314.10 reticular nucleus 298.12, operculum 308.20 of fornix 312.24 298.24, 300.18 24 pole 308.16 of fourth ventricle 288.7 sections 298.11 process 26.5 of thalamus 298.9 tenia 298.9 25 rami, superficial 324.30 Tenon’s capsule 364.21 ventralis (subthalamus) 296.29 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 492 Index

Theca(-ae) Thymic Tibionavicular part of medial 1 externa 166.21 veins 234.1 (deltoid) ligament 70.3 folliculi 166.20 Thymus 182.23 Tibiotalar part of medial (del- 2 interna 166.22 cortex 182.27 toid) ligament Thenar eminence 400.40 medulla 182.28 anterior 70.5 Thigh right/left lobe 182.24 posterior 70.6 3 bone 46.2 Thyroarytenoid muscle 142.20 Toes 52.23, 402.25 region 402.4 Thyrocervical trunk 210.13 big toe 402.26 anterior 402.5 Thyroepiglottic little toe 402.28 4 posterior 402.7 ligament 142.7 Tongue 112.28 Third occipital nerve 334.20 muscle 142.19 apex 112.37 5 Thoracic part of thyroarytenoid muscle body 112.29 aorta 216.2 142.20a frenulum 114.2 aortic plexus 348.4 Thyroglossal duct 114.13 median groove 114.10 6 artery Thyrohyoid mucous membrane 114.1 internal 210.1 branch of ansa cervicalis 334.26 musculature 114.18 7 lateral 212.18 ligament, lateral 138.27 root 112.30 superior 212.11 membrane 138.25 Tonsilla(-ae) bones 6.1 median 138.26 cerebelli 288.38 8 cardiac branches Thyroid lingualis 114.14 thoracic ganglia 352.15 artery palatina 116.9 vagus nerve 332.20 inferior 210.14 pharyngealis 116.27 9 cavity 6.35a, 152.6 superior 194.10 tubaria 118.6 column 276.14 cartilage 138.14 Tonsillar 10 duct 254.17 articular surface for 140.5 branch(-es) arch 254.18 foramen 138.24 ascending palatine artery right 254.16 gland 182.2 196.9 11 fascia 84.22 accessory 182.6 glossopharyngeal nerve ganglia 352.14 isthmus 182.4 330.29 12 inlet 6.36 lymph nodes 256.21 lesser palatine nerves muscles 84.1 notch 322.24a nerves 340.16 inferior 138.18 posterior inferior cerebellar 13 long 336.21 superior 138.17 artery 206.14 outlet 6.37 tubercle crypts 116.11, 116.29 part inferior 138.20 fossa 116.15 14 of esophagus 120.4 superior 138.19 pits 116.10, 116.28 of thoracic duct 254.20 veins Toruli tactiles 390.6 15 of trachea 144.19 inferior 232.30 Torus pulmonary middle 236.2 levatorius 118.5 branches 352.15a superior 236.1 mandibularis 26.23 16 sulcus 6.38 Tibia 46.27 palatinus 30.27 segment of spinal cord 274.7 shaft 48.1 tubarius 118.3 17 skeleton 6.35 Tibial 396.40 Trabecula(-ae) splanchnic ganglion 352.17 artery carneae 186.1, 190.1a vein(-s) anterior 226.22 corporis spongiosi 164.15 18 internal 234.14 posterior 228.8 corporum cavernosorum lateral 244.14 collateral ligament 68.13 164.14 vertebrae 2.24 margin of foot 402.22 septomarginalis 188.19 19 Thoracoacromial nerve 346.1 splenicae (lienales) 268.15 artery 212.12 node Trabecular 20 vein 244.12, 244.21 anterior 266.21 bone 402.36 Thoracodorsal posterior 266.22 meshwork 354.27 artery 212.21 tuberosity 48.2 Trachea 144.17 21 nerve 340.12 veins bifurcation 144.24 vein 244.13a anterior 252.16 Tracheal 22 Thoracoepigastric veins 244.15 posterior 252.21 branches Thoracolumbar fascia 76.20 Tibialis 396.40 inferior thyroid artery Thorax 6.1 Tibiocalcaneal part of medial 210.19 23 joints 56.8, 58.9 (deltoid) ligament 70.4 internal thoracic artery Thumb 400.44 Tibiofibular 210.4a carpometacarpal joint 64.10 joint 68.20, 68.23 vagus nerve 332.16 24 Thymic ligament cartilages 144.20 branches (internal thoracic anterior 68.25 glands 144.27 25 artery) 210.3 posterior 68.26 muscle 144.21 lobules 182.26 syndesmosis 68.23 veins 234.6 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 493

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes Transverse Triangular 260.13 cervical part of inferior frontal gyrus 1 inferior 260.16 artery 210.22 306.33 superior 260.14 nerve 336.1 ridge, tooth 110.18 2 Tractus veins 238.7 Tricuspid valve, right 188.3 bulboreticulospinalis colli nerve 336.1 Trigeminal 276.30 colon 124.28 ganglion 320.17 3 corticonuclearis 318.12 costal fovea 2.27 impression 12.8 corticospinalis (pyramidalis) crest 378.8 lemniscus 284.28, 294.16, 300.25 anterior 276.22 diameter (pelvis) 44.31 nerve 320.15 4 lateralis 276.28 ductules of epoophoron mesencephalic dentatothalamicus 302.4 170.19 nucleus 284.30 5 dorsolateralis 278.5 facial tract 284.29, 292.26 frontopontinus 318.10 artery 198.3 motor nucleus 286.1 habenulointerpeduncularis vein 236.21 pontine nucleus 284.27 6 296.12 fasciculi 92.25, 100.18 sensory root 320.16 hypothalamici 304.10 fissure of cerebrum 306.8 spinal 7 hypothalamohypophysialis head nucleus 280.26, 284.26 304.20 of adductor hallucis 98.5 tract 280.26, 284.25 iliotibialis 98.14 of adductor pollicis 92.8 tubercle 280.3 8 laterale 74.10a ligament Trigeminothalamic tract 284.28 mediale 76.1 of axis 58.7 Trigonum mesencephalicus nervi tri- of knee 68.6 caroticum 398.25 9 geminalis 284.29, 292.26 lines 4.25 cervicalis olfactorius 310.28 mesocolon 178.5 anterius 398.23 10 olivocerebellaris 282.3 muscle of tongue 114.25 posterius 398.30 olivocochlearis 286.8 occipital sulcus 308.12 clavipectorale 398.36 olivospinalis 276.33, 282.1 palatine collaterale 314.15 11 opticus 296.33 folds 108.29 femorale 98.23, 402.6 paraventriculohypophysialis suture 54.34 fibrosum dextrum/sinistrum 12 304.24 part 186.5 pontoreticulospinalis 276.31 of nasal muscle 78.14 habenulae (habenulare) 296.6 reticulospinalis 276.24 of portal vein of liver 248.6 inguinale 180.17 13 rubrospinalis 276.29, perineal ligament 176.7 lemnisci 292.18 294.10 pontine fibers 284.14 lumbale 86.27 solitarius 282.9 process 2.12 lumbare 400.14 14 spinalis nervi trigeminalis rectal folds 126.23 musculare 398.26 280.25, 284.25 ridge, tooth 110.17 nervi 15 spino-olivaris 278.6, 282.2 sinus 238.9 hypoglossi 286.31 spinocerebellaris groove for 8.32 vagi 286.33 anterior 278.3 of pericardium 184.8 olfactorium 310.29 16 posterior 278.4 sulcus of anthelix 388.4 omoclaviculare 398.31 spinoreticularis 278.7 tarsal (midtarsal) joint 70.16 omotracheale 398.26 17 spinotectalis 278.1 temporal pontocerebellare 284.6 spinothalamicus 278.2 gyri 308.18 submandibulare 398.24 anterior 276.25 sulci 308.17 submentale 398.27 18 spiralis foraminosus 378.11 vesical fold 180.20 vesicae 158.10 supraopticohypophysialis Transversus 396.28 Triquetrum 40.7 304.23 Trapezium 40.9 Trochanter 19 tectobulbaris 294.11 tubercle 40.10 major 46.6 tectospinalis 276.32, 280.22, Trapezoid 40.11 minor 46.8 20 284.22, 294.12 body 286.14 tertius 46.9 tegmentalis centralis 294.26 anterior nucleus 286.15 Trochanteric thalamici 300.21 posterior nucleus 286.16 bursa(-ae) 21 trigeminothalamicus 284.28 ligament 60.20 of gluteus maximus 104.6 uvealis 356.12 line 34.34 of gluteus medius 104.7 22 vestibulospinalis 276.23 Triangular of gluteus minimus 104.8 Tragus(-i) 386.23, 392.7 fold 116.13 fossa 46.7 Transpyloric plane 398.3 fossa 386.16 Trochlea 364.11 23 Transversalis 396.9 eminence 388.9 humeri 36.24 fascia 86.28 fovea 140.18 muscularis 405.29 Transverse 396.9, 396.28 ligament peronealis (fibularis) 52.5 24 arytenoid muscle 142.22 left 178.24 of phalanx 40.31 branch of lateral circumflex right 178.23 synovial bursa 364.12 25 femoral artery 226.11 muscle 405.7 tali (talare) 50.7 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 494 Index

Trochlear Tuberculum(-a) Tuberositas(-tes) 1 fovea 18.24 articulare 16.22 tibiae 48.2 nerve 320.13 auriculare 386.26 ulnae 38.21 2 decussation 294.25, 320.14 calcanei 50.26 Tubulus(-i) nucleus 292.30 caroticum 2.21 renalis(-es) 154.22 notch 38.22 conoideum 34.33 contorti 154.23 3 spine 18.23 corniculatum 140.29, 142.9 recti 154.24 Trochoidal joint 404.30 costae 6.14 seminiferi True ribs 6.3 cuneatum 280.5 contorti 158.29 4 Truncus(-i) 186.11, 312.8 cuneiforme 142.2 recti 158.30 brachial plexus 336.13 dentis 110.16 Tunica(-ae) 5 brachiocephalicus 194.4 dorsale 38.15 adventitia 120.6, 405.39 bronchomediastinalis dexter/ epiglotticum 142.5 (ductus deferens) 160.16 sinister 254.12 gracile 280.7 (seminal vesicle) 160.21 6 coeliacus 216.28 iliacum 42.17 (ureter) 156.22 costocervicalis 212.3 infraglenoidale 34.21 albuginea 158.24, 405.37 7 encephali 278.15 intercondylare corporis spongiosi 164.12 inferior 336.16 laterale 46.36 corporum cavernosum intestinales 254.11 mediale 46.35 164.11 8 jugularis dexter/sinister 254.14 intervenosum 186.25 (ovary) 166.14 linguofacialis 196.6 jugulare 8.18 conjunctiva 366.24 lumbaris dexter/sinister 254.10 laterale (talus) 50.20 bulbaris 368.1 9 lumbosacralis 344.7 lip 108.8 palpebralis 368.2 lymphatici 254.9 majus (humerus) 36.6 externa 406.31 10 medius 336.15 marginale 26.7 fibrosa 130.31, 405.38 nervi mediale (talus) 50.19 bulbi 354.23 accessorii 332.34 mentale 26.16 (spleen) 268.14 11 spinalis 334.8 minus (humerus) 36.7 funiculi spermatici 160.26 pulmonalis 190.11 musculi scaleni anterioris 6.18 interna bulbi 358.18 12 subclavius dexter/sinister obturatorium intima 406.32 254.13 anterius 44.18 media 406.33 superior 336.14 posterius 44.19 mucosa 405.40 13 sympatheticus 350.22 ossis (auditory tube) 384.24 thyrocervicalis 210.13 scaphoidei 40.5 (bronchus) 148.4 vagalis trapezii 40.11 cavitatis tympanicae 384.4 14 anterior 332.24 pharyngeum 8.8 (colon) 126.9 posterior 332.25 posterius 2.20, 4.10 (ductus deferens) 160.18 15 Trunks 312.8 pubicum 44.10 (endometrium) 168.29 brachial plexus 336.13 quadratum 46.10a (esophagus) 120.12 upper 336.14 sellae 10.6 (gallbladder) 134.8 16 Tuba supraglenoidale 34.22 (larynx) 144.14 auditoria (auditiva) 384.13 supratragicum 386.29 linguae 114.1 17 uterina 166.29 thyroideum nasi 136.14 Tubal inferius 138.20 oris 108.19 branch(-es) superior 138.19 (pharynx) 118.17 18 ovarian artery 222.4a trigeminale 280.3 (seminal vesicle) 160.23 tympanic plexus 330.23 Tuberositas(-tes) (small intestine) 122.27 uterine artery 224.5 deltoidea 36.21 (stomach) 122.11 19 extremity 166.12 glutealis 46.17 (trachea) 144.26 tonsil 118.6 iliaca 42.31 (ureter) 156.24 20 Tuber(-a) ligamenti coracoclavicularis (urethra) 172.17 calcanei 50.23 34.31a (urinary bladder) 158.9 cinereum 296.37 masseterica 28.4 (uterine tube) 168.4 21 frontale 18.4 musculi serrati anterioris 6.21 (vagina) 170.11 ischiadicum (ischiale) 44.4 ossis muscularis 120.7, 405.45 22 maxillare 22.17 cuboidei 52.14 (bronchus) 148.2 omentale 128.12, 130.7 metatarsalis (colon) 126.1 parietale 16.30 primi (I) 52.21 dartos 166.4 23 of vermis 288.28 quinti (V) 52.22 (ductus deferens) 160.17 Tuberal nuclei 302.23 navicularis 52.8 (gallbladder) 134.7 Tuberculum(-a) phalangis distalis 40.28, 52.28 (myometrium) 168.28 24 adductorium 46.23 pronatoria 38.11a pharyngis 118.19 anterius 2.19 pterygoidea 28.5 (rectum) 126.17 25 atlantis 4.7 radii 38.7 (seminal vesicle) 160.22 thalamicum 296.22 sacralis 4.23 (small intestine) 122.23 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 495

Tunica(-ae) Tympanostapedial syndesmosis Upper muscularis 382.21 margin, spleen 268.10 1 (stomach) 122.5 omental recess 176.32 (ureter) 156.23 U pelvic aperture 44.27 2 (urethra) 172.15 pole of kidney 154.10 (urinary bladder) 158.3 Ulna 38.18 trunk 336.14 (uterine tube) 168.3 body 38.24 Urachus 156.31 3 (vagina) 170.10 head 38.32 Ureter 156.19 serosa 122.3, 122.21, 405.48 Ulnar 396.38 abdominal part 156.20 (gallbladder) 134.5 artery 214.14 pelvic part 156.21 4 (liver) 130.29 branches of medial ante- Ureteric (perimetrium) 168.26 brachial cutaneous branches 5 (peritoneum) 176.24 nerve 338.7 artery of ductus deferens (spleen) 268.13 collateral ligament 62.5 222.28 (urinary bladder) 158.1 carpal 62.22 ovarian artery 222.4 6 (uterine tube) 168.1 head testicular artery 222.2 spongiosa of extensor carpi ulnaris plexus 348.25 7 (urethra) 172.16 90.20 Urethra (vagina) 170.16a of flexor carpi ulnaris 90.5 feminina 172.13 subserosa 122.22 of pronator teres 88.28 masculina 164.23 8 vaginalis nerve 338.17 membranous part 164.29 communis 160.30 groove for 36.29 navicular fossa 164.31 testis 158.23, 162.1 notch 38.16 spongy part 164.30 9 vasculosa bulbi 356.12 recurrent artery 214.15 Urethral Turkish saddle 10.5 tuberosity 38.21 artery 224.13 10 Tympanic veins 244.18 carina of vagina 170.16 aperture of canaliculus of Ulnaris 396.38 crest 164.25, 172.21 chorda tympani 380.16 Ulnocarpal ligament, palmar glands 164.35, 172.18 11 artery 62.20 lacunae 164.34, 172.19 anterior 198.11 Umbilical surface of penis 162.32 12 inferior 194.20 artery 222.26 Urinary posterior 196.24 cord 172.30 bladder 156.25 superior 198.19 fold apex 156.26 13 canaliculus 14.28 lateral 180.18 body 156.27 cavity 14.30, 378.16 medial 180.15 cervix (neck) 156.29 mucous membrane 384.4 median 180.13 fundus 156.28 14 roof 14.2 ligament, medial 222.30 trigone 158.10 cells 380.18 part of portal vein of liver uvula 158.14 15 enlargement 330.21 248.8 organs 154.2 ganglion 330.21 region 400.5 Uriniferous tubule (nephron) groove 16.7 ring 86.23 154.22 16 lip of limb of osseous spiral vein, left 248.12 convoluted 154.23 lamina 372.25 Umbo, membranae tympani Urogenital 17 membrane 380.21 380.28 diaphragm 176.1 recess 284.7a Uncal process 2.17 inferior fascia 176.6 anterior 384.8 Uncinate superior fascia 176.5 18 posterior 384.10 fasciculus 316.18 peritoneum 180.22 superior 384.9 process 20.16, 128.3 region 400.17 secondary 380.6 Uncus 2.17, 310.16 sinus, primitive 172.34 19 umbo 380.28 corporis 2.17 system 154.1 nerve 330.20 Unguis 392.20 Uteric branches of renal artery 20 notch 16.8, 386.3a Unipennate muscle 405.8 220.26 ostium of auditory tube Upper 396.19 Uterine 384.14 anterior segment of kidney artery 224.2 21 part of temporal bone 16.1 154.18 extremity 166.13 plexus 330.22 arm 400.20 glands 168.30 22 tubal branch 330.23 branch to lower lobe of left part of placenta 172.28 ring 16.2 pulmonary artery 190.37 tube 166.29 sinus 380.1 eyelid 366.3 abdominal opening 166.30 23 spine lingular branch, left pulmo- ampulla 166.34 greater 16.5 nary artery 190.35 fimbriae 166.32 lesser 16.6 lip 108.6 infundibulum 166.31 24 veins 236.30 lobe of lung 148.23 isthmus 166.35 wall of cochlear duct 372.18 left lung 150.16 uterine opening 166.37 25 Tympanomastoid fissure 14.34 right lung 150.2 uterine part 166.36 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 496 Index

Uterine Vagina(-ae) Valvula(-ae) 1 veins 250.13 tendinum(-is) semilunaris venous plexus 250.14 musculi posterior 190.3 2 Uterovaginal plexus 350.16 extensoris sinistra 188.13, 190.5 Uterus 168.6 digitorum pedis longi sinus coronarii 186.27 body 168.7 106.11 Thebesii 186.27 3 broad ligament 180.24 hallucis longi 106.10 venae cavae, inferioris 186.26 cavity 168.12 indicis 102.23 venosa 406.36 fundus 168.8 pollicis longi 102.22 Vas(-a) 4 right/left horn 168.9 extensorum carpi afferens 156.5 Utricle (utriculus) 370.10 radialium 102.21 anastomoticum 406.37 5 Utricular flexoris auris internae 374.10 macula 372.4 carpi radialis 104.1 capillare 406.38 nerve 330.9 digitorum pedis longi collaterale 406.39 6 Utriculoampullar nerve 330.8 106.12 efferens 156.6 Utriculosaccular duct 370.9 hallucis longi 106.14 lymphatica (lymphaticum) 7 Utriculus prostaticus 164.27 pollicis longi 104.3 254.2, 254.5, 406.30 Uveal obliqui superioris 102.1, afferens 254.24 part of trabecular meshwork 364.12 efferens 254.25 8 254.29 peronei (fibularis) longi profundum 254.8 tract 356.12 plantaris 106.19 superficiale 254.7 Uvula peroneorum (fibularium) lymphocapillare 254.3 9 palatina 116.5 communis 106.15 prominens 374.7 vermis 288.30 tibialis recta 156.8 10 vesicae 158.14 anterioris 106.9 sanguinae retinae 360.6 posterioris 106.13 sinusoideum 406.41 V vestibule 170.32 spirale 374.2 11 fossa 170.33 vasorum 406.42 Vagal trunk Vaginal Vascular 12 anterior 332.24 artery 224.6 cecal fold 180.3 posterior 332.25 branches lacuna 98.22 Vagina(-ae) 170.1 middle rectal artery 224.7a lamina 356.16 13 anterior wall 170.6 uterine artery 224.3 plexus 406.24, 408.13a bulbi 364.21 nerves 350.17 tunic of eyeball 356.12 carotica 82.25 part of cervix 168.17 Vater-Pacini corpuscles 390.23 14 communis musculum flex- process 12.7, 16.9 Vein(-s) 230.1, 406.43 orum 104.2 of peritoneum 168.33, 180.23 of brain stem 242.13 15 externa (nervus opticus) 354.12 venous plexus 250.15 of bulb of penis 250.22 fibrosae Vagus nerve 332.1 of bulb of vestibule 250.22 digitorum manus 92.27 dorsal nucleus 282.7 of caudate nucleus 242.9 16 tendinum digitorum pedis trigone 286.33 of cochlear aqueduct 234.23, 100.22 Vallate papillae 114.7 374.19 17 interna (nervus opticus) 354.13 Vallecula 288.14 of Galen 242.1 musculi epiglottica 118.9 of lateral recess of fourth ven- extensoris carpi radialis Vallum unguis 392.25 tricle 242.17 18 brevis 102.26 Valva 406.34 of medulla oblongata 242.16 recti abdominis 86.4 aorta 190.2 of olfactory gyrus 240.27 orifice 172.1 atrioventricularis of pterygoid canal 236.26 19 posterior wall 170.7 dextra 188.3 of uncus 240.17 synovialis(-es) 100.19a sinistra 188.26 of vertebral column 246.16a 20 digitorum manus 92.30 ileocaecalis (ilealis) 124.19 of vestibular aqueduct tendinum 405.20a mitralis 188.26 374.18 digitorum pedis 100.20 tricuspidalis 188.3 Velum 21 tendinum(-is) 405.18 trunci pulmonalis 188.10 medullare digitorum Valve 406.34 inferius 288.4 22 manus 104.4 of veins 406.36 superius 288.2 pedis 106.20 Valvula(-ae) palatinum 108.17, 116.4 intertubercularis 88.14 anales 126.27 Vena(-ae) 230.1, 406.43 23 musculi Eustachii 186.26 adrenalis abductoris longi 102.20 foraminis ovalis 188.22 dextra 246.32 extensoris fossa navicularis 164.32 sinistra 246.29 24 brevis pollicis 102.20 lymphatica 406.35 anastomotica carpi ulnaris 102.25 semilunaris inferior 240.20 25 digiti minimi 102.24 anterior 188.11 superior 240.19 digitorum 102.23 dextra 188.12, 190.4 angularis 236.6 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 497

Vena(-ae) Vena(-ae) Vena(-ae) anterior(-es) colica hepaticae 246.24 1 cerebri 240.23 dextra 248.27 dextrae 246.25 septi pellucidi 242.5 media 248.28 intermediae 246.26 2 appendicularis 248.26 sinistra 248.34 sinistrae 246.27 aqueductus columnae vertebralis 246.16a hypogastrica 250.1 cochleae 234.23, 374.19 comitans 406.44 ileales 248.21a 3 vestibuli 374.18 nervi hypoglossi 234.30 ileocolica 248.25 arcuatae 156.11 conjunctivales 244.7 iliaca articulares 236.29 cordis 232.14 communis 248.37 4 atriales coronaria externa 250.23 dextrae 232.24 dextra 232.20b interna 250.1 5 sinistrae 232.24 sinistra 232.16a iliolumbalis 248.39 atrioventriculares 232.26 cutanea 406.45 inferior(-es) auricularis(-es) cystica 248.15 cerebelli 242.22 6 anteriores 236.27 digitales cerebri 240.16 posterior 238.3 dorsales pedis 252.19 vermis 242.20 7 axillaris 244.13 palmares 244.31 insulares 240.25 azygos 246.1 plantares 252.26 intercapitulares 244.29, 252.26a basalis 240.22 diploica(-ae) 238.24 intercostalis(-es) 8 communis 230.21, 232.8 frontalis 238.25 anteriores 234.18 inferior 230.26, 232.13 occipitalis 238.28 posterior 246.13 superior 230.22, 232.9 temporalis superior 9 basilica 244.23 anterior 238.26 dextra 246.2 basivertebrales 249.19 posterior 238.27 sinistra 234.20 10 brachiales 244.17 directae laterales 242.10 suprema 234.19 brachiocephalicae (dextra/sin- dorsalis(-es) interlobares 156.10 istra) 232.28 corporis callosi 242.12 interlobulares 132.4, 156.12 11 bronchiales 234.5, 246.6 linguae 234.29 internae cerebri 242.2 bulbi penis/vestibuli 250.22 profunda interosseae 12 canalis pterygoidei 236.26 clitoridis 250.12 anteriores 244.19a capsulares 246.28a penis 250.11 posteriores 244.19b cardiaca superficiales interventricularis anterior 13 minimae 232.23 clitoridis 252.5 232.16 parva 232.21 penis 252.5 intervertebralis 246.15 cava emissaria(-ae) 240.1, 406.46 jejunales 248.21 14 inferior 246.21 condylaris 240.4 jugularis foramen 84.32 mastoidea 240.3 anterior 238.4 15 opening 186.24 occipitalis 240.5 externa 238.1 valve 186.26 parietalis 240.2 interna 234.21 left, fold of 232.19 epigastrica(-ae) labialis(-es) 16 superior 232.27 inferior 250.24 anteriores 252.6 opening 186.24 superficialis 252.4 inferiores 236.13 17 cavernosae 164.19 superiores 234.15 posteriores 250.21 centralis(-es) 132.5, 182.36 episclerales 244.5 superior 236.12 retinae 244.4 ethmoidales 242.27 labyrinthales 238.19 18 cephalica 244.20 facialis 236.5 labyrinthinae 374.15 accessoria 244.22 femoralis 252.1 lacrimalis 242.28 cerebelli 242.18 fibulares 252.22 laryngea 19 cerebri 240.9 frontalis(-es) 236.7, 240.13 inferior 232.31 cervicalis profunda 234.13 gastrica(-ae) superior 236.4 20 choroidea brevis 248.31 lateralis atrii ventriculi later- inferior 240.29 dextra 248.18 alis 242.8 superior 242.3 sinistra 248.17 lingualis 234.28 21 ciliares 244.1 gastro-omentalis (epiploica) lumbalis(-es) 246.11, 246.23 anteriores 244.2 dextra 248.22 ascendens 246.10 22 circumflexa(-ae) sinistra 248.32 magna cerebri 242.1 anterior humeralis 244.13a geniculares 252.14 marginalis iliaca gluteales dextra 232.20a 23 profunda 250.25 inferiores 250.3 lateralis 252.26b superficialis 252.3 superiores 250.2 medialis 252.26c laterales femorales 252.11 gyri olfactorii 240.27 maxillares 236.22 24 mediales femorales 252.10 hemiazygos 246.3 media posterior humeralis 244.13a accessoria 246.4 profunda cerebri 240.24 25 scapulae 244.13a oesophageales 246.5 superficialis cerebri 240.18 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 498 Index

Vena(-ae) Vena(-ae) Vena(-ae) 1 medialis atrii ventriculi later- portae hepatis 248.1 subscapularis 244.13a alis 242.7 portales hypophysialis 240.8a superficiales 406.48 2 mediana posterior(-es) cerebri 240.10 antebrachii 244.25 corporis callosi 242.11 membri basilica 244.27 septi pellucidi 242.6 inferioris 252.0a 3 cephalica 244.26 praecentralis cerebelli 242.23 superioris 244.16a cubiti 244.24 praefrontales 240.12 superior(-es) mediastinales 234.4, 246.8 praepylorica 248.19 cerebelli 242.21 4 medullae profunda(-ae) 406.47 cerebri 240.11 oblongatae 242.16 cerebri 240.21 vermis 242.19 5 spinalis 246.20 clitoridis 250.18 supraorbitalis 236.8 membri superioris 244.8a faciei (facialis) 236.14 suprarenalis meningeae 234.27 femoris 252.9 dextra 246.32 6 mediae 236.24 linguae 234.32 sinistra 246.29 mesenterica membri suprascapularis 238.6 7 inferior 248.33 inferioris 252.0b supratrochleares 236.7 superior 248.20 superioris 244.16b surales 252.13a metacarpales penis 250.17 temporalis(-es) 8 dorsales 244.33 pudenda(-ae) media 236.20 palmares 244.34 externae 252.2 profundae 236.25 metatarsales interna 250.16 superficiales 236.19 9 dorsales 252.20 pulmonalis(-es) 230.2 testicularis plantares 252.25 dextra 230.3 dextra 246.33 10 musculophrenicae 234.17 inferior 230.17 sinistra 246.30 nasales externae 236.10 superior 230.4 thalamostriata(-ae) nasofrontalis 242.26 sinistra inferiores 240.26 11 nuclei caudati 242.9 inferior 232.4 superior 242.4 obliqua atrii sinistri 232.18 superior 230.27, 230.28 thoracica(-ae) 12 obturatoria(-ae) 250.4 radiales 244.19 internae 234.14 accessoria 250.24a recessus lateralis ventriculi lateralis 244.14 occipitalis(-es) 234.9, 238.2, quarti 242.17 thoracoacromialis 244.12, 13 240.15 rectalis(-es) 244.21 oesophageales 234.7 inferiores 250.20 thoracodorsalis 244.13a ophthalmica mediae 250.19 thoracoepigastricae 244.15 14 inferior 244.8 superior 248.36 thymicae 234.1 superior 242.25 renales 156.9, 246.28 thyroidea(-e) 15 orbitae 242.24a retromandibularis 236.18 inferiores 232.29 ovarica sacralis(-es) mediae 236.2 dextra 246.34 laterales 250.5 superior 236.1 16 sinistra 246.31 mediana 248.38 tibiales palatina externa 236.16 saphena anteriores 252.16 17 palpebrales 244.6 accessoria 252.8 posteriores 252.21 inferiores 236.11 magna 252.7 tracheales 234.6 superiores 236.9 parva 252.15 transversa(-ae) 18 pancreaticae 248.23, 248.30 scapularis dorsalis 244.11 cervicis 238.7 pancreaticoduodenales 248.24 sclerales 244.3 faciei (facialis) 236.21 paraumbilicales 248.16 scrotales trunci encephali 242.13 19 parietales 240.14 anteriores 252.6 tympanicae 236.30 parotideae 237.28 posteriores 250.21 ulnares 244.18 20 pectorales 244.10 sigmoideae 248.35 umbilicalis pedunculares 240.30 spinales sinistra 248.12 perforantes 252.12, 252.27 anteriores 246.20a unci 240.17 21 pericardiacae 234.2 posteriores 246.20b uterinae 250.13 pericardiacophrenicae 234.3 spiralis modioli 374.16 ventricularis(-es) 232.25 22 pericardiales 246.7 splenica 248.29 inferior 240.28 petrosa 242.24 sternocleidomastoidea 236.3 ventriculi pharyngeales 234.26 stylomastoidea 236.31 dextri, anterior 232.22 23 phrenicae subclavia(-ae) 244.9 sinistri, posterior 232.17 inferiores 246.22 sulcus 6.20 vertebralis 234.8 superiores 246.9 subcostales 246.12 accessoria 234.11 24 pontis 242.15 subcutaneae abdominis anterior 234.10 pontomesencephalica anterior 234.16 vesicales 250.8 25 242.14 sublingualis 234.31 vestibulares 374.17 poplitea 252.13 submentalis 236.17 vorticosae 242.29 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Index 499

Venous Venula(-ae) 406.49 Vesical grooves 30.7 macularis veins 250.8 1 plexus 406.25 inferior 360.13 venous plexus 250.9 anterior superior 360.12 Vesicouterine pouch 180.32 2 external vertebral 246.17 medialis retinae 360.14 Vesicula seminalis 160.20 internal vertebral 246.18 nasalis retinae Vesicular of foramen ovale 240.7 inferior 360.11 lymph nodes, lateral 3 of hypoglossal canal 240.6 superior 360.10 266.9 of internal carotid 240.8 rectae 156.13 ovarian follicles 166.19 posterior stellatae 156.14 Vestibular 4 external vertebral 246.17 temporalis retinae area 286.26 internal vertebral 246.18 inferior 360.9 branches of labyrinthine artery 5 prostatic 250.10 superior 360.8 374.12 rectal 250.7 Venule 406.49 cecum 372.17 sacral 250.6 Vermiform appendix 124.22 fold 142.29 6 uterine 250.14 suspensory ligament 178.9 ganglion 330.5 vaginal 250.15 Vermis inferior part 330.12 7 vesical 250.9 cerebelli 288.16 upper part 330.7 Venter folium 288.27 glands anterior (musculi pyramid 288.29 greater 172.3 8 digastricus) 82.8 tuber 288.28 lesser 172.2 frontalis (musculi Vertebra(-ae) 2.1a labyrinth 370.6 occipitofrontalis) 78.8 body 2.3 ligament 144.11 9 inferior (musculi cervicales 2.16 lip of limb of osseous spiral omohyoideus) 82.17 coccygeal 4.37 lamina 372.24 10 (muscle) 405.4 lumbales (lumbares) 2.28 membrane 374.3 occipitalis (musculi prominens (C7) 2.23 nerve 330.2, 330.4 occipitofrontalis) 78.9 sacrales 4.16 nuclei 282.12, 286.9 11 posterior (musculi thoracicae 2.24 inferior 282.13 digastricus) 82.9 Vertebral lateral 282.15, 286.11 12 superior (musculi arch 2.4 medial 282.14, 286.10 omohyoideus) 82.16 artery 206.2 superior 286.12 Ventral 396.15 sulcus 4.9 veins 374.17 13 branch canal 2.2 wall great auricular nerve 334.30 column 2.1 of cochlear duct 374.3 spinal nerve 334.9, 334.21 joints 56.8 Vestibule 374.21 14 region of hypothalamus 302.16 foramen 2.10 aqueduct 14.15 root 334.5 ganglion 352.6 external opening 14.16 15 sacrococcygeal ligament 56.24 nerve 352.12 crest 374.24 sacrococcygeus muscle 88.3 notch elliptical recess 374.23 sacroiliac ligaments 66.12 inferior 2.9 of larynx 142.27 16 side of fingers 400.49 superior 2.8 of mouth 108.3 supraoptic commissure 394.13 part of nose 136.8 17 thalamus (subthalamus) of lung 148.12 pyramid 374.25 296.29 of vertebral artery 206.4 spherical recess 374.22 sections 300.14 plexus 352.12 of vagina 170.32 18 Ventralis 396.15 region 400.9 bulb 170.34 Ventricle vein 234.8 fossa 170.33 left 184.21, 188.24 accessory 234.11 Vestibulocochlear 19 right 184.21, 188.1 anterior 234.10 nerve 330.1 third 298.1 Vertex 28.30 organ 370.1 20 Ventricular corneae 346.4 Vestibulospinal tract 276.23 fold 142.29 Vertical 396.2 Vestibulum(-a) 384.21 veins 232.25 muscle of tongue 114.26 bursae omentalis 176.31 21 inferior 240.28 Verticalis 396.2 crest 374.24 Ventriculus(-i) 120.15 Vesica elliptical recess 374.23 22 cordis 184.21 biliaris (fellea) 134.1 laryngis 142.27 laryngis 144.1 urinaria 156.25 nasi (nasale) 136.8 lateralis 314.1 Vesical oris 108.3 23 quartus 286.19 arteries pyramid 374.25 sinister 188.24 inferior 224.1 spherical recess 374.22 terminalis 272.18 superior 222.29 vaginae 170.32 24 tertius 298.1 fold, transverse 180.20 Vestigial ductus deferens 170.22 Ventromedial hypothalamic nu- plexus 350.18 Vestigium processus vaginalis 25 cleus 304.1 surface of uterus 168.13 160.31 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditionsa of license. a a 500 Index

Vibrissae 392.8 Vomeronasal Z 1 Vidian canal 12.12 cartilage 134.32 Villi organ 136.7 Zona 2 intestinales 122.30 Vomerorostral canal 30.30 incerta 300.19 synoviales 404.42 Vomerovaginal orbicularis 66.22 Villous folds 122.15 canal 30.29 Zonula ciliaris 362.24 3 Vinculum(-a) groove 12.9 Zonular breve 92.33 Vortex cordis 186.2 fibers 362.25 longum 92.32 Vortices pilorum 392.18 spaces 362.26 4 tendinum 92.31, 100.21 Vorticose veins 242.29 Zygapophysial joints 56.14 Visceral Zygapophysis 5 ganglia 407.16 W inferior 2.15 layer 184.6 superior 2.14 of tunica vaginalis testis White Zygomatic 6 162.3 commissure arch 30.12 nerve fibers 407.9 anterior 276.18 bone 26.1 7 nodes 262.13 posterior 276.18a border, sphenoid 10.28 of pelvis 266.5 communicating ramus 334.11b branches of facial nerve 328.14 pelvic fascia 174.21 laminae 290.12 nerve 322.25 8 peritoneum 176.26 matter 274.14, 276.17, 406.52 process pleura 152.14 ramus communicans 407.20 frontal bone 18.13 plexus 348.2, 408.13 Wing maxilla 22.29 9 surface of ilium 41.13 temporal bone 16.16 of liver 130.1 of sphenoid region 398.21 10 of spleen 268.4 greater 10.23 Zygomatico-orbital Viscerocranium 8.1a lesser 10.19 artery 198.5 Vitreous Wisdom tooth 112.24 foramen 26.8 11 body 362.4 Wolffian duct 172.32 Zygomaticofacial chamber of eye 362.3 Wormian bones 30.9 branch of zygomatic nerve 12 humor 362.9a Wrist 40.1, 400.34 322.27 membrane 362.8 foramen 26.9 Vocal Zygomaticomaxillary suture 13 fold 144.5 X 22.13, 54.19 ligament 144.13 Xiphisternal synchondrosis 6.30 Zygomaticotemporal process 140.14 Xiphoid process 6.32 branch of zygomatic nerve 14 Volar 396.42 322.26 Volaris 396.42 foramen 26.10 15 Vomer 20.28 Y ala 20.29 choanal crest 20.30a Yellow 16 cuneiform part 20.30b bone marrow 404.4 ligaments 56.13 17

Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.