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Die Haltung Der USA Zur NATO-Erweiterung Strategie, Pragmatik Und Weltordnung in Den Jahren Nach Dem Ost-West-Konflikt

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Die Haltung Der USA Zur NATO-Erweiterung Strategie, Pragmatik Und Weltordnung in Den Jahren Nach Dem Ost-West-Konflikt Schriften des Zentrums für Interdisziplinäre Regionalstudien 05 Tobias Hecht Die Haltung der USA zur NATO-Erweiterung Strategie, Pragmatik und Weltordnung in den Jahren nach dem Ost-West-Konflikt Band 5 Schriften des Zentrums für Interdisziplinäre Regionalstudien Herausgegeben vom Direktorium des Zentrums für Interdisziplinäre Regionalstudien Tobias Hecht Die Haltung der USA zur NATO-Erweiterung Strategie, Pragmatik und Weltordnung in den Jahren nach dem Ost-West-Konflikt Tobias Hecht studierte Regionalwissenschaften Nordamerika, Politikwissenschaft und Völkerrecht an den Universitäten Bonn und Southern Mississippi. Für seine Doktorarbeit am Institut für Politikwissen- schaft der Universität Halle war er von August bis Oktober 2012 als DAAD-Fellow zu Recherchen in Washington am American Institute for Contemporary German Studies der Johns Hopkins University. Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen im Bereich der transatlantischen Beziehungen und Sicherheitspolitik. Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Internationalen Graduiertenkollegs „Formenwandel der Bürgergesellschaft – Deutschland und Japan im Vergleich“ sowie der Gesellschaft für Japanforschung (GJF) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Zugleich Halle: Univ-Diss. 2014 CV © Universitätsverlag Halle-Wittenberg, Halle an der Saale 2014 Umschlaggestaltung: pixzicato GmbH Hannover, Horst Stöllger Printed in Germany. Alle Rechte, auch die des Nachdrucks von Auszügen, der photomechanischen Wiedergabe und der Übersetzung, vorbehalten. ISBN 978-3-86977-106-9 Vorwort 5 Vorwort Das Buch beginnt mit der Frage, warum nahezu 20 Jahre nach dem Ende des Ost- West-Konflikts noch immer über die Erweiterung der NATO diskutiert wird. Die Antwort scheint nun, im Jahr 2014, offensichtlich. Ende des Jahres 2013 wurden die Spannungen zwischen Europäischer Union und Russland anhand der Entwick- lungen in der Ukraine immer sichtbarer. Das Land, das ehemals zur Sowjetunion gehörte, stand vor der Unterzeichnung eines Assoziierungsabkommens mit der EU. In letzter Minute konnte der russische Präsident die Unterschrift der ukrainischen Seite durch politischen Druck und wirtschaftliche Anreize verhindern. Seinen ver- meintlichen Interessen folgend, ließ Moskau die daraus entstandenen inner-ukrai- nischen Spannungen eskalieren. Das aktive russische Eingreifen wurde dann mit der Annexion der Krim als 9. russischen Föderationskreis deutlich. Seitdem tobt ein Bürgerkrieg in Teilen der Ukraine. Ein gewichtiger Grund für die Eskalation der Situation zum Jahreswechsel 2013/2014 war für einige Beobachter die NATO-Osterweiterung. Russland sei ein- gekreist worden und eine Reaktion zu erwarten gewesen. Dieses Buch widmet sich der NATO-Erweiterungsgeschichte. Dabei wird der Fokus auf die US-Interessen gelegt und gefragt, warum die USA die NATO-Erweiterung anhaltend unterstützt und wie sie ihre Interessen innerhalb der NATO umgesetzt haben. Der Betrach- tungszeitraum fokussiert zwar auf die Jahre 1989–2009, doch werden die Erwei- terungsrunden während des Ost-West-Konflikts ebenso dargestellt wie ein Aus- blick, der die erste Amtszeit Präsident Obamas umfasst. Das Buch analysiert damit nachvollziehbar auch jene Entwicklung, die ausschlaggebend für die Ukraine-Krise sein soll. Grundlage für die Analyse von Außenpolitik ist ein Verständnis von der kultu- rellen und innenpolitischen Lage des jeweiligen Landes. Regionalwissenschaften sind deshalb unerlässlicher Bestandteil der wissenschaftlichen Curricula. Die Inter- disziplinarität der Regionalwissenschaften ist ein wichtiges Instrument umfas- sender Analyse. Insbesondere das Hinführungskapitel dieses Buches und sein me- thodischer Ansatz spiegeln diese Auffassung wider. So werden zunächst die Pfadabhängigkeiten US-amerikanischer Außenpolitik mit Blick auf Europa und hinsichtlich des Instruments des Multilateralismus dargelegt. Nur hierdurch wird wirklich bewertbar, ob strategische Politik oder Pragmatik leitend wirkten. Ich 6 Vorwort freue mich daher sehr, dass sich das Direktorium des Zentrums für Interdisziplinäre Regionalstudien der Universität Halle für die Herausgabe meiner Promotionsarbeit in dieser Schriftenreihe entschieden hat. Aber kann die Welt überhaupt „strategisch“ geordnet werden? Die Antwort liegt auf der Hand: nein! Wie der britische Premierminister Harold MacMillan schon sagte, bestimmen „Events, my dear boy, events!“ zumeist die Außenpolitik eines Staates. Nichtsdestotrotz sollte stets der Versuch leitend wirken, denn nur so kann eine Ordnung nationaler Interessen erfolgen und Außenpolitik langfristig zu selbigen beitragen. Auch ist dies Voraussetzung für Berechenbarkeit und Stabilität in den internationalen Beziehungen. Wie auch in der Politik stellen sich bei einem Buchprojekt beziehungsweise ei- ner Dissertation viele Fragen erst, wenn der Weg beschritten wird. Dank gilt des- halb zunächst meinem Doktorvater, Prof. Dr. Johannes Varwick, der mir während der vergangenen vier Jahre immer wieder mit gutem Rat zur Seite stand. Gedankt sei auch Prof. Dr. Harald Bluhm für die Zweitbegutachtung der Arbeit. Prof. Dr. Christian Hacke und Dr. Patrick Keller waren schon während meiner Studien- zeit in Bonn Inspiration und wichtige Ratgeber. Persönliche Gespräche mit US-ame- rikanischen Experten wurden durch ein Stipendium des American Institute for Contemporary German Studies der Johns Hopkins University in Washington mög- lich. Ich danke stellvertretend dessen Präsidenten Dr. Jackson Janes für die hervor- ragende Unterstützung vor Ort und eine besonders schöne Zeit der Recherche und des Austauschs. Meine Eltern, Brigitte und Heinz-Joachim Hecht, haben in vielerlei Hinsicht die Promotion und damit dieses Buch erst möglich gemacht. Neben ihnen bin ich Janika Bratvogel zu tiefstem Dank verpflichtet. Mir ist es bis heute ein Rät- sel, wie sie mich trotz der vielen gemeinsamen freizeitlichen Entbehrungen immer wieder unterstützte und motivierte. Ohne sie wären weiterhin viele Fragen offen. Berlin im August 2014 Tobias Hecht Inhaltsverzeichnis 7 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort . 5 Abkürzungsverzeichnis . 11 I. Einführung . 13 I.1. Untersuchungsgegenstand . 14 I.1.1. Erkenntnisinteresse . 14 I.1.2. Forschungsstand . 19 I.2. Methode . 21 I.2.1. Untersuchungsrahmen . 22 I.2.1.1. Außenpolitik . 22 I.2.1.2. Ziel-Mittel-Ansatz . 24 I.2.1.3. Analyseeinheiten . 27 I.2.2. Untersuchungsmethode und methodologische Verortung . 28 I.2.3. Arbeitsaufbau . 32 II. Hinführung . 35 II.1. Dichotomien und Strategien . 35 II.1.1. US-Außenpolitik und Gemeinschaftsorganisationen . 36 II.1.2. Die Open Door Policy der NATO während des Ost-West-Konflikts 41 II.1.2.1. Die Gründung der NATO . 41 II.1.2.2. Erweiterung um Griechenland und die Türkei . 45 II.1.2.3. Erweiterung um Deutschland . 48 II.1.2.4. Erweiterung um Spanien . 50 II.1.2.5. Fazit . 51 8 Inhaltsverzeichnis II.2. Die Neuausrichtung der US-NATO-Politik . 53 II.2.1. Die Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands: Die NATO als Ziel . 54 II.2.2. New World Order: Die NATO als Mittel . 59 II.2.2.1. Der Golfkrieg und die NATO . 61 II.2.2.2. Jugoslawien und Interlocking Institutions . 63 II.2.2.3. Kooperation und Konsultation im neuen Europa . 66 II.2.3. Eine Erweiterung der NATO? . 69 II.3. Fazit: US-Strategie, NATO und Erweiterung . 74 III. Konkretisierung des Analyserahmens . 79 III.1. Strategie: Definition und Öffnung des Begriffs . 81 III.2. Strategie und internationale Organisationen . 87 III.3. Drei Phasen strategischen Vorgehens . 91 III.3.1. Strategieformulierung . 91 III.3.2. Strategieimplementierung . 92 III.3.3. Strategieanpassung . 93 III.4. Analyseraster . 94 IV. Von eurasisch-atlantischer Partnerschaft zur Robust Open Door 101 IV.1. Der NATO-Pfad . 102 IV.1.1. Konzept: Eine europäische Macht? . 103 IV.1.2. Herausforderungen: Gestaltung neuer Realitäten . 110 IV.1.3. Mittel: Die Partnerschaft für den Frieden . 116 IV.1.4. Führung: (K)ein innenpolitischer Konsens . 123 IV.1.5. Fortschreibung: Die NATO-Erweiterungsstudie . 130 IV.1.6. Zwischenfazit: Mittel oder Ziel? . 136 IV.2. Führung als Schlüssel . 138 IV.2.1. Konzept: „Engagement“ und NATO-Erweiterung . 139 IV.2.2. Herausforderungen: Russland und die NATO . 145 IV.2.3. Mittel: Das Wer und prozessuale Wie . 151 Inhaltsverzeichnis 9 IV.2.4. Führung: Advise and Consent . 157 IV.2.5. Fortschreibung: Der Gipfel von Washington . 166 IV.3. Fazit: Form Follows Function? oder: Prozess im Strategievakuum . 174 V. From the Baltic to the Black Sea . 179 V.1. Konzept: Von strategischer Konsolidierung zur aktiven Freedom Agenda . 180 V.2. Herausforderungen: Retooling NATO . 187 V.3. Mittel: Der Big Bang . 195 V.4. Führung: Sechsundneunzig zu Null . 205 V.5. Fortschreibung: Von Bagdad nach Istanbul . 211 V.6 . F azit: Out of Interest? oder: Die Diskrepanz zwischen Zielen und Zwecken . 218 VI. Finalizing Europe . 223 VI.1. Konzept: Resolute Kontinuität . 224 VI.2. Herausforderungen: A New Era of Transatlantic Unity? . 230 VI.3. Mittel: Der Kompromiss von Bukarest . 237 VI.4. Führung: Das Nichtereignis . 244 VI.5. Fortschreibung: Erweiterung wohin, wann, wie? . 251 VI.6. Fazit: Beyond „Europe“ oder: Das Ende einer gemeinsamen Vision . 259 10 Inhaltsverzeichnis VII. Exkurs: NATO-Partnerschaften: Von Konsolidierung zu . Globalisierung . 265 VII.1. Zwischen Konsolidierung und Projektion . 266 VII.2. Globale NATO oder Allianz der Demokratien? . 273 VII.3. Von der Mitgliedschaft zur Partnerschaft? . 278 VIII. Schlussbetrachtung: Das Dilemma strategischer Bündnisführung
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