Cultural Profile Resource:

A resource for aged care professionals

Birgit Heaney Dip. 19/06/2016

A resource for aged care professionals

Table of Contents

Introduction ...... 3 Location and Demographic ...... 4 Facts on Chile ...... 5 Everyday Life ...... 7 Family ...... 8 Personal Hygiene ...... 9 Leisure and Recreation ...... 10 Religion ...... 11 Food and Diet ...... 12 Health ...... 13 Death and Dying ...... 13 Language ...... 14 Cue Cards ...... 14 Disclaimer ...... 15 References ...... 15

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A resource for aged care professionals Chile Culture Profile

Introduction This profile of the Chile cultural community is just one of the many projects undertaken by Quality Aging.

This project aims to provide relevant information for community groups and residential aged care providers to implement “best practice” strategies of care for the older individuals from diverse backgrounds.

This project is about ensuring the needs of older persons from a Chile cultural background are met.

Population trends within Australia are increasingly characterized by a diversity of people, languages and culture. Together with this trend is an aging population, also with a rich diversity of languages and cultures.

Not surprisingly then, that residential aged care providers are faced with growing demands for culturally responsive facilities and care.

This profile aims to create a tool to provide aged care providers with

 An awareness of the cultural and linguistically diverse needs of older persons from a Chile background.

 It also strives to enable the professional capability and progress of staff in the provision of culturally inclusive care; and

 The organisation’s compliance with the Residential Care Standards and National Care Standards as they pertain to the issue of cultural and linguistic needs.

The profile provides beneficial information about a variety of subjects and resources.

This is a guide only and is not intended to replace one stereotype of this culture with another; it is only intended to provide some insight into the culture. Nor does it reduce the importance of you establishing the individual cultural needs of each person as part of your care planning process.

In an effort to continue to provide you with updated information of this profile and improve its contents, we encourage readers to provide feedback by contacting Quality Aging at [email protected]

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A resource for aged care professionals

Location and Demographic Chile has a population of 15,017,800 inhabitants (from a June 1999 estimate) with an annual growth rate of 1.8 percent. The national population density is 46.5 persons per square mile. Almost six million people live in the metropolitan region of Santiago, while the northern and southern regions are sparsely populated. Most Chileans (84 percent) reside in urban areas, while the rest live in an increasingly urbanized rural environment. As of 1997, life expectancy at birth was seventy-two years for males and seventy-eight years for females, while the infant mortality rate was ten per thousand live births. The majority of Chileans (65 percent) are of mixed European-indigenous descent ("mestizos," though this term is not in use in Chile). Some 25 percent of Chileans are of European ancestry (mainly from Spanish, German, Italian, British, Croatian, and French origins, or combinations thereof). Chile also has a large Palestinian community (some 300,000 persons, the largest outside Palestine). The indigenous population represents some 7 percent of the population. There are about 500,000 Mapuche Indians in Chile, constituting the country's largest Native American population. Since the late 1980s, the country's economic prosperity and sociopolitical stability have attracted an increasing number of immigrants from Korea and from other Latin American countries (largely from Peru, Argentina, and Cuba). Chile is situated in the southern periphery, in the southernmost coordinates of Earth. Depending on the point of view, this long distance seems to be compensated by the overflowing nature it unfolds. Along its geographical features, Chile presents a diversity of sceneries that includes deserts, beaches, cities, mountains, valleys, rivers, lakes, volcanoes, hot springs and glaciers. The Republic of Chile lies in the West of South America and its territory spreads from 17º 30' to 90º, South latitude. It occupies a total continental and insular surface of 756,626 km2 and a length of 4,200 km., approximately, without considering the Antarctic area. Its average width is 177 kilometers, with a continental minimum of 90 km., located between the Casa de Piedra Pass and Punta Amolanas, to the North of the mouth of the Choapa River, in the Coquimbo Region. It also includes Easter Island or Rapa Nui and the islands of San Félix, San Ambrosio, Salas and Gómez, as well as the Juan Fernández Archipelago, thus occupying 200 miles of territorial waters. It borders on Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. The Pacific Ocean sets its natural boundary to the West. It is divided into 13 political regions: Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins, Maule, Bío Bío, Araucanía, Los Lagos, Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez Del Campo, Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica. These regions include 51 provinces and 346 communities dwelled by over 15,589,147 inhabitants

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Facts on Chile

1. World’s Biggest Swimming Pool is in Chile?

In Algarrobo city in the Pacific coast, we find the most impressive artificial paradise that was named by the Guinness Book of Records as the world’s largest swimming pool with a length of 1,000 yards, an area of 20 acres and a maximum depth of 115- feet. It holds 66 million gallons of crystal clear seawater.

The pool was opened in December 2006 and it took five years of construction work with a cost of nearly 1 billion dollars and an annual maintenance cost of about 2 million.

2. In Chile, You Can Find the Driest Place on Earth, The Atacama Desert At 7,500 feet, Chile’s Atacama Desert is the driest place on Earth with a landscape of surreal beauty. Some parts of the region have never received a drop of rain and the Desert is probably also the oldest desert on earth. The desert runs through a 1,000 kilometer long strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, spreading out over an area of 363,000 square kilometers.

3. Chile is a World Class Wine Destination, and the Ninth Largest Producer of Wine Chile is the 5th largest exporter of wine and the 9th largest producer. And not just any wine, but some of the best and finest selection of wines have been produced in Chile since the first wine grapes were planted in the country in 1554, brought by Spanish Conquistadores. Chile has more than 1,200 kilometers of viticulture valleys in 14 different areas, which produce more than 10 million hectoliters of wine per year.

4. Easter Island The “moai” island off the coast of Chile, was annexed by the country in 1888 and renamed Easter Island in the late 1700’s. During the 1900s it was a sheep farm and was managed by the Chilean Navy. On this particular Island, more than 7 km of subterranean lava tunnels have been mapped out, which are home to one of the most extensive cave systems on earth. In 1966, the entire island was opened to the public and the remaining Rapanui people became citizens of Chile.

5. Penguins in Chile Penguins don’t only live in Antarctica or at the zoo, they can be found in several areas of southern Chile, including the Seno Otway Penguin Colony. They usually lounge on the beach and commute to nearby nests. Humboldt Penguins are also found in the north coast of Chile with a total population of 12,000 breeding pairs in the country.

6. Valparaiso This is one of the most prosperous cities in Chile and its main attraction are its historical central area, declared a Unesco World Heritage Site in 2003. It is the chief port of Chile and the terminus of a trans-Andean railroad. An important industrial center, it manufactures textiles, shoes and leather goods, paint, and chemicals. Valparaiso has also been an inspirational place for painters and poets, particularly for Pablo Neruda, who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1971.

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7. Chile’s Andes Mountains Has Some of the World’s Largest and Still Active Volcanoes At a count just over 1300, Chile is one of the countries with the most volcanoes and a number of them are still active. Three of Chile’s most watched and historically active volcanoes are Cerro Arul, Cerro Hudson, and Villarrica. They are all composite volcanoes, sometimes called stratovolcanos. Climbers from all over the world enjoy testing their skills on hikes up these volcanoes.

8. Chile Has One of the Longest Coastlines in the World Chile is one of the longest countries in the world with a coastline of around 6500 km long. However, it is also one of the narrowest in the world with a width of just over 200 km. Most of the best-known beach resorts, or balnearios, are in central Chile, from El Norte Chico South past the metropolitan district to the northern reaches of Region VII, region del Maule. Chile has a mild Mediterranean climate where visitors can enjoy warm to hot days and cooler nights in the summer.

9. The Oldest Mummy in the World is from Chile The oldest known deliberate mummy is a child, one of the Chinchorro mummies found in the Camarones Valley in Chile around 5050 BC. So far a total of 282 Chinchorro mummies have been removed from burial sites along the narrow coastal strip from Ilo in southern Peru to Antofagasta in northern Chile. Of these, 149 were created by Chinchorro artisans, and the rest were the work of nature.

10. Chile is Home to Five UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Chile’s UNESCO world heritage sites are categorized as cultural, giving you an insight into the human story threaded into the majestic landscape of the country. The five sites are the Churches of Chiloé, the Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaíso, Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works, Rapa Nui National Park, and the Sewell Mining Town.

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Everyday Life

Etiquette Chilean etiquette does not differ very much from that of Western societies. Although Chileans are in general less formal than other Latin Americans, they definitively follow certain rules in social gatherings. During formal occasions people shake hands in a restrained way, while good friends may shake hands and embrace. Chilean women normally salute acquaintances (both male and female) with one kiss on the right cheek. Chileans commonly use the formal "you" (usted ) to address persons, independently of the interlocutor's social status. Also parents-in-law are respectfully addressed with usted and with don or doña before their Christian name. The informal "you" (tú) is largely used between people who know each other very well and among youngsters, but it is avoided when one speaks to an elder. Chileans are generally quite punctual for their business appointments. When invited into a home for dinner, however, it is expected that the guest will not show up before some twenty minutes after the agreed time. Chileans are quite restrained in public spaces and restaurants and it is particularly bad form to talk too loudly. Waiters are called "señor" and are addressed in formal "you" form. It is also considered imprudent to talk about the authoritarian past, Pinochet, the armed forces, and the like in social gatherings, as Chileans are quite divided on these sensitive subjects. Gift Giving Etiquette  If invited to a Chilean's home, take sweets/chocolates or wine for the hostess.  Send flowers in advance.  Do not give yellow roses as they indicate contempt.  Do not give purple or black flowers as they symbolize death.  Do not give scissors or knives as they indicate you want to sever the relationship.  For a young girl's 15th birthday, a gift of gold jewellery is the norm.  Gifts are opened when received.

Dining Etiquette

 Dining etiquette can be quite formal in Chile.  As a general rule, observe and follow if ever unsure.  When sitting wait to be shown to your place.  Women sit before men.  The hostess invites people to eat.  Keep your hands visible when eating. Keep your wrists resting on the edge of the table.  Always use utensils to eat.  Avoid speaking with eating utensils in your hands.  It is considered polite to finish everything on your plate.  Wait for a toast to be made before taking the first sip of your drink.  The host makes the first toast.  The most common toast is "Salud!"  When you lift your glass, look at the person being toasted.  Pour wine with the right hand only.

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Family

Values Marriage is one of the most significant rites of passage among Chileans. Although inscription of the marriage at the civil register is sufficient for it to be officially recognized under Chilean law, most Chileans find that a wedding is not really complete without a church ceremony. Everyone is free to marry whomever he or she wants, but because Chile is a class-conscious society, people in general marry persons from similar social and educational backgrounds.

Weddings are normally not ostentatious and wedding parties are mostly organized at home or in a

small hall near the church. Commonly, Chileans marry young (in their early or mid-twenties) and tend to have children relatively soon after marriage. Only 12 percent of Chilean women are still single at the age of forty-five. People have quite conventional views about premarital sex, and living together before marriage is still relatively rare (only 3 percent of women between the ages of twenty-five and forty-four). Because of the considerable religious and political influence of the Roman Catholic Church, Chile is the only country in Latin America without a divorce law. Instead, couples who want to end their marriage request an annulment of the civil marriage, under the pretext that a procedural error was made during the civil marriage ceremony. As this implies a costly legal procedure, many Chileans just informally terminate a marriage, but this bars them from marrying again under Chilean law. The nuclear family is by far the dominant household unit in Chile. Ninety percent of the population lives with their family while only 8.1 percent live alone. Family size has strongly decreased in recent decades. The average family consists of four persons, and the average number of children is 2.5 per woman. Chile is among the countries with the lowest fertility rate in Latin America, and with the most rapid rate of decrease. In most households (79 percent) authority is held by men. Female-led households can mainly be found among low-income sectors. Particularly among the middle and upper classes, housewives possess a large degree of discretional power in decisions concerning the ruling of their homes (including acquisition of furniture and financial matters) and the children's education. According to Chilean law and customs, when the father passes away half of the estate passes to his wife. The other half is divided by the number of children plus two parts for the mother. So in a family with two children, the mother inherits three-quarters of the estate. Age or gender differences among the children do not alter their rights to equal parts of the inheritance. Until very recently, however, Chilean legislation made a differentiation between "legitimate" (born within the marriage) and "illegitimate" children. Depending on the specific situation, the latter had fewer or no rights for obtaining a part of the estate. In early 2000 this discriminatory legislation was abolished.

Chilean children are primarily cared for by their mothers. In most middle- and upper-class families, however, mothers often can count on the vital full-time support of empleadas domésticas (nannies), who for the most part also live with the family at home. Both in the lower classes and within indigenous groups, however, older brothers and sisters do fill an important role in caring for toddlers, as their parents often work outside the home. In an increasing number of public services, ministries, and large factories, day care facilities for children are at the disposition of working mothers.

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Personal Hygiene

Schedules and choices surrounding the following personal hygiene activities greatly affect the person’s sense of self, pride, dignity and confidence.

Bathing There are no particular customs in bathing; most people in Chile prefer to shower daily.

Dress

Sophisticated European style is the norm, with men expected to wear jackets regardless of weather, and dark conservative suits the appropriate business style. Women should wear business dresses and suits; bare legs are acceptable. Nowadays, the clothing in Chile is fairly casual and similar to western fashions with its own Chilean flavor. However, it isn't uncommon to see someone wearing a chupalla or a chamanto every now and then, especially in the rural areas.

It is important that the hygiene preferences of each person are established as part of the care planning process.

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Leisure and Recreation

Chileans partake in many types of social and recreational activities, including hiking, going to the beach, celebrating festivals and holidays and attending events such as concerts, theatrical performances and dances that celebrate the arts. The landscape of Chile, which features vast mountains, miles of beaches and thousands of acres of protected land, makes outdoor activities popular among people of all ages. Chileans also enjoy watching and participating in sports such as soccer and enjoy spending time with family.

Chileans, like many South Americans, descend primarily from European and Native Indian ancestry. However, regional differences in ethnic origins occur throughout Chile. Chileans honor and display local customs through festivals and celebrations that include religious components and social activities such as dancing, feasts and parades. Most Chileans practice Catholicism as a result of religious conversion deriving from Spanish settlers. Natives honor prominent Catholic figures through songs, rituals and dress. The arts scene thrives in Chile, and Chileans regularly attend operas, dances, orchestral performances and plays. The capital city of Santiago contains a particularly vibrant arts scene. Chileans attend cultural events primarily between the months of March and November. Like many Americans, Chileans enjoy going to the beach during the warm months and participate in cold weather sports like snowboarding and skiing during the winter.

Chile is traditionally known for its national dance La Cueca. But in recent years, an influx of immigration from all over the world has generated a diverse and exciting dance world in Chile, ranging from capoeira to break dance. Caribbean salsa is an important player in this pulsing environment with a vibrant collection of dancers and musicians rallying behind salsa jams. “Salsa spread to Chile after people who had been in exile in the Caribbean returned and brought the music back with them,” Paulina Parra, a salsa instructor at Maestra Vida in Santiago’s Bellavista neighborhood told This is Chile. During the Pinochet era many people fled Chile to the northern countries of South America, and they weren’t about to leave the passionate rhythms of salsa behind upon returning to Chile.

A routine needs to be established with each individual relating to their personal preference.

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Religion

In the 15th Century, the Incas inhabited most of what is now present day northern Chile, but in 1533 the Spanish conquered them. Chile gained its independence from Spain on 12 September 1818. Over time a wide array of religions such as the Roman Catholic Church, the agnostics (Atheists), and evangelical churches and each having a sizable following. These religions were introduced by the colonialists, the missionaries, and settlers.

Roman Catholic Church In the 16th Century, Dominican and Franciscan friars who were with the Spanish first introduced Catholicism into Chile. In 1547, the first parish was established and in 1561 a diocese was also established in the country. The religion was first introduced in the northern and central parts of Chile by around 1650, and the southern regions were reluctant to embrace the religion. Today Chile boasts of 5 archdioceses, 18 dioceses, two prelatures, one apostolic vicariate, one military ordinary, and a personal prelature. However, the numbers of the church membership have decreased significantly over the years as reported by 2002 census. The Roman Catholic Church has established six universities in Chile, and the famous ones include Catholic University of the holiest conception, the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, and Temuco Catholic University. There many religious sponsors who fund some primary, secondary schools and colleges in the country such as Saint George’s College, which is under the management of the Congregation of Holly Cross. Catholic holidays are celebrated by the nation and are recognized as a national holiday only if it falls on a weekday. These holidays include the feast of Saint Peter and Paul, the Feast of the Virgin of Carmen, feast of Immaculate Conception, Good Friday, and all saints day. Presently, the church membership constitutes 63% of the population.

Protestant and Evangelical Christians Protestants are the third largest religious following in the country, comprising a proportion of 14% of the total population of the country. The second largest religious followings are the Atheist and Agnostics forming 17% of the total population in the country. The history of Protestantism in Chile dates back to when the government allowed settlers from Germany to occupy the southern parts in the 1840s. Most of these settlers were Protestant and in 1865 the Chilean government acknowledged the faith despite the Catholic Church being the primary faith in the country. The settlers opened the way for the Protestants to give their services in Chile especially the Lutheran and Anglican. Protestant missionaries later formed the Presbyterian denomination. In 1909, groups separated and from the Pentecostal church introduced the evangelical Pentecostal church. A school such as Santiago College, launched by the American Methodist, was open to the middle and lower classes. Many parents that did not agree with the practices of the Catholic Church were persuaded to espouse the faith.

Smaller Faith Groups Other religions, such as Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Baha’i, and Judaism, are present in Chile as well, but their numbers are less significant, collectively comprising only 6% of the population. The government of Chile has put in place constitutional laws that allow freedom of religion in the country. The different religions are not favored, and there is no discrimination by religion. Religion has contributed positively to the Chilean economy especially the education sector by establishing institutions of learning. You need to establish each person’s religious preference and link them into a local minister of that religion.

Important cultural and religious days can be found in the Multi-Cultural Events Calendar

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Food and Diet Typical Chilean Dishes  Arrollado de Chancho - chunks of pork wrapped in pork fat smothered in red ají (chili).  Bistec a lo pobre - beefsteak, French fries, fried onions, topped with a couple of fried eggs.  Carbonada - meat soup with finely diced beef and all kinds of vegetables such as potatoes, onions, carrots, broccoli, green pepper and parsley.  Chancho en Piedra - a typical Chilean seasoning. Tomatoes, garlic, and onions grounded together in a stone.  Charquican - ground or diced meat cooked with garlic, onions, potatoes and pumpkin all mashed. It is a mushy dish but great.  de Ave - chicken soup with pieces of meat, potatoes, green beans or peas, rice or noodles.  Cazuela de Vacuno - beef soup with pieces of meat, potatoes, corn on the cob, carrots, onions, green beans, garlic, chunks of pumpkin, rice or noodles.  Charquicán - potato, pumpkin, mince, onion, carrot sometimes with peas and corn (both optional) all mashed together.  Costillar de Chancho - baked spare (pork) ribs.  en Hoyo - a typical dish from the south of Chile. Traditionally prepared by heating fish, seafood, potatoes, some meat, milcaos and types of bread over red hot rocks in a hole in the ground. The food is wrapped in big leaves and then covered with dirt so that it slowly cooks over a number of hours. (Similar to a hangi in New Zealand). On Easter Island it is called Umu Pae.  Curanto en Olla - same ingredients as the curanto en hoyo only that it is cooked in a pot instead of under the ground.  Empanada de Pino - typical turnover (pastry) filled with diced meat, onions, olive, raisins and a piece of hard-boiled egg, baked in earthen or plain oven.  Empanada de Queso - typical turnover filled with cheese.  Ensalada a la Chilena - sliced tomatoes and onions with an oil dressing.  - boiled corn leaf rolls filled with seasoned ground corn.  Milcaos - grated raw potato squeezed until dry then added to minced cooked potatoes and flattened to a bread-like form then baked or fried. This is one of the ingredients that can be found in a typical curanto.  Palta Reina - an avocado half which is filled with tuna fish or ham and covered with mayonnaise. It is served on lettuce leaves, normally as an entree.  Parrillada - different kinds of meat, sausages and sometimes entrails grilled over charcoal and served with potato salad or rice.  Pastel de Choclo - a typical Chilean summer dish. Ground corn and meat, chopped onions small pieces of chicken, pieces of hardboiled egg, olive raisins - baked in clay or regular oven. Similar to a shepherd pie.  - seasoning of tomatoes with chopped onion, chili, coriander, and chives. Usually served in a little clay dish.  Pernil - boiled whole hock (ham).  Pollo Arvejado - chicken served with peas, onion and sliced carrots.  - fresh bean dish with ground corn and pieces of pumpkin served hot.  Prietas - blood sausages.  - a flat circular deep fried 'bread' made of pumpkin and flour.

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Typical Chilean Desserts (and sweet things)  - a flat round pastry (two biscuits together) filled with manjar and covered in Chocolate  Arroz con Leche - rice pudding (literally rice with milk)  Bavarois de Lucuma - bavarois (type of custard) of a variety of eggfruit  Berlin - a round donut filled with manjar or jam / jelly  Calzones Rotos - literally translated as “broken underwear”, it is a sweet, soft dough that is twisted and then fried. Sometimes icing is sprinkled on top.  Chumbeque - a traditional sweet from Iquique. Photos and Comments about Chumbeques.  Kuchen - a german fruit flan often found in the South of Chile  Leche Asada - a milk flan.  Manjar - a brown spread or cake filling made from boiled milk and sugar. Some visitors say it tastes like caramel. Manjar is quite sweet and is used in many cakes and sweet dishes.  Mote con Huesillo - cooked dried peaches and stewed corn served as a drink  - christmas cake  Papaya con Crema - preserved papaya with whipped cream.  Pasadas - sopaipillas are immersed in a warm sauce that contains water, dark brown sugar, cinnamon and orange rind.

Health Chile has one of the best health care systems in Latin America. Around 90 percent of the population is insured through public (61 percent) and private (28 percent) schemes to obtain access to all types of health services. National health expenditure is 8 percent of the country's GDP. The public health system has 9.14 physicians and 3.83 nurses for every ten thousand beneficiaries. There are, however, big differences in the quality of medical help among the different income groups. While upper- and middle-class Chileans normally make use of the services of private clinics with excellent physicians and the latest medical technology, the lower class are forced to make use of relatively poorly-equipped public care centers and hospitals. Behind the modern health care system, there is a habit in Chile of self-medication and the use of traditional herbs. In southern Chile, elderly Mapuche Indians still consult their female shamans (machis) when they have health problems.

Death and Dying

Chileans pay great tribute to loved ones who have passed away. Following death a wake and a funeral are held at a church where close friends and the extended family assist to the religious service. Most Chilean prefers graves, but in recent years an increasing number of people choose to be cremated. It is common practice that each year on the anniversary of the death, a Catholic mass is offered in the deceased's memory. On November 1, All Saints' Day, a large number of Chileans visit the cemetery to bring flowers to the grave of family members and friends. Most Chileans believe that there is an afterlife.

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Language

The official language of Chile is Spanish but by law, the indigenous languages are protected and their use is encouraged. They can be taught, especially when there is a large indigenous population in the school, they can also be used in media and the traditional indigenous names are recognised in the civil registration and have their own transcription norms. In reality, only 5% of the Chilean population is indigenous and some of their languages have been lost. The biggest indigenous community is Mapuche and their language, Mapudungun is spoken by around one or two hundred thousand people. Other languages, such as Aymara, Quechua and Rapa Nui are also common but count a lot less speakers than Mapudungun. Spanish is a Romance language, its grammar comes from Latin, as well as French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian grammar, but Spanish also has Greek and Arab and some Germanic language influence, mostly in the vocabulary. Sentences and words can be very long. The most difficult part to master for students that are not native in any Romance language is the many different tenses in verbs, very specific for past, present and future and the different between “Ser” and “Estar”, both meaning “To be”. Spanish speakers like the sound of words, so they may use them just because they sound nice or fun, especially when joking with friends. They tend to be talkative, which can be of help when learning the language. Everything can be expressed through the intonation - politeness, anger, affection. So be careful, the same words can mean different things just because of the tone you are using. When speaking, natives like to use diminutives or augmentatives which have many different suffixes depending on the region. Become familiar with them, they can make a semantic difference at times.

YOU need to be aware that just because they could once speak English, does not mean a) They necessarily spoke it fluently or extensively OR b) They have retained these skills as he/she aged OR c) That it is their preferred language.

Speaking English can be tiring to the elderly – as they are engaging in a translation-type of process. Many elderly people revert back to their native language as they aged.

Cue Cards Quality Aging has cue cards that you may find useful and assist you in communicating with a person that speaks a language other than English.

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Disclaimer The information herein is a synthesis of information from a range of sources believed to be reliable. Quality Aging gives no warranty that the said base sources are correct, and accepts no responsibility for any resultant errors contained herein or for decisions and actions taken as a result and any damage from these decisions or actions.

References

http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Chile.html

http://www.southamerica.cl/Chile/Food.htm

http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/guides/guide-chile-etiquette-customs-culture- business/

https://www.justlanded.com/english/Chile/Chile-Guide/Language/Official-languages-in-Chile

http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/largest-religions-in-chile.html

https://sites.google.com/site/chileintl240/demographics-culture-and-daily-life

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Chile

https://www.reference.com/world-view/chileans-fun-6923487f9e00a3a#

https://www.welcomechile.com/donde/index_i.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile

http://travelsfinders.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/santiago-chile-map.png

https://www.quasarex.com/blog/top-10-things-you-didnt-know-about-chile-facts-about-chile

http://www.commisceo-global.com/country-guides/chile-guide

https://www.thisischile.cl/salsa-dancing-in-chile-from-santiago-to-concepcion/?lang=en

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