COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS ANNUAL RE PORT
JULY 1, 2004-JUNE 30, 2005
Main Office Washington Office The Harold Pratt House 1779 Massachusetts Avenue, NW 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021 Washington, DC 20036 Tel. (212) 434-9400; Fax (212) 434-9800 Tel. (202) 518-3400; Fax (202) 986-2984
Website www.cfr.org
E-mail [email protected] OFFICERS and DIRECTORS 2005-2006
OFFICERS DIRECTORS Term Expiring 2009 Peter G. Peterson* Term Expiring 2006 Madeleine K. Albright Chairman of the Board Jeffrey L. Bewkes Richard N. Foster Carla A. Hills* Henry S. Bienen Maurice R. Greenberg Vice Chairman Lee Cullum Carla A. Hills*t Robert E. Rubin Vice Chairman Richard C. Holbrooke Joseph S. Nye Jr. Richard N. Haass Joan E. Spero Fareed Zakaria President Vin Weber Term Expiring 2010 Janice L. Murray Senior Vice President, Treasurer, Term Expiring 2007 Peter Ackermant and Chief Operating Officer Fouad Ajami Charlene Barshefsky David Kellogg Senior Vice President, Corporate Kenneth M. Duberstein Stephen W. Bosworth Affairs, and Publisher Ronald L. Olson Tom Brokaw Irina A. Faskianos Peter G. Peterson*! David M. Rubensteint Vice President, National Program Robert E. Rubint and Academic Outreach Thomas R. Pickering Laura DAndrea Tyson Suzanne E. Helm Richard N. Haass Vice President, Development ex officio Term Expiring 2008 Elise Carlson Lewis Vice President, Membership Martin S. Feldstein and Fellowship Affairs Helene D. Gayle OFFICERS AND James M. Lindsay Karen Elliott House DIRECTORS, EMERITUS Vice President, Director of Studies, AND HONORARY Maurice R. Greenberg Chair Michael H. Moskow Leslie H. Gelb Anne R. Luzzatto Richard E. Salomon President Emeritus Vice President, Meetings Anne-Marie Slaughter and Outreach Maurice R. Greenberg Nancy E. Roman Honorary Vice Chairman Vice President and Director, Charles McC. MathiasJr. Washington Program Director Emeritus Lisa Shields David Rockefeller Vice President, Communications Honorary Chairman Lilita V Gusts Robert A. Scalapino Secretary Director Emeritus
* In accordance with By-Law VII. t Appointed by the Board of Directors in 2005. Note: This list of Officers and Directors is current as of September 1, 2005. •* CONTENTS
4 Mission Statement 55 International Affairs Fellowship Program
O Letter from the Chairman 56 Development
1U President's Message 65 Committees of the Board, 2004-2005
14 Foreign Affairs 66 2005 Board Election
It) Special Initiatives 66 Chairman's Advisory Council
A, D Studies Program 67 International Advisory Board
O/J New York Meetings Projira m 70 Rules, Guidelines, and Practices O D Washington Program 72 Historical Roster of Directors and Officers nrU National Program 74 Budget and Finance TTT- Corporate Program 82 Staff TTO Term Member Program 85 Membership Membership Selection Procedures J1 Communications O D Membership Roster JZi Named Chairs, Fellowships, and Lectureships Mission Statement F ounded in 1921, the Council on Foreign Relations is an independent, national membership organization and a nonpartisan center for scholars dedicated to producing and disseminating ideas so that individual and corporate members, as well as policymakers, journalists, students, and interested citizens in the United States and other countries, can better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other governments. The Coun- cil, which is headquartered in New York with an office in Washington, DC, does this by • Convening meetings in New York, Washington, DC, and other select American cities where senior government officials, global leaders, and prominent thinkers come together with Council members to debate and discuss the major foreign policy issues of our time; • Conducting a wide-ranging Studies Program where Council fellows produce articles and books that analyze foreign policy issues and make concrete policy recommendations; • Publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal covering interna- tional affairs and U.S. foreign policy; • Maintaining a diverse membership, including special programs to foster interest and expertise in the next generation of foreign policy leaders; • Sponsoring Independent Task Forces whose reports help set the public foreign policy agenda; and • Providing up-to-date information about the world and U.S. foreign policy on the Council’s website, www.cfr.org. 4 Convening meetings where officials, leaders, and thinkers debate and discuss the major foreign policy issues of our time . . . Iraqis now are among those allowed to say and write and watch and listen to whatever they want, whenever they want. And I sense that governments and people in the Middle East are taking note of that. —DONALD RUMSFELD, U.S. Secretary of Defense It is remarkable that the world order of 1945 dominates global decision- making even today. I believe the time is ripe for the United States to seriously consider the advantages of further enhancing our partnership on major international issues by rec- ognizing India’s due place in global councils. —MANMOHAN SINGH, Prime Minister, India We Africans, many times we are known by the challenges, problems, and the The historic stand of the American administration, difficulties we still the American people, in standing behind the Iraqi face. I want to say, people, will never be forgotten. It proves that Africans are rich. human rights and striving for democracy is not They have been im- just a slogan, but is a reality where the American poverished, but they people are willing to sacrifice to bring about are rich people in these tremendous humanitarian values. This is those kinds of soft something that we should all be proud of, and ways which are hard you especially should be proud of. to measure. —IBRAHIM AL-JAAFARI, —GRAÇA MACHEL, Prime Minister, Republic of Iraq President, Foundation for Community Development, Mozambique 5 I am the first to admit the United Nations is not perfect, but our world will not easily find a better instrument for forging sustained global response to today’s threats. We must use it to unite around com- mon priorities and act on them. We must agree on a plan to reform the United Nations—and get on with the job of implementing it. —KOFI ANNAN, Secretary-General, United Nations President Bush spoke very clearly— and for the first time an American president would talk about a Pales- tinian state that is independent, that is viable, that is contiguous, that lives side-by-side with the state of Israel. This is something that we have not heard before and we have not seen before from an American president. —MAHMOUD ABBAS, President, Palestinian Authority Whatever you think about how we got into Iraq, we’re there, we can’t get out, and we see fundamental change taking place in the region. . . . We see things happening there that never would have happened if we hadn’t engaged the way we have—good, bad, or evil. —CHRISTINE TODD WHITMAN, Former Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency Any talk of Russia sliding back to totali- tarian rule, a dictatorship, infringing on the freedom of the press and determined to reestablish the KGB is no more than a Cold War propaganda cliché. —SERGEY B. IVANOV, Minister of Defense, Russian Federation The time has come to move away from the old dichotomies of unilateralism and multilateralism. . . . We need to look at European Union-U.S. relations in a new light. —JOSÉ MANUEL DURÃO BARROSO, President, European Commission 6 Mahmoud Abbas understands the world. He’s more congruent with the world, with the zeitgeist, and that will make him more effective. We Israelis should give him an opportunity. We should try . . . to take many steps that will pave the road for him. But we should be careful not to hug him too strongly or firmly, especially in public, because it will ruin it. —EHUD BARAK, Former Prime Minister, Israel We think of China often as this great competitor. . . . The fact is, China is still a developing country with a lot of work to do on the fundamentals of a well- functioning market economy. But they are coming along and they’re learning from us. This engagement of the United States and Europe with China is a great learning experience for China. —JOHN SNOW, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Do I think at the moment that breaking the law or armed actions are an option? No, I don’t. And why is that my view? Because there is an alternative . . . there is now a way to move forward through entirely peaceable and democratic means. —GERRY ADAMS, President, Sinn Fein I think [the media’s] power is very real. . . . And that’s why I get so upset when we don’t do the kind of things that we should be doing in terms of cover- ing places like Rwanda, or now, Darfur. —CHRISTIANE AMANPOUR, Chief International Correspondent, CNN 7 letter from the chairman I n an increasingly interconnected world, the Council on Foreign Relations occupies a unique post from which to inform an expanding audience of world citizens interested in foreign policy. Our president, Richard N. Haass, has strongly emphasized this opportunity to reach out to a broader constituency and, in fact, has made it a major focus of the Council over the next few years as detailed in his President’s Message. But connecting to a global audience, as well as providing greater services to the Council’s members, is possible only through the adoption of today’s latest technologies. With the opening of a state-of-the-art conference center in New York in 1999, the Council began utilizing technology to connect better with members and others. Teleconferencing, videoconferencing, broadcast transmission lines that feed di- rectly to any major media network, web delivery of both audio and video in real time, and postings of transcripts online have enabled members to be present at Council meetings, through transmissions to any computer, telephone, or even iPod. Not only have these advances brought the Council closer to the membership, they have served to connect members, fel- lows, experts, and staff to one another. One such example is the Council’s creation of five websites for assisting the work of the Independent Task Force program. Using the web, geographi- cally dispersed Task Force teams have shared documents and conducted discussions, enhancing collaboration to an entirely new level of efficiency and convenience. Much progress has also been made in sharing the vast amounts of information produced by the Council. Last sum- mer the Council initiated the most ambitious redesign of its website—www.cfr.org—since it was first launched in 1996. Cfr.org will be the “first-stop shop” for online foreign policy in- formation and analysis. Rather than simply showcasing Council- Peter G. Peterson produced content, the website will also serve as an editor of 8 letter from the chairman Cfr.org will be the “first-stop shop” for foreign policy information and analysis. The website will serve as an editor of online content, no matter who produced it. online content, selecting and posting the highest- attracting top-notch talent, and strengthening the quality and most essential material, no matter who financial health of this great institution. produced it. These editorial selections will be Thanks as well to James F. Hoge Jr. for maintain- linked to the daily news and will enrich people’s ing the excellent quality and reputation of Foreign understanding of important events by adding Affairs, America’s most influential source for ideas, analysis, context, and background written and analysis, and debate on international affairs and compiled by a first-rate Council team of writers and foreign policy. researchers. Finally, I would like to express my appreciation By pegging our content to the news, we increase to Carla A. Hills and Robert E. Rubin, our vice our chances of being relevant to a broader audience. chairmen, and to the other directors of the Board And by offering information and analysis from whatever sources have the best material related to a specific topic—not just our own work, as other think tanks mostly do—we believe we ulti- mately increase our value and credibility. Foreign Affairs, which saw yet another year at the forefront of international affairs and foreign policy publications, has now digitized every issue dating back to 1973, enabling mem- bers and subscribers to search and obtain the full text of these issues directly from the maga- zine’s website, foreignaffairs.org. Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan with Peter G. Peterson at the The Council has also under- Council’s Annual Corporate Conference. taken a joint venture to digitize over 100 books whose copyright is owned by the for all that they do to make this institution great. Council, making the text of each book available We are sad to bid farewell to departing directors and searchable on the Internet. This, however, is Jessica P. Einhorn, Louis V. Gerstner Jr., George J. only the first step in an ongoing effort to digitize all Mitchell, Warren B. Rudman, and Andrew Young, of the Council’s recent book-length publications, who have dedicated much time and energy to the which will then be posted on the revamped cfr.org Council. We welcome new directors Peter Acker- in an easily readable and searchable format. man, Charlene Barshefsky, Stephen W. Bosworth, My warm thanks go to Richard Haass for his ca- Tom Brokaw, and David M. Rubenstein and look pable leadership of an ever-evolving organization. forward to working closely with them. His second year has been marked by continued Peter G. Peterson success in developing new and exciting programs, Chairman of the Board 9 president’s message T he fiscal year just ended was dominated by the drama of a presidential election. The subsequent transition was made easier by the fact that the incumbent won reelection, but this made governing no less difficult. From day one President George W. Bush and his administration have faced a daunting array of chal- lenges: an open-ended struggle against terrorism; a deadly insurgency in Iraq; advanced nuclear programs in both North Korea and Iran; a genocide in Darfur; a tsunami in Asia; and a less democratic Russia, a more assertive China, and a more uncertain Europe. Added to these challenges is the fact that the United States finds itself confronting them from a less-than-ideal position. A significant portion of this country’s military strength is tied down in Iraq. The U.S. fiscal and current account deficits con- tinue to increase, as does the price of the oil and gas the United States must import in ever-increasing quantities. Anti-Americanism remains both broad and deep. This is not to say that there have been no posi- tive developments or grounds for optimism. U.S. military and economic strength remains substantial in both absolute and relative terms. There is new hope for progress in the Middle East, owing to Is- raeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon’s plan to with- draw from Gaza and parts of the West Bank and the emergence of a new Palestinian leadership commit- ted to the peaceful pursuit of its goals. Iraqis voted freely to form a new government; Syrian forces no longer occupy Lebanon; the people of Ukraine live under a government they elected. Here at the Council we responded to these and other developments with another twelve months of Richard N. Haass extraordinary activity. Highlights included a set of 10 president’s message We are planning workshops, seminars, and mini-conferences targeted to different groups of leaders whom we hope to engage in the national foreign policy debate. activities covering Campaign 2004 and Transition 2005; briefings for those attending the Democratic and Republican conventions in Boston and New York; a Corporate Conference with Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan as keynote speaker—all this in addition to strong meetings programs in New York, Washington, and nationally as well as another banner year for Foreign Affairs. I could go on but won’t, only because I would like to devote the bulk of this year’s message to what lies ahead. To be sure, we will continue to focus on our core missions of serving our member- ship and being a resource for those who might be described as traditional foreign policy elites: senior government officials, prominent journalists, and members of Congress and their staffs. Simultaneously, we want to increase the time, en- ergy, and resources we commit to a broader set of ac- tivities targeted to nontraditional constituencies, such as state and local officials, religious leaders, ed- Then U.S. Ambassador to Iraq John D. Negroponte. ucators and students, and members and leaders of a broad range of nongovernmental organizations. of Chief Executives and the Mexican Council on Many of these individuals and groups are not nor- Foreign Relations. We anticipate future Task Forces mally associated with foreign policy, but their voices that involve institutions and individuals from and support are critical to the policy choices our abroad. We are exploring how to replicate in other government makes and will make in the future. We countries the highly successful Hitachi Inter- are actively planning vari- ous workshops, seminars, and mini-conferences tar- geted to different groups of leaders whom we hope to engage more meaningfully in the national foreign pol- icy debate. We are also looking at what more we can do in- ternationally. The influen- tial Task Force on North America is one model, for which the Council joined with the Canadian Council Ambassador Richard C. Holbrooke with President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan. 11 president’s message initiatives will draw upon and expand the Council’s existing activities. One principal instrument will be cfr.org. Peter G. Peterson discusses this in some detail in his Letter from the Chairman. But I do want to under- score our very different idea for the website: namely, it will be the best website for au- thoritative information and analysis of U.S. foreign policy. It will be the Council’s web- site, but it will not be limited to the work of the Council; rather, it will include articles, speeches, and documents from a wide range of official and independent sources. Again, our goal is to make cfr.org the best resource available for anyone who wants to better understand America’s role in today’s com- plex world. Council Honorary Chairman David Rockefeller and then World A second way we will implement this ex- Bank President James D. Wolfensohn at Rockefeller’s 90th birthday celebration. panded outreach is by building a Studies Program that is second to none. This means national Affairs Fellowship Program, which sends attracting the best senior scholars (many with Americans to Japan for three to twelve months to practical experience in the field) and identifying work in business, government, or other policy-re- and developing young talent. We need to make lated fields. We also intend to establish a series of di- sure we cover not only the principal countries and alogues in which we and our partners from abroad regions, but also the functional issues that reflect examine global challenges in mini-retreats—the the realities and challenges of living in a modern, kinds of candid, in-depth conversations that rarely global world. occur when governments speak to each other. And third, we will continue to look for ways to The implementation of all these programs and strengthen the Council’s resources: human, physical, Deputy Secretary of State Robert B. Zoellick speak- Council Vice Chairman Robert E. Rubin, Honorary Vice Chairman ing at the 2005 National Conference. Maurice R. Greenberg, and Board Director Louis V. Gerstner Jr. 12 president’s message and financial. We have a won- derful headquarters in New York, dedicated staff in both New York and Washington, and, on the financial side, a substantial endowment and a strong balance sheet. But the costs of doing what we do and want to do keep rising, and we are exploring how we can best ensure that the Council’s endowment continues to cover our increasing needs. Let me close, as I did last year, on a more personal note. I have just completed my second full year as presi- dent. My so very able prede- cessor, Leslie H. Gelb, was right: this is truly one of the great jobs in this or any field, Richard N. Haass with Nelson Mandela. in this or any city. I want to thank Pete Peterson and the other members of the Washington for their initiative and hard work; Board for their commitment and support; I want to and, last but hardly least, I want to thank the mem- thank former Executive Vice President Michael P. bers—life, term, and corporate—for their impres- Peters, who left the Council after ten years of serv- sive interest in, and support for, this unique ice to assume the presidency at St. John’s College, organization. Santa Fe, for his lasting contribution to the Coun- Richard N. Haass cil; I want to thank the staff in New York and President Council Board Directors Helene D. Gayle, Michael H. Moskow, and Henry S. Bienen. 13 F OREIGN AFFAIR S T his year Foreign Affairs was ranked the most influential media outlet in the United States in a study of U.S. opinion leaders. Foreign Affairs placed ahead of all other magazines and newspapers—including the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, and the Economist—as well as all broadcast media. The survey, conducted by the business-to-business research firm Erdos & Morgan, represents the views of more than 450,000 Americans who shape policy and opinion in the public and private sectors. The performance of Foreign Affairs in the marketplace further confirmed its impact. With the January/February 2005 issue, total subscriptions broke 100,000 for the first time. Including newsstand sales, total paid circulation is now over 140,000. Advertising revenues set records, running 30 percent above prior-year figures. Traffic on the mag- azine’s website continued to grow, producing in March a record 993,045 page views. With strong subscription and advertising growth, the magazine continued to operate in the black, more so than ever. Foreign Affairs this year devoted numerous pages to the many challenges facing the countries of the Middle East. Iraq received the most attention. Several authors ques- tioned whether U.S. objectives for Iraq could be realized and whether it was wiser to stay the course or to disengage promptly. Demo- cratization was a hot topic, highlighted by the “orange revolution” in Ukraine, the James F. Hoge Jr. 14 F OREIGN AFFAIR S Foreign Affairs was ranked the most influential media outlet in the United States, ahead of all other magazines and newspapers as well as all broadcast media. forced withdrawal of Syria from Lebanon, and popular stirrings throughout the Arab world. Essays in the magazine analyzed the implications of these events for the world’s remaining autocratic regimes and U.S. foreign policy. Other articles examined the pros and cons of globalization, the difficulties of further European integration, and the dangers of nu- clear weapons proliferation. President George W. Bush’s foreign pol- icy received qualified approval for focusing on how to promote security in a dangerous world. Recommended midcourse corrections included reviving the art of speaking softly and recognizing the need for international legitimacy. Bush’s foreign economic policy pro- voked harsher criticism for a series of problems that, if left to fester, will damage U.S. domestic interests and U.S. foreign policy as a whole. In the July/August 2005 issue, Foreign Affairs pub- lished a special section on the increasing possibility that a deadly in- fluenza virus could spread among humans and overwhelm unprepared health systems in rich and poor countries alike. Four es- says provided a comprehensive overview of this uniquely lethal flu, the preparations and preventive measures that need to be taken, and the lessons that can be gleaned from the present HIV/AIDS pandemic. This year Foreign Affairs published a new book in its ongoing se- ries of paperback compilations designed for classroom use. Under- standing the War on Terror has been saluted as the most ambitious collection of writings to date about the subject. It and other Foreign Affairs books are distributed by W. W. Norton and are available on Amazon.com and BN.com. IN MEMORIAM George F. Kennan Sadly, this year marked the passing of George F. Kennan, author of the 1947 treatise on containment of the Soviet Union, the most influential essay ever published by Foreign Affairs. This renowned scholar and diplomat contributed eighteen additional essays to the magazine over five decades on a variety of international challenges. His analysis and insights, always elegantly presented, were penetrating and often against the grain of con- ventional thinking. Foreign Affairs and its readers will sorely miss him. 15 Special Initiatives E ach year this section identifies publi- cations, programs, and initiatives (some ongoing, some new) that merit special mention. Highlights of 2004–2005 include • The tenth anniversary of the Council’s Independent Task Force program, marked by the publication of three reports and two chairmen’s statements, and the launch of two new Task Forces; • Council efforts surrounding the presidential campaign and the subse- quent transition; • Endowment of the General John W. Vessey Chair for Conflict Preven- tion as part of the Council’s Center for Preventive Action; • The launch of the Council’s Academic Outreach Program targeted to educators at the college and graduate level; • The fourth annual Arthur Ross Book Award to recognize books that made an outstanding contribution to the understanding of foreign policy or international relations; and • Five Council Special Reports published as part of a new series of concise policy briefs aimed at responding rapidly to pressing foreign policy con- cerns and contributing to emerging debates. 16 special initiatives Once formed, Task Forces are independent. Chairs, directors, and members are solely responsible for the content of their reports. Task Forces his year marks the tenth anniversary of the public debate on critical foreign policy issues, the Council’s Independent Task Forces, which Council mobilizes its resources to maximize the Twere launched by former Council President impact of Task Force reports, both at the time of Leslie H. Gelb in 1995 with a Task Force on nuclear the initial release and as developments warrant. In nonproliferation, chaired by Stephen J. Hadley, who addition to media outreach, the Council supports now serves as President George W. Bush’s national the efforts of Task Force chairs and members to security adviser. More than fifty reports later, Task reach influential practitioners in the executive Forces have become a trademark of the Council. branch, in Congress, and beyond. The Council sponsors an Independent Task The Council released three Independent Task Force when an issue of current and critical impor- Force reports and two chairmen’s statements in tance to U.S. foreign policy arises, and it seems 2004–2005. Three additional Task Forces are cur- that a group diverse in backgrounds and perspec- rently under way. tives may nonetheless be able to reach a meaning- The Independent Task Force on U.S. Policy to- ful consensus on a policy through private and ward Iran, co-chaired by former National Security nonpartisan deliberations. Once formed, Task Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski and former Director Forces are independent. Task Force chairs, direc- of Central Intelligence Robert M. Gates, found that tors, and members are solely responsible for the a policy predicated on regime change was insuffi- content of their reports. cient. The urgency of the concerns about Iran’s pur- As Task Forces are intended to help shape the suit of weapons of mass destruction, support for Council Fellow and Task Force Director Steven A. Cook, Co-Chairs Vin Weber and Madeleine K. Albright, and the Washington Post’s Jackson K. Diehl presiding at the rollout of the report on reform in the Arab world. 17 special initiatives terrorism, and capacity to influence regional con- Force’s work blanketed the news media in all three flicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, combined with the countries at the time of the summit, and the chairs Task Force’s assessment that Iran was not in a pre- published an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal and revolutionary state, compelled the Task Force to its Mexican equivalent. This was the Council’s first recommend a U.S. policy of selective engagement trinational Task Force, composed of members toward Iran. The report, Iran: Time for a New Ap- from all three North American countries with proach, has generated significant media coverage meetings held in Toronto, Monterrey, and New since its release in July 2004. York. The report was released simultaneously in The Independent Task Force on the Future of English, French, and Spanish. The Council on North America, co-chaired by former Canadian Foreign Relations sponsored this Task Force in co- Deputy Prime Minister John P. Manley, former Mex- operation with the Canadian Council of Chief Ex- ican Finance Minister Pedro Aspe, and former ecutives and the Mexican Council on Foreign Massachusetts Governor William F. Weld, released Relations. its report, Building a North American Community, in The Independent Task Force on U.S. Support for May 2005. The Task Force called on the United Reform in the Arab World, co-chaired by former States, Canada, and Mexico to establish a North Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright and former American security and economic community by Representative Vin Weber (R-MN), released its re- 2010 and offered a detailed and ambitious set of port in June 2005. The Task Force report, In Sup- proposals building on the recommendations port of Arab Democracy: Why and How, argued for adopted by the three governments at the Texas the end of the Arab democracy exception and summit of March 2005, including annual trinational found that, notwithstanding the inherent short- summits, a common external tariff, a North Ameri- term risks, a strategy of democracy promotion is can border pass, and a unified border action plan. the best means to foster stability in the Middle East Task Force vice chairs Thomas P. d’Aquino of and restore American credibility in the region. the Canadian Council of Chief Executives, Andrés Drawing on consultations in the region with Arab Rozental of the Mexican Council on Foreign Rela- thinkers, business leaders, and reform activists, the tions, and Robert A. Pastor of American University Task Force urged the United States to work with joined the chairs in releasing a chairmen’s state- Arab governments to develop detailed “pathways to ment in advance of the March summit. The Task reform”; support the development of a multiparty Future of North America Task Force Co-Chairs Pedro Aspe, John P. Manley, and William F. Weld with Council Vice Chairman and Task Force member Carla A. Hills at the rollout of the chairmen’s report. 18 special initiatives Council Senior Fellow Stephen R. Sestanovich with Russia Task Force Co-Chairs Jack Kemp and John Edwards. political system, even if that system includes the The co-chairs of the Independent Task Force on participation of nonviolent Islamist political par- U.S. Policy toward Africa, former National Security ties; and use financial and military incentives to Adviser Anthony Lake and former Environmental promote reform. Protection Agency Administrator Christine Todd Major news media, domestic and international, Whitman, sent a letter to the administration with covered the report, and Task Force leaders have recommendations for contributing to Africa’s briefed U.S. government officials on their findings progress and advancing America’s rising stakes in and recommendations. The co-chairs published an Africa. The chairmen’s statement recommended op-ed in the Washington Post, and the full Task that the United States take the lead at the July 2005 Force report was also translated into Arabic. G8 summit in reaching agreement on several out- standing issues, including debt relief, trade, aid, Task Forces under way health, and peace and security. The Task Force aims to release a final report in the fall. Former National Security Advisers Samuel R. Former Senator John Edwards (D-NC) and for- Berger and Brent Scowcroft led a Task Force on U.S. mer Representative Jack Kemp (R-NY) are chairing Post-Conflict Capabilities. The Task Force focused a Task Force on U.S. Policy toward Russia. The on the growing importance to U.S. national secu- Task Force will review current U.S. policy toward rity and foreign policy of failed or failing states and that country and make recommendations on fu- states emerging from conflict, and the correspon- ture policy—from global security to Russia’s evolu- ding need to build the capacity to conduct “stabi- tion as a democratic state. The Task Force will lization” operations. In July 2005, the Task Force focus on critical areas in the bilateral relationship, recommended a series of policy and organizational including nonproliferation, democracy and plural- changes to develop civilian and military capacity to ism in Russia, Russia’s relations with its neighbors, conduct stabilization operations and to improve the Cold War legacy, the economy, energy, and co- U.S. cooperation with other countries, the United operation against terrorism. The Task Force co- Nations, and international institutions, including chairs are planning a trip to Russia to supplement international financial institutions. their deliberations. 19 special initiatives Campaign 2004 and transition 2005 he Council conducted a pair of special pro- conventions: in Boston for the Democrats together grams related to the 2004 presidential elec- with Harvard’s Shorenstein Center and in New York Ttion. Campaign 2004, which began in the for the Republicans. Both events were made possible 2003–2004 program year with a series of meetings by the Coca-Cola Company.* The Campaign 2004 featuring various presidential hopefuls, kept the website—www.cfr.org/campaign2004—was an in- focus on electoral politics in the run-up to Election dispensable asset for political junkies. It contained Day. It sponsored two half-day events for the electoral biographies of the major-party candidates, a library of their most significant foreign policy Representative Jim Kolbe (R-AZ) and Council Senior Fellow Julia E. Sweig speeches, and issue briefs written by Coun- at a Transition 2005 meeting on the Central American Free Trade Agreement. cil fellows that analyzed the major foreign policy questions raised in the campaign. The site also featured a campaign calendar and links to polls, news organizations, and various political websites. The Campaign 2004 meeting series wrapped up with a post-election open-mic night featuring Council President Richard N. Haass and several fellows. After Election Day, Campaign 2004 evolved into Transition 2005. In New York, Washington, and across the country plans were in place for a series of meetings devoted to the issues filling the second Bush admin- istration’s “in-box.” Members heard U.S. Agency for International Development Ad- ministrator Andrew Natsios; Representatives Jim Kolbe (R-AZ) and Sander Levin (D-MI); former presidential candidate Wesley K. Clark; R. Glenn Hubbard, dean of the Co- lumbia Business School; Kenneth M. Pol- lack, senior fellow and director of research at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution; and others debate and discuss a wide variety of transition- related topics. Subjects covered in the meet- ings included economics, transatlantic relations, Iran, the Israeli-Palestinian con- flict, Latin America, nonproliferation, and development. * In addition to the support of the Coca-Cola Company, the Slate Editor Jacob M. Weisberg with French Ambassador Jean-David Boston event was underwritten by Akin Gump Strauss Hauer Levitte at the Campaign 2004 briefing in Boston for the Democratic & Feld, BellSouth Corporation, Chevron, and International delegates. Paper. 20 special initiatives Also after the election, a new website on the transition— www.cfr.org/transition2005—pre- miered, and the Campaign 2004 site was archived. Instead of briefs on issues likely to affect the campaign, a new crop of briefs addressed the major international topics demand- ing attention from President Bush’s foreign policy team. The transition site quickly built up a library of speeches and testimony given by the administration, assembled biogra- phies of the foreign policy team’s most important players, and kept track of nominees as they made their way through the confirmation process. Transition 2005 also high- lighted transition-related activities at the Council and offered users a list of links to government transition sites and media sites. Campaign 2004 sponsored events for delegates at the Democratic and Republican conventions. 21 special initiatives center for preventive action he Center for Preventive Action (CPA) re- highest position. The Council celebrated the endow- ceived a generous gift from the family of ment of the chair at a gala dinner that marked the Patrick M. Byrne to endow the General John tenth anniversary of the CPA. T The creation of the Vessey Chair will enable the W. Vessey Chair for Conflict Prevention. The gift honors the former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of CPA to continue its mission of finding ways to pre- Staff, who enlisted in the Minnesota National Guard vent, defuse, and resolve deadly conflicts around in 1939, received a field commission as an officer at the world. In addition to releasing Council Special Anzio in 1944, and rose to occupy the U.S. military’s Reports on the Balkans and on Iraq, the CPA launched a new Preventive Action Commission to examine ways that local groups, international or- ganizations, and influential countries can promote Angola’s successful transition to stability and secu- rity after its twenty-seven-year civil war. The center released a Spanish translation of an earlier Preventive Action Commission report, Andes 2020, to disseminate further the report’s find- ings in Latin America. The English-language ver- sion of the report formed the basis for a House International Relations Committee “Statement for the Record” for a May hearing on Plan Colombia. The CPA also expanded its offerings on the Coun- cil’s website over the past year to feature articles on John J. Byrne, John W. Vessey, and Patrick M. Byrne. specific cases of preventive action. academic outreach initiative his year the Council launched the Academic of war and the war on terrorism between Kenneth Outreach Program designed to connect its Roth, executive director of Human Rights Watch, Tfellows and work with colleges and univer- and John Choon Yoo of the University of Califor- sities across the country and around the world. nia, Berkeley, School of Law, was broadcast to stu- With the guidance of the Academic Advisory dents at the University of Washington School of Group, chaired by Pepperdine University’s Dan Law and Principia College. In addition, the New Caldwell, the Council developed a number of York University Wagner School of Public Service ways to engage the academic community. Council aired the debate in its main lounge area and several fellows spoke about their work on campuses professors from across the country requested copies around the country. With the generous support of of the debate to incorporate into their syllabi. the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Coun- Academic modules of select Council publica- cil developed the interactive Academic Confer- tions will be featured in an educators’ portal on the ence Call Series for students and professors that redesigned Council website. Each module will in- focused on new security threats. Webcasts of clude the primary text, as well as teaching notes, Council meetings featuring policymakers and secondary source readings, relevant Foreign Affairs scholars in timely discussions were also used in articles, related video and audio files, and tran- the classroom. For example, a debate on the law scripts of on-the-record Council meetings. 22 special initiatives The Arthur Ross Book Award he annual Arthur Ross Book Award recognizes books that make an outstanding contribution to the under- Tstanding of foreign policy or international relations. The prize, endowed by Council member Arthur Ross in 2001, recog- nizes nonfiction works published in the preceding two years, in English or in translation, that merit special attention for • bringing forth new information that changes our under- standing of events or problems; • developing analytical approaches that allow new and differ- ent insights into a key issue; or • providing new ideas to help resolve foreign policy problems. This year saw an increase in the award amounts due to a gen- erous additional gift by Arthur Ross. The award, now considered the most significant for books on international affairs, consists of a gold medal prize of $25,000, a silver medal prize of $10,000, and an honorable mention of $5,000. In 2005, the gold medal was awarded to Steve Coll for Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. The silver medal went to Stephen Biddle for Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle, and an honorable mention was awarded to James Mann for Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet. Foreign Affairs Editor and Jury Chairman James F. Hoge Jr. with Steve Coll, Stephen Biddle, Arthur Ross, and James Mann. The award, now considered the most significant for books on international affairs, consists of a gold medal prize, a silver medal prize, and an honorable mention. 23 special initiatives C ouncil Special Reports irst introduced in 2004, Council Special Reports are concise policy studies designed to respond rapidly to a developing crisis or to contribute to an Femerging policy debate. These studies are usually written in consultation with an independent advisory committee composed of experts on the country or issue at hand. The author (or authors) may be a fellow at the Council or an ac- knowledged expert from outside the institution. A report’s conclusions and rec- ommendations are those of the author (or authors), not of the advisory committee or of the Council. The Council’s Center for Preventive Action released two Council Special Re- ports in the past year, one on the Balkans and one on Iraq. William L. Nash, di- rector of the CPA, and Amelia Branczik, CPA research associate, wrote Forgotten Intervention? What the United States Needs to Do in the Western Balkans. The report analyzed how to resolve Kosovo’s final status and argued for renewed U.S. in- volvement. David L. Phillips, deputy director of the CPA, wrote Power-Sharing in Iraq, contending that the new Iraqi constitution must establish a federal-style po- litical system if Iraq is to avoid civil war. Princeton N. Lyman, Ralph Bunche senior fellow for Africa policy studies, and Cheryl O. Igiri, research associate, wrote a special report on the conflict in the Dar- fur region of Sudan, Giving Meaning to “Never Again”: Seeking an Effective Response to the Crisis in Darfur and Beyond. This report examined why the international community failed to respond quickly to the crisis in light of the lessons learned from the Rwandan genocide. The report also recommended steps the United States and the international community should take to end the Darfur crisis and to avoid future genocides. An appendix to the Council Special Report Freedom, Prosperity, and Security: G8 Partnership with Africa: Sea Island 2004 and Beyond was published in late February. The appendix makes available the commissioned papers of the Council’s Africa–G8 Roundtable project and was used as a resource for the 2005 G8 summit in Gleneagles, Scotland. The Council published a special report on anti-Americanism in the Islamic world, A New Beginning: Strategies for a More Fruitful Dialogue with the Muslim World. The report’s authors, Craig Charney and Nicole Yakatan of Charney Research, discussed what they learned from more than a dozen focus groups held in Egypt, Morocco, and Indonesia. They argued that the United States can improve its image in the Muslim world with a communications strategy that emphasizes America’s desire for a pro- ductive partnership with Muslim countries, draws attention to its aid programs, in- corporates credible figures with expertise in local customs and languages into its public diplomacy, and challenges stereotypes of U.S. foreign policy. The Council also published HIV and National Security: Where Are the Links? to coincide with the fifth anniversary of UN Security Council Resolution 1308, which established HIV as a security issue. The report, authored by Laurie Garrett, senior fellow for global health, urged governments to place the HIV/AIDS pan- demic on their security agendas and offered concrete recommendations aimed at limiting the epidemic’s contributions to instability, depletion of police and military forces, and long-term state collapse. 24 2005 council counts 1 ranking in foreign policy press citations among New York and Washington, DC, think tanks* 1 ranking of Foreign Affairs in survey of most-influential print and broadcast media 4 languages in which Foreign Affairs is published 9 books published under Council auspices 9 Independent Task Force reports and Council reports published by the Council 12 percentage of the total membership who are term members 14 New York and Washington, DC, meetings with more than 200 attendees 16 languages spoken by Council scholars 20 average weekly number of web-released articles, reports, and fact sheets 22 full-time Council fellows 27 Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy Program Roundtable Special Briefings held in Washington, DC 32 percentage of term members who attended the annual Term Member Conference 84 years of service to the foreign policy community 127 on-the-record meetings and press briefings 153 Council meetings held in Washington, DC 185 total Council staff members (148 New York, 37 Washington, DC) 237 articles and op-eds written by Council scholars for foreign and domestic journals and newspapers 238 media mentions of Iran: Time for a New Approach in one week (July 18–24, 2004) 250 total Corporate members 273 Foreign Affairs subscriptions in North Korea 300 attendees at the National Conference 724 average monthly Council mentions in print, TV, radio, wire, and web outlets 1,311 Washington, DC–area members 1,394 New York–area members 1,569 national and international members 4,274 total Council members (3,749 life members, 525 term members) 140,126 Foreign Affairs paid circulation 4,634,177 annual visits to all Council-sponsored websites $30,428,000 Council annual operating budget * Derived from sources such as FNS, Nexis, Google, and the blogs search engine Feedster. 25 Studies Program O ne of the goals of the Council is to operate a world-class think tank. The Studies Program is just that, as the intellectual contributions captured in the list of this year’s Council publications on pages 30–31 attest. From articles and books to op-eds and Council Special Reports, the Council’s intellectual output is, by any standard, impressive. The Studies Program focuses its research in three edition of America Unbound, his award-winning areas: American grand strategy, reform in the Islamic analysis with co-author Ivo Daalder of President world, and global governance. In keeping with the George W. Bush’s foreign policy. Walter Russell first of these priorities, Vice President and Director Mead profiled Vice President Dick Cheney in the of Studies James M. Lindsay completed a second pages of Esquire and ran the Roundtable on Reli- gion and Foreign Policy. Several fellows worked on books this year, including Julia E. Sweig, who com- pleted a book on anti-Americanism, and Max Boot, who is writing on how revolutions in military af- fairs remake the battlefield and the course of his- tory. A number of roundtables explored strategic themes, including the John J. McCloy Roundtable on Setting the National Security Agenda, led by Richard K. Betts, and the Roundtable on National Security: Military Strategy and Options, led by Bernard E. Trainor. Ideas for reform in the Islamic world informed another group of Council fellows. Foreign Affairs featured two Council fellows on this topic: Steven A. Cook, who also directed the Council-sponsored Independent Task Force on U.S. policy toward re- form in the Arab world, wrote that Washington should use financial incentives to promote Arab democracies; and Ray Takeyh urged Washington to engage Tehran in a bid to help Iranian reform- ers and stop Iran’s nuclear weapons program. Council Senior Fellow Isobel Coleman and member Peggy Kerry. Henry Siegman assessed the future of the Israeli- 26 Studies Program The Studies Program focuses its research in three areas: American grand strategy, reform in the Islamic world, and global governance. Palestinian peace process in the wake of Yasir Arafat’s death. Rachel Bronson completed her his- tory of U.S. policy toward Saudi Arabia, conclud- ing that Washington must refashion its relationship with Riyadh. Judith Kipper directed the Middle East Forum, which hosted meetings on topics from the Egyptian reform movement to how satellite television is remaking Arab politics. Elliot J. Schrage led the Roundtable on Leveraging the Power of the Private Sector in the Middle East and North Africa. Isobel Coleman focused on how em- powering women can promote reform in the Mid- dle East and elsewhere. Global governance preoccupied a third group of fellows. Lee Feinstein examined ways to reform the United Nations to increase its capacity for pre- venting and stopping genocide. Charles D. Fergu- son II investigated the critical steps needed to Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich greets Council Senior Fellow William L. Nash at the first meeting of a con- prevent nuclear terrorism. Stephen E. Flynn gressionally mandated task force on UN reform. launched a new roundtable series to explore the po- tential for public-private partnerships in preventing The Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeco- and mitigating terrorist attacks. Edward J. Lincoln nomic Studies continued its work on how economic worked on his book, which examines how global- and political forces interact to influence world af- ization is redefining traditional geopolitics. fairs. Benn Steil completed his book on financial Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies The Council’s Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic C. Peter McColough Roundtable Series on International Eco- Studies was founded in 2000 to promote a better under- nomics, led by Acting Director Benn Steil, featured prominent standing among policymakers, scholars, and the public of policymakers such as Securities and Exchange Commission how economic and political forces interact to influence world Chairman William H. Donaldson and European Central Bank affairs. The center advances its mission by sponsoring origi- President Jean-Claude Trichet. Benn Steil also led the McKin- nal research on issues at the boundaries that once sepa- sey Executive Roundtable Series in International Economics, rated economics and foreign policy. Books produced at the which sponsored lively debates on topics such as the future center this year included Sebastian Mallaby’s The World’s of China’s economy. The center’s new High-Level Roundtable Banker, an account of the World Bank under James D. Series on American Competitiveness examined issues such Wolfensohn, and Nouriel Roubini and Brad W. Setser’s as the sustainability of the U.S. current account deficit. The Bailouts or Bail-ins? Responding to Financial Crises in center also held a conference on New Policy Thinking in Emerging Economies. Macroeconomics, which featured leading economists and The center’s programming tripled over the past year. The central bankers from around the globe. 27 Studies Program Mark Palmer, Council Senior Fellow Ray Takeyh, Kenneth M. Pollack, and David Kay participate in a Transition 2005 meeting on Iran. statecraft, analyzing the role of financial markets in table on Technology, Innovation, and American Pri- American foreign policy. Jagdish N. Bhagwati or- macy, which examined the implications of trends in ganized a conference on the consequences of the immigration, intellectual property, and global capi- migration of skilled workers from poor countries to tal markets for the American economy. Roger M. rich ones and started a book on immigration in the Kubarych spoke to corporate members on the United States and Europe. Peter B. Kenen launched global economic outlook. the Roundtable on Regional Monetary Integration The Center for Preventive Action used the new and began a book on the prospects for monetary venue of Council Special Reports to identify practi- unions. Gene B. Sperling examined how universal cal strategies for preventing and remedying conflict. education can stimulate economic growth in the de- CPA Director William L. Nash urged Washington veloping world. James P. Dougherty led the Round- to renew its commitments to promoting peace in the Balkans, and David L. Phillips recom- mended strategies for Iraq’s major ethnic and religious groups to share political power. Continuing the Studies Program’s rich tradition of regional policy studies, Council fellows led important research on Asia, Europe, and Africa. Asia’s grow- ing power—economic, political, and mil- itary—inspired a number of studies. Elizabeth C. Economy began a project examining the consequences of China’s emergence as a global power. Adam Segal, in Foreign Affairs, discussed his ini- tial research on how China and India are closing the technology gap with the Guillaume Parmentier of the Institut Français des Relations Internationales United States. Eric Heginbotham finished and Council Associate Director of Studies Janine Hill. his book on civil-military relations in East 28 Studies Program New Arrivals Peter B. Kenen joined the Council’s Maurice R. Greenberg Charles D. Ferguson II,a former U.S. Navy submarine officer Center for Geoeconomic Studies as a senior fellow after with a Ph.D. in physics, is the Council’s newest fellow for three decades as a professor of economics at Princeton science and technology. His work examines what can be University. His work explores the evolution of regional mon- done to stop nuclear proliferation and to limit the chances etary cooperation and its implications for global finance. that terrorists will gain access to nuclear weapons. Ray Takeyh joined the Council as a senior fellow for Middle Elizabeth D. Sherwood-Randall,a former Pentagon offi- Eastern Studies. He was formerly a professor of national cial, joined the Council as an adjunct senior fellow to ex- security studies at the National War College. An expert on amine the role that alliances should play in U.S. national Iran and political Islam, he is writing a book on the future of security. U.S.-Iranian relations. Asia, finding that the branch of the military that of- needs. David Braunschvig organized a conference ficers serve in shapes how they view domestic po- on the effects of the dispute over the Iraq War on litical change. Mahnaz Ispahani used the South sales of American products in Europe. Asia Roundtable to investigate key domestic eco- In his continuing effort to highlight the issues nomic and political shifts in India and Pakistan. facing Africa, Princeton N. Lyman co-wrote a Jerome A. Cohen led the Winston Lord Roundtable Council Special Report that offered recommenda- on Asia, the Rule of Law, and U.S. Foreign Policy. tions on how to stop the atrocities in the Darfur re- Lively roundtables examining Russia and Eura- gion of Sudan. sia, the G8, and Europe were led by Stephen R. The Council’s program on global health pro- Sestanovich, James M. Goldgeier, and Charles A. duced top-notch research and writing. Laurie Kupchan, respectively. Elizabeth D. Sherwood- Garrett wrote a Council report on the national se- Randall examined the role that alliances should curity consequences of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, play in American national security. David G. Victor and Michelle T. McMurry investigated the poten- explored the evolution of Russia’s natural gas in- tial for drugs and medical research to combat non- dustry and its consequences for America’s energy infectious diseases. Council Senior Fellow Peter B. Kenen. Council Fellow Charles D. Ferguson II. 29 Publications ne of the most important venues for the dissemination of the work of Council fel- lows and Independent Task Forces is through Council publications. These publica- Otions take a variety of forms in order to reach the broadest range of audiences, from policy experts to the academic community, to business leaders and the general public. Coun- cil books are published and marketed by top commercial and university presses. Task Force reports, Council Special Reports, and papers are produced by the Publications Department. The Council’s website is an essential tool for reaching these audiences, and the number of people viewing Council publications through the website is growing. Abstracts and first chapters of most Council books and the full text of reports are available on the website, which also offers links to online bookstores where copies of Council books may be purchased. Finding and reading Council publications online will become easier than ever with the launch of the new website in the fall of 2005. BOOKS BY COUNCIL FELLOWS AND STAFF • Bailouts or Bail-ins? Responding to Financial Crises in Emerging Economies, by Nouriel Roubini and Brad Setser. A Council on Foreign Relations Book. Institute for International Economics (2004). • The Democracy Advantage: How Democracies Promote Prosperity and Peace, by Morton H. Halperin, Joseph T. Siegle, and Michael M. Weinstein. A Council on Foreign Relations Book. Routledge (2005). • Globalization: What’s New?, edited by Michael M. Weinstein. A Council on Foreign Relations Book. Columbia University Press (2005). • Losing Iraq: Inside the Postwar Reconstruction Fiasco, by David L. Phillips. Westview Press (2005). • The Opportunity: America’s Moment to Alter History’s Course, by Richard N. Haass. PublicAffairs (2005). • Protecting Democracy: International Responses, edited by Morton H. Halperin and Mirna Galic. A Council on Foreign Relations Book. Lexington Books (2005). • Understanding the War on Terror, edited by James F. Hoge Jr. and Gideon Rose. A Foreign Affairs Book. Council on Foreign Rela- tions Press (2005). • Unsilencing the Past: Track Two Diplomacy and Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation, by David L. Phillips. Berghahn Books (2004). • The World’s Banker: A Story of Failed States, Financial Crises, and the Wealth and Poverty of Nations, by Sebastian Mallaby. A Council on Foreign Relations Book. Penguin Press (2004). 30 publications Praise for Council Books There is no better introduction to that war—its origins, its perplex- Protecting Democracy: International Responses blends scholarly ities, and its main battles—than Understanding the War on Terror. legal analysis with a comprehensive look at provisions and —Eliot A. Cohen, Johns Hopkins University’s practices of current international and regional institutions, all Paul A. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies grounded in real-life examples of responses to recent demo- cratic breakdowns. Globalization: What’s New? is a superb collection of essays, with —Jennifer Windsor, Executive Director, Freedom House a sparkling introduction, bringing thoughtful and accessible eco- nomic analysis to what ought to be a wide readership. Sebastian Mallaby has done something brilliant with The —Nancy Birdsall, President, Center for Global Development World’s Banker. He has used the oversized character of World Bank President Jim Wolfensohn to provide a piercing look at The Opportunity [by Richard N. Haass] may be laying the world poverty and the West’s ceaseless and sometimes con- groundwork for a counterrevolution. As the intellectual conflict tradictory experiments in fighting it. takes shape and grows, his pithy book will undoubtedly —David Maraniss, Washington Post become one of the debate’s more significant volumes. —New York Times This valuable and timely volume, The Democracy Advantage, obliterates the myth—beloved of dictators—that democracy is Bailouts or Bail-ins? is the most intelligent and comprehensive somehow the enemy of development, rather than an essential analysis yet on how the international community should re- ally. Here is a treasury of evidence that freedom is not only spond to financial crises. right—it works. —Barry Eichengreen, University of California, Berkeley —Madeleine K. Albright, Former Secretary of State INDEPENDENT TASK FORCE REPORTS • Building a North American Community. John P. Manley, Pedro Aspe, and William F. Weld, chairs; Thomas P. d’Aquino, AndrésRozental, and Robert A. Pastor, vice chairs; Chappell H. Lawson, project director (2005). • In Support of Arab Democracy: Why and How. Madeleine K. Albright and Vin Weber, co-chairs; Steven A. Cook, project director (2005). • Iran: Time for a New Approach. Zbigniew Brzezinski and Robert M. Gates, co-chairs; Suzanne Maloney, project director (2004). COUNCIL SPECIAL REPORTS • Forgotten Intervention? What the United States Needs to Do in the Western Balkans, by Amelia Branczik and William L. Nash (2005). • Freedom, Prosperity, and Security: G8 Partnership with Africa: Sea Is- land 2004 and Beyond. A CSR Appendix. J. Brian Atwood and Robert S. Brown, co-chairs; Princeton N. Lyman, project director (2005). • Giving Meaning to “Never Again”: Seeking an Effective Response to the Crisis in Darfur and Beyond, by Cheryl O. Igiri and Princeton N. Lyman (2004). • A New Beginning: Strategies for a More Fruitful Dialogue with the Muslim World, by Craig Charney and Nicole Yakatan (2005). • Power-Sharing in Iraq, by David L. Phillips (2005). COUNCIL REPORT • HIV and National Security: Where Are the Links?, by Laurie Garrett (2005). For additional information on Council publications and to view the texts available online, visit www.cfr.org. 31 New York Meetings Program T he New York Meetings Program offers members the opportunity to exchange ideas with influential world figures, policy- makers, and opinion-shapers. This year’s program featured more than 140 events, including single-speaker venues, debates, panels, author conversations, and screen- ings. Homeland security and the war on terror, Iraq, developments in the Middle East, and the foreign policy issues confronting the second Bush administration figured prominently in the New York halls of the Council. The unique perspectives of policymakers from terror, and Singaporean Minister-Mentor Lee Kuan home and abroad enable Council members to see Yew offered an Asian perspective on the “world after more clearly the nuances of world events. This year Iraq.” Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Aboul the New York Meetings Program hosted more than Gheit engaged members in a discussion of the twenty heads of state or chief ministers. Pakistani prospects for peace and democracy in the Middle President Pervez Musharraf assessed the collabora- East. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh pre- tion of Pakistan and the United States in the war on sented India’s view of its relationship with the United States. Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo discussed Nigeria’s economic reforms, and British Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown unveiled a plan to combat global poverty. Russian Minister of Defense Sergey Ivanov spoke of the domestic and external chal- lenges facing his country. The new Eu- ropean Commission president, José Manuel Durão Barroso, made the case for a stronger bilateral relationship be- tween the United States and the EU, and Secretary-General Jaap de Hoop Schef- fer of the North Atlantic Treaty Organi- zation considered the future of NATO. Oxford University’s Timothy Garton Ash with Council Adjunct Senior Fellow Former South African President Nelson Elizabeth D. Sherwood-Randall. Mandela made a special appearance at 32 New York Meetings Program This year the New York Meetings Program hosted more than twenty heads of state or chief ministers. the Council to introduce his wife, Graça Machel, who in her capacity as the president of the Foun- History Makers dation for Community Development in Mozam- bique spoke about Africa’s development agenda. Home Box Office sponsors the Council’s History Mak- Numerous U.S. government officials and indi- ers series, in which individuals who have made a viduals who have recently held influential policy unique contribution at a critical juncture in foreign pol- icy are invited to reflect on the larger lessons to be positions came to the Council to discuss their areas drawn from their experiences. An informal atmosphere of expertise. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld encourages History Makers to draw on personal experi- offered an update on the global war on terror, and ences, recount interesting or critical moments, and John D. Negroponte briefed members on Iraq in provide firsthand accounts of the interplay between the fall of 2004, when he was U.S. ambassador. major actors. In this, its second year, the series in- General Richard B. Myers, chairman of the Joint cluded former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, who Chiefs of Staff, addressed security concerns, and reflected on Camp David 2000, and former Secretary Admiral Vernon E. Clark, General John P. Jumper, of the Treasury Paul O’Neill, who spoke of his historic and General Peter J. Schoomaker spoke of the mil- tour of Africa with the rock star and activist Bono. itary’s challenges for the twenty-first century. Out- Other History Makers this year were Robert D. Black- going World Bank President James D. Wolfensohn will, who has worn many hats in government service, offered his thoughts on international economic de- including U.S. ambassador to India and U.S. envoy to velopment, and UN Undersecretary-General for Iraq; and Lakhdar Brahimi, who from his vantage point as the special adviser to the UN secretary-general Humanitarian Affairs Jan Egeland discussed relief and the former special representative of the secretary- efforts in the aftermath of December’s devastating general for Afghanistan, spoke about his long experi- tsunami in South and Southeast Asia. The Council ence in the realm of conflict prevention and resolution. also welcomed former UN High Commissioner for Refugees Sadako Ogata, who discussed lessons learned from recent refugee crises. The Council’s “Transition 2005” series examined the foreign policy challenges facing the second Bush administration. Among the issues this series tackled were intelligence reform, the administration’s eco- nomic agenda, and policy toward Europe, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Russia, China, and the countries of Latin America. Experts, including former Acting Director of Central Intelligence John E. McLaughlin, former Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers R. Glenn Hubbard, former Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott, and Modern History of Iraq author Phebe A. Marr, guided these discussions. Other experts were invited to explore trends on the international economic scene. Among these Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Council speakers were outgoing European Commission Pres- Chairman Peter G. Peterson. ident Romano Prodi on challenges of European 33 New York Meetings Program Admiral Vernon E. Clark, General John P. Jumper, Council Board Director Joseph S. Nye Jr., and General Peter J. Schoomaker. integration, European Central Bank President Jean- global poverty to Dennis B. Ross on the Middle East Claude Trichet on the euro, French Finance Minister peace process, Roya Hakakian on Iran, and Natan Thierry Breton on reforms in France, and Interna- Sharansky and David Rieff on democracy. Council tional Monetary Fund (IMF) Managing Director Chairman Peter G. Peterson shared his thoughts on Rodrigo de Rato y Figaredo on the IMF at sixty. In the U.S. economy based on his best-selling book addition, the highly popular World Economic Up- Running on Empty; Council President Richard N. date Series, moderated by Daniel K. Tarullo and fea- Haass discussed his latest book, The Opportunity, a turing international economists from leading look at American grand strategy in the world today; investment banks, continued in its seventh year. and Council Fellow Stephen E. Flynn talked about More than twenty authors came to the Council to homeland security. discuss their books, from Graham T. Allison on nu- A new discussion series at the Council is focusing clear terrorism and Jeffrey D. Sachs on eliminating on the nexus of religion and foreign policy. In 2004–2005, these panels explored Islam in Europe and Africa, discussed the intersection of religion and human rights, and evaluated the foreign policy legacy of Pope John Paul II. The Council’s Book Club Series continued this year; each meeting is limited to twenty participants in order to foster a salon-like setting for intimate, in- formal exchange. Led by member Karl E. Meyer, this year’s series in New York featured Niall Fergu- son’s Colossus and Fareed Zakaria’s The Future of Freedom. Another nontraditional Council venue—a classic film series—has also proven quite popular with members and their guests. With post-screening discussions led by member and film historian Jay M. Parker, this year’s offerings included Judgment at Nuremberg and The Ugly American. Theodore C. Sorensen, Gillian Martin Sorensen, and former UN High Commissioner for Refugees Sadako Ogata. 34 New York Meetings Program The unique perspectives of policymakers from home and abroad enable Council members to see more clearly the nuances of world events. Council, HBO, and PBS Partner in Public Outreach Effort As part of the Council’s mission to help the public better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries, the Council has joined HBO and PBS to promote three provocative films. Each movie addresses an important issue of the twenty-first century: nuclear terrorism, genocide, and AIDS. Produced by HBO, the movies are screened for Council members in advance of their multiple airings on HBO. As a public ser- vice, HBO has agreed to give these films to PBS to reach a wider audience. A panel discussion featuring Council staff or member experts follows each PBS airing. Members had the opportunity to screen Dirty War, a film that prompts the audience to consider the state of national preparedness in the event of a nuclear terrorist attack, and Sometimes in April, a film depicting the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the truth and reconciliation hearings that followed ten years later. In fall 2005, members will preview and discuss Yester- Council President Richard N. Haass and Indian Prime day, a film set in contemporary South Africa that puts a Minister Manmohan Singh. human face on the politics of the AIDS crisis. Jane Harman, Dan Glickman, Richard L. Plepler, and Council Senior Fellow Stephen E. Flynn at a screening of Dirty War. 35 Washington Program T he Washington Program strives to inform and enhance the policy debate in the nation’s capital by using the Council’s convening power and intellectual resources to foster interactions involving members and staff with Congress, the administration, and the business community. Through press briefings, small conversations among experts, roundtables, and Task Forces, the Washington Program is becoming a place where policymakers turn for guidance and where others in the foreign policy community hatch and test ideas as they seek to steer and improve policy. This year the Washington Program expanded elected colleagues. As part of the program’s dedi- its work on Capitol Hill by hosting breakfast meet- cated outreach to Capitol Hill, the Council offered ings at which Council members interacted with a half-day briefing for new members of Congress both veteran members of Congress and their newly that featured President George H.W. Bush’s national security adviser, Brent Scowcroft, on challenges in the Middle East; former U.S. Ambassadors to China J. Stapleton Roy and James R. Sasser on issues in- volving China; and the Council’s own Senior Fel- low Ray Takeyh about the difficulties—nuclear and otherwise—facing Iran and its neighbors. The Council continued its long-standing round- table series for senior congressional staff members, featuring speakers ranging from Weekly Standard editor William Kristol to author and commentator Peter L. Bergen. The Council also worked with the Pew Forum on Religion in Public Life to engage the same group of senior staff in discussions that touched on the intersection of religion and foreign policy. Richard Land, president of the Southern Baptist Convention’s Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, spoke to the group about the influ- ence of evangelicals on U.S. Middle East policy. The Council has also established a new and well- received Expert Bank that aims to build customized Then Interim Prime Minister of Iraq Ayad Allawi. briefings for legislators on foreign policy issues 36 Washington Program The Washington Program is becoming a place where policymakers turn for guidance and where others in the foreign policy community hatch and test ideas. Bipartisanship In the wake of November’s divisive election, the Council launched a new initiative aimed at fostering bipartisan discussion of foreign policy at all levels—on Capitol Hill at both staff and member levels, in the White House, and within its own programming. Many Council members fondly recalled the days when Democrats and Republicans interacted socially. Such interactions provided more opportunities for discussion between the parties and more relation- ships across the aisle that permitted real dialogue. The Council is in a unique position to promote discussion given both its convening power and its long-standing bipartisan tradition. In an effort to recapture the benefits of nonpartisan conversation in and around the Capitol, the Washington Program has begun regular foreign policy briefings for congressional chiefs of staff. With the advice of a bipartisan group of twelve present and former policymakers, it will also •Expand its Friday bipartisan briefings to include more senior foreign policy staff on Capitol Hill; •Host salon-style dinners to bring together high-level officials, past and present, from both parties to discuss important foreign policy UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan. issues; and ranging from international law to Iran. •Produce a Council Special Report that will make recommendations The Expert Bank is part of the Wash- on procedures and policies that will foster bipartisan discussion. ington Program’s effort to position the Council as a valuable resource for policymakers to help them keep abreast of foreign policy topics and to dig deeper on pressing issues. As part of the Expert Bank, Ambassador Den- nis Kux, senior policy scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Cen- ter for Scholars, and Mahnaz Ispa- hani, the Council’s senior fellow for South and West Asia, briefed Senator Evan Bayh (D-IN) just before his trip to India. They discussed topics ranging from India’s economic growth to its re- lations with Pakistan, China, and the United States. Representative Henry Brent Scowcroft with Representative Gwen Moore (D-WI) at a Council briefing Cuellar (D-TX) requested Expert for new members of Congress. Bank briefings on Iraq, North Korea, 37 Washington Program lenges posed by Mexico’s development gap, argu- ing that the North American Free Trade Agreement has worked to help northern Mexico develop but has left the country’s southern tier behind. He laid out some ideas for correcting this dysfunction, in- cluding an investment fund that would help build infrastructure throughout Mexico. In Washington, small groups of Council mem- bers are invited to lunch at the residences of various foreign ambassadors for off-the-record discussions about foreign policy concerns. This year those conversations produced robust exchanges with ambassadors Ranendra Sen of India, Chan Heng- Chee of Singapore, Jean-David Levitte of France, John Bruton of the European Union, Nabil Fahmy of Egypt, and Sung-Joo Han of South Korea, among others. The Washington Program meetings were an- chored by three series: The Nexus of Science and Commander of U.S. Central Command General John P. Abizaid. Foreign Policy, Islam around the World, and China’s Rise. The Nexus of Science and Foreign Policy ini- and Mexico. In response, the Council brought tiative examined the convergence of these two fields Phebe A. Marr, senior fellow at the U.S. Institute of in a globalized world. Islam around the World fo- Peace, Eric Heginbotham, Council senior fellow, cused on Islam in India, Europe, Africa, Russia and Asia studies, and Robert A. Pastor, vice president Eurasia, and Southeast Asia, as well as on issues such for international affairs at American University, to as youth and women in the Islamic world. The brief Cuellar in April. Pastor described the chal- China’s Rise series examined the international polit- Vice President and Washington Program Director Nancy E. Roman and Weekly Standard Editor William Kristol. 38 Washington Program ical and economic implications of China’s increased Secretary-General Kofi Annan on how to create a international activity and global capabilities. more secure world; Representative Charles Rangel Washington-area members were also privileged to (D-NY) on reinstituting the military draft; the new attend conversations on Iraq with Iraqi Interim president of Romania, Traian Basescu, on Black Sea Prime Minister Ayad Allawi, Iraqi Interim President security; and Senator Charles E. Schumer (D-NY) Ghazi al-Yawar, Commander of the U.S. Central on China’s currency and U.S.-China economic rela- Command General John P. Abizaid, then U.S. Am- tions. Recently elected Iraqi Prime Minister Ibrahim bassador to Iraq John D. Negroponte, and former al-Jaafari concluded the program year with an British Special Representative for Iraq Sir Jeremy update on Iraq, at which former Representative Vin Greenstock. Other meeting highlights included UN Weber (R-MN) presided. The Nexus of Science and Foreign Policy Science and technology concerns are integral to U.S. in- who spoke about nuclear nonproliferation, and a discus- terests in areas such as national security, international sion about the prospects of an international hydrogen economics, and the environment. Madeleine K. Albright, economy with Undersecretary of State for Global Affairs for instance, has commented that 80 percent of the Paula J. Dobriansky and Assistant Secretary for Energy issues she dealt with as secretary of state involved Efficiency and Renewable Energy David Garman. science. The Nexus of Science and Foreign Policy initia- The Nexus of Science and Foreign Policy initiative has tive was designed to draw attention to the critical areas also examined bioterrorism and global pandemics, the in which science and foreign policy intersect. threat of dirty bombs, the implications of space weapons, Shirley Ann Jackson,president of the American Asso- the impact of nanotechnology on foreign policy, and the ciation for the Advancement of Science, and Benjamin integration of Iraqi scientists into the international com- Wu, assistant secretary of commerce for technology pol- munity. In the year ahead, the Council will be reaching icy, launched the series with a discussion of whether out to CEOs, government officials, and scientists in an America is losing its competitive edge. Subsequent pro- exploration of emerging technologies and their implica- grams featured Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham, tions for foreign policy. Undersecretary of State for Global Affairs Paula J. Dobriansky and The Economist’s Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran at a Nexus of Science and Foreign Policy event. 39 National Program T he National Program provides oppor- tunities for members outside New York and Washington to discuss pressing inter- national issues and to contribute to the Council’s work by leveraging technology and organizing on-the-ground sessions. This year the Council held more than ninety National Program sessions across the country, including manuscript-review seminars, a roundtable series, the national book club series, and public events that featured Council fellows’ books and Council publications. Intimate foreign-policy dinner seminars, at which insights that help shape the final publication. As part Council senior fellows discuss their research and of this seminar series, Senior Fellow Max Boot met writing, are the centerpiece of the National Program. with Council members in Los Angeles and San At these sessions national members review draft Francisco to review chapters from his forthcoming manuscript chapters, articles, or Task Force or spe- book on the technological revolutions that changed cial reports prior to the event and provide the au- the face of battle and the course of history; Senior thors or project directors with valuable feedback and Fellow Rachel Bronson held sessions in Atlanta, Dallas, and Houston on chapters of her book, Thicker Than Oil; and Senior Fellow Walter Russell Mead led a final review session of his book, Is God on Our Side?, in Los Angeles. Project Director William L. Nash met with members in Chicago and Atlanta to solicit feedback on the draft Task Force report on post-conflict capabilities; those discus- sions were chaired by Task Force members Henry S. Bienen and Peter D. Bell, respectively. Project Di- rector Steven A. Cook led sessions in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Atlanta, Boston, and Chicago on U.S. policy toward reform in the Arab world; Task Force members Mel Levine and Leila Fawaz chaired in Los Angeles and Boston, respectively. Members in Seattle, Los Angeles, and San Francisco met with Task Force Project Director Princeton N. Lyman on Dale Rogers Marshall, Richard N. Haass, and Peter Haas at the developing a strategic policy toward Africa. Daniel San Francisco Roundtable. W. Drezner discussed with Chicago members his 40 National Program Intimate foreign-policy dinner seminars, at which Council senior fellows discuss their research and writing, are the centerpiece of the National Program. draft of the Critical Policy Choices on Trade; Federal day of the third U.S. presidential debate, the Na- Reserve Bank of Chicago President Michael H. tional Program organized with Arizona State Uni- Moskow chaired. Charles D. Ferguson II met with versity a half-day symposium that featured Council Miami members about his Council Special Report fellows and Senator Jon Kyl (R-AZ) on the foreign on nonproliferation. policy priorities for the next administration. The National Program Roundtable Series focused The National Program also worked with local on “Transition 2005”—a Council-wide theme. Na- foreign policy organizations and colleges and uni- tional members explored the international chal- versities—including the Chicago Council on For- lenges facing the Bush administration in sessions eign Relations; the Dallas Committee on Foreign led by Ambassador John H. Kelly in Atlanta, Relations; the Pacific Council on International Pol- Northwestern University President Henry S. Bienen icy; Town Hall Seattle; the World Affairs Council of in Chicago, columnist Lee Cullum in Dallas, and Northern California; Georgia Tech’s Sam Nunn Michael Nacht, dean of the University of California School of International Affairs; Northwestern Uni- at Berkeley’s Goldman School of Public Policy, in versity; Southern Methodist University’s John Tower San Francisco. Council President Richard N. Haass Center for Political Science; the University of Cali- met with members in San Francisco, Los Angeles, fornia, San Diego; and the University of Miami—to Seattle, Chicago, Dallas, and London as part of the highlight newly published books by Council fel- series. The Atlanta and Chicago roundtables ex- lows, including Elizabeth C. Economy’s The River plored whether democracy promotion should be a Runs Black, Stephen E. Flynn’s America the Vulnera- central element of U.S. foreign policy with, respec- ble, David L. Phillips’s Losing Iraq, and David G. tively, Edward J. Hardin, partner at Rogers and Victor’s Council Policy Initiative, Climate Change: Hardin, LLP, and Kennette M. Benedict, director of Debating America’s Policy Options. the International Peace and Security Program at the As part of the Council’s National Book Club Series, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. which is designed to stimulate debate and build a The San Francisco Roundtable featured Council greater sense of community among its membership, President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb and Stephen J. the National Program organized sessions on Niall Stedman, research director of the UN High-Level Ferguson’s Colossus and on Fareed Zakaria’s The Fu- Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. On the ture of Freedom. These members led and hosted the National Program Conference Calls The National Program Conference Call Series, launched in Ukraine, former Ambassador Dennis B. Ross on the implica- 2001 and chaired by Council Vice President Irina A. Faskianos, tions of the Palestinian elections, global economist David D. is the Council’s most successful use of technology to connect Hale on the economic and political effects of the Decem- with members beyond New York and Washington. These inter- ber 2004 tsunami, the U.S. Institute of Peace’s Phebe A. active calls feature Council fellows and experts addressing Marr on the future of Iraq, and former U.S. Ambassador to current foreign policy issues and crises. Syria Edward P. Djerejian on U.S.-Syrian relations. This year members talked with former Deputy Assistant These and other conference calls have helped create a vir- Secretary of State Susan L. Shirk on the future of China, the tual community among national members, keeping them Hoover Institution’s Michael A. McFaul on the elections in abreast of the latest issues and ideas in international affairs. 41 National Program to regularly connect with members from coast to coast and around the world through teleconferences, webcasts, and videoconferences. This year national members had access to international and domestic policymakers including then Iraqi Interim Prime Minister Ayad Allawi, former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The Na- tional Program also began posting audio files of New York and Washington meet- ings on the website so that members and Leslie H. Gelb and Peter W. Chiarelli at the 2005 National Conference. the general public can listen to on-the- record meetings on their computers or discussions in the following cities: William J. Long download the files to their MP3 players. and Judith B. Milestone in Atlanta; Joseph S. Nye Made possible in part by a generous grant from Jr. and Stephen M. Walt in Boston; Henry H. Per- Mimi and Peter Haas, the National Program engages ritt Jr. in Chicago; James Frank Hollifield and Pa- national members and other community leaders ei- tricia M. Patterson in Dallas; Mary Elise Sarotte, ther face-to-face or virtually in serious and sustained Gregory R. Bedrosian, and Joshua A. Berger in conversations on pressing issues of the day. London; Albert Carnesale and Robert J. Abernethy in Los Angeles; Mark B. Rosenberg and Adrienne PACIFIC COUNCIL Arsht in Miami; Roy A. Herberger and Richard ON INTERNATIONAL POLICY Mallery in Phoenix; Miles Kahler and Peter A. The Council’s western partner, the Pacific Council Gourevitch in San Diego; Jane M. Wales in San on International Policy (PCIP), continues to offer Francisco; and Ted Van Dyk, Sylvia M. Mathews, meetings on the West Coast. Council members are and Helene D. Gayle in Seattle. offered membership in PCIP and invited to partici- The National Program uses the latest technology pate in its events. Winston Lord, J. Stapleton Roy, Council Vice President Irina A. Faskianos, and Council Board Director Joseph S. Nye Jr. at the 2005 National Conference. 42 National Program National Conference The National Conference is the premier event of the National Program, bringing together members from across the country and around the world to the Council’s New York headquarters for two days of discussions with fellow members and other leading thinkers and practi- tioners. The theme of the Council’s Tenth National Con- ference was “Iraq and Beyond: What Should the United States Be Doing?” More than 300 members reflected on America’s foreign policy priorities with featured guests, including •Senior representatives of the Bush administration and members of Congress, such as U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert B. Zoellick and Senator Joseph R. Biden Jr. (D-DE); •The Council’s chairman and vice chairmen—former Secretary of Commerce Peter G. Peterson, former U.S. Trade Representative Carla A. Hills, and former Treasury Odeh F. Aburdene, Lee Cullum, and A. Kenneth Nilsson. Secretary Robert E. Rubin; •Leading scholars, including Yale University’s John Lewis Chief Charles R. Larson; former Assistant Secretary of Gaddis, the Carnegie Endowment for International Defense Joseph S. Nye Jr.; former U.S. Ambassador to Peace’s Robert W. Kagan, and Princeton University’s Indonesia, China, and Singapore J. Stapleton Roy; and Anne-Marie Slaughter; former Special Assistant to the President and Senior •Former high-level government officials, such as former Director for Strategic Planning and Southwest Asia Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Ashley J. Tellis; and Affairs Winston Lord; former U.S. Pacific Commander-in- •Military leaders and foreign policy experts, such as Commanding General Peter W. Chiarelli of the 1st Cavalry Division of the U.S. Army and Council President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb. Members met in smaller regional and topical discus- sion groups led by Council fellows and the project directors of several Council-sponsored Independent Task Forces. In addition, they had the opportunity to interact with a num- ber of experts in the following Town Halls: •Anti-Americanism with Craig Charney, Julia E. Sweig, and James M. Lindsay; •Energy Security with Edward L. Morse, David G. Victor, and Sarah J. Miller; •Global Health with Laurie Garrett, Helene D. Gayle, and Donna E. Shalala; •Intelligence with John E. McLaughlin and Richard K. Betts; Joseph R. Biden Jr., John C. Bierley, Lucy Wilson Benson, •Religion and Foreign Policy with Reza Aslan, Noah R. and Diana Lady Dougan. Feldman, and Walter Russell Mead. 43 Corporate Program O ne of the Council’s foremost priorities is to reach beyond the traditional policy elite to groups that may not be fully involved in the foreign policy process but nonetheless have a major stake in, and much to con- tribute to, the discussion. One such constituency is the business community. A third of all Council members work in the private sector, and fully half of New York–area mem- bers do. The role of these members and of the corporate world in Council activities not only helps distinguish the Council from other think tanks, it also serves as a model for reaching out to other constituencies in the future. Corporate members are an inte- gral part of the Council with a strong commitment to the Council’s mission. Through the Corporate Program, the Council and in Washington. The Corporate Program has at- provides an important forum for both individual tracted the support and involvement of 250 com- and corporate members to interact in New York panies. The level and quality of business leaders Nemir A. Kirdar and Stephen A. Schwarzman at the Annual Corporate Conference. 44 Corporate Program Through the Corporate Program, the Council provides an important forum for individual and corporate members to interact in New York and in Washington. participating in programs and Studies projects has also cosponsors the popular World Economic Up- never been higher; they represent an extraordinary date Series and organizes a timely program of in- reservoir of hands-on experience in many of the teractive conference calls on topics relevant to countries and with many of the issues that the business with Council fellows and other experts Council is studying. throughout the year. Each year the Corporate Program organizes more One of the highlights of this year was the Cor- than one hundred programs for individual mem- porate Conference, which convened more than 200 bers and executives of member companies. The Cor- corporate members on March 10–11 to hear a blue- porate Program sponsors the C. Peter McColough ribbon roster of speakers that included Federal Roundtable Series on International Economics and Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan, World the McKinsey Executive Roundtable Series on In- Trade Organization Director-General Supachai ternational Economics, both of which are directed Panitchpakdi, and former U.S. Trade Representa- by Benn Steil, senior fellow and acting director of tives Carla A. Hills and Charlene Barshefsky. Like the Council’s Maurice R. Greenberg Center for the National and Term Member Conferences, the Geoeconomic Studies. The Corporate Program Corporate Conference will now be an annual event. Benefits of Corporate Membership at the President’s Circle Level ($50,000+) • Invitations to two or three small private dinners each • Invitations for company executives to attend more than year with world leaders. sixty events each year in New York and Washington.* • An annual presentation on a topic related to the • Participation in more than twenty-five interactive conference company’s business by a member of the Council’s calls with Council research fellows and other experts.* research staff. • Opportunities for a select group of executives to • A special invitation for a company executive to partici- participate in small, in-depth study groups and round- pate in at least one Council-sponsored high-level trip tables.* led by a member of the Council’s leadership. • Identification of research fellows in the think tank as • A special invitation to the annual dinner for the Council’s speakers for the company’s board, policy committee, Board of Directors and International Advisory Board. client, or internal meetings.* • The opportunity to designate two young executives as • Multiple subscriptions to Foreign Affairs.* “Corporate Leaders” to participate in activities organ- • Access to the Council’s exclusive corporate website.* ized by the Council’s Term Member Program. • Access to the Council’s state-of-the-art reference • Designation of a Council staff member to serve as the services and library (by appointment).* principal liaison to help the member company derive Special member rates for rental of the renowned maximum value from its membership. • Harold Pratt House meeting facilities.* An invitation to an exclusive annual briefing by the • Prominent acknowledgment in Council literature.* Council’s president.* • The President’s Circle is the highest of three corporate membership levels. Premium membership ($25,000+) includes those benefits marked with an asterisk. Basic membership, with more limited benefits, is reserved for smaller compa- nies. For more information, contact Jacqui Selbst Schein, Director, Corporate Affairs, at 212-434-9451. 45 Corporate Program Moore Capital Management LLC Morgan Stanley The Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. The News Corporation New York Life International, Inc. New York Stock Exchange, Inc. Northrop Grumman Corporation Occidental Petroleum Corporation Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP PepsiCo, Inc. Pfizer Inc. Pitney Bowes Inc. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Prudential Financial, Inc. Rothschild North America, Inc. Sandalwood Securities, Inc. Schlumberger Limited Shell Oil Company Charles O. Prince III and Heidi G. Miller. Sony Corporation of America Standard & Poor’s Standard Chartered Bank PRESIDENT’S CIRCLE ALCOA Inc. Deutsche Bank AG Sullivan & Cromwell LLP American Express Company Allen & Overy LLP Discovery Communications, Inc. Swiss Re America Holding American International Group, Amerada Hess Corporation The William H. Donner Corporation Inc. Apollo Management, LP Foundation, Inc. Time Warner Inc. BP p.l.c. ARAMARK Corporation Electronic Data Systems Tishman Speyer Properties, Inc. Citigroup Aramco Services Company Corporation Tu rner Construction— Cognizant Technology Archer Daniels Midland Eli Lilly and Company International LLC Solutions Corporation Company Eni S.p.A. UBS Computer Associates Armor Holdings, Inc. Fannie Mae U.S. Chamber of Commerce International, Inc. Arrow Electronics, Inc. Federal Express Corporation USEC Inc. ConocoPhillips Company A.T. Kearney, Inc. Ford Motor Company Verizon Communications Inc. Drake Management LLC Atticus Capital, LLC Freddie Mac Veronis Suhler Stevenson DynCorp International Baker, Nye Advisers, Inc. Galt Industries Inc. Vinson & Elkins LLP Exxon Mobil Corporation Banco Mercantil General Electric Company Vornado Realty Trust Fortress Investment Group LLC Banco Santander Central General Maritime Corporation Wellington Management GlaxoSmithKline Hispano, S.A. Goldman, Sachs & Co. Company, LLP Guardsmark LLC Bank of America Halliburton - KBR Wyoming Investment Interpipe Inc. The Bank of New York Hitachi, Ltd. Corporation Investcorp International, Inc. Barclays Capital IXIS Capital Markets Xerox Corporation Kingdon Capital The Boeing Company J.H. Whitney Investment Young & Rubicam Inc. Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. Management, LLC The McGraw-Hill Companies Boston Properties, Inc. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. BASIC McKinsey & Company, Inc. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Kometal GMBH Austria A Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. CALYON Corporate and Kuwait Petroleum Corporation AARP Moody’s Investors Service Investment Bank Lazard LLC Access Industries, Inc. Nike, Inc. Canadian Imperial Bank Lockheed Martin Corporation Alleghany Corporation Reliance Industries Limited of Commerce Loral Space & American Re Corporation Toyota Motor North America, Caxton Associates Communications Ltd. American Red Cross Inc. Chevron Corporation Lucent Technologies Inc. Andrews Kurth LLP Veritas Capital LLC The Coca-Cola Company Mannheim LLC Apax Partners, Inc. Continental Properties Marathon Oil Company Apple Core Hotels Inc. PREMIUM Corning Incorporated Masthead Management Partners Archipelago Holdings, Inc. Abbott Laboratories Credit Suisse First Boston LLC Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw Areva US ABC, Inc. DaimlerChrysler Corporation LLP Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder ACE Limited Deere & Company MeadWestvaco Corporation Holdings, Inc. AEA Investors Inc. Deloitte. Merck & Co., Inc. Arnold & Porter LLP Metropolitan Life Insurance Artemis Advisors Note: This list is current as of August 1, 2005. Company Avaya Inc. 46 Corporate Program B Baker & Hostetler LLP Baker Capital Corp. The Baldwin-Gottschalk Group Banca di Roma Banca d’Italia Banca Intesa S.p.A. Barbour Griffith and Rogers Barst & Mukamal LLP BASF Corporation BDO Seidman, LLP The Blackstone Group L.P. Bloomberg L.P. BNP Paribas Bramwell Capital Management, Inc. Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. C C & O Resources, Inc. The Chubb Corporation Cisneros Group of Companies CIT Group Inc. Claremont Capital Corporation Bernard L. Schwartz, Council Senior Vice President David Kellogg, and Henry R. Kravis. Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP The CNA Corporation I Mine Safety Appliances Sidley Austin Brown & Wood The Consulate General of Japan IBM Corporation Company LLP Covington & Burling IC & A Inc. Mitsubishi International Simpson Thacher & Bartlett Craig Drill Capital Corporation Idemitsu Apollo Corporation Corporation LLP The Cross Country Group Integrated Finance Limited Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP Soros Fund Management Intellispace, Inc. Mutual of America Sperry Fund Management D Interaudi Bank LLC De Beers Intracom S.A. O Symbol Technologies, Inc. Debevoise & Plimpton LLP Invus Group Ltd. The Olayan Group Dresdner Bank AG OppenheimerFunds, Inc. T J Oxford Analytica Inc. Thales, Inc. E Japan Bank for International Tiedemann Investment Group Ehrenkranz & Ehrenkranz LLP Cooperation P Torys LLP Eisner LLP JETRO New York PanAmSat Corporation Transclick, Inc. Equinox Management Johnson & Johnson Peter Kimmelman Asset Tudor Investment Corporation Partners, L.P. Jones Day Management LLC Turkish Industrialists’ and Estee Lauder Companies Inc. Joukowsky Family Phillips-Van Heusen Businessmen’s Association Foundation Corporation F Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw U Forest Investment K Pittman LLP United Technologies Management LLC KPMG LLP POSCO America Corporation Corporation French-American Chamber of Commerce L R V Lehman Brothers Raytheon Company Volkswagen of America, Inc. G Linklaters Riverstone Holdings LLC Gale International The Rohatyn Group W General Atlantic LLC M Rolls-Royce North America, Warburg Pincus LLC Genesis 10 Mark Partners Inc. Watson Wyatt & Company GLG Inc. Marsh & McLennan The Royal Bank of Scotland Weber Shandwick Worldwide Granite Associates LP Companies, Inc. RWS Energy Services, Inc. Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP Grey Global Group Inc. Marubeni America Corporation Wilpon Investors LLC Marvin & Palmer Associates, S H Inc. Saber Partners, LLC Z Hemispheric Partners MBIA Insurance Corporation Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Zephyr Management, LP H.J. Heinz Company Medley Global Advisors SG Cowen Securities Ziff Brothers Investments LLC Houlihan Lokey Howard Milbank, Tweed, Hadley Corporation & Zukin & McCloy LLP Shearman & Sterling LLP 47 Term Member Program T he Stephen M. Kellen Term Member Program is designed to encourage promising young leaders to engage in a sustained conversation on international affairs and U.S. foreign policy. The program allows younger members to interact with seasoned foreign policy veterans as well as to par- ticipate in a wide variety of specially designed term member events. Each year a new class of vibrant individuals, all between the ages of 30 and 36, is elected to a five- year term membership. Committees of term members serve as advisory bodies to the Council leadership and provide term members with opportunities to help create programs of particular interest to them. With almost sixty special events this past year, term members enjoyed a full range of meetings and activities in New York, Washington, DC, and Boston, including six off-site tours and trips. The year began with the directive to implement the recommendations of last year’s Term Member Subcommit- tee of the Chairman’s Advisory Coun- cil. As a result, the new class of term members saw an enhanced orientation process and an improved buddy sys- tem, and all term members benefited from increased interaction with life members, who were regularly invited to term member meetings. A life mem- ber mentoring program for third-year term members in New York and Wash- ington, DC, was also established. A highlight of the program year was Term Member Conference breakout group led by Council Senior Fellow the South Asia roundtable series, Elizabeth C. Economy. which was followed by a weeklong 48 Term Member Program The program allows younger members to interact with foreign policy veterans as well as to participate in a wide variety of specially designed events. trip to India in February 2005 for a group of Term members also benefited from several multi- twenty-five term members, who benefited from session roundtables that facilitated in-depth discus- numerous meetings with academic, business, gov- sions on issues ranging from the evolution of Islam in ernment, and nongovernmental organization lead- the United States, Europe, and Asia to the future of the ers in Bombay, Bangalore, and New Delhi. Other global trading system. The Term Member Conference trips featuring high-level briefings included half- this year focused on the foreign policy challenges and day visits to the U.S. Department of State; the U.S. opportunities facing the second Bush administration. Navy submarine base in New London, CT; the U.S. The Council will continue to rely on term mem- Coast Guard facility in Boston; the United Nations bers to help shape their program by organizing and the U.S. Mission to the United Nations in New events throughout the coming program year, includ- York; and a two-day visit to Norfolk, VA. ing another weeklong international trip in 2006. Pilot Mentor Initiative In response to a key recommendation that came out of them with some valuable career advice), the pilot mentor last year’s Chairman’s Advisory Council review of the Term initiative has elicited an enthusiastic response on both Member Program, the Council established a pilot mentor sides. Throughout the program year, term and life mem- program between third-year term members in New York bers have been in touch at Council receptions and have and Washington and life member volunteers. Designed to met over coffee, breakfast, and lunch as their busy sched- facilitate meaningful interaction between term members ules have permitted. This successful initiative will continue and life members and to better integrate term members with a renewed emphasis on developing other opportuni- into the Council’s overall activities (in addition to providing ties for interaction between term and life members. Council Chairman Peter G. Peterson with term members Auren Hoffman and David Randolph Tunnell. 49 Term Member Program TERM MEMBER ANNUAL GIVING Rawi Abdelal Betsy Fischer Jeff Kojac Celina B. Realuyo Mona Aboelnaga Kanaan Mercedes Carmela Fitchett Kate M.J. Kroeger Kristin Denise Rechberger Peter Belmont Alderman John B. Fitzgibbons Nisha Kumar Saskia S. Reilly Scott Hazzard Allan Jr. William Fulbright Foote Raj U. Kumar Jeffrey A. Reinke Karen J. Alter Kristin J. Forbes Drew J. Ladner Elizabeth J. Remick Benjamin A. Atkins Jason William Forrester James H. Lambright James J. Richard Erica Jean Barks-Ruggles Brian L. Frank Jim Alfred Landé Dena Ringold Timothy J. Bartlett M. Taylor Fravel Nicholas Payne Lapham Cara W. Robertson Kirsten Leigh Bartok Myra M. Frazier Gordon Nathaniel Lederman Torrance W. Robinson Pamela M. Bates Ladeene A. Freimuth Maren Leed Nilmini Gunaratne Rubin Andrea D. Begel Alexander Stephen Friedman Alexander T.J. Lennon Dakota S. Rudesill Michael P. Behringer Mark T. Fung Sarah G.J. Lennon Jacqui Selbst Schein Jonathan N. Bell Amy Epstein Gadsden Marcel J. Lettre II Karenna Gore Schiff Esther T. Benjamin Joshua P. Galper Kenneth Joel Levit James L. Schoff Christina A. Bennett Sandra Galvis Jonathan E. Levitsky Mark S. Seasholes Jonathan E. Berman Johnson Garrett Jeremy I. Levitt Mark A. Shaheen Karan K. Bhatia Michelle D. Gavin Keith L. Lieberthal Andrew L. Shapiro William B. Bishop Thomas B. Ginsburg Joshua J. Lippard Daniel B. Shapiro Mia M. Bloom Juleanna Ruth Glover Weiss Tamara Lipper Dorothy C. Shea Pieter James Alexander Bruce N. Goldberger Mark W. Lippert David L. Shuman Boelhouwer Abigail Golden-Vazquez Betty Wen Ssu Liu Bippy M. Siegal David William Bowker Matthew N. Goldin Linda S. Lourie Matthew J. Slaughter Spencer Phipps Boyer Neal D. Goldman Donald Lu Margaret Sloane Sundaa Ayo Bridgett Robert S. Goldsmith Marcus Mabry Michelle A. Smith Reuben E. Brigety II Andrea Pierce Goodman Krista M. Magras Timothy D. Snyder Steven V. Brock Stuart Gottlieb Wendy A. Maldonado Juliet Suzanne Sorensen Rosa Ehrenreich Brooks Alyssa A. Grikscheit Gregory A. Maniatis Jonathan Allan Soros C. Michael Brown Eugenia Katherine Guilmartin Laura A. McIntosh Stephen A. Spagnuolo Elaine Buckberg Céline Stephanie Gustavson Brian C. McPeek Blake A. Spahn Christina Duffy Burnett D. Blake Haider Bruce Paul Mehlman Jonathan S. Spaner Jonathan S. Bush Nisid J. Hajari Benjamin R. Miller Carlos Javier Spinelli-Noseda Daniel L. Byman Larry Hanauer Martha Miller Kristen Staples Durkin Danielle D. Camner Evie Hantzopoulos Frank J. Mirkow Christopher B. Stone David Arthur Campbell Katherine Anderson Hardin Charlotte M. Morgan Ryung Suh David A. Carmel Gina Marie L. Hatheway Stephen A. Myrow Scott L. Swid Walid George Chamoun Lukas Harrison Haynes Steven J. Naplan Cathy L. Taylor Rajiv A. Chandrasekaran Lisa W. Heald Scott Andrew Nathan Troy S. Thomas Amy L. Chao Jane J. Heller Haleh Nazeri Patricia E. Tierney Cory Charles Ernesto P. Hernandez III Richard D. Nelson Jonathan P. Torop Philip D. Chen Jack D. Hidary Jennifer G. Newstead Ly K. Tran Saj Cherian Neal L. Higgins M. Diana Helweg Newton Adam J. Treanor Aimée R. Christensen Edward T. Hightower Milena K. Novy-Marx Basilios E. Tsingos Dalton Conley Matthew Todd Hobart David Andrew Olson David Randolph Tunnell Laura K. Cooper Mellody Hobson Stephen T. Ostrowski Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran Timothy W. Crawford Auren Hoffman Carter W. Page Martina E. Vandenberg Monica Elizabeth Crowley Eric Allan Holst Matthew A. Palmer Gagan Verma Geoffrey D. Dabelko Kathleen Houlihan Jeremiah S. Pam Richard R. Verma Michael A. Dal Bello Christopher Bernard Howard Eric J. Pan Gregg Alexander Walker Jean-Christophe de Swaan Joseph Kindall Hurd III Michael Pan Ian Kennard Walsh Rajesh De David Wallace Irwin Parag Patel Debra L. Wasserman Graham A. Duncan Adam R. Isles Michael D. Patterson David L. Weller Jen M. Easterly Mark R. Jacobson Brigid Myers Pavilonis Elisa M. Westfield Keri Eisenbeis David P. Janes Eric J. Pelofsky Elisha Wiesel Elizabeth Factor Scott S. Johnson Lawrence Edward Penn III Elizabeth Roberts Wilcox Evelyn N. Farkas Kali Chantelle Jones Richard D. Perera Serena B. Wille Elizabeth Worley Eric John Kadel Jr. Michael A. Peterson Margaret Douglas Williams Farman-Farmaian Shanthi A. Kalathil John vanden Heuvel Pierce Steven D. Winch Irina A. Faskianos Zachary Karabell William A. Pizer Laura Winters Daniel F. Feldman Andrew R. Kassoy Matthew F. Pottinger Tamara Cofman Wittes Noah R. Feldman Brian M. Katulis Elizabeth M. Prescott Kent Wosepka Anthony C. Fernandes Kira Kay Edward L. Pulling Nancy Yao Maasbach Maria C. Figueroa Küpçü Juliette N. Kayyem Fernande Scheid Raine Brett I.W. Zbar Desiree Geneva Filippone Stephen D. Kiser Skye Raiser Jonathan L. Zittrain Sonya L. Finley Monica Vegas Kladakis 50 Communications he ongoing war in Iraq and the 2004 U.S. presi- dential election continued to generate extensive Tmedia interest in Council content and programs this year. The transition to the second Bush administra- tion provided a great opportunity for the Communica- tions Department to build on last year’s background brief- ing series for the media. The program was created to bring attention to the Council’s work and fellows’ wide- ranging expertise and to provide a service to the press by giving them access to top thinkers in intimate settings. This year the New York Times Columnist Thomas L. Friedman at department hosted an an on-the-record meeting in Washington, DC. unprecedented twenty- one briefings on subjects ranging from international economics to global health to energy issues. The department continued to reach out to the foreign press and hosted a panel for members of the New York Foreign Press Center with Council scholars. The Communications Department, in addition to sending journalists advance notice of Foreign Affairs articles and original content produced by the cfr.org editorial team, also engaged the bur- geoning blogger community. Readership of “The World This Week” eNewsletter continues to grow, reaching Council mem- bers, over 6,000 jour- Washington Post correspondent Robin Wright at the Iran Task Force nalists, and 11,500 indi- briefing. viduals on the public list every week. The Communications Department also launched a media training program to help Council fellows better craft and com- municate their message; Council fellows wrote and placed more than 200 op-eds and articles in the top publications in the United States and around the world. Council content and scholars were also featured in nearly 10,000 broadcast and print stories, more than any other think tank on foreign pol- icy issues (based on an extensive tracking system using mul- Barbara Walters of ABC News with U.S. News and tiple Internet search engines and commercial databases). World Report Editor Mortimer B. Zuckerman. 51 Named Chairs, Fellowships, and Lectureships NAMED CHAIRS AND FELLOWSHIPS OTHER CHAIRS AND FELLOWSHIPS Jane Arraf, Edward R. Murrow Press Fellow Philip D. Reed Senior Fellow in Science and David Braunschvig, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Technology Fellow for Business and Foreign Policy Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for the Middle East Steven A. Cook, Douglas Dillon Fellow Paul A. Volcker Chair in International Economics Elizabeth C. Economy, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Studies SPECIAL FELLOWSHIPS Stephen E. Flynn, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow THE INTELLIGENCE FELLOWSHIP for National Security Studies This fellowship provides an opportunity for an out- James F. Hoge Jr., Peter G. Peterson Chair, Editor, standing person from the U.S. intelligence commu- Foreign Affairs nity on the cusp of a senior position to expand his or her knowledge of international relations through Peter B. Kenen, Whitney H. Shepardson Senior study, research and reflection, extensive participa- Fellow tion in the Council’s program of meetings and Roger M. Kubarych, Henry Kaufman Adjunct Senior study groups, and interaction with the Council’s Fellow in International Economics and Finance diverse and knowledgeable members. James M. Lindsay, Vice President, Director of Studies, Maurice R. Greenberg Chair THE MILITARY FELLOWSHIPS Princeton N. Lyman, Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow Each year the chief of staff of each military service for Africa Policy Studies nominates an outstanding candidate for a military fellowship. These fellowships enable officers to Walter Russell Mead, Henry A. Kissinger Senior broaden their understanding of international affairs Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy and U.S. foreign policy by spending a year in resi- William L. Nash, General John W. Vessey Senior dence at the Council. Fellows participate in Coun- Fellow for Conflict Prevention cil programs, including Task Forces, engage in Evans J.R. Revere, Cyrus R. Vance Fellow in Diplo- research, and arrange several politico-military trips matic Studies for Council members. Adam Segal, Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow THE DOUGLAS DILLON FELLOWSHIP in China Studies Each year the Council names one of its younger fel- Stephen R. Sestanovich, George F. Kennan Senior lows the Dillon Fellow, in honor of former Council Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies Vice Chairman Douglas Dillon. Such fellows typi- Julia E. Sweig, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior cally combine a keen understanding of economics Fellow for Latin America Studies with cutting-edge policy research in a given field, Note: This list of Named Chairs and Fellowships is current as of September 1, 2005. 52 named chairs, fellowships, and lectureships leading to several major published articles or a LECTURESHIPS book during their fellowship tenure. THE DARRYL G. BEHRMAN LECTURE ON AFRICA POLICY EDWARD R. MURROW PRESS FELLOWSHIP The Darryl G. Behrman Lecture on Africa Policy The Council offers a resident fellowship for a cor- has been funded by members of the Behrman fam- respondent, editor, or producer involved with ily in memory of Darryl G. Behrman, who came to international news. Named in honor of Edward R. the United States from South Africa. He had an Murrow and funded by the CBS Foundation, the abiding passion for the continent of his birth and fellowship offers a nine-month period for sustained for international peace and cooperation. The study and writing, free from the pressures that Behrman Lecture, which focuses on Africa policy, characterize journalistic life. had its inaugural lecture this spring, featuring Graça Machel, president of the Foundation for WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON SENIOR FELLOWSHIP Community Development in Mozambique, with The Shepardson Fellowship is periodically awarded special guest Nelson Mandela, former president of to persons with experience and recognized profes- South Africa, on “The African Agenda.” sional stature in public or academic affairs related THE ARTHUR C. HELTON MEMORIAL LECTURE to international relations. A Shepardson Fellow is The Arthur C. Helton Memorial Lecture was estab- expected to spend about a year affiliated with the lished by the Council and the family of Arthur C. Council, participating in Council programs while Helton, who died in the August 2003 bombing of working on a book or other significant publication the UN headquarters in Baghdad. The Helton Lec- on a major foreign policy issue. ture is an annual event at which one or more CYRUS R. VANCE FELLOWSHIP IN DIPLOMATIC STUDIES speakers address pressing issues in the broad field The Vance Fellowship is offered to a Foreign Ser- of human rights and humanitarian concerns. This vice Officer chosen by a selection committee from year’s inaugural lecture featured Sadako Ogata, candidates nominated by the U.S. Department of president of the Japan International Cooperation State. With time away from the day-to-day pres- Agency and former UN high commissioner for sures of diplomatic life, the Vance Fellow spends refugees. about a year affiliated with the Council, reflecting THE JOHN B. HURFORD MEMORIAL LECTURE on issues of foreign policy and participating in The John B. Hurford Memorial Lecture was inaugu- Council programs. rated in 2002 in memory of John B. Hurford, a ENDOWED AND SPECIALLY FUNDED PROGRAMS devoted member of the Council on Foreign Rela- Pieter A. Fisher Program, International Relations tions. This series features individuals who represent critical new thinking in international affairs and for- Gulf Program, Middle East eign policy. This year Bjørn Lomborg, editor and W. Averell Harriman Program, Europe project lead for “Global Crises, Global Solutions,” Winston Lord Program, Asia the official report of the Copenhagen Consensus, John J. McCloy Program, International Relations spoke on “The World’s Worst Problems.” C. Peter McColough Roundtable Series on Inter- THE RUSSELL C. LEFFINGWELL LECTURE national Economics The Russell C. Leffingwell Lecture, inaugurated in McKinsey Executive Roundtable Series on Interna- 1969, was named for a charter member of the tional Economics Council who served as its president from 1944 to Thomas J. Watson Meetings Program, International 1946 and as its chairman from 1946 to 1953. This Relations lecture is given by a distinguished foreign official, who is invited to address Council members on a 53 named chairs, fellowships, and lectureships topic of major international significance. The lec- THE BERNARD L. SCHWARTZ LECTURE tures are made possible through the generosity of ON BUSINESS AND FOREIGN POLICY the Leffingwell family and the Morgan Guaranty This lecture series was established in 2002 and is Trust Company. The Leffingwell Lecture this year funded by Bernard L. Schwartz, the chairman and featured Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. CEO of Loral Space and Communications. The series focuses on two areas: the evolution of the THE DAVID A. MORSE LECTURE relationship between business and government in The David A. Morse Lecture was inaugurated in 1994 the making of foreign policy, and ways for govern- and supports an annual meeting and dinner with a ment to make better use of business in solving for- distinguished speaker. It honors the memory of David eign policy problems and for business to become A. Morse, an active Council member for nearly thirty more engaged in the making of foreign policy. years, a lawyer, a public servant, and an internation- alist. Morse lecturers are invited to focus on one of THE SORENSEN DISTINGUISHED LECTURE ON THE UNITED NATIONS Morse’s many concerns, which included North-South relations, human rights, international organizations The Sorensen Distinguished Lecture on the United and labor, conflict resolution, and relations with Asia. Nations was established in 1996 by Theodore C. The lecture program is funded by gifts from Council Sorensen to honor his wife, Gillian Martin Sorensen, members and friends of the Morse family. and to commemorate her years of service to the United Nations. The Sorensen lecture is given by THE DAVID ROCKEFELLER LECTURE speakers intimately involved with the workings and The David Rockefeller Lecture was endowed by the issues of the United Nations. Rockefeller Foundation in 1985 for an annual African lecturer from either the governmental or the non- THE JOHN TRAIN LECTURE governmental sector. The John Train Lecture and dinner were established in 1997. Funded by Council member John Train, THE ELIHU ROOT LECTURE the series focuses on new issues in military affairs The Elihu Root Lecture was inaugurated in 1958 to and the future of the U.S. military. The John Train honor a founder of the Council on Foreign Rela- Lecture this year featured the service chiefs of the tions who served as its honorary president from Joint Chiefs of Staff: General Peter J. Schoomaker, 1921 to 1937. This lecture brings a distinguished U.S. Army; General John P. Jumper, U.S. Air Force; American to the Council to reflect on his or her pro- and Admiral Vernon E. Clark, U.S. Navy, speaking fessional experience and how it applies to contem- on “The Future of the U.S. Military: The Military’s porary American foreign policy making. Challenges for the Twenty-First Century.” THE RUSSIA AND RUSSIAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS LECTURE THE PAUL C. WARNKE LECTURE This annual lecture was endowed by the Alfa Bank to ON INTERNATIONAL SECURITY help establish a more secure footing for Russian- The annual Paul C. Warnke Lecture on Interna- American relations. The inaugural Russia and Russ- tional Security, endowed by a number of members ian-American Relations Lecture this year featured and family and friends of Paul C. Warnke, com- Sergey Ivanov, minister of defense of the Russian Fed- memorates his legacy of courageous service to the eration, who spoke on “The World in the Twenty-First nation and international peace. The Warnke Lecture Century: Addressing New Threats and Challenges.” this year featured Senator Carl M. Levin (D-MI). 54 International Affairs Fellowship Program he International Affairs Fellowship Program Steven V. Brock, U.S. Navy, “U.S. Intelligence Com- is designed to advance the professional munity Reform: Leveraging European Union development of outstanding Americans Intelligence Integration as a Force Multiplier in T the Global War on Terror” between the ages of 27 and 35. The fellowships seek to bridge the gap between thought and action in for- Kahlil J. Byrd, African Public Broadcasting Foun- eign policy by supporting both a variety of policy dation, “Creating the Corporation for Public studies and active exposure to policymaking. The Diplomacy” distinctive character of the program lies in the con- Dalton Conley, New York University, “Asset Own- trasting experiences it provides at the juncture of ership, Development, and Stability” policy research and policy formulation. Thus, it Joshua J. Lippard, U.S. Department of Justice, encourages academics and others from the private “Information-Sharing Relationships for Twenty- sector to serve in a policy-oriented environment First-Century International Security” through operational experience in public service. Conversely, it permits government officials on leave Neal A. Pollard, Hicks & Associates, “Winning in to study key issues in a scholarly atmosphere free Cyberspace: Exploiting Opportunities in a from operational pressure. Strategic Competition with Terrorism” The International Affairs Fellowship in Japan, Marc R. Rosenblum, University of New Orleans, sponsored by Hitachi, Ltd., enables participants to “Immigration, Integration, and U.S.–Caribbean expand their intellectual and professional horizons Basin Relations after 9/11” by working and living in Japan. Fellowships are Nita Rudra, Graduate School of International and intended for American citizens between the ages of Public Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, “Global- 27 and 45. The program seeks to cultivate Ameri- ization and Effective Social Policies in Develop- can understanding of Japan and to strengthen com- ing Countries” munication between emerging leaders of the two Celina Schocken, Center for Global Health and nations. Economic Development, Columbia University, The Council organizes an annual conference in and Government of Rwanda, “U.S. AIDS and New York featuring the current fellows. Health Policy in Africa: Redesigning Foreign INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS FELLOWS Assistance to Address the Needs of Donors and 2005–2006 Recipients” Thomas J. Bollyky, Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, Douglas W. Turner,* DW Turner, Inc., “Why Minor- “Rationalizing International Pharmaceutical ity Parties in Japan Lose” Pricing: The Pursuit of U.S. Foreign Policy Fei-ling Wang,* Sam Nunn School of International Objectives in Global Health and International Affairs, Georgia Institute of Technology, “An East Trade” Asian Community: How Unlikely Is It?” * International Affairs Fellow in Japan, sponsored by Hitachi, Ltd. 55 Development he Council relies on charitable contributions THE ANNUAL FUND from individual, corporate, and institutional To help meet its financial needs, the Council relies on Tdonors to help support its programs and to the generosity of members who contribute to the launch new initiatives. Maintaining the quality and Annual Fund over and above their membership dues. variety of the work and programs for which the Coun- These unrestricted dollars provide a critical piece of the cil is known requires ongoing support from many Council’s overall funding, helping to support major sources. The Council receives grant support from foun- programming and annual operating expenses. In fiscal dations and other outside sources for special activities. year 2005, 1,877 members gave close to $4,300,000 to In addition, the Council welcomes contributions for the Annual Fund—representing an increased number general support through its Annual Fund; for specific of donors (approximately 44 percent of the member- programs such as Task Forces or roundtables; to the ship) and the highest dollar amount contributed on Council’s unrestricted endowment fund; or to endow a record. This year, 52 members increased their gifts specific chair, fellowship, or program. Endowment gifts through corporate or foundation matching gift pro- can also be made by bequest or other testamentary gift grams. The Council’s Harold Pratt Associates, each of to ensure the Council’s permanence, independence, whom gives $10,000 or more each year, increased to and excellence for the future. 211 members, 52 of whom gave at the $25,000+ Chair- The Council extends its sincere appreciation to the man’s Circle level. This year, in response to a special donors and volunteers who have demonstrated their appeal, a number of the Council’s most generous support of the Council in this tangible way. Annual Fund donors increased their support to help fund Independent Task Forces and other programs. THE 1921 SOCIETY Many term members volunteered in the fund-raising The 1921 Society (commemorating the year the effort by either writing to their colleagues or making Council was founded) was established last year to follow-up calls. They were among the 47 percent of honor and acknowledge those who have made the term members who participated in the Annual Fund future vitality of the Council an important part of their this year. A special listing of term members who con- legacy. All those who confirm in writing that they have tributed this year appears on page 50. All donors to the included the Council in their wills or as a beneficiary Annual Fund are listed on pages 59–64. in any other disposition of assets are enrolled as a member of the 1921 Society. A number of members have responded positively to this essential initiative. 56 DEVELOPMENT Henry and Elaine Kaufman Martin Gross The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation James A. Harmon Foundation Bernard and Irene Schwartz James W. Harpel Frank W Hoch Foundation Yves-Andre Istel Japan Atomic Industrial Forum Alan Kent Jones Japan External Trade CONGRESSIONAL ROUNDTABLE Ewing Marion Kauffman Organization PROGRAM Foundation Ewing Marion Kauffman The John D. and Catherine T. Orin S. Kramer Foundation MacArthur Foundation Leonard and Evelyn Lauder W K. Kellogg Foundation The Pew Forum on Religion and Foundation Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. Public Life Leon Lowenstein Foundation Ira A. Lipman The Starr Foundation Carl B. Menges John M. Lloyd Foundation The John D. and Catherine T. INTERNATIONAL SECURITY PROGRAMS Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. Pearl Family Fund MacArthur Foundation Carnegie Corporation of New York Lester Pollack McKinsey & Company, Inc. STEPHEN M. KELLEN TERM MEMBER Steven L. Rattner and Maureen Merck & Co., Inc. PROGRAM White Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Rockefeller Brothers Fund Milbank Memorial Fund Foundation Theodore Roosevelt IV Partridge Foundation Marshall Rose The Pew Forum on Religion KEY INSTITUTIONS PROGRAM E. John Rosenwald and Public Life German Marshall Fund of David M. Rubenstein Ploughshares Fund the United States John T. Ryan III Rockefeller Brothers Fund Douglas Schoen Russell Sage Foundation NATIONAL PROGRAM Howard Stringer Sandalwood Securities Inc. Mimi and Peter Haas Washington SyCip Bernard and Irene Schwartz ARTHUR ROSS BOOK AWARD United Nations Foundation Foundation Arthur Ross Foundation Enzo Viscusi Shell International Limited John C. Whitehead Alfred P Sloan Foundation THE NEXT GENERATION FELLOWS Anita Volz Wien Smith Richardson Foundation PROGRAM Malcolm Hewitt Wiener The Starr Foundation The John D. and Catherine T. Foundation Swiss Re America Holding MacArthur Foundation Ezra K. Zilkha Corporation John M. Olin Foundation Time Warner Inc. STUDIES PROJECTS C. C. Tung Henry H. Arnhold RAPID RESPONSE FUND, UBS INDEPENDENT TASK FORCES, AND Baker & Hostetler LLP UNAIDS CRITICAL POLICY CHOICES Better World Fund United Nations Foundation Anonymous Blackwell Publishing Ltd. United States Institute of Peace Allen R. Adler The Boeing Company Enzo Viscusi Altman/Kazickas Foundation Carnegie Corporation Archer Daniels Midland Company of New York U.S./MIDDLE EAST PROJECT Stanley S. Arkin Ronnie C. Chan Mahmoud M. Abdallah Robert A. Belfer Robert J. Chaves Fouad M.T. Alghanim Robert H. Benmosche Citigroup Inc. The Alpha Bank John P Birkelund Department for International BP Kim Gordon Davis Development, United Kingdom Lester Crown and the Arie and James Dimon Eni S.p.A. Ida Crown Memorial Eni S.pA. Exxon Mobil Corporation Galel El Zorba Fondation pour la Science Mark Fisch Eni S.p.A. et la Culture The Ford Foundation Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. The Ford Foundation Victor K. Fung Joseph Hotung Fundacion Juan March Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Hamza Al-Kholi Michael E. Gellert Guardsmark, LLC Nemir A. Kirdar Peter Gottsegen Roger Hertog Robert K. Lifton 57 DEVELOPMENT Yosef A. Maiman Linda Gottlieb John W Dix Fouad Makhzoumi and the Future Lola Nashashibi Grace Janet Forman Millennium Foundation Jean Minskoff Grant Christine, Michael, and Musallam Ali Musallam Paula Hawkins Scott Gilbert Pepsi-Cola International Marlene Hess Jacqueline D. Gilbert Louis Perlmutter Hunt Alternatives Fund Marc Ian Gross and Robert L. Rosen Lou Anne Jensen Susan Ochshorn Mohammed Jassem Al-Sager Susan Jonas The Hurford Foundation Ann E Kaplan Pamela J. Krause WOMEN AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY Susan Klein Scott B. Lasensky The Council is in the process of Barbara Koz-Paley Estate of Henrietta E.S. Lockwood establishing an endowed chair for Mildred Robbins Leet Carol and Bud Lowenthal women and foreign policy studies, Rose P Lynch Peter G. Peterson and is grateful to the following Wendy MacKenzie The Richard Salomon Family who have contributed toward the Nancy Cain Marcus Foundation fund this year: Jean M. Martin Alan E Schoen Jewelle Bickford Janet A. McKinley Jeanette and Martha Silver Lucy C. Billingsley Agnes Metzger Jennifer Seymour Whitaker Laura L. Breyer Sheila Nemazee Michael Coles and Susan T. Nitze OTHER SPECIAL GIFTS Edith Langner Patricia M. Patterson Citigroup Foundation Marti Dinerstein Marnie S. Pillsbury The Dana Foundation Connie K. Duckworth Amy Regan The Dillon Fund Diane DeMell Jacobsen Rosemary L. Ripley Nicholas Eberstadt Rose E Lynch Donna C. Rohling The Fletcher Jones Foundation Jean M. Martin Susan Rotenstreich Michael B.G. Froman Susan Patricof Diana N. Rowan Hitachi, Ltd. Marnie S. Pillsbury Mary Anne Schwalbe Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Rosemary L. Ripley Mubeen Siddiqui Foundation Estelle N. Tanner Deborah F Stiles Elizabeth McKeon Nancy Tilghman Estelle N. Tanner Morgan Stanley United States Institute of Peace Peter G. Peterson In addition, support for the Women Patricia L. Weinbach Robert E. Rubin and U.S. Foreign Policy program The Starr Foundation has been received from the follow MEETINGS PROGRAMS Christian C. Yegen ing donors: Home Box Office Fran Amirsaleh John Train GIFTS-IN-KIND Jewelle Bickford The Council is grateful to Ira A. Lucy C. Billingsley OTHER ENDOWED PROGRAMS Lipman and Guardsmark, LLC, for Cathleen P Black AND CHAIRS risk assessment services; to the IBM Elizabeth R. Bramwell The Behrman Family Foundation for technology and Katherine Brown William A.M. Burden Charitable support services; and to Alexander Carolyn Carter Lead Trust S. Jutkowitz and Jonathan Freed- Michael Coles Hodding Carter III and man of Hemispheric Partners for Connie K. Duckworth Patricia Murphy Derian their assistance with the Council's Jane Fonda Isobel Coleman Junior Staff Professional Develop The Ford Foundation Ralston H. Deffenbaugh Jr. ment Program. 58 DEVELOPMENT ANNUAL GIVING DONORS CHAIRMAN'S CIRCLE HAROLD PRATT Jane D. Hartley John T. Ryan III Peggy Dulany ($25,000+) ASSOCIATES Rita E. Hauser Peter M. Sacerdote Robert F Erburu Anonymous ($10,000-$24,999) John G. Heimann Douglas E. Schoen Paul B.Ford Jr. Robert John Abemethy Anonymous (2) Charles A. Heimbold Jr. Michael Peter Schulhof Paul J. Fribourg Stanley S. Arkin Keith W Abell Heinz Family James J. Shinn Harrison J. Goldin Jeffrey Bewkes Odeh E Aburdene Philanthropies Walter V Shipley Jeffrey A. Goldstein Leon D. Black Allen R. Adler Marlene Hess David L. Shuman Albert H. Gordon Peter L. Briger Jr. Paul A. Allaire Carla A. Hills Bippy M. Siegal Theresa A. Havell Christopher W. Brody Altman/Kazickas Frank W Hoch William D. Siegel Robert W Helm Patrick M. Byrne Foundation Robert J. Hurst Alan M. Silberstein Richard C. Holbrooke Wm. Polk Carey David Altshuler Yves-Andre Istel Matthew R. Simmons Merit E. Janow Jeffrey Epstein Mark A. Angelson Morton L. Janklow Peter J. Solomon Nancy A. Jarvis Mark Fisch Henry H. Arnhold Alan Kent Jones Maurice Sonnenberg Andrew R. Kassoy Stephen C. Freidheim Elizabeth Frawley Bagley Donald P Kanak Paul Soros Richard M. Krasno Bart Friedman Laurence M. Band Gilbert Kaplan Joan E. Spero Philip C. Lauinger Jr. Barbara Goldsmith Alan R. Batkin Farooq Kathwari David E Stein Arthur Levitt Jr. Glenn H. Greenberg Robert A. Belfer Robert J. Katz Walter P Stern Josephine Linden and Linda J. Vester Robert H. Benmosche Charles R. Kaye Seymour Sternberg Patricia Ann McFate Maurice R. Greenberg Austin M. Beutner Peter Bicknell Kellner Deborah E Stiles Robert B. McKeon The Marc Haas Kenneth J. Bialkin Roger C. Kline Howard Stringer Jack Nash Foundation John H. Biggs Orin S. Kramer Scott L. Swid Marc B. Nathanson Mimi and Peter Haas John R Birkelund Michael Stuart Levin Stephen Claar Swid Jan Nicholson James W Harpel Edward Bleier Troland S. Link Anthony P Terracciano Michael S. Ovitz J. Tomilson Hill Denis A. Bovin Kenneth Lipper G. Richard Thoman Nicholas Biddle Robert Wood Johnson Jr. James E. Burke Vincent A. Mai Lee B. Thomas Jr. Paumgarten Andrew Herbert Tisch Charitable Trust Robert Carswell Richard Mallery Thomas R. Pickering James S. Tisch Henry Kaufman Frank J. Caufield Tom F Marsh Anne B. Popkin Preston Robert Tisch Henry R. Kravis Anne Cox Chambers Roman Martinez IV Albert V Ravenholt Richard Allen Voell Leonard A. Lauder Jonathan A. Chanis Edward J. Mathias William R. Rhodes Paul A. Volcker Ira A. Lipman Robert J. Chaves William J. McDonough James D. Robinson III George Vradenburg III Donald B. Marron Patricia M. Cloherty Carl B. Menges Muriel E Siebert Davis Weinstock II Raymond Donald Howard E. Cox Jr. John E. Merow Stephen R. Volk Elizabeth G. Weymouth Nasher Lester Crown Willem Mesdag Debra L. Wasserman John C. Whitehead Hassan Nemazee Jack David Robert Millard John L. Weinberg Anita Volz Wien Peter G. Peterson Kim Gordon Davis Ken Miller Frederick B. Whittemore I. Peter Wolff Lionel I. Pincus James Dimon James Mossman William J. Williams Jr. Guy Patrick Lester Pollack William H. Donaldson Rupert Murdoch Ward W Woods Robin Chandler Duke Ronald L. and Jane T. Robert Price Wyser-Pratte Jacob J. Worenklein Charles William RHJ International Olson Christian C. Yegen Nancy Young Frank E. Richardson Duncan Jr. E. Stanley O'Neal George H. Young III David Rockefeller John Lindner Eastman James W Owens William D. Zabel SPONSORS Robert Rosenkranz Blair Effron Karen Parker Feld Paula A. Zahn ($l,000-$4,999) E.John Rosenwaldjr. Richard Elden Alan Joel Patricof Michel Zaleski Anonymous Arthur Ross Mallory and Elizabeth Frank H. Pearl Ezra K. Zilkha Wilder K. Abbott David M. Rubenstein Factor Joseph R. Perella James D. Zirin A. Robert Abboud Robert E. Rubin Alan H. Fleischmann Louis Perlmutter M. Bernard Aidinoff Richard E. Salomon Richard N. Foster Charles O. Prince III PATRONS Madeleine K. Albright James Baker Sitrick Richard S. Fuld Jr. Penny S. Pritzker ($5,000-$9,999) Graham T. Allison Jerry I. Speyer Gail Furman Pritzker Foundation Anonymous David R. Andrews Kenneth I. Starr Bruce S. Gelb Thomas L. Pulling The Ahn Family Michael H. Armacost The Starr Foundation Michael E. Gellert Steven L. Rattner and Foundation C. Michael Armstrong Stephen J. Treadway Louis V Gerstner Jr. Maureen White Nicholas Burns Binkley John E. Avery Enzo Viscusi Roy M. Goodman Stephen Robert William B. Bishop Khalid Azim Robert C. Waggoner Peter M. Gottsegen John J. Roberts Donald Blinken Carter E Bales Stanley A. Weiss Michael D. Granoff Felix G. Rohatyn Jonathan E. Colby William G. Bardel Malcolm Hewitt Wiener Evan G. Greenberg Theodore Roosevelt IV MarkM. Collins Jr. Thomas Corcoran Barry Foundation Jeffrey W Greenberg Daniel Rose Henry Cornell Richard 1. Beattie Robert G. Wilmers Martin J. Gross Elihu Rose George Crile III Hans W Becherer Mortimer B. Zuckerman Agnes Gund Marshall Rose William M. Daley Gregory R. Bedrosian John HJ. Guth Jeffrey Allen Rosen Robert C. Dinerstein Richard E. Beeman Sidney Harman May and Samuel Rudin James P Dougherty Michael P Behringer James A. Harmon Family Foundation Kenneth M. Duberstein Lucy Wilson Benson 59 DEVELOPMENT Bruce D. Berkowitz Robert J. Einhorn Benjamin W Gary E. MacDougal Charles J. Pilliodjr. Susan Vail Berresford Robert E Ellsworth Heinemanjr. John W Madigan Marnie S. Pillsbury Simon Michael Bessie John B. Emerson Melvin L. Heineman Margaret E. Mahoney Nicholas Piatt George C. Biddle Gaetana Enders David W Heleniak John Holmes Makin Sheila Maynard Piatt Henry S. Bienen Robert E. Fallon Ricki Tigert Heifer Frederic V Malek Jonathan Plutzik Cathleen E Black Jonathan Foster Fanton John B. Hess Lewis Manilow Daniel Bruce Poneman Shirley Temple Black Elizabeth Worley William H. Heyman David I. Margolis Robert C. Pozen Richard C. Blum Farman-Farmaian Jack D. Hidary Jay Mazur Susan Kaufman Purcell W Michael Blumenthal Martin S. Feldstein Janine W Hill Barry R. McCaffrey Lucian W Pye J. Dennis Bonney James L. Ferguson H. Lee Hobson Cappy R. McGarr Leonard V Quigley Carter Booth Roger W. Ferguson Jr. Mellody Hobson Thomas E McLarty III Skye Raiser Nicholas E Brady Jose W. Fernandez A. Michael Hoffman E. Scott Mead Simon Ramo Andrew E Brimmer Geraldine A. Ferraro Auren Hoffman Walter Russell Mead Alan H. Rappaport Steven V Brock Antonio Luis Ferre Jeffrey N. Hogan Roberto G. Mendoza Richard Ravitch Kenneth D. Brody Hart Fessenden Dwight E Holloway Jr. Zoltan Merszei Kristin Denise Tom Brokaw Bertram H. Fields Jim J. Hornthal Ricardo A. Mestresjr. Rechberger Edgar M. Bronfman Francis A. Finelli James R. Houghton Edward C. Meyer Milbrey Rennie Harold Brown Stanley Fischer Karen Elliott House Benjamin R. Miller Stanley R. Resor Katherine A. Brown Julie Ann Fisher Roy M. Huffington Daniel R. Mintz Donald S. Rice Richard E Brown Jr. John B. Fitzgibbons Timothy A. Hultquist George J. Mitchell Joseph A. Rice Philip Caldwell Peter Flaherty Allen I. Hyman Edward L. Morse James J. Richard Danielle D. Camner Joseph H. Flom Alberto Ibargiien David H. Mortimer Robert S. Rifkind William Gaston Kristin J. Forbes Mahnaz Ispahani Robert A. Mosbacher Michael L. Riordan Caperton III Henrietta Holsman Fore John E.Jacob Michael H. Moskow Charles S. Robb Juan Carlos Cappello Cyrus E Freidheim Robert D.Joffe Lucia Mouat Joseph E. Robert Jr. Frank C. Carlucci Richard A. Freytag James A. Johnson Craig James Mundie Cara W. Robertson James H. Carter Fredrica S. Friedman Scott S. Johnson Winthrop R. Munyan Robert L. Rosen Elliot R. Cattarulla Stephen J. Friedman Wyatt Thomas Johnson Ewell E. Murphy Jr. Patricia L. Rosenheld Henry E. Catto Thomas L. Friedman Thomas V Jones Thomas S. Murphy A. M. Rosenthal Juju Chang David Fromkin Thomas W Jones Toby S. Myerson Gary N. Ross Joyce Chang-Robbins Richard M. Furlaud Peter Martin Joost William L. Nash Charles O. Rossotti Richard B. Cheney Ellen V Futter Vernon E. Jordan Jr. Raffiq A. Nathoo Arthur Mark Rubin Warren Christopher Orit B. Gadiesh Virginia Ann Kamsky Jeffrey C. Neal Arthur E Ryan Abby Joseph Cohen Sergio J. Galvis Helene L. Kaplan Lynn Nesbit William R. Salomon Isobel Coleman Claire L. Gaudiani Scott Bancroft Kapnick Nancy S. Newcomb Barry A. Sanders Philip E. Comstockjr. Helene D. Gayle Michael E. Kavoukjian Priscilla A. Newman Diane Sawyer Jill M. Considine Leslie H. Gelb Paul X. Kelley Edward N. Ney Henry B. Schacht Mary S. Cross Peter Andrew Georgescu Alfred E Kelly Jr. Rodney W Nichols Thomas Schick Lee Cullum Burton L. Gerber Arthur L. Kelly Thomas R. Nides Arthur Schneier Christine M. Cumming Michael Gfoeller Donald M. Kendall A. Kenneth Nilsson Brian T. Schreiber Nelson W Cunningham James Henry Giffen Bob Kerrey Lucio A. Noto Stephen A. Schwarzman W Bowman Cutter David Ginsburg Sukhan Kim Joseph S. Nye Jr. Timothy R. Scully Kenneth W. Dam Peter Gleysteen Robert M. Kimmitt Philip A. Odeen George E Shultz William H. Danforth Frederick W. Gluck JessieJ. Knight Jr. Morris W Offit David R. Slade D. Ronald Daniel Frank A. Godchaux III Jeff Kojac Merle Aiko Okawara Jean Kennedy Smith Ralph Parsons Davidson Richard K. Goeltz John C. Kornblum John E. Osborn Dorothy Meadow Sobol Kathryn W Davis William T. Golden Thomas E Kranz Stephen A. Oxman Gillian Martin Sorensen Drew Saunders Days III Guido Goldman Nancy Jo Kuenstner Carter W Page Theodore C. Sorensen George de Menil Neal D. Goldman Nisha Kumar Bruce Lawrence Paisner Jonathan Allan Soros Lois Pattison de Menil Russell D. Goldsmith Geraldine S. Kunstadter Stewart J. Paperin Scott M. Spangler Eli Whitney Debevoise II Arthur N. Greenberg John D. Langlois Scott E. Pardee Elliot Stein Robert E. Denham Henry A. Grunwald Kenneth H.M. Leet Elizabeth Rindskopf Joshua L. Steiner Kenneth T. Derr Andrew S. Gundlach John W Leslie Jr. James W Stevens Robert L. Dilenschneider John H. Gutfreund Mel Levine Parker Gordon C. Stewart Daniel L. Doctoroff Richard N. Haass Susan B. Levine Howard G. Paster Gordon R. Sullivan Stephen C Donehoo Joseph A. Hafner Jr. W Walker Lewis Ernest T. Patrikis Paul Tagliabue Diana Lady Dougan Edward K. Hamilton Glen S. Lewy Patricia M. Patterson Harold Tanner Michael Douglas Lloyd N. Hand John H. Lichtblau Norman Pearlstine Anne M. Tatlock William H. Draper II Scott M. Hand Nancy A. Lieberman Lawrence Edward Diana L. Taylor RayN. Drydenjr. Edward J. Hardin Tamara Lipper Penn III James S. Taylor Joseph D. Duffey Deborah A. Harding John P. Lipsky William J. Perry Maurice Tempelsman Patrick Andrew Dunigan William B. Harrison Jr. Oivind Lorentzen III Leon K. Pfeiffer Louisa Thoron William D. Eberle William Alan Haseltine William Lucy David L. Phillips Audrey Ronning Topping Jessica E Einhorn Lukas Harrison Haynes James T. Lynn Harvey Picker Seymour Topping Charles M. Pigott 60 DEVELOPMENT Ly K. Tran John E. Berndt William Emery Franklin LaSalle D. Leffall III Celina B. Realuyo Mark C. Treanor Robert L. Bernstein Harry L. Freeman Richard C. Leone Ned Regan Robert H. Trice Jr. John C. Bierley Peter H.B. Frelinghuysen Marc Levinson William K. Reilly Laura D'Andrea Tyson Robert D. Bond Alexander Stephen Kenneth G. Lieberthal Charles Byron Renfrew Jack Valenti John C. Botts Friedman Timothy Light David Rockefeller Jr. Katrina vanden Heuvel Jo Ivey Boufford Alton Frye James M. Lindsay John D. Rockefeller IV William J. vanden Kay Boulware-Miller Pamela B. Gann Jonathan S. Linen Riordan Roett Heuvel Whitney A. Bower Richard N. Gardner Joshua J. Lippard Nancy E. Roman Harold E. Varmus John Brademas Philomene A. Gates William J. Long Peter R. Rosenblatt Gagan Verma David Braunschvig Tatiana C. Gfoeller James G. Lowenstein Stanley Owen Roth Peter H. Vermilye Henry R. Breck Gordon D. Giffin Princeton N. Lyman Ronald A. Route John W. Vessey Glenn A. Britt Matthew N. Goldin Gregory A. Maniatis Nancy H. Rubin Edward H. Vick Rosa Ehrenreich Brooks Charles N. Goldman Murrey Marder Warren B. Rudman Alberto Vitale David S. Browning Lincoln Gordon Phebe A. Marr Karenna Gore Schiff David J. Vitale Thomas Buergenthal Victor Gotbaum Andrew W Marshall Herbert S. Schlosser Linda J. Wachner George Bugliarello Henry Franklin Graff Michael T. Masin Christopher Matthew Marshall I. Waisjr. Geoffrey P Burgess Robert D. Graff William B. Matteson Schroeder John L. Walker William J. Butler R. Scott Greathead Michael M. May Brent Scowcroft Barbara Walters Ralph Buultjens Carl J. Green Elizabeth J. McCormack Donna E. Shalala Mark R. Warner Stephen A. Cheney Donald P. Gregg Alonzo L. McDonald Brooke L. Shearer Washington Post Saj Cherian Bernard M. Gwertzman Donald F McHenry Stanley K. Sheinbaum Bruce Wasserstein Edward T. Cloonan C. Barrows Hall Sharon I. Meers Eleanor B. Sheldon Frank A. Weil Charles E. Cobb Jr. John P Hall Montgomery C. Meigs Ronald K. Shelp Jasper A. Welch Jr. Tyrus W Cobb Paul Hallingbyjr. Eric D.K. Melby George H. Shenk William E Weld Johnnetta B. Cole Frederick Heldring Johanna Alan R. Sheriff Anne Wexler Jonathan R. Cole Heather Richardson Mendelson-Forman Benjamin B. Sherwood Lewis W Coleman Mary Jo White Higgins John R. Menke Eric Shinseki Katherine A. Couric Marina v.N. Whitman Robert F Higgins Helen V Milner C.J. Silas William Courtney Elie Wiesel Joseph C. Hill Sherwood G. Moe Ron Silver Dan L. Crippen Elisha Wiesel Steven I. Hofman Ernest J. Moniz Richard N. Sinkin William J. Crowe Robert E. Wilhelm James F Hogejr. George E. Moose Anne-Marie Slaughter WalterJ.P Curleyjr. Thomas Lloyd Wilkerson Warren M. Hoge Charlotte M. Morgan Patricia T. Smalley James E. Dalton Edwin D. Williamson Richard C. Hottelet Richard L. Morningstar Fern M. Smith Marcia Wachs Dam Don M. Wilson III Kathleen Houlihan Kenneth A. Moskow Jed C. Snyder Florence A. Davis Steven D. Winch Edmund J. Hull Ambler H. Moss Jr. Abraham David Sofaer RoxanneJ. Decyk Herbert S. Winokur Jr. Joseph Kindall Hurd III Margaret Farris Mudd David C. Speedie C. Maury Devine Laura Winters Joel Z. Hyatt George B. Munroe Todd D. Stern David N. Dinkins Steven J. Wisch Mel M. Immergut William E Murdy Anne Stetson Linda M. Distlerath Charles Wolf Jr. Karl E Inderfurth Janice L. Murray Donald M. Stewart Thomas R. Donahue Milton A. Wolf Bobby R. Inman Scott Andrew Nathan James S. Sutterlin Richard A. Drucker Judy C. Woodruff Michael D. Intriligator Stephanie G. Neuman Brandon W Sweitzer James H. Duffy William H. Wright II Maxine Isaacs Matthew Nimetz Strobe Talbott Graham A. Duncan Nancy Yao Maasbach Jerome Jacobson Marcus Noland Peter Tarnoff Miranda Margaret Andrew Young L. Oakley Johnson Lyndon L. Olson Jr. Cathy L. Taylor Fareed Zakaria Sarah M. Terry Duncan Nancie S. Johnson NormanJ. Ornstein Frank G. Zarb Thomas C Theobald Philip A. Dur Thomas S. Johnson Patrick J. ORourke Brian R. Zipp Franklin A. Thomas Inger McCabe Elliott Robert P Kadlec Richard de J. Osborne Lydia Waters Thomas Osborn Elliott Arnold Kanter Hannah C. Pakula Patricia E. Tierney DONORS James Reed Ellis Mark N. Kaplan Michael Pan MaynardJ. Toll Jr. ($500-$999) Claude E. Erbsen Zachary Karabell Herbert Pardes Eugene P Trani Mona Aboelnaga Kanaan Alexander T. Ercklentz Daniel Roger Katz Michael Christopher Basilios E. Tsingos Morton I. Abramowitz Mathea Falco Daniel J. Kaufman Parks David Randolph Tunnell Fouad Ajami Lee Feinstein Thomas H. Kean Eric J. Pelofsky Garrick Utley George H. Aldrich Eugene V Fife Frederick S. Kempe Michael A. Peterson Ted Van Dyk Lisa Anderson Lisa Finstrom Melanie M. Kirkpatrick Joseph E Peyronnin Jay M. Vogelson Robert Anthoine Betsy Fischer Mahesh K. Kotecha Jane Cahill Pfeiffer Raj U. Kumar Carl E. Vuono John Duke Anthony Mercedes Carmela JohnJ. Phelanjr. 7 Edward Ladd Mar} Wadsworth-Darby H. Brandt Ayers Fitchett John vanden Heuvel Nicholas R. Lardy John H. Watts Leslie E. Bains Peter M. Flanigan Pierce Paul A. Laudicina Vin Weber Howard H. Baker Jr. Ronald R. Fogleman Richard W Pogue Ned C. Lautenbach George B. Weiksner Carol Baldwin Moody Charles C. Foster Colin L. Powell Shelly B. Lazarus Clifton R.Wharton Jr. Stephanie K. Bell-Rose Jose A. Fourquet Philip H. Power Steven Lazarus Mason Willrich Christina A. Bennett Barbara Hackman Edward L. Pulling Roger S. Leeds Matthew A. Winkler Marilyn 1 Franklin Clyde E. Rankin III 61 DEVELOPMENT Alan Wm. Wolff Karan K. Bhatia Mark Andrew Carter David B.H. Denoon Charles R. Frank Jr. R. James Woolsey James D. Bindenagel Richard Edward Phil E. DePoy M. Taylor Fravel Suzanne H. Woolsey Eugene A. Birnbaum Cavanagh Patricia Murphy Derian Myra M. Frazier Minky Worden Stanley Warren Black Ray Charles Cave James V Derrick Jr. Ladeene A. Freimuth Michael B. Yanney Robert O. Blake Walid George Chamoun I. M. Destler Edward R. Fried Daniel H. Yergin Stephen Blank Rajiv A. Chandrasekaran John Deutch Benjamin M. Friedman Jaime Ernesto Yordan Robert Jay Blendon Amy L. Chao Shelley Deutch William P Fuller Arthur Zeikel Alan S. Blinder Cory Charles Robert P DeVecchi Mark T. Fung Robert B. Zoellick Antony J. Blinken Steve Charnovitz Joan Didion Amy Epstein Gadsden Charles J. Zwick Mia M. Bloom Robert Chartener Paula J. Dobriansky Lacey Wingham Daniel E. Bob Philip D. Chen Justin W. Doebele Gallagher CONTRIBUTORS Andy S. Bodea Paula H.J. Cholmondeley Norman Dorsen Robert L. Gallucci (UP TO $499) Pieter James Alexander Aimee R. Christensen Amanda Jean Dory Joshua P Galper Charles S. Abbot Boelhouwer Thomas J. Christensen Joy E. Drucker Sandra Galvis Rawi Abdelal Frederick M. Bohen Daniel William Charles A. Duelfer Charles S. Ganoe Michael H. Alderman Avis T. Bohlen Christman Kempton Dunn Johnson Garrett Peter Belmont Alderman Andrea Bonime-Blanc Peter A. Clement Patrick J. Durkin Michelle D. Gavin Robert J. Alexander David L. Boren Harlan Cleveland Jen M. Easterly Catherine Gay Scott Hazzard Allan Jr. Marshall M. Bouton Donald K.Clifford Jr. Donald B. Easum Philip O. Geier Richard C. Allison Robert R. Bowie William F dinger Jr. Ralph E. Eberhart Peter F Geithner Michael A. Almond David William Bowker Barbara S. Cochran Randolph P Eddy III Timothy E Geithner Alan N. Alpern Spencer Phipps Boyer C. Shelby Coffey III Robert H. Edwards Robert P George Karen J. Alter William L. Bradley Joseph 1. Coffey Robert H. Edwards Jr. Ralph J. Gerson Jose E. Alvarez Linda Parrish Brady Herman J. Cohen Karl Eikenberry Michael Getler Deborah Susan Amos Marcus W Brauchli Roberta Jane Cohen Hermann Frederick Eilts Jackson B. Gilbert Harold W Andersen George William Julius E. Coles Keri Eisenbeis Michael James Gillette Nancy A. Aossey Breslauer Dalton Conley Charles R. Eisendrath Richard Gilmore Kwame Anthony Appiah Sundaa Ayo Bridgett Frances D. Cook Ainslie T. Embree Ruth Bader Ginsburg Cresencio S. Arcos Reuben E. Brigety II Gary M. Cook David B. Ensor Thomas B. Ginsburg Anne L. Armstrong Charles N. Brower Goodwin Cooke Richard D. Erb Walter D. Givhan Lloyd Armstrong Jr. C. Michael Brown Kathleen B. Cooper Andrew PN. Erdmann Robert R. Glauber Jonathan David Aronson Carroll Brown Laura K. Cooper Robert H. Estabrook Norma Globerman Carole Artigiani Frederic J. Brown Suzanne Cott Daniel C. Esty Juleanna Ruth Glover Gail H. Evans Benjamin A. Atkins L. Carl Brown Elizabeth M. Cousens Weiss Richard Fairbanks J. Brian Atwood Judith Bruce Sally Grooms Cowal Carol Gluck Evelyn N. Farkas Jesse H. Ausubel Greyson L. Bryan Peter F Cowhey Robert F Goheen Irina A. Faskianos Zoe Baird Mark E. Buchman Margaret E. Crahan Ronnie L. Goldberg Evan A. Feigenbaum John R. Baker Elaine Buckberg Timothy W. Crawford Bruce N. Goldberger Ava S. Feiner Pauline H. Baker Bruce Bueno de Mesquita Ann Crittenden Abigail Golden-Vazquez Samuel H. Feist Peter Bakstansky Mary Brown Bullock Bathsheba N. Crocker James M. Goldgeier Daniel F Feldman Robert Edward Baldwin Deborah K. Burand Adelaide McGuinn Marshall I. Goldman Gerald L. Baliles Noah R. Feldman John A. Burgess Cromwell Merle D. Goldman Donald K. Bandler Anthony C. Fernandes Christina Duffy Burnett Barbara Crossette Robert S. Goldsmith Teresa C. Barger Frank E. Ferrari Patrick Owen Burns Monica Elizabeth David L. Goldwyn Erica Jean Barks-Ruggles Maurice A. Ferre Jonathan S. Bush Crowley Paul D. Golob Harry G. Barnes Jr. Maria C. Figueroa Rolland H. Bushner Lester M. Crystal Andrea Pierce Goodman Grace Barry Daniel L. Byman Donald Cuneo Ktipcu George JW Goodman Joseph W. Bartlett Louis W. Cabot James B. Cunningham Desiree Geneva Andrew J. Goodpaster Timothy J. Bartlett Dawn T. Calabia Kenneth A. Cutshaw Filippone Stuart Gottlieb Kirsten Leigh Bartok Dan Caldwell Geoffrey D. Dabelko Barbara D. Finberg Peter G. Gould Francis M. Bator Robert J. Callander Michael A. Dal Bello Seymour Maxwell Finger Stephen Richards Frank D. Bean David Patrick Calleo Dorinda G. Dallmeyer Lawrence S. Finkelstein Graubard Perry S. Bechky Colin G. Campbell Lori Fisler Damrosch Sonya L. Finley Joseph N. Greene Jr. David Z. Beckler David Arthur Campbell Russell J. DaSilva Paul B. Finney G. Jonathan Greenwald Andrea D. Begel David A. Caputo Nathaniel Davis Stephen E. Flynn Hugh D.S. Greenway Burwell B. Bell Lisa M. Caputo Horace G. Dawson Jr. S. Robert Foley Jr. Vartan Gregorian Jonathan N. Bell John Carey Arnaud de Borchgrave Edward T. Foote II Wallace C. Gregsonjr. Mack Bell Sarah C. Carey Jean-Christophe William Fulbright Foote Alyssa A. Grikscheit Steve Bell David A. Carmel Gerald R. Ford Brandon Grove Esther T. Benjamin de Swaan William D. Carmichael Jason William Forrester Eugenia Katherme Douglas K. Bereuter Rajesh De Charles William Brenda Lei Foster Jonathan E. Berman Edwin A. Deaglejr. Guilmartin Donald T. Fox Jan Berris Carson Jr. Jonathan Dean Celine Stephanie Joseph Carrere Fox Richard K. Betts Barry E. Carter Alfred C. DeCrarfeJr. Gustavson Hodding Carter HI Brewster C. Denny Thomas M. Franck Edwin O. Guthman 62 DEVELOPMENT * Robert D. Haas Lee W. Huebner Lansing Lamont Christopher J. Makins Emily Moto Murase D. Blake Haider Gary C. Hufbauer David M. Lampton Wendy A. Maldonado Deroy Murdock Alexander M. Haigjr. Lynn N. Hughes Carol J. Lancaster Steven J. Mariotti Richard W Murphy Earl B. Hailston R. John Hughes George W Landau David E. Mark Douglas P Murray Nisid J. Hajari Ellen H. Hume Jim Alfred Lande Hans M. Mark Martha Twitchell Muse James D. Halper William Curt Hunter Nicholas Payne Lapham Dale Rogers Marshall Stephen A. Myrow D. Holly Hammonds J. C. Hurewitz Richard D. Lawrence E Ray Marshall Steven J. Naplan Larry Hanauer Sol Hurwitz Gordon Nathaniel Katherine Marshall James A. Nathan Stephen Handelman David Wallace Irwin Lederman Zachary Blake Marshall Haleh Nazeri Herbert J. Hansell John Jay Iselin Ernest S. Lee Walter E. Massey John D. Negroponte Carl Thor Hanson Steven L. Isenberg Maren Leed Gerald M. Mayer Jr. Merlin E. Nelson Evie Hantzopoulos Adam R. Isles Mildred Robbins Leet Edward McCann Richard D. Nelson Katherine Anderson Paul Jabber Orin Lehman John W McCarter Jr. Richard A. Nenneman Hardin Sarah Jackson John Foster Leich Kathleen D. McCarthy Andre Newburg Todd Christopher Hart Mark R. Jacobson Marc E. Leland John J. McCloyll Pamela J. Newman Arthur A. Hartman Francis John James Alexander T.j. Lennon Robert L. McClure Pauline Newman Jon K. Hartzell David P Janes Sarah G.J. Lennon Robert C. McFarlane Richard T. Newman John H.E Haskell Jr. Karen H. Johnson Marcel J. Lettre II David E. McGiffert David D. Newsom Gina Marie L. Hatheway Larry D. Johnson Herbert Levin Laura A. Mcintosh Jennifer G. Newstead John Resor Hauge Willene A. Johnson Kenneth Joel Levit John E. McLaughlin M. Diana Helweg William Locke Hauser David C. Jones Jonathan E. Levitsky Doyle McManus Newton Margaret Daly Hayes James R. Jones Jeremy I. Levitt Jason D. McManus Rosemary Neaher Fred Haynes Kali Chantelle Jones Bernard Lewis Dennis L. McNamara Niehuss Thomas B. Hayward Geri M. Joseph Stephen R. Lewis Jr. Thomas L. McNaugher Eric S. Nonacs Lisa W. Heald Kenneth I. Juster Cynthia C. Lichtenstein Brian C. McPeek Lynne Dominick Charles B. Heck Eric John Kadeljr. James E. Lieber Lawrence C. McQuade Novack J. Bryan Hehir Philip M. Kaiser Keith L. Lieberthal Jessica C. McWade Milena K. Novy-Marx Harry Leonard Heintzen Shanthi A. Kalathil Jessica K. Liebowitz Robert E Meagher J. Benjamin H. Nye Robert C. Helander Max M. Kampelman Sally L. Lilienthal Adrienne Medawar Robert B. Oakley John L. Helgerson Roger E. Kanet Franklin A. Lindsay Bruce Paul Mehlman Don Oberdorfer Jane J. Heller Stanley Karnow Mark W Lippert Irene W. Meister Carol O'Cleireacain Richard M. Heller Brian M. Katulis Robert E. Litan Sarah E. Mendelson Walter E O'Connor Daniel P. Henninger Abraham Katz Robert S. Litwak Saul H. Mendlovitz William E. Odom Ernesto E Hernandez III Stanley N. Katz Betty Wen Ssu Liu Claire Sechler Merkel Raymond C. Frederic E Herter Kira Kay Eric E Liu David Austin Merkel Offenheiserjr. Arthur Hertzberg Carl Kaysen Robert Gerald Livingston Theodor Meron Joseph A. OHare Robert E. Herzstein Juliette N. Kayyem George Cabot Lodge John Robert Meyer L. Jay Oliva Sylvia Ann Hewlett Farhad Kazemi Bevis Longstreth Harold J. Meyerman David Andrew Olson Neal L. Higgins Charlotte G. Kea Bette Bao Lord Martin Meyerson William Clinton Olson Edward T. Hightower Barbara L. Kellerman Winston Lord Elizabeth Midgley Joseph N. Onek Sonja Hillgren David Kellogg Linda S. Lourie Judith B. Milestone Robert C. Orr Ruth Hinerfeld John H. Kelly Stephen Low Charles R. Miller Susan Sherer Osnos Rachel Hines Peter B. Kenen Abraham E Lowenthal Debra L. Miller E Taylor Ostrander Deane R. Hinton Christopher J. Kennan James Milton Loy Martha Miller Stephen T. Ostrowski John L. Hirsch Ann Zwicker Kerr Donald Lu Matthew L. Miller Henry David Owen Jim Hoagland W Carl Kester C. Payne Lucas John A. Millington George C. Paine II Matthew Todd Hobart Henry L. King William H. Luers Bradford Mills Matthew A. Palmer Amoretta M. Hoeber Judith Kipper Jane Holl Lute Susan Linda Mills Jeremiah S. Pam Malcolm I. Hoenlein Stephen D. Kiser Richard W Lyman Frank J. Mirkow Eric J. Pan Bruce Hoffman Karin L. Kizer Thomas E Lynch III Wandra G. Mitchell Gerald L. Parsky George Roberts Hoguet Monica Vegas Kladakis James E. Lyons George D. Moffett Carlos E. Pascual Mary Elizabeth Hoinkes David Klein Richard Kent Lyons Walter E Mondale Parag Patel John L. Holden Jack Wilbur Klimp Marcus Mabry William S. Moody Hugh T. Patrick Henry Allen Holmes William Allen Charles Frederick John Norton Moore Stewart M. Patrick Eric Allan Hoist Knowlton MacCormack Charles R. Morris Michael D. Patterson Pat M. Holt George Kolt Bruce Walter MacDonald Lloyd N. Morrisett Roland A. Paul John D. Holum Andrzej Korbonski Consuelo Cotter Mack Kenneth E Morse Brigid Myers Pavilonis Gary N. Horlick Louis Kraar Eileen R. Mackevich Alfred H. Moses Federico E Pefia Alan W. Horton Jay L. Kriegel Bruce K. MacLaury Michael David Mosettig Richard D. Perera Bradley C. Hosmer Kate M.J. Kroeger John Dewitt Macomber Joel W Motley Don Peretz Amory Houghton Jr. Roger M. Kubarych Robert M. Macyjr. Virginia A. Mulberger Edward J. Perkins A. E. Dick Howard Drew J. Ladner Krista M. Magras David C. Mulford Roswell B. Perkins Christopher Bernard Denis Lamb Paul G. Mahoney Steven Muller Robert C. Perry Howard James H. Lambright Charles S. Maier Stuart B. Munsch Mary Ann Peters 63 DEVELOPMENT Michael E Peters William R. Richardson Robert C. Seamans Jr. Lesley R. Stahl Marsha Vande Berg David H. Petraeus Dena Ringold Jonathan E. Sears Stephen Stamas Martina E. Vandenberg Richard W. Petree Nayla M. Rizk Mark S. Seasholes Kristen Staples Durkin Richard R. Verma Stephen R. Petschek Carla Anne Robbins James B. Seaton III Eugene S. Staples Alice S. Victor Peter J. Pettibone Walter R. Roberts Sheldon J. Segal Steven E. Steiner Richard Noyes Viets Steven B. Pfeiffer David Z. Robinson Eugene A. Sekulow Edward S. Steinfeld Milton Viorst Christopher H. Phillips Torrance W Robinson Frank W. Sesno John D. Stempel Charls E. Walker Lawrence W Pierce Hays H. Rockwell John W Sewell Angela Evelyn Stent Gregg Alexander Walker Andrew J. Pierre J. Hugh Roff Jr. Jeffrey R. Shafer Alfred C. Stepan Christine I. Wallich Paul R. Pillar William D. Rogers Mark A. Shaheen Michael E. Sterner Ian Kennard Walsh Donald L. Pilling ErvinJ. Rokke Andrew L. Shapiro Evan Stewart Anthony John Walton Walter H. Pincus Alan D. Romberg Daniel B. Shapiro Robert B. Stobaugh R. Keith Walton William A. Pizer Arthur H. Rosen Jason T. Shaplen Christopher B. Stone Katherine T. Ward Alan A. Piatt Daniel H. Rosen Daniel A. Sharp Donald B. Straus Margaret G. Warner Richard L. Plepler Mark B. Rosenberg Dorothy C. Shea Thomas E Stroock John L. Washburn Rutherford M. Poats Mitchell S. Rosenthal Sally Swing Shelley Rose Styron William Watts Gerald A. Pollack Ronald W Roskens Joanna Reed Shelton Ryung Suh Dennis Weatherstone MarquitaJ. Pool-Eckert Elspeth Davies Rostow Gary M. Shiffman Mona K. Sutphen Leroy Snyder Wehrle Arturo C. Porzecanski William M. Roth Raymond Shonholtz Francis X. Sutton Steven Weinberg George H. Poste Linda D. Rottenberg Donald W Shriver Cedric Suzman Sidney Wemtraub Matthew E Pottinger Edward L. Rowny Gary G. Sick Carl Axel Swanson David L. Weller Thomas Powers Nilmini Gunaratne Robert B. Silvers John Temple Swing Samuel E Wells Jr. Timothy E. Powers Rubin Adele Simmons Phillips Talbot Allan Wendt Elizabeth M. Prescott Philip C. Rudder Ruth J. Simmons C. Bruce Tarter Mitzi Mallina Wertheim William H. Press Neil L. Rudenstine Eugene B. Skolnikoff William Taubman Michael R. Wessel John R. Price Jr. Dakota S. Rudesill Matthew J. Slaughter James P Thomas Jr, Elisa M. Westfield Raymond K. Price Jr. William A. Rugh Paul S. Slawson Troy S. Thomas Julia A. White Daniel B. Prieto III Carol Knuth Sakoian Ann Brownell Sloane James A. Thomson Christine Todd Whitman Luis M. Proenza George R. Salem Margaret Sloane Paul E. Tierneyjr. Elizabeth Roberts Wilcox William T. Pryce Steven B. Sample Lawrence M. Small Kristen Timothy Serena B. Wille Robert H. Puckett Michael A. Samuels S. Bruce Smart Jr. Sarah Livingston Harold M. Williams Anthony C.E. Quainton Alison B. Sander Jeffrey H. Smith Timpson Howard Roy Williams William B. Quandt Marlene Sanders Malcolm B. Smith Terence A. Todman Margaret Douglas Michelle A. Smith Robert W. Radtke Miriam Sapiro Jonathan R Torop Williams Richard M. Smith Fernande Scheid Raine Stephen Thomas Jeanne Maddox Donald M. Wilson John Raisian W. Y. Smith Sargeant Toungara Philip S. Winterer R. Sean Randolph L. Britt Snider Ralph Southey Saul Harry D. Train II Frank G. Wisner Clark T. Randt Jr. Timothy D. Snyder Harold H. Saunders Russell E. Train Tamara Cofman Wittes Gustav Ranis Andrew Wallace Robert A. Scalapino Bernard E. Trainor Kent Wosepka Robin Lynn Raphel Matthew Schaffer Solomon Adam J. Treanor Phoebe L. Yang J. Thomas Ratchford Jerrold Schecter Anthony M. Solomon John Elting Treat Daniel Yankelovich Jack Raymond Jacqui Selbst Schein Joshua N. Solomon Peter D. Trooboff David B. Yoffie Charles E. Redman Frank W Schiff Richard H. Solomon Edwin M. Truman Casimir A. Yost Charles B. Reed Stephen C. Schlesinger Robert Solomon H. Anton Tucher Alice Young William Sears Reese Kurt L. Schmoke Tara Diane Sonenshine Astrid S. Tuminez M. Crawford Young Saskia S. Reilly James L. Schoff Helmut Sonnenfeldt Richard H. Ullman Frederick T.C. Yu Jeffrey A. Reinke Richard E Schubert Richard W Sonnenfeldt Cornelius M. Ulman Raul H. Yzaguirre Elizabeth J. Remick G. Edward Schuh Juliet Suzanne Sorensen Marybeth Peterson Donald S. Zagoria Thomas E Remington Jill A. Schuker Stephen A. Spagnuolo Dov S. Zakheim Renate Rennie Ulrich George D. Schwab Blake A. Spahn Brett I.W Zbar Nicholas A. Rey Sara Vagliano Susan Carroll Schwab Jonathan S. Spaner Anthony Charles Zinni John H.Rich Jr. Vijay V Vaitheeswaran William W. Schwarzer Joshua B. Spero Jonathan L. Zittrain Stephen H. Richards Gregory E. van der Vink Stephen M. Schwebel Ronald I. Spiers Marvin Zonis David B. Richardson Michael H. Van Dusen Norman P Seaerave J. Andrew Spindler Barry Zorthian Henry J. Richardson III John Van Oudenaren 64 Committees of the Board 2004–2005 EXECUTIVE FINANCE AND BUDGET Karen Elliott House April Kanne Donnellan† David B.H. Denoon Peter G. Peterson, Chair Michael H. Moskow, Morton L. Janklow Charles F. Dunbar Padma Desai Carla A. Hills, Vice Chair Chair Melanie M. Kirkpatrick Mimi L. Haas Michael B.G. Froman Robert E. Rubin, Richard E. Salomon, Marcus Mabry† Katherine Anderson Francis Fukuyama Vice Chair Vice Chair‡ L. Camille Massey Hardin† John Lewis Gaddis Jeffrey Bewkes Roger C. Altman‡ Raffiq A. Nathoo Jay T. Harris Melvin L. Heineman Henry S. Bienen John H. Biggs§ Peter L.W. Osnos Mont P. Hoyt James F. Hoge Jr.* Lee Cullum Jessica P. Einhorn‡ Ponchitta Pierce Alberto Ibargüen James M. Lindsay* Kenneth M. Duberstein Gail D. Fosler§ Richard L. Plepler Richard A. Joseph John P. Lipsky Martin S. Feldstein Stephen C. Freidheim‡ Douglas E. Schoen John H. Kelly Abraham F. Lowenthal Helene D. Gayle Joachim Gfoeller Jr. Ron Silver Richard Mallery Haleh Nazeri† Michael H. Moskow Michael D. Granoff§ Anne-Marie Slaughter Judith B. Milestone Steven L. Rattner Joseph S. Nye Jr. J. Tomilson Hill‡ Maurice Sonnenberg Michael H. Moskow Robert E. Rubin Thomas R. Pickering Carla A. Hills Joan E. Spero Lynne Dominick Scott D. Sagan Richard E. Salomon Henry Kaufman‡ Amina Tirana Novack Anne-Marie Slaughter Carl B. Menges‡ Malcolm H. Wiener Ronald L. Olson Gordon C. Stewart CORPORATE AFFAIRS George J. Mitchell James D. Zirin Judith K. Paulus Peter Tarnoff Kenneth M. Duberstein, Joel W. Motley Henry H. Perritt Jr. Marc Alexander Chair Karen Elizabeth Parker MEMBERSHIP Michael P. Peters Thiessen Richard N. Foster, Feld‡ Lee Cullum, Chair Pearl T. Robinson Richard H. Ullman Vice Chair Arthur Mark Rubin† Joan E. Spero, Vice Chair Donna E. Shalala Marta B. Varela Jeffrey Bewkes Kenneth I. Starr‡ Richard I. Beattie David K.Y. Tang Ernest James Wilson III Joyce Chang-Robbins Scott L. Swid† Stephanie K. Bell-Rose Peter Tarnoff Frank G. Wisner Saj Cherian† Laura D’Andrea Tyson Sergio J. Galvis Ted Van Dyk Daniel H. Yergin Samuel A. DiPiazza Robert G. Wilmers‡ Helene D. Gayle Marsha Vande Berg Fareed Zakaria Bart Friedman Fareed Zakaria James M. Goldgeier Jay M. Vogelson Maurice R. Greenberg Robert Lawrence Merit E. Janow Andrew Young WASHINGTON PROGRAMS Joseph M. Ha Zangrillo† Richard Mallery Philip W. Yun Thomas R. Pickering, Ruth R. Harkin Stephen A. Orlins Chair Morton L. Janklow FOREIGN AFFAIRS Henry H. Perritt Jr. NOMINATING Thomas E. Donilon, James R. Jones Martin S. Feldstein, Chair Orville Hickok Schell AND GOVERNANCE Vice Chair Virginia Ann Kamsky Fouad Ajami Thomas Schick Henry S. Bienen, Chair Madeleine K. Albright Ira A. Lipman Warren Bass† Vin Weber Madeleine K. Albright Pauline H. Baker Ken Miller John Lewis Gaddis Raul H. Yzaguirre Daniel William Mark F. Brzezinski Alan Joel Patricof Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Christman Edwin A. Deagle Jr. Thomas R. Pickering David Greenberg Term Membership Kenneth M. Duberstein Thomas R. Donahue E. John Rosenwald Jr. Rita E. Hauser Sergio J. Galvis, Chair Richard N. Foster Marsha A. Echols Seymour Sternberg Jim Hoagland Juju Chang Nancy A. Jarvis Douglas J. Feith Alan J. Stoga Richard C. Holbrooke Robert J. Chaves Maria Elena Lagomasino Lauri J. Fitz-Pegado Enzo Viscusi Karen Elliott House Ronald Irvin Christie† Sylvia M. Mathews Charles Gati John H. Watts John J. Mearsheimer C. Shelby Coffey III Edward J. Mathias Carl Samuel Gershman Frank G. Wisner Rodney W. Nichols Joy E. Drucker Theodore Roosevelt IV Michael H. Haltzel I. Peter Wolff Louis Perlmutter Laura L. Efros James Baker Sitrick Robert W. Helm Elisabeth N. Sifton Lukas Harrison Haynes† G. Richard Thoman Carla A. Hills DEVELOPMENT Maurice Sonnenberg William J. Long James A. Thomson James V. Kimsey Richard E. Salomon, Joshua L. Steiner M. Diana Helweg R. Keith Walton Mark P. Lagon Chair Anita Volz Wien Newton† Dave K. McCurdy Henry S. Bienen Samantha F. Ravich STUDIES Alberto J. Mora Joseph S. Nye Jr. MEETINGS Nancy E. Soderberg Joseph S. Nye Jr., Chair Mark Palmer Ronald L. Olson Jeffrey Bewkes, Chair Elliot Stein Martin S. Feldstein, Peter R. Rosenblatt Carole Artigiani George H. Young III Vice Chair Warren B. Rudman Barbara Crossette Richard V. Allen Tara Diane Sonenshine *Ex officio Mallory Factor NATIONAL PROGRAMS Jesse H. Ausubel Terence A. Todman †Term Member Bart Friedman Helene D. Gayle, Chair Laurence Merrill Band Michael H. Van Dusen ‡Serves also on the Investment Subcommittee Sergio J. Galvis Robert John Abernethy Hans Binnendijk Vin Weber §Serves also on the Malcolm I. Hoenlein Dan Caldwell Avis T. Bohlen W. Bruce Weinrod Audit Committee James F. Hoge Jr.* Lee Cullum W. Bowman Cutter R. James Woolsey 65 2005 Board Election The Council’s By-Laws provide for a Board consisting of 30 date was put forth. A ballot was mailed to all Council mem- directors (plus the president, ex officio), divided into five bers on April 18. classes of six directors. Each class serves for a term of five At the Annual Meeting for the Election of Directors on May years. In each class, three directors are elected by the member- 24, 2005, 1,679 members participated in person or by proxy, ship and three are appointed by the Board. fulfilling the quorum required by By-Law V. No name was writ- Directors with terms expiring on June 30, 2005, were Jes- ten on ten or more ballots cast at the meeting, and, therefore, sica P. Einhorn, Louis V. Gerstner Jr., George J. Mitchell, Robert no one was nominated for the 2006 election by the write-in E. Rubin, Warren B. Rudman, and Andrew Young. procedure outlined in the By-Laws. Bart Friedman, Donald S. The Nominating and Governance Committee was com- Rice, and Barbara Paul Robinson served as election overseers. posed of Henry S. Bienen (chair), Madeleine K. Albright, The following nominees were elected for five-year terms begin- Daniel William Christman, Kenneth M. Duberstein, Richard ning July 1, 2005, and expiring June 30, 2010: Charlene N. Foster, Nancy A. Jarvis, Maria Elena Lagomasino, Sylvia Barshefsky, Stephen W. Bosworth, and Tom Brokaw. M. Mathews, Edward J. Mathias, Theodore Roosevelt IV, Under current procedures, the Board completed the Class James Baker Sitrick, G. Richard Thoman, James A. Thomson, of 2010 by appointing three directors. Acting on the recom- and R. Keith Walton. On January 7, 2005, the chair invited mendation of the Nominating and Governance Committee, at the Council membership to propose possible candidates. The its June 9 meeting the Board appointed the following three Nominating and Governance Committee met on March 15 to Council members to serve five-year terms beginning July 1, consider the pool of names suggested by Council members 2005, and expiring June 30, 2010: Peter Ackerman, David M. for the three elective vacancies. Mindful of its mandate to Rubenstein, and Robert E. Rubin. Additionally, the Board con- consider “the need for diversity with regard to age, sex, race, firmed the appointment of Peter G. Peterson to the Class of geographical representation, and professional background,” 2007 and Carla A. Hills to the Class of 2009.* the Nominating and Governance Committee developed the Lilita V. Gusts following slate of nominees: Charlene Barshefsky, Douglas K. Secretary Bereuter, Jewelle Bickford, Stephen W. Bosworth, Tom *To ensure an orderly transition in Council leadership, the Board of Brokaw, and Alice Young. On March 25, Council members Directors at its October 2000 meeting approved changes in the By-Laws were notified of the slate and of the petition process available that enable a chairman and/or vice chairman to continue to serve on the to them in accordance with the By-Laws. No petition candi- Board, on a year-to-year basis. Chairman’s Advisory Council The Chairman’s Advisory Council was established to assist the Board in overseeing a number of important program areas. In 2004–2005 it focused on the Council’s Independent Task Forces, Term Member Program, and outreach initiative. The group is chaired by Council Chairman Peter G. Peterson, with Thomas E. Donilon and David K.Y. Tang as vice chairs, and is composed of the following Council members from around the country: Peter G. Peterson Stanley S. Arkin Sergio J. Galvis Arnold Kanter Steven L. Rattner Chairman Stephanie K. Bell-Rose Timothy F. Geithner Maria Elena Scott D. Sagan Thomas E. Donilon Jewelle Bickford Joachim Gfoeller Jr. Lagomasino David E. Sanger Vice Chairman Denis A. Bovin Mimi L. Haas Ira A. Lipman Thomas Schick David K.Y. Tang Patrick M. Byrne J. Tomilson Hill Marcus Mabry Douglas E. Schoen Vice Chairman Dan Caldwell Alberto Ibargüen Sylvia M. Mathews Barbara Shailor Robert John Bart Friedman Merit E. Janow Richard L. Plepler Alice Young Abernethy Michael B.G. Froman Eason T. Jordan Penny S. Pritzker Note: The Chairman’s Advisory Council list is current as of September 1, 2005. 66 International Advisory Board The International Advisory Board (IAB), established by the Babagana Kingibe (Nigeria), Special Envoy for Sudan, African Board of Directors in 1995 under the chairmanship of David Union; former Foreign Minister of Nigeria Rockefeller, Honorary Chairman of the Council, meets annu- Yotaro Kobayashi (Japan), Chairman and Chief Executive ally in conjunction with the fall Board meeting to offer per- Officer, Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. spectives on a broad range of matters of concern to the Rahmi M. Koç (Turkey), Honorary Chairman, Koç Holdings A.S. Council. IAB members are invited to comment on institutional programs and strategic directions, and on practical opportuni- Luiz Felipe Lampreia (Brazil), Chairman of the Board of ties for collaboration between the Council and institutions Trustees, Centro Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais; for- abroad. They also provide invaluable international insights mer Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil into U.S. foreign policy in discussions on a variety of issues— Maurice Lévy (France), Chairman of the Management Board from the need for new strategies and institutions for the and Chief Executive Officer, Publicis Groupe S.A. twenty-first century, to the value of multilateral approaches Juan March (Spain), Chairman, Juan March Foundation and toward world problems, to ways to foster democratization. Juan March Institute for Advanced Studies in Social Sciences The IAB includes the following distinguished individuals: Brian Mulroney (Canada), Senior Partner, Ogilvy Renault; Syed Babar Ali (Pakistan), Adviser, Packages Limited; Chairman, former Prime Minister of Canada Interbank; former Minister of Finance, Economic Affairs, and Sari Nusseibeh (Palestinian Authority), President, Al-Quds Planning, Pakistan University Khalid A. Alturki (Saudi Arabia), Chairman, Trading and Sadako Ogata (Japan), President, Japan International Cooper- Development Company (TRADCO) ation Agency; former UN High Commissioner for Refugees Mukesh D. Ambani (India), Chairman and Managing Director, Ana Palacio (Spain), Member of Parliament, Spain; former Reliance Industries Ltd. Foreign Minister of Spain Franco Bernabè (Italy), Vice Chairman, Rothschild Europe Surin Pitsuwan (Thailand), Member of Parliament, Thailand; Carl Bildt (Sweden), Chairman, Kreab AB; former Prime Min- former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand ister of Sweden Prannoy Roy (India), President, New Delhi Television, Ltd. Ahmed E. Bishara (Kuwait), Secretary-General, National Demo- Zalman Shoval (Israel), Head, Foreign Policy Bureau, Likud cratic Movement; Professor, Kuwait University Party; former Ambassador of Israel to the United States John Browne (United Kingdom), Group Chief Executive, BP plc Khehla Shubane (South Africa), Director, RMB Holdings Mark C. Chona (Zambia), Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Washington SyCip (Philippines), Chairman and Founder, Sumika Consultancy and Management Services Ltd.; former SGV Group; Chairman, Asian Institute of Management Political Adviser to the President of Zambia Horst Teltschik (Germany), President, Boeing Germany; for- Gustavo A. Cisneros (Venezuela), Chairman and CEO, Cis- mer National Security Adviser of Germany neros Group of Companies Jacob Wallenberg (Sweden), Chairman, SEB Group Abdel Raouf El Reedy (Egypt), Chairman, Mubarak Public Library; former Ambassador of Egypt to the United States Jusuf Wanandi (Indonesia), Member of the Board of Directors, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta Niall W.A. FitzGerald (Ireland), Chairman, Reuters Group plc Shirley V.T. Brittain Williams (United Kingdom), Member, Alejandro Foxley (Chile), Member, Senate of Chile; former House of Lords Minister of Finance of Chile Yuan Ming (China), Director, Institute for International Rela- Jacob A. Frenkel (Israel), Vice Chairman, American Interna- tions, Beijing University tional Group, Inc.; former Governor, Bank of Israel Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (Mexico), Director, Center for Mikhail Fridman (Russia), Chairman of the Board, Alfa Bank the Study of Globalization, Yale University; former President Toyoo Gyohten (Japan), President, Institute for Interna- of Mexico tional Monetary Affairs; Senior Adviser, Bank of Tokyo- Mitsubishi, Ltd. Note: The International Advisory Board list is current as of September 1, 2005. 67 By-Laws of the C ouncil I. All members of the Council shall be elected time to time by the Board of Directors con- the time of his or her election, shall be desig- by the Board of Directors. All members cerning the conduct of Council meetings or nated by the Board of Directors to occupy elected to the Council, other than those the attribution of statements made therein, either (i) the position on the Board that whose term of membership is limited by the and that any disclosure, publication, or other would otherwise be occupied by the Presi- conditions of their election, remain members action by a member in contravention thereof dent, if the President is not then serving as a until death, resignation, or action under the may be regarded by the Board of Directors in Director, ex officio, or (ii) any vacancy last paragraph of this By-Law. its sole discretion as ground for termination among the three Directors in each class sub- The Board of Directors may elect honorary or suspension of membership pursuant to ject to appointment by the Board. members with such membership rights, Article I of the By-Laws. B. At each Annual Election of the Council, excluding the right to vote in Council affairs, three Directors shall be elected to replace the as the Board may designate. III. Members other than honorary members outgoing class of elected Directors. Terms of In any fiscal year, the Board is not con- of the Council shall pay the following dues all Directors, both elected and appointed, shall strained in the number of persons elected to per annum: commence on the first day of July next fol- five-year term membership so long as the Business Nonbusiness lowing their election or appointment. A Direc- total number of term members does not New York Area tor, whether elected or appointed, who has exceed 15 percent of the total membership. served three years or more of a five-year term Under 40 $1,470 $350 The terms and conditions of such member- shall be eligible subsequently for election or 40 and Over 2,860 640 ship shall be as prescribed by the Board, pro- Washington, DC, Area appointment to a single consecutive term. vided that those elected to such membership C. Directors are expected faithfully to Under 40 $1,180 $280 are between the ages of 30 and 36 on January attend Board and Board Committee meetings 40 and Over 2,290 510 1 of the year in which their election would National to which they are assigned. A Director who take place, and that so long as their term con- fails to attend two-thirds of all such regularly Under 40 $ 800 $200 tinues such members will have the full rights scheduled Board and Board Committee meet- 40 and Over 1,550 350 and privileges of Council membership. ings in any two consecutive calendar years The Board of Directors may establish such For purposes of this By-Law, nonbusiness shall be deemed to have submitted his or her other special categories of membership hav- members are those who are regular members resignation to be accepted at the pleasure of ing such rights and privileges, and subject to of the faculty of any accredited educational the Chairman of the Board. The Board shall such conditions, as the Board may designate. institution, who are in the public service, have the power to fill any vacancy in its A New York Area member is one whose who are on the staff of a voluntary organiza- membership. A Director appointed to fill a residence or principal place of business is tion, or who are accredited writers, commen- vacancy created by the retirement, resigna- within 50 miles of City Hall in the Borough of tators, journalists, or other media tion, or death of a Director previously elected Manhattan, City of New York. A Washington, correspondents. All other members, except by the membership at large shall be nomi- DC, Area member is one whose residence or honorary members, are business members. nated by the Nominating and Governance principal place of business is within 50 miles All dues shall be paid annually or semian- Committee as the sole candidate in the next of the Capitol in the District of Columbia. All nually in equal installments in advance. Annual Election to complete the balance of other members are National. All members Default in the payment of any dues for a the unexpired term. other than honorary members shall be citi- period of 60 days may be deemed to be equiv- zens of the United States or permanent resi- alent to resignation. V. A. The Annual Meeting of Members shall dents of the United States who have made be held in New York City as soon as practica- application to become citizens. IV. A. There shall be a Board of not more than ble after the end of the fiscal year, as deter- A member may be dropped or suspended 31 Directors. The President of the corpora- mined by the Chairman of the Board. At this from membership for a period of six months tion shall be a Director, ex officio, unless oth- meeting the Board of Directors shall present a or more only by a unanimous vote of those erwise provided by resolution of the Board of report of the activities of the Council during Directors attending a meeting of the Board at Directors and agreed to by the President. The the past year, and such other business shall which a quorum is present and voting, for remaining members of the Board of Directors be considered as shall be brought forward by any violation of the By-Laws or rules or regu- shall be divided into five equal classes, each or with the sanction of the Board of Directors lations of the Board of Directors, or for any class to serve for a term of five years and until and that shall have been stated in the notice conduct even though not in actual violation their successors are elected and take office. convening the meeting. of a By-Law or rule that, in the opinion of the Each class shall consist of three Directors One-third of the voting members of the Board, is nevertheless prejudicial to the best elected directly by the membership at large Council shall constitute a quorum for the interests, reputation, and proper functioning and three Directors appointed by the Board. transaction of business. Members may be of the Council. A member’s privileges may be Following each Annual Election but prior to represented by proxy. suspended for a period of up to six months the commencement of the term of the new B. The Annual Election of Directors of the by action of the President subject to approval Directors, the Board shall appoint three Council shall be held at a meeting in New by the Chairman of the Board. Directors to serve in the same class as the York City on a date set by the President or the three Directors elected at the Annual Elec- Chairman of the Board within 13 months of II. It is an express condition of membership in tion. Any Chairman or Vice Chairman of the the preceding meeting at which Directors the Council, to which condition every mem- Board elected on an interim basis pursuant to were elected. Directors shall be elected by bal- ber accedes by virtue of his or her member- Article VII who is not a Director at the time lot. Ballots will be mailed to all members in ship, that members will observe such rules of his or her election, shall during the period advance of the Annual Election and may be and regulations as may be prescribed from of such interim service be a Director and, at returned by mail or may be delivered in per- 68 By-Laws of the Council son or by proxy. The ballot shall contain (i) composed of no fewer than three members of Council shall be referred to the Committee the name of each member who is nominated the Board and such other members of the for its consideration, and the Committee by the Nominating and Governance Com- Board as the Committee Chairman deems shall submit to the Board its nominations for mittee as a candidate for the class of Directors appropriate. The Committee shall have the election to membership. scheduled for election in that year, (ii) the power to co-opt no fewer than ten additional The Nominating and Governance Com- name of any member appointed to a vacancy members who shall not be members of the mittee shall be composed of no fewer than in the Board and nominated by the Nominat- Board. The Committee shall help to plan, three members of the Board. The Committee ing and Governance Committee as the sole implement, and oversee the Council’s finan- shall present names for Directors, Officers, candidate to complete the balance of the cial development programs. and Committee members. For the purpose of unexpired term, (iii) the name of any mem- The Committee on Corporate Affairs shall nominating candidates to stand for election ber who is nominated in each class by a peti- be composed of no fewer than three mem- to the Board, the Committee shall co-opt ten tion signed by not fewer than ten members, bers of the Board and such other members of additional members who shall not be mem- and (iv) the name of any member who the Board as the Committee Chairman bers of the Board. The Chairman of the Nom- received not fewer than ten write-in votes in deems appropriate. The Committee shall inating and Governance Committee shall be the preceding election. Members may cast have the power to co-opt no fewer than ten selected by the Chairman of the Board from one vote for each of as many candidates as additional members who shall not be mem- among the Board members on the Commit- there are vacancies to be filled on the Board, bers of the Board. The Committee shall help tee. Neither the Chairman of the Board nor and the candidates with the highest number to plan, implement, and oversee the Corpo- the President shall be an ex officio member of of votes in each class will be declared elected rate Program. the Nominating and Governance Committee. as Directors. One-third of the voting mem- The Committee on Meetings shall be com- Both in co-opting members to its own body bers of the Council shall constitute a quorum posed of no fewer than three members of the and in nominating candidates for each year’s at the Annual Election Meeting. Administra- Board and such other members of the Board as Board election, the Nominating and Gover- tive details necessary to implement the Coun- the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. nance Committee is charged to keep in mind cil’s nomination and election procedures shall The Committee shall have the power to co-opt the need for diversity with regard to age, sex, be as prescribed by the President in consulta- no fewer than ten additional members who race, geographical representation, and profes- tion with the Chairman of the Board. shall not be members of the Board. The Com- sional background. In nominating candidates mittee shall have responsibility for overseeing for each year’s Board election, the Committee VI. The Board shall constitute such Commit- the Council’s program of general meetings and is also charged (i) to solicit the entire mem- tees as may from time to time be appropriate, institutional outreach activities involving elec- bership for the names of possible candidates including an Executive Committee, a Com- tronic and other broadcast media. and (ii) except as provided in By-Law IV(C) mittee on Finance and Budget, a Committee The Committee on Washington Programs to nominate twice as many candidates as on Corporate Affairs, a Committee on Devel- shall be composed of no fewer than three there are directorships to be filled at the elec- opment, a Committee on Meetings, a Com- members of the Board and such other mem- tion by the membership at large. mittee on Washington Programs, a bers of the Board as the Committee Chair- The Committee on Foreign Affairs shall be Committee on National Programs, a Com- man deems appropriate. The Committee composed of no fewer than three members of mittee on Membership, a Nominating and shall have the power to co-opt no fewer than the Board and such other members of the Governance Committee, a Committee on ten additional members who shall not be Board as the Committee Chairman deems Foreign Affairs, and a Committee on Studies. members of the Board. The Committee shall appropriate. The Committee shall have the Elections of Board members to Committees have responsibility for overseeing programs, power to co-opt no fewer than ten additional shall be held at Annual Meetings of the activities, services, and other initiatives to members who shall not be members of the Board, except that, on the nomination of the enhance participation in the Council by Board. All matters relating to the oversight Chairman of the Board, a Director may be members in Washington, DC. and management of the magazine shall be elected at any meeting of the Board to fill a The Committee on National Programs referred to the Committee. Committee vacancy. shall be composed of no fewer than three The Committee on Studies shall be com- The Executive Committee shall be com- members of the Board and such other mem- posed of no fewer than three members of the posed of the Chairman and Vice Chairmen of bers of the Board as the Committee Chair- Board and such other members of the Board the Board, the Chairmen of the standing man deems appropriate. The Committee as the Committee Chairman deems appropri- committees of the Board, and such other shall have the power to co-opt no fewer than ate. The Committee shall have the power to members of the Board as the Executive Com- ten additional members who shall not be co-opt no fewer than ten additional members mittee Chairman deems appropriate. During members of the Board. The Committee shall who shall not be members of the Board. All intervals between meetings of the Board, the have the responsibility for overseeing pro- suggestions relating to matters of research Committee may exercise the powers of the grams, activities, services, and other initia- shall be referred to it, and it shall be respon- Board to the extent permitted by law. tives to enhance participation in the Council sible for the initiation of research projects. The Committee on Finance and Budget by members in regions other than New York The Committee on Studies shall submit reg- shall be composed of no fewer than three City and Washington, DC. ular reports of its activities to the Board. members of the Board and such other mem- The Committee on Membership shall be Except as otherwise provided above, a co- bers of the Board as the Committee Chair- composed of no fewer than three members of opted Committee member shall serve for man deems appropriate. The Committee the Board and such other members of the such term as the Committee co-opting him shall have the power to co-opt no fewer than Board as the Committee Chairman deems or her shall determine, and during such term ten additional members who shall not be appropriate. The Committee shall co-opt two shall have the same rights and obligations as members of the Board. The Committee shall members who shall not be members of the other Committee members. One-third of the have general supervision of the investment of Board and who shall be under the age of 40 Directors and co-opted members, duly the funds of the Council and of its financial when co-opted, and shall have power to co- elected or appointed, shall constitute a quo- affairs, and shall present the budget at the opt no fewer than eight additional members rum at any meeting of any Committee. Par- Spring meeting of the Board. of any age who are not members of the Board. ticipation by conference telephone, or similar The Committee on Development shall be All names proposed for membership in the communication equipment allowing all per- 69 Rules, Guidelines, and Practices sons participating in the meeting to hear one the Chairman, may call meetings of the Board the President, any Vice President, the Trea- another at the same time, shall constitute and shall preside at all meetings of the Board surer, the Secretary, the Director of Finance, presence in person at a meeting. of Directors. the Editor of Foreign Affairs, and such other The President, subject to the overall direc- employees of the corporation as may from VII. The Officers of the corporation shall be a tion of the Board of Directors, shall be the time to time be designated by the Committee Chairman of the Board, one or more Vice Chief Executive Officer of the corporation. on Finance and Budget. Chairmen, a President, one or more Vice Pres- The Vice Presidents in order of seniority idents, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and such other shall discharge the duties of the President in X. The Annual Meeting of the Board shall be Officers as in the Board’s judgment may be his or her absence, and shall perform such held as soon as practicable after the first day required. The Board shall annually fix their other duties as from time to time shall be of September, as determined by the Chair- compensation. The Chairman of the Board assigned them by the Board of Directors. man of the Board. One-third of the Directors shall be elected for a term of five years and The Treasurer shall have custody of the in office shall constitute a quorum at any shall be eligible for reelection to a second term. funds of the corporation. meeting of the Board. The Chairman shall be eligible to complete The Secretary shall conduct the corre- any such term without regard to By-Law limi- spondence of the corporation, and shall keep XI. These By-Laws may be amended at any tations on the number or tenure of Directors. its records. meeting of the Board of Directors, provided Pending election of a Chairman to a five year notice of the proposed amendment shall have term and subject to the By-Law limitation on VIII. The Board shall appoint the Editor of For- been given at a previous meeting or circu- the number of Directors, for purposes of assur- eign Affairs and the Director of Studies, if any, lated in writing to the members of the Board ing an orderly transition in governance, the and shall annually fix their compensation. not less than five days in advance. Board may elect a Chairman and/or Vice Chairman to serve, on an interim basis, for one IX. The funds of the corporation shall be XII. Any person made, or threatened to be or more terms of up to 12 months each. The invested by the Committee on Finance and made, a party to any action or proceeding, Chairman and any Vice Chairman shall be eli- Budget or shall be deposited with trust com- whether civil or criminal, by reason of the gible for election to any such term, on an panies or banking institutions designated by fact that he or she, his or her testator or intes- interim basis, without regard to By-Law limi- either the Board of Directors or the Commit- tate, is or was a Director or Officer of the tations on the tenure of Directors or Officers. tee on Finance and Budget. Disbursements Council, shall be indemnified by the Council, The other Officers of the corporation shall be shall be made only upon checks or vouchers and his or her expenses incurred in defend- elected annually by the Board of Directors. approved by any one of the following for ing such an action or proceeding shall be The Chairman of the Board, or in his or amounts up to $5,000 and by any two of the advanced by the Council, to the full extent her absence, a Vice Chairman designated by following for amounts of $5,000 and over: authorized or permitted by law. Rules, Guidelines, and Practices The following items describe important mental or other institutional affiliations, media and/or covered in the print media with Rules, Guidelines, and Practices of the Coun- subject to inevitable constraints upon their the agreement of the speaker and advance cil on Foreign Relations, with which mem- latitude to express opinions, take positions, announcement to other participants. bers and staff should familiarize themselves. or offer tentative judgments on public “Notwithstanding the above Rule, the affairs issues if they are speaking in a pub- Board of Directors may, from time to time, RULE ON FOREIGN POLICY POSITIONS lic forum or if their statements will be later prescribe rules governing the subsequent The following has been the policy of the attributed to them in public media or a release of any Council records. Council since its origin, reconfirmed by res- public forum. “While the substance of the above Rule olution of the Board of Directors on Sep- “Full freedom of expression is encour- has been in effect since the formation of the tember 11, 1973: aged at Council meetings. Participants are Council, its present formulation was “The Council shall not take any position assured that they may speak openly, as it is adopted by the Board of Directors on June 6, on questions of foreign policy, and no per- the tradition of the Council that others will 1977, on the recommendation of a special son is authorized to speak, or purport to not attribute or characterize their state- Advisory Panel on the Non-Attribution speak, for the Council on such matters.” ments in public media or forums or know- Rule, and subsequently amended on June 7, ingly transmit them to persons who will. All 1994. The minutes of the June 1977 meet- RULE ON NON-ATTRIBUTION participants are expected to honor that com- ing contain the following explanatory com- “The Council is a research and educational mitment. ments about the Rule: institution. Everyone who participates in a “An appropriate officer of the Council “The report recognizes that ‘media’ and Council meeting is encouraged to use and may, however, by advance announcement ‘public forum’ are vague terms. But they can disseminate ideas and information devel- declare this Rule inapplicable in whole or in nevertheless be rationally interpreted in the oped in the meeting. It is recognized, at the part to any particular Council meeting, and light of the purpose of the Rule. For exam- same time, that many Council guests and the presentation portion of the meeting may ple, the reformulation would make it legiti- members are, by reason of their govern- be recorded and broadcast on electronic mate for a U.S. governmental official to 70 rules, guidelines, and practices report by memo to his colleagues and supe- to their intellectual interest, experience, or “All conflicts shall be fully disclosed in riors what he learned at a Council meeting. expertise in international affairs. It is recog- writing to the Chair of the Nominating and Similarly, the reformulation recognizes that nized, however, that some speakers, particu- Governance Committee, or to the Director a lawyer may give such a memo to his part- larly those holding official positions, may of Human Resources and Deputy Chief ners, or a corporate officer to other corpo- not feel free to answer some questions, and, Operating Officer in the case of staff mem- rate officers. It would not be in compliance in such case, their declination will be bers who are not Officers. After receipt of with the reformulated Rule, however, for respected.” such notice, the Board may authorize the any meeting participant (i) to publish a Apart from the traditional meetings for transaction at issue, provided that (i) it does speaker’s statement in attributed form in a spouses and for sons and daughters of the not violate the law and (ii) the Director or newspaper; (ii) to repeat it on television or members, occasional meetings are also Officer having such conflict refrains from radio, or on a speaker’s platform, or in a open to guests of members. Guest privi- voting or otherwise attempting to influence classroom; or (iii) to go beyond a memo of leges are for those who have special expert- the decision thereon. The minutes of the limited circulation, by distributing the ise or experience that relates directly to the meeting shall reflect such disclosure and attributed statement in a company or gov- meeting, as well as the general qualifica- abstention. ernment agency newsletter. The language tions of potential candidates for Council “In the case of a staff member who is not of the Rule also goes out of its way to make membership. Members bringing guests an Officer, after disclosure by the Director of it clear that a meeting participant is forbid- should secure the permission of the Coun- Human Resources and Deputy Chief Oper- den knowingly to transmit the attributed cil department organizing the meeting and ating Officer to the Chief Operating Officer statement to a newspaper reporter or other acquaint their guests with the Council’s and the President, those Officers may such person who is likely to publish it in a Non-Attribution Rule governing what is choose to submit the question to the Board public medium. The essence of the Rule as said at meetings. or an appropriate Committee of the Board reformulated is simple enough: participants for a decision or to proceed with the trans- in Council meetings should not pass along POLICY ON CONFLICTS OF INTEREST action at issue, provided that proceeding an attributed statement in circumstances By resolution of the Council’s Board of does not violate the law. where there is substantial risk that it will Directors, adopted June 9, 2005, the follow- “When there is doubt as to whether a promptly be widely circulated or pub- ing policy concerning actual or potential conflict of interest exists, the matter shall be lished.” conflicts of interest was approved: resolved by a vote of the Board, excluding “The Directors, Officers, and staff of the the person concerned. GUIDELINES ON MEETINGS Council on Foreign Relations (the “Coun- “Nothing herein shall prevent the Coun- By resolution adopted on February 28, cil”) owe a duty of loyalty to the Council, cil from the payment of salary and other 1972, as subsequently amended, the Board which requires that in their positions, they compensation or the reimbursement of of Directors has prescribed the following act in the interest of the Council and not in expenses for personal services which are Guidelines governing Council meetings: their personal interests. Directors, Officers, reasonable and necessary to carrying out the “The purpose of meetings sponsored by and staff members may not use their posi- purpose of the Council, provided such pay- the Council on Foreign Relations is to pro- tions or nonpublic information about the ments or reimbursements are reasonable mote understanding of international affairs Council they obtain through their positions and not excessive. through the free interchange of ideas among in a manner that allows them to secure a “A copy of this policy shall be furnished participants. significant economic benefit, either directly to each Director at the time of his or her “In order to encourage to the fullest a or indirectly, for themselves or their imme- election or appointment to the Board and free, frank, and open exchange of ideas in diate family. In sum, it is the policy of the any renewal thereof, to each Officer who is Council meetings, the Board of Directors Council that its Directors, Officers, and staff a staff member annually at the time of their has prescribed, in addition to the Non-Attri- have the obligation to avoid ethical, legal, appointment at the fall meeting of the bution Rule, the following guidelines. All financial, or other conflicts of interest, and Board, and to other key staff members at the participants in Council meetings are the appearance thereof, and to ensure that time of hire. As a condition of service, the expected to be familiar with and adhere to their activities and interests do not conflict Council shall require each Director, Officer, these Guidelines. with their obligations to the Council or to and key staff member to sign the conflict of “1. Since the Council invites guests rep- its welfare. interest disclosure statement annually.” resenting many different viewpoints, since it “A conflict of interest or the appearance selects topics regardless of, or because of, thereof may exist but is not limited to a cir- ARCHIVAL PRACTICE their controversiality, and since there is a cumstance when any Director, Officer, or By resolution of the Council’s Board of wide divergence of viewpoints among mem- staff member, or member of his or her Directors, adopted June 3, 1999, all sub- bers, it is to be expected that Council meet- immediate family (defined for these pur- stantive records of the Council more than ings will sometimes be marked by sharp poses as a spouse or domestic partner, par- 25 years old are open for reference use dur- dispute. ents, children, siblings, and in-laws) or an ing library hours at the Seeley G. Mudd “2. Meetings chairmen are expected to affiliated entity, would have a significant Manuscript Library at Princeton University, stimulate open expression of opinion by all economic interest, directly or indirectly, in a subject to the following proviso: participants and should not attempt to transaction with the Council or any other “As a condition of use, the officers of the mute controversy or stifle differences of matter that may come before the Board or a Council shall require each user of Council viewpoint where they exist. To this end it is Board Committee. records to execute a prior written commit- the responsibility of chairmen to see to it “Conflicts of interest or appearances ment that he or she will not directly or indi- that all viewpoints expressed are treated thereof are not limited to financial interests, rectly attribute to any living person any with respect and that parliamentary deco- but include affiliations or other divided loy- assertion of fact or opinion based upon any rum is maintained. alties which may influence a decision or Council record without first obtaining from “3. Principal speakers should expect to be appear to cause favoritism in a matter such person his or her written consent questioned vigorously on any point relevant involving the Council. thereto.” 71 Historical Roster of D irectors and O fficers DIRECTORS Alfred C. Neal 1967–76 Robert F. Erburu 1987–98 Isaiah Bowman 1921–50 Bill Moyers 1967–74 Karen Elliott House 1987–98, Archibald Cary Coolidge 1921–28 Cyrus R. Vance 1968–76, 2003– Paul D. Cravath 1921–40 1981–87 Glenn E. Watts 1987–90 John W. Davis 1921–55 Hedley Donovan 1969–79 Thomas S. Foley 1988–94 Norman H. Davis 1921–44 Najeeb E. Halaby 1970–72 James D. Robinson III 1988–91 Stephen P. Duggan 1921–50 Bayless Manning 1971–77 Strobe Talbott 1988–93 John H. Finley 1921–29 W. Michael Blumenthal 1972–77, John L. Clendenin 1989–94 Edwin F. Gay 1921–45 1979–84 William S. Cohen 1989–97 David F. Houston 1921–27 Zbigniew Brzezinski 1972–77 Joshua Lederberg 1989–98 Otto H. Kahn 1921–34 Elizabeth Drew 1972–77 John S. Reed 1989–92 Frank L. Polk 1921–43 George S. Franklin 1972–83 Alice M. Rivlin 1989–92 Whitney H. Shepardson 1921–66 Marshall D. Shulman 1972–77 William J. Crowe Jr. 1990–93 William R. Shepherd 1921–27 Martha Redfield Wallace 1972–82 Thomas R. Donahue 1990–2001 Paul M. Warburg 1921–32 Paul C. Warnke 1972–77 Richard C. Holbrooke 1991–93, George W. Wickersham 1921–36 Peter G. Peterson 1973–83, 1996–99, Allen W. Dulles 1927–69 1984– 2001– Russell C. Leffingwell 1927–60 Robert O. Anderson 1974–80 Robert D. Hormats 1991–2004 George O. May 1927–53 Edward K. Hamilton 1974–83 John E. Bryson 1992–2002 Wesley C. Mitchell 1927–34 Harry C. McPherson Jr. 1974–77 Maurice R. Greenberg 1992–2002, Owen D. Young 1927–40 Elliot L. Richardson 1974–75 2004– Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928–72 Franklin Hall Williams 1975–83 Karen N. Horn 1992–95 Charles P. Howland 1929–31 Nicholas deB. Katzenbach 1975–86 James R. Houghton 1992–96 Walter Lippmann 1932–37 Paul A. Volcker 1975–79, Charlayne Hunter-Gault 1992–98 Clarence M. Woolley 1932–35 1988–99 Kenneth W. Dam 1992–2001 Frank Altschul 1934–72 Theodore M. Hesburgh 1976–85 Donna E. Shalala 1992–93 Philip C. Jessup 1934–42 Lane Kirkland 1976–86 Alton Frye 1993 Harold W. Dodds 1935–43 George H.W. Bush 1977–79 Richard N. Cooper 1993–94 Leon Fraser 1936–45 Lloyd N. Cutler 1977–79 Rita E. Hauser 1993–97 John H. Williams 1937–64 Philip L. Geyelin 1977–87 E. Gerald Corrigan 1993–95 Lewis W. Douglas 1940–64 Henry A. Kissinger 1977–81 Leslie H. Gelb 1993–2001, Edward Warner 1940–49 Winston Lord 1977–85 2002–2003 Clarence E. Hunter 1942–53 Stephen Stamas 1977–89 Paul A. Allaire 1993–2002 Myron C. Taylor 1943–59 Marina v.N. Whitman 1977–87 Robert E. Allen 1993–96 Henry M. Wriston 1943–67 C. Peter McColough 1978–87 Theodore C. Sorensen 1993–2004 Thomas K. Finletter 1944–67 Richard L. Gelb 1979–88 Garrick Utley 1993–2003 William A.M. Burden 1945–74 Graham T. Allison Jr. 1979–88 Carla A. Hills 1994– Walter H. Mallory 1945–68 William D. Ruckelshaus 1979–83 Helene L. Kaplan 1994–96 Philip D. Reed 1945–69 James F. Hoge Jr. 1980–84 Frank G. Zarb 1994–96 Winfield W. Riefler 1945–50 George P. Shultz 1980–82 Robert B. Zoellick 1994–2001 David Rockefeller 1949–85 William D. Rogers 1980–90 Les Aspin 1995 W. Averell Harriman 1950–55 Walter B. Wriston 1981–87 Mario L. Baeza 1995–2001 Joseph E. Johnson 1950–74 Lewis T. Preston 1981–88 Peggy Dulany 1995–2003 Grayson Kirk 1950–73 Warren Christopher 1982–91 Jessica P. Einhorn 1995–2005 Devereux C. Josephs 1951–58 Alan Greenspan 1982–88 William J. McDonough 1995–2004 Elliott V. Bell 1953–66 Robert A. Scalapino 1982–89 Frank Savage 1995–2002 John J. McCloy 1953–72 Harold Brown 1983–92 George Soros 1995–2004 Arthur H. Dean 1955–72 Stanley Hoffmann 1983–92 Hannah Holborn Gray 1995–98 Charles M. Spofford 1955–72 Juanita M. Kreps 1983–89 George J. Mitchell 1995–2005 Adlai E. Stevenson 1958–62 Brent Scowcroft 1983–89 Louis V. Gerstner Jr. 1995–2005 William C. Foster 1959–72 Clifton R. Wharton Jr. 1983–92 Lee Cullum 1996– Caryl P. Haskins 1961–75 Donald F. McHenry 1984–93 Vincent A. Mai 1997–2003 James A. Perkins 1963–79 B. R. Inman 1985–93 Warren B. Rudman 1997–2005 William P. Bundy 1964–74 Jeane J. Kirkpatrick 1985–94 Laura D’Andrea Tyson 1997– Gabriel Hauge 1964–81 Peter Tarnoff 1986–93 Roone Arledge 1998–2002 Carroll L. Wilson 1964–79 Charles McC. Mathias Jr. 1986–92 Diane Sawyer 1998–99 Douglas Dillon 1965–78 Ruben F. Mettler 1986–92 Martin S. Feldstein 1998– Henry R. Labouisse 1965–74 James E. Burke 1987–95 Bette Bao Lord 1998–2003 Robert V. Roosa 1966–81 Richard B. Cheney 1987–89, Michael H. Moskow 1998– Lucian W. Pye 1966–82 1993–95 John Deutch 1999–2004 72 historical roster of directors and officers Robert E. Rubin 2000– PRESIDENT EMERITUS SECRETARIES Andrew Young 2000–2005 Leslie H. Gelb 2003– Edwin F. Gay 1921–33 Kenneth M. Duberstein 2001– Allen W. Dulles 1933–44 Henry S. Bienen 2001– HONORARY PRESIDENTS Frank Altschul 1944–72 Joan E. Spero 2001– Elihu Root 1921–37 John Temple Swing 1972–87 Vin Weber 2001– Henry M. Wriston 1964–78 Judith Gustafson 1987–2000 Fouad Ajami 2002– Lilita V. Gusts 2000– Ronald L. Olson 2002– EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENTS Thomas R. Pickering 2002– John Temple Swing 1986–93 HONORARY SECRETARY Jeffrey L. Bewkes 2002– Michael P. Peters 2002–2005 Frank Altschul 1972–1981 Helene D. Gayle 2003– Richard N. Haass 2003– SENIOR VICE PRESIDENTS TREASURERS Richard E. Salomon 2003– Alton Frye 1993–98 Edwin F. Gay 1921–33 Anne-Marie Slaughter 2003– Kenneth H. Keller 1993–95 Whitney H. Shepardson 1933–42 Madeleine K. Albright 2004– Larry L. Fabian 1994–95 Clarence E. Hunter 1942–51 Richard N. Foster 2004– Michael P. Peters 1995–2002 Devereux C. Josephs 1951–52 Joseph S. Nye Jr. 2004– Paula Dobriansky 2001 Elliott V. Bell 1952–64 Fareed Zakaria 2004– Charles G. Boyd 2001–2002 Gabriel Hauge 1964–81 Peter Ackerman 2005– David Kellogg 2002– Peter G. Peterson 1981–85 Charlene Barshefsky 2005– Janice L. Murray 2002– C. Peter McColough 1985–87 Stephen W. Bosworth 2005– Lewis T. Preston 1987–88 Tom Brokaw 2005– VICE PRESIDENTS James E. Burke 1988–89 David M. Rubenstein 2005– Paul D. Cravath 1921–33 David Woodbridge 1989–94 Norman H. Davis 1933–36 Janice L. Murray 1994– CHAIRMEN OF THE BOARD Edwin F. Gay 1933–40 Russell C. Leffingwell 1946–53 Frank L. Polk 1940–43 EDITORS OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS John J. McCloy 1953–70 Russell C. Leffingwell 1943–44 Archibald Cary Coolidge 1922–28 David Rockefeller 1970–85 Allen W. Dulles 1944–46 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928–72 Peter G. Peterson 1985– Isaiah Bowman 1945–49 William P. Bundy 1972–84 Henry M. Wriston 1950–51 William G. Hyland 1984–92 HONORARY CHAIRMEN David Rockefeller 1950–70 James F. Hoge Jr. 1992– John J. McCloy 1970–1989 Frank Altschul 1951–71 David Rockefeller 1985– Devereux C. Josephs 1951–52 DIRECTORS OF STUDIES David W. MacEachron 1972–74 Percy W. Bidwell 1937–53 VICE CHAIRMEN OF THE BOARD John Temple Swing 1972–86 Philip E. Mosely 1955–63 Grayson Kirk 1971–73 Alton Frye 1987–93 Richard H. Ullman 1973–76 Cyrus R. Vance 1973–76, William H. Gleysteen Jr. 1987–89 Abraham F. Lowenthal 1976–77 1985–87 John A. Millington 1987–96 John C. Campbell 1977–78 Douglas Dillon 1976–78 Margaret Osmer-McQuade 1987–93 Paul H. Kreisberg 1981–87 Carroll L. Wilson 1978–79 Nicholas X. Rizopoulos 1989–94 William H. Gleysteen Jr. 1987–89 Warren Christopher 1987–91 Karen M. Sughrue 1993–98 Nicholas X. Rizopoulos 1989–94 Harold Brown 1991–92 Abraham F. Lowenthal 1995–2005 Kenneth H. Keller* 1994–95 B. R. Inman 1992–93 Janice L. Murray 1995–2002 Ethan B. Kapstein 1995–96 Jeane J. Kirkpatrick 1993–94 David J. Vidal 1995–97 Kenneth R. Maxwell 1996 Maurice R. Greenberg 1994–2002 Ethan B. Kapstein 1995–96 Gary C. Hufbauer 1997–98 Carla A. Hills 2001– Frederick C. Broda 1996–97 Lawrence J. Korb 1998–2002 William J. McDonough 2002–2003 Kenneth R. Maxwell 1996 Michael P. Peters 2002–2003 Robert E. Rubin 2003– Gary C. Hufbauer 1997–98 James M. Lindsay 2003– David Kellogg 1997–2002 HONORARY VICE CHAIRMAN Paula J. Dobriansky 1997–2001 DIRECTORS OF MEETINGS Maurice R. Greenberg 2002– Anne R. Luzzatto 1998– George S. Franklin 1949–50 Lawrence J. Korb 1998–2002 William Henderson 1952–54, PRESIDENTS Elise Carlson Lewis 1999– 1955–56 John W. Davis 1921–33 Robert C. Orr 2002–2003 Melvin Conant 1954–55,* George W. Wickersham 1933–36 Irina A. Faskianos 2002– 1956–57,* Norman H. Davis 1936–44 Lisa Shields 2003– 1957–59 Russell C. Leffingwell 1944–46 James M. Lindsay 2003– George V.H. Moseley III 1959–62 Allen W. Dulles 1946–50 Nancy E. Roman 2004– Harry Boardman 1962–69 Henry M. Wriston 1951–64 Suzanne E. Helm 2005– Zygmunt Nagorski Jr. 1969–78 Grayson Kirk 1964–71 Marilyn Berger 1978–79 Bayless Manning 1971–77 EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS Margaret Osmer-McQuade 1979–93 Winston Lord 1977–85 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1922–28 Karen M. Sughrue 1993–98 John Temple Swing* 1985–86 Malcolm W. Davis 1925–27 Anne R. Luzzatto 1998–2005 Peter Tarnoff 1986–93 Walter H. Mallory 1927–59 Nancy D. Bodurtha 2005– Alton Frye 1993 George S. Franklin 1953–71 Leslie H. Gelb 1993–2003 Richard N. Haass 2003– * pro-tempore 73 AR5-74-81 8/31/05 7:08 PM Page 74 budget and finance The Council’s finances continued to strengthen in fiscal year portfolio, and to the individuals, corporations, and foundations 2005, thanks to growth in the portfolio, which increased 11 per- that helped the Council maintain a sound financial base. We also cent over the prior fiscal year, and other major revenue streams, thank the Finance and Budget Committee, chaired by Michael including membership, the corporate program, and annual giving Moskow, and the Audit Committee, chaired by John Biggs, for (up 22 percent, 24 percent, and 15 percent, respectively, over fis- their oversight of the Council’s finances. cal year 2004). Janice L. Murray We are grateful to the Council’s investment subcommittee Senior Vice President, Treasurer, chaired by J. Tomilson Hill for its stewardship of the Council’s and Chief Operating Officer STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION As of June 30, 2005 and 2004 2005 2004 Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,572,300 $ 3,431,700 Accounts receivable (net of allowance of $238,600 in 2005 and $0 in 2004) and prepaid expenses 1,140,100 1,427,500 Grants and contributions receivable (Note 5) 2,219,800 3,366,800 Contributions receivable for endowment (Note 5) 2,605,500 2,742,200 Inventories 246,600 98,500 Investments (Note 3) 187,797,200 169,039,900 Land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, net (Note 6) 24,478,800 25,069,500 Total $ 222,060,300 $205,176,100 Liabilities and Net Assets Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 4,671,600 $ 4,743,800 Deferred subscription revenue 2,563,300 2,315,000 Accrued postretirement benefits (Note 8) 2,037,000 1,971,000 Total liabilities 9,271,900 9,029,800 Net assets (Notes 9 and 10): Unrestricted 102,460,900 88,378,200 Temporarily restricted 39,129,800 38,200,600 Permanently restricted 71,197,700 69,567,500 Total net assets 212,788,400 196,146,300 Total $ 222,060,300 $205,176,100 See notes to financial statements. 74 AR5-74-81 8/31/05 7:08 PM Page 75 budget and finance STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIES For the year ended June 30, 2005, with comparative totals for the year ended June 30, 2004 Restricted 2005 2004 Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Total Total Operating revenue, support, and reclassifications Membership dues $ 4,396,700 $ 4,396,700 $ 3,612,200 Annual giving 4,277,000 4,277,000 3,720,300 Corporate memberships and related income 5,504,200 5,504,200 4,429,500 Meetings 4,300 110,000 114,300 154,300 International Affairs Fellowships 85,000 85,000 80,000 Grants and contributions for Studies 531,750 3,409,700 3,941,450 2,686,600 Other grants and contributions 96,200 490,100 586,300 302,000 Foreign Affairs 6,329,100 6,329,100 6,605,800 Book publication 39,900 39,900 46,900 Investment return used for current operations (Note 4) 1,894,700 3,362,500 5,257,200 6,650,700 Rental income 1,324,500 1,324,500 794,500 Miscellaneous 89,050 95,400 184,450 212,300 Total operating revenue and support 24,487,400 7,552,700 32,040,100 29,295,100 Net assets released from restrictions (Note 9) 8,510,000 (8,510,000) — — Total operating revenue, support, and reclassifications 32,997,400 (957,300) 32,040,100 29,295,100 Operating expenses Program expenses: Studies Program 11,000,600 11,000,600 11,560,400 Meetings Program 2,939,200 2,939,200 2,901,100 Special events 609,500 609,500 432,700 Foreign Affairs 5,931,700 5,931,700 5,171,900 Book publication 383,200 383,200 407,300 National Program 882,500 882,500 775,300 Websites 1,042,500 1,042,500 651,200 International Affairs Fellowships 456,300 456,300 995,200 Communications 994,300 994,300 834,800 Total program expenses 24,239,800 24,239,800 23,729,900 Supporting services: Management and general 4,187,800 4,187,800 4,228,800 Membership 1,301,000 1,301,000 835,500 Fund-raising: Development 328,000 328,000 318,000 Corporate Program 1,224,300 1,224,300 826,300 Total fund-raising 1,552,300 1,552,300 1,144,300 Total supporting services 7,041,100 7,041,100 6,208,600 Total operating expenses 31,280,900 31,280,900 29,938,500 Excess of operating revenue, support, and reclassifications over (under) operating expenses 1,716,500 (957,300) 759,200 (643,400) Nonoperating revenue (Note 2) Investment gain in excess of spending rate (Note 4) 10,380,400 2,463,500 12,843,900 11,791,900 Endowment contributions and reclassifications (Note 2) 1,985,800 (577,000) 1,630,200 3,039,000 3,178,800 Total nonoperating revenue 12,366,200 1,886,500 1,630,200 15,882,900 14,970,700 Change in net assets 14,082,700 929,200 1,630,200 16,642,100 14,327,300 Net assets, beginning of year 88,378,200 38,200,600 69,567,500 196,146,300 184,007,700 Prior period adjustments (Note 12) (2,188,700) Net assets, beginning of year as adjusted 181,819,000 Net assets, end of year $102,460,900 $39,129,800 $71,197,700 $212,788,400 $196,146,300 See notes to financial statements. 75 AR5-74-81 8/31/05 7:08 PM Page 76 budget and finance STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the year ended June 30, 2005 and 2004 2005 2004 Cash flows from operating activities: Change in net assets $ 16,642,100 $ 14,327,300 Prior period adjustments (2,188,700) Adjustments to reconcile change in net assets to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation 1,555,300 1,677,600 Net realized and unrealized gain on investments (18,210,800) (17,964,000) Contributions restricted for investment in endowment (1,630,200) (3,178,800) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses 287,400 (397,200) Grants and contributions receivable 1,147,000 3,575,400 Inventories (148,100) 28,900 Accounts payable and accrued expenses (72,200) 1,479,100 Deferred subscription revenue 248,300 (100,800) Accrued postretirement benefits 66,000 113,000 Net cash used in operating activities (115,200) (2,628,200) Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of building improvements and equipment (964,600) (4,433,700) Purchases of investments (255,933,500) (198,537,800) Proceeds from sales of investments 255,387,000 197,596,600 Net cash used in investing activities (1,511,100) (5,374,900) Cash flows from financing activities: Contributions restricted for investment in endowment 1,766,900 1,739,600 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 140,600 (6,263,500) Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 3,431,700 9,695,200 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 3,572,300 $ 3,431,700 See notes to financial statements. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS As of and for the years ended June 30, 2005 and 2004 1. ORGANIZATION Founded in 1921, the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. (the “Council”), is an independent, national membership organization and a nonpartisan center for scholars dedicated to producing and disseminating ideas so that individual and corporate members, as well as pol- icymakers, journalists, students, and interested citizens in the United States and other countries, can better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other governments. The Council does this by convening meetings; conducting a wide- ranging Studies Program; publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal covering international affairs and U.S. foreign policy; main- taining a diverse membership; sponsoring Independent Task Forces and Special Reports; and providing up-to-date information about the world and U.S. foreign policy on the Council’s website—www.cfr.org. The Council is a Section 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization exempt from federal income taxes under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) and is a publicly supported organization as described in Section 509(a)(1) of the Code. The Council is also exempt from state and local income taxes. It is subject to tax on unrelated business income, which has not been significant. 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Accounting—The financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 117, Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations. Accordingly, net assets and revenue, expenses, gains, and losses are classified based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions. The Statement of Activities includes certain prior year summarized comparative information in total, but not by net asset class. Such information does not include sufficient detail to constitute a presentation in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. 76 AR5-74-81 8/31/05 7:08 PM Page 77 budget and finance Accordingly, such information should be read in conjunction with the Council’s financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2004, from which the summarized information was derived. Cash and Cash Equivalents—The Council considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less, excluding cash equivalents held as investments, to be cash equivalents. Investments—The Council’s investments in marketable debt and equity securities are classified as available for sale and are recorded at their fair values, which are based on quoted market prices. Interest income is recorded on an accrual basis and dividend income is recorded based on the ex-dividend date. The Council’s investment in hedge funds, which consist of interests in investment limited part- nerships and investment companies, are carried as follows: • The Council’s investments in investment companies, represented by share ownership, are carried at the aggregate net asset value of the shares held by the Council. The net asset value is based on the net market value of the investment company’s investment portfolio as determined by the management of the investment company. • The carrying values of investments in investment limited partnerships reflect the Council’s net contributions to the respective part- nerships and its share of realized and unrealized investment income and expenses of the respective partnerships. Investments held by the investment limited partnerships generally are carried at fair value as determined by the respective general partners. Investments, in general, are exposed to various risks, such as interest rate, credit, and overall market volatility. As such, it is reasonably possible that changes in the values of investments will occur in the near term and that such changes could materially affect the amounts reported in the statements of financial position and activities. The fair value of certain of the Council’s investments is determined by the investments managers. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, the values determined by the investment managers may differ significantly from values that would have been used had a ready market for these investments existed, and the differences could be material. The Council has the ability to liquidate its investments in limited partnerships only periodically in accordance with the provisions of respective partnership agreements. Land, Buildings and Building Improvements, and Equipment—The Council follows the practice of capitalizing expenditures for land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment and generally depreciates these assets on the straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (see Note 6). The fair value of donated property and equipment is similarly capitalized and depreciated. Deferred Compensation—The Council has deferred compensation arrangements with current employees. Investment earnings accrue to the benefit of the employees. Deferred compensation liabilities and accrued earnings are included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the financial statements. Inventory—Inventory consists of paper that is stored offsite and used in the printing of the bimonthly publication Foreign Affairs. Inven- tory is stated at the lower of cost (first in, first out method) or market. Net Asset Classifications—The Council considers all contributions and grants to be available for unrestricted use unless specifically restricted by the donor or grantor. Endowment contributions are invested and, pursuant to the Council’s 5% spending policy (see Note 4), an investment allocation is made for general purposes (unrestricted) and specific program activities (temporarily restricted). In the accompanying financial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into three net asset classes: unre- stricted, temporarily restricted, and permanently restricted. Unrestricted net assets consist of funds that are fully available, at the discretion of management and the Board of Directors, for the Council to utilize in any of its program or supporting services. Temporarily restricted net assets consist of funds that are restricted by donors for a specific time period or purpose. Permanently restricted net assets consist of funds that must be maintained intact in perpetuity but permit the Council to expend part or all of the income derived from the investment of the donated assets for either specified or unspecified purposes. During the year, it was discovered that certain endowment contributions received in a prior year that were recorded as both temporarily and permanently restricted net assets, were intended to be unrestricted contributions. These contributions have been reclassified to unre- stricted net assets. Support and Revenue—Contributions, including a portion of membership dues, are recorded when received unconditionally, at their fair value. Gifts received with donor stipulations that limit the use of donated assets are reported as either temporarily or permanently restricted support. When a donor restriction expires, that is, when a time restriction ends or purpose restriction is fulfilled, temporarily restricted net assets are reclassified as unrestricted net assets and reported in the statement of activities as net assets released from restric- tions. It is the Council’s policy to imply a time restriction on gifts of long-lived assets and contributions to be used to acquire long-lived assets in the absence of explicit donor restrictions to that effect, using the estimated useful life of the asset. Membership dues are recorded as membership dues revenue in the period that relates to the member’s duration of membership. Conditional contributions, such as grants with matching requirements, are recognized in the appropriate net asset class when the con- ditions have been met. Payments for subscriptions to Foreign Affairs are recognized as revenue over the period during which the subscriptions are fulfilled. Measure of Operations—The Council includes in its definition of operations all revenues and expenses that are an integral part of its pro- grams and supporting activities, including an authorized investment income allocation (see Note 4) and all contributions except for those that are restricted for capital expenditures or have been permanently restricted by donors. Investment income, including net realized and unrealized gains and losses, earned in excess of (or less than) the Council’s aggregate authorized spending amount, contributions for cap- ital expenditures, and contributions to permanently restricted net assets are recognized as nonoperating activities. 77 AR5-74-81 8/31/05 7:08 PM Page 78 budget and finance Use of Estimates—The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompa- nying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Allocation of Expenses—The cost of providing the various programs and the supporting services has been summarized on a functional basis in the statements of activities. Accordingly, certain costs have been allocated by management among the programs and supporting services benefited as a percentage of all direct program expenses. Recent Accounting Pronouncements—In December 2003, the FASB issued SFAS No. 132 (Revised), Employer’s Disclosure about Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, an amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, and 106 (“SFAS No. 132-R”). SFAS No. 132-R retains disclosure requirements of the original statement and requires additional disclosures relating to assets, obligations, cash flows, and net periodic benefit costs. The adoption of the disclosure provisions of SFAS No. 132-R in fiscal June 2004 did not have a material effect on the Council’s financial statements. Reclassifications—Certain 2004 amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2005 presentation. Such reclassifications did not affect total net assets. 3. INVESTMENTS The components of the Council’s long-term investments as of June 30, 2005 and 2004, respectively, are as follows: 2005 2004 Cost Carrying Value Cost Carrying Value Domestic equity securities $ 54,837,800 $ 60,695,800 $ 45,086,700 $ 56,316,900 International equity securities 18,986,000 26,367,600 16,365,100 22,873,300 Foreign and corporate bonds 13,188,800 13,083,500 4,484,300 4,500,100 U.S. government agency obligations 13,087,900 13,019,800 22,654,700 22,644,400 Hedge funds 39,419,100 61,995,000 33,428,400 50,242,900 Money market funds 12,635,500 12,635,500 12,462,300 12,462,300 Total $ 152,155,100 $ 187,797,200 $134,481,500 $169,039,900 The hedge funds in which the Council has invested may trade various financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. These finan- cial instruments include securities sold short and long, options contracts and foreign currency forward contracts. Such transactions sub- ject the hedge funds and their investors to market risk associated with changes in the value of the underlying securities, financial instruments, and foreign currencies, as well as the risk of loss if a counterparty fails to perform. The respective hedge fund managers endeavor to limit the risk associated with such transactions. 4. INVESTMENT ALLOCATION It is Council policy to make an annual investment allocation for the support of operations up to 5% of the average market value of invest- ments for the three previous years. Amounts allocated to the unrestricted net asset classes is at the discretion of the Council. Amounts allo- cated to the temporarily restricted net asset class are based on the donors’ stipulations. As of June 30, 2005, and June 30, 2004 (with comparative totals), investment income has been reported as follows: Year Ended June 30, 2005 Temporarily 2004 Unrestricted Restricted Total Total Dividends and interest, net of investment expenses of $2,182,600 ($1,366,200 for 2004) $ (74,400) $ (35,300) $ (109,700) $ 478,600 Net realized and unrealized gain 12,349,500 5,861,300 18,210,800 17,964,000 Total return on investments 12,275,100 5,826,000 18,101,100 18,442,600 Investment return used for current operations (1,894,700) (3,362,500) (5,257,200) (6,650,700) Investment gain in excess of spending rate $ 10,380,400 $ 2,463,500 $12,843,900 $11,791,900 5. GRANTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVABLE AND CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVABLE FOR ENDOWMENT Receivables consist substantially of promises to give and are due from individuals, corporations, and foundations. As of June 30, 2005 and 2004, amounts for contributions receivable for endowments that are due within one year are $2,434,500 and $2,742,200, respectively. Grants and con- tributions receivable and contributions receivable for endowment as of June 30, 2005 and 2004, respectively, are due to be collected as follows: 2005 2004 Less than one year $ 3,876,900 $4,247,100 One to five years 1,009,000 1,950,000 4,885,900 6,197.100 Less discount (at rates varying from 1.5% to 3.8%) (60,600) (88,100) Grants and contributions receivable, net $ 4,825,300 $6,109,000 78 AR5-74-81 8/31/05 7:08 PM Page 79 budget and finance 6. LAND, BUILDINGS AND BUILDING IMPROVEMENTS, AND EQUIPMENT Land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, at cost, as of June 30, 2005 and 2004, respectively, are summarized as follows: Estimated 2005 2004 Useful Life Land $ 1,854,300 $ 1,854,300 Buildings and building improvements 30,828,600 30,516,800 10–55 years Construction in progress 114,000 Equipment 5,854,400 8,589,400 3–15 years 38,651,300 40,960,500 Less accumulated depreciation (14,172,500) (15,891,000) $ 24,478,800 $ 25,069,500 Depreciation expense was $1,555,300 and $1,677,600 for the years ended June 30, 2005 and 2004, respectively. During 2005, assets fully depreciated were written off in the amount of $3,273,859. 7. RETIREMENT PLAN The Council has a defined contribution retirement plan covering all employees who meet the minimum service requirements. Payments, which are 12.5% of each participant’s salary for employees hired prior to July 1, 1998, and 10% for each participant hired after this date, are made to Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association and College Retirement Equities Fund to purchase individual annuities for plan members. The expense for the plan was $977,400 for 2005 and $921,800 for 2004, respectively. Participants must contribute 2.5% of their salaries and have the option to make additional contributions on their own behalf. 8. OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS The Council provides certain health care and life insurance benefits for its retired employees. Employees are eligible for those benefits when they meet the criteria for retirement under the Postretirement Plan (the “Plan”). The following information presents the Plan’s disclosures under the provisions of SFAS No. 132-R. Obligations and funded status as determined as of the end of the year measurement date: 2005 2004 Benefit obligation, end of year $(3,541,000) $(3,332,000) Net amount recognized in the statements of financial position (2,037,000) (1,971,000) The Council funds expenses and benefit payments as they are incurred annually and has not contributed funds to separate trusteed accounts to fund the accumulated postretirement benefit obligations. The discount rate used to determine the end of year obligation is 5.5% and 6.5% for the years ended June 30, 2005 and 2004, respectively. The postretirement benefits paid during the years ended June 30, 2005 and 2004, respectively, was $228,000 and $213,000. The postretirement benefit cost for the years ended June 30, 2005 and 2004, respectively, was $66,000 and $113,000 and was based on actuarial assumptions and a discount rate set as of the beginning of the year. The discount rate was 6.5% and 6.25% for the years ended June 30, 2005 and 2004, respectively, and the projected credit unit method was used for determining benefits earned during the year. Assumed health care cost trend rates at June 30: 2005 2004 Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year 9% 10% Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline 5% 5% Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate 2009 2009 Increasing the assumed medical care cost trend rates by 1% in each year would increase the accumulated postretirement benefit obli- gation at June 30, 2005, by $31,000. The following postretirement benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid: Year ending June 30, 2006 $ 233,000 2007 234,000 2008 236,000 2009 243,000 2010 247,000 2011–2015 1,223,000 79 AR5-74-81 8/31/05 7:08 PM Page 80 budget and finance 9. TEMPORARILY RESTRICTED NET ASSETS Temporarily restricted net assets as of June 30, 2005, are restricted for the following purposes or time periods: 2005 2004 Studies $ 27,616,100 $ 24,262,200 International Affairs Fellowships 4,391,800 4,200,500 Meetings 2,331,500 3,162,500 Capital expenditures 4,745,300 5,001,400 Other 45,100 1,574,000 $ 39,129,800 $ 38,200,600 Temporarily restricted net assets were released from restrictions for the fulfillment of the following purpose and time periods during the year ended June 30, 2005: 2005 2004 Studies $ 7,248,900 $ 7,896,800 International Affairs Fellowships 474,800 537,400 Meetings 514,700 454,600 Capital expenditures 260,000 217,400 Other 11,600 277,700 $ 8,510,000 $ 9,383,900 The amounts released from restrictions represent revenue recognized in prior years and expended in the current year. Some amounts of restricted gifts are received and spent in the same year and are also included in the release from restrictions. 10. PERMANENTLY RESTRICTED NET ASSETS At June 30, 2005, income earned on permanently restricted net assets is available for the following purposes: 2005 2004 Studies $ 44,442,700 $ 43,398,300 International Affairs Fellowships 6,066,200 6,066,100 Meetings 4,681,800 4,096,100 Library 1,021,000 1,021,000 Unrestricted as to use 14,986,000 14,986,000 $ 71,197,700 $ 69,567,500 11. COMMITMENTS The Council leases certain office facilities and equipment under operating lease arrangements. These leases consist of the Washington, DC, office space and various office equipment rentals. Future minimum payments for capital and noncancelable operating leases as of June 30, 2005, are as follows: Year ending June 30, 2006 $299,400 2007 299,400 2008 286,700 2009 21,600 2010 10,900 Total $918,000 Rent expense under the operating leases was $313,400 and $324,772 for the years ended June 30, 2005 and 2004, respectively. 12. PRIOR YEAR ADJUSTMENTS Subsequent to the issuance of the Council’s 2003 financial statements, the Council’s management discovered that a pledge from a donor in the amount of $2,000,000 that had previously been recorded as a receivable and unrestricted net assets was to be paid from the donor’s will. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards, No. 116, Accounting for Contributions Received and Contributions Made, intentions to give are not unconditional promises to give and therefore should not be recognized until such conditionals are met. As a result, beginning unrestricted net assets have been adjusted to reflect the $2,000,000 write-off. In addition, certain revenues from corporate memberships and rental activities had not been prorated between the fiscal periods over which the income was to be earned. At June 30, 2003, $94,600 of rental income and $85,300 of corporate memberships should have been deferred and recognized as revenues in fiscal 2004. As a result, beginning unrestricted net assets have been reduced to reflect the deferral of such income in the amount of $179,900. Lastly, certain pledges had not been discounted at the appropriate discount rate at June 30, 2003, and were overstated. As a result, beginning unre- stricted net assets have been reduced by $8,800. 80 AR5-74-81 8/31/05 7:08 PM Page 81 budget and finance Beginning unrestricted net assets at July 1, 2003, as previously reported $79,214,200 Prior period adjustment, write-off receivable balance (2,000,000) Prior period adjustment, corporate memberships and rental activities (179,900) Prior period adjustment, discount rate for pledges (8,800) Adjusted beginning unrestricted net assets at July 1, 2003 $77,025,500 INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT To the Board of Directors of Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. We have audited the accompanying statements of financial position of the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. (the “Council”), as of June 30, 2005 and 2004, the related statements of cash flows for the years then ended, and the statement of activities for the year ended June 30, 2005. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Council’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. The prior year summarized comparative information has been derived from the Council’s June 30, 2004, financial statements. We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes consideration of internal control over finan- cial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the cir- cumstance, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Council’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting princi- ples used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reason- able basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. at June 30, 2005 and 2004, its cash flows for the years then ended, and the changes in its net assets for the year then ended June 30, 2005, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. August 19, 2005 81 staff EXECUTIVE OFFICE Esther Pan Staff Writer Richard N. Haass President Mary Crane Editorial Coordinator Janice L. Murray Senior Vice President, Treasurer, Eben Kaplan Research Associate and Chief Operating Officer WEB PRODUCTION Eva Tatarczyk Executive Assistant to the President Tom Davey Executive Web Producer Siobhan Devine Special Assistant to the President Cree Frappier Manager of Web Design and Development Derek Berlin Research Associate Juan-Carlos Sobrino Web Producer Lilita V. Gusts Secretary of the Corporation Ian Crowther Assistant Web Producer Jeffrey A. Reinke Director of Member Relations (New York) COUNCIL PUBLISHING and Special Projects Patricia Lee Dorff Director of Publishing Sharon Herbst Program Coordinator, Special Projects Rachel R. Rosner Assistant Editor and Outreach Coordinator Leslie H. Gelb President Emeritus and Board Senior Fellow Darren Geist Research Associate to the President Emeritus and Board Senior Fellow STUDIES PROGRAM Elva Murphy Assistant to the President Emeritus and DIRECTOR OF STUDIES OFFICE Board Senior Fellow James M. Lindsay Vice President, Director of Studies, Maurice R. Greenberg Chair Alton Frye Presidential Senior Fellow Emeritus Lee Feinstein Deputy Director of Studies and Senior Fellow, TASK FORCE PROGRAM U.S. Foreign Policy and International Law Lee Feinstein Executive Director Janine Hill Associate Director Lindsay Workman Assistant Director Alicia Siebenaler Assistant Director Jean-Michel Oriol Budget Manager Avery Alpha Special Assistant to the Vice President FOREIGN AFFAIRS and Director of Studies EDITORIAL Robert D. Blackwill Counselor James F. Hoge, Jr. Editor, Peter G. Peterson Chair Gideon Rose Managing Editor AFRICA Jonathan D. Tepperman Deputy Managing Editor Princeton N. Lyman Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Stéphanie Giry Senior Editor Policy Studies Daniel Kurtz-Phelan Associate Editor Cheryl Igiri Research Associate Paul Musgrave Assistant Editor Ann Tappert Copy Editor ASIA Rosemary Hartman Assistant to the Editor Elizabeth C. Economy C.V. Starr Senior Fellow and Director of Asia Ann Hathaway Studies Coleman Assistant to the Managing Editor Jerome A. Cohen Adjunct Senior Fellow Arissa Sidoti Editorial Assistant Eric Heginbotham Senior Fellow Mahnaz Ispahani Adjunct Senior Fellow PUBLISHING Edward J. Lincoln Senior Fellow, Asia and Economic Studies David Kellogg Publisher Adam Segal Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow in China Elizabeth Daly Special Assistant to the Publisher Studies Lynda Hammes Associate Publisher Emma Aller Research Associate Rohit Reddy Advertising Manager R. Ashle Baxter Research Associate Michael Pasuit Senior Account Manager Mark Christopher Research Associate Joshua Holmes Assistant Circulation Manager Cobb Mixter Research Associate Lisa Lau Academic Publishing Coordinator Todd Robinson Research Associate Sacha Nana Advertising Sales and Production Assistant CENTER FOR PREVENTIVE ACTION William L. Nash General John W. Vessey Senior Fellow COUNCIL PUBLISHING AND WEBSITE for Conflict Prevention and Director David Kellogg Senior Vice President, Corporate Affairs, of the Center for Preventive Action and Publisher David L. Phillips Senior Fellow and Deputy Director Elizabeth Daly Special Assistant to the Senior Vice President, Jamie Ekern Research Associate Corporate Affairs, and Publisher MAURICE R. GREENBERG CENTER FOR GEOECONOMIC STUDIES CFR.ORG Benn Steil Acting Director, Maurice R. Greenberg Center Bernard Gwertzman Consulting Editor for Geoeconomic Studies, and Senior Fellow Lionel Beehner Staff Writer in International Economics Note: Staff shown as of August 31, 2005. 82 staff Caroline Atkinson Adjunct Senior Fellow NATIONAL SECURITY Jagdish N. Bhagwati Senior Fellow in International Economics Richard K. Betts Adjunct Senior Fellow David Braunschvig Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow for Max Boot Senior Fellow, National Security Studies Business and Foreign Policy Stephen E. Flynn Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow James P. Dougherty Adjunct Senior Fellow for National Security Studies Peter B. Kenen Whitney H. Shepardson Senior Fellow Ian Cornwall Research Associate Roger M. Kubarych Henry Kaufman Adjunct Senior Fellow Andrea Walther Research Associate in International Economics and Finance Gene B. Sperling Senior Fellow for Economic Policy, and SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Director of the Center on Universal Education Charles D. Ferguson II Fellow Ryann Manning Research Associate, Center on Universal David G. Victor Adjunct Senior Fellow Education Nita Colaço Research Associate Howard Brown Assistant to the Senior Fellow for Economic Linsday Iversen Research Associate Policy, and Director of the Center on Todd Robinson Research Associate Universal Education U.S. FOREIGN POLICY James Bergman Research Associate Isobel Coleman Senior Fellow, U.S. Foreign Policy Vanessa Buisson Research Associate Lee Feinstein Senior Fellow, U.S. Foreign Policy Nita Colaço Research Associate and International Law Ian Cornwall Research Associate Walter Russell Mead Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow Adam Fleisher Research Associate in U.S. Foreign Policy Melanie Gervacio Research Associate Scott Erwin Research Associate Lindsay Iversen Research Associate Bryan Gunderson Research Associate EUROPE Daniel Keegan Research Associate Mehlaqa Samdani Research Associate Charles A. Kupchan Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies James M. Goldgeier Adjunct Senior Fellow VISITING FELLOWS, 2005–2006 Stephen R. Sestanovich George F. Kennan Senior Fellow for Russian Colonel Mark A. and Eurasian Studies Bucknam USAF Military Fellow Elizabeth D. Colonel Peter R. Sherwood-Randall Adjunct Senior Fellow, Alliance Relations Mansoor USA Military Fellow Vanessa Buisson Research Associate Jane Arraf Edward R. Murrow Press Fellow Daniel Keegan Research Associate Nancy Bird Intelligence Fellow Joshua Marcuse Research Associate Evans J.R. Revere Cyrus R. Vance Fellow in Diplomatic Rositsa Petrova Research Associate Studies Stephanie GLOBAL HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT Kleine-Ahlbrandt International Affairs Fellow Laurie Garrett Senior Fellow for Global Health Saskia Reilly International Affairs Fellow Michelle T. McMurry Adjunct Fellow Isaiah Wilson International Affairs Fellow David G. Victor Adjunct Senior Fellow Emma Aller Research Associate Vanessa Buisson Research Associate Christine Quinn Research Associate Nita Colaço Research Associate Lindsay Iversen Research Associate Scott Rosenstein Research Associate MEETINGS Anne R. Luzzatto Vice President, Meetings and Outreach LATIN AMERICA Nancy D. Bodurtha Director, Meetings Julia E. Sweig Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow Anastasia M. La Follette Deputy Director, Meetings for Latin America Studies and Director Francesco Barbacci Assistant Director, Meetings of Latin America Studies Jennifer Berlin Assistant to the Vice President, Meetings Amanda Raymond Research Associate and Outreach Martina Donlon Program Coordinator, Meetings MIDDLE EAST Meaghan Mills Program Associate, Meetings Rachel Bronson Senior Fellow and Director, Middle East Vera Ranola Program Associate, Outreach and Gulf Studies Monti Burnett Administrative Assistant/ Steven A. Cook Douglas Dillon Fellow Database Coordinator Judith Kipper Director, Middle East Forum Henry Siegman Senior Fellow and Director, U.S./Middle East WASHINGTON PROGRAM Project Ray Takeyh Senior Fellow, Middle Eastern Studies Nancy E. Roman Vice President and Director Gail Israelson Executive Assistant to the Director, Jacqueline McLaren U.S./Middle East Project Miller Deputy Director, Washington Program Meredith Angelson Reseach Associate Jennifer Golden Associate Director, Meetings and Outreach Kareem Idriss Research Associate Linda Harsh Associate Director, Washington Office Brooke Lehman Research Associate, Middle East Forum Keri Nash Assistant to the Vice President and Director Sanam Vakil Research Associate Christine Zehender Events Manager Sofia Mancheno Program Coordinator 83 staff Daniel Karl Program Assistant ADMINISTRATION Emily McLeod Program Assistant Janice L. Murray Senior Vice President, Treasurer, CONGRESS AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY PROGRAM and Chief Operating Officer Nancy E. Roman Director FINANCE Natalya Anfilofyeva Assistant Director Peter Tyndale Director Michael Messmer Assistant Director J Joseph Maldonado Accounting Manager Jennifer Perez Senior Accountant Sigi Silvani Senior Accountant NATIONAL PROGRAM AND ACADEMIC OUTREACH Russell Mardonov Senior Accounting Associate Irina A. Faskianos Vice President, National Program and Linda Copeland Accounting Associate Academic Outreach Vera Langley Accounting Associate Jennifer A. Curtis Program Associate, National Program Myrna Morris Accounts Payable Associate and Academic Outreach HUMAN RESOURCES Mason C. Beard Program Assistant, National Program Jan Mowder Hughes Director and Deputy Chief Operating Officer and Academic Outreach Kerryn Kletter Deputy Director Archana Bharathan Program Assistant, National Program Nicolle Cestero Assistant Director and Academic Outreach Nikki Capellupo Human Resources Associate Cambria Hamburg Interdepartmental Program Associate CORPORATE AFFAIRS RECEPTION David Kellogg Senior Vice President, Corporate Affairs, Cristy Lemperle Reception Supervisor and Publisher Susan Allred Receptionist Elizabeth Daly Special Assistant to the Senior Vice President, LIBRARY AND RESEARCH SERVICES Corporate Affairs, and Publisher Lilita V. Gusts Director and Secretary of the Corporation Jacqui Selbst Schein Director Marcia L. Sprules Deputy Director Claire McClafferty Associate Director Michelle Baute Manager, Web Research Sources Diane McMahon Associate Director, DC Office Connie M. Stagnaro Research Intranet and Archives Coordinator Jana Gasn Assistant Director Ming Er Qiu Technical Services Coordinator Sue Fernando Corporate Affairs Associate Nicholaos Fokas Library Assistant Tara Medeiros Corporate Affairs Associate Barbara K. Miller Consulting Archivist INFORMATION SERVICES MEMBERSHIP AND FELLOWSHIP AFFAIRS Charles Day Chief Technology Officer Elise Carlson Lewis Vice President Deepak Trivedi Deputy Director Bessie Skoures Deputy Director, Term Member Program Richard Wawzycki Associate Director, and Manager, Website Katie Baldwin Program Associate Administration Nicole Bruno Program Associate, Term Member Program Albert Andrade Senior Help Desk Technician Aysha Ghadiali Program Associate Alice McLoughlin Assistant to the Chief Technology Officer Rita Perakis Program Associate Virginia Rolston Parrott Database Manager and Technical Trainer Valentina Barbacci Program Assistant Chris O. Sierra LAN Administrator Roberto Osoria Help Desk Technician SPECIAL EVENTS COMMUNICATIONS Valerie Post Director Lisa Shields Vice President Kathryn Hannan Special Events Coordinator Marie X. Strauss Deputy Director FACILITY OPERATIONS Anya Schmemann Communications Manager, DC Office Neftali Frank Alvarez Director Kathleen Zimmerman Assistant Director Phil Falcon Deputy Director Amy R. Gunning Communications Coordinator Ian Noray Facility Services Manager Howard Kelly Supervisor, Facility Operations Angel Cordova Facility Operations and Events Assistant DEVELOPMENT Gilbert Falcon Evening Facility Operations Assistant Suzanne E. Helm Vice President Anthony Ramirez Facility Operations Assistant Betty Kurdys Director of Annual and Planned Giving Edwin Santiago Evening Facility Operations Assistant Lena Moy Program Associate Jose Vargas Facility Operations Assistant Derek Velez Facility Operations Assistant Jeffrey A. Reinke Director of Member Relations (New York) Lawrence White Facility Operations Assistant and Special Projects Sharon Herbst Program Coordinator, Special Projects EVENTS MANAGEMENT Mark Hudson Events Manager William Cornell Assistant Events Manager Glen Goldman Audio Visual Technician 84 MEMBERSHIP The Council is a national membership organization with mem- signature or letterhead or must be supplemented with a signed bers divided almost equally among New York City, Washington, hard copy, sent via mail or fax. DC, and the rest of the country, plus those living overseas. The Council relies on its members for their active engagement, sub- RULES AND REGULATIONS stantive contributions, and support and counts on its members A candidate’s nominator bears the chief responsibility for seeing to identify and propose qualified prospects for membership. to it that filing deadlines for a candidacy are met and that all Membership development efforts are focused on identifying required documents are submitted to the Council’s Membership potential Council members from various professions, geo- Department in a timely manner. Candidates or their nominators graphic areas, and racial and ethnic groups, as well as on find- are responsible for securing seconding letters within the guide- ing qualified female candidates. lines prescribed below. Council members are advised to commit themselves to supporting a candidacy only when they can fairly MEMBERSHIP SELECTION PROCEDURES meet the requirements of the process and the expectations of New members are named twice a year by the Board of Directors, the candidates who depend on them for assistance. Please also which invites selected men and women to join based on the rec- note the following: ommendations of the Membership Committee. The committee, • Council membership is restricted to citizens of the United which meets twice a year, is composed of five members of the States or permanent residents of the United States who have Board and other non-Board members that the committee chair made application to become citizens. appoints. To be considered by the Membership Committee, • Members of the Council’s Board of Directors and Membership candidates must be proposed for membership by current Coun- Committee are precluded from nominating, seconding, or cil members. The roster of members is listed at the end of this writing supporting letters on any candidate’s behalf. annual report. • A member who is a spouse, close relative (such as a parent, At every meeting, the Membership Committee considers sig- sibling, cousin, etc.), or near in-law of a candidate may not nificantly more candidates than there are vacancies. Thus, it is formally propose or second that candidate for membership in inevitable that some nominations will appear before the commit- the Council. Members should also refrain from writing on tee on several occasions. Given the high level of the competition, behalf of clients. some candidates may never be elected even though they may • Members should write only in support of candidates whom embody many of the individual qualifications outlined below. they know well. Additionally, members are encouraged to make comparative judgments about candidates, where TERM MEMBERSHIP appropriate. The committee also advises members to write In an effort to reach out to the next generation of leaders, the no more than two letters per round (either one nominating Board has established a separate Term Membership Committee. letter and one seconding letter, or two seconding letters). This committee meets annually in the spring to evaluate candi- dates between the ages of 30 and 36 for consideration as five- NOMINATING LETTERS year term members of the Council. The selection process for Letters nominating a candidate for consideration by the Member- term membership is nearly identical to, although separate from, ship Committee should be no more than 500 words in length. that for life members. Initiated more than thirty years ago, the Please address the following criteria, which have always been program has grown to the point where the Board has decided to basic to the committee’s consideration of membership candidates: index the number of term members to no more than 15 percent of the total Council membership. • Intellectual attainment and expertise; • Degree of experience, interest, and current involvement in inter- BECOMING A MEMBER national affairs or in other areas affecting international affairs; Every candidate for life membership must be formally nominated • Promise of future achievement and service in foreign relations; in writing by one member and seconded by a minimum of three • Potential contributions to the Council’s work; other individuals. To be considered for term membership, candi- • Desire and ability to participate in Council activities; and dates must be nominated by one member and seconded by a min- • Standing among his or her peers. imum of two other individuals. The seconding letters do not need to be from Council members, but letters from members are SECONDING LETTERS strongly encouraged. It is recommended that at least one letter Seconding letters need not be as comprehensive (and should be from a current or former professional colleague be included. All no more than 300 words in length) but should amplify why, in candidates must complete a nominee information form, which the opinion of the writer, a given candidate should be consid- can be obtained from the Membership Department, and provide ered for Council membership. Thoughtful, candid, and suc- a curriculum vitae or chronological resume. If foreign-born, the cinct comments are far more important in nominating and candidate must submit a statement that he or she has been natu- seconding letters than formal endorsements of candidates. In ralized or is a permanent resident who has made formal applica- seconding letters particularly, writers should express why a tion for citizenship. All materials should be sent electronically to given candidate should be considered for Council membership [email protected]. E-mailed letters must include an electronic for reasons beyond the basic criteria above. 85 membership Although only three seconding letters are required to complete term membership candidates), after which point the candidate the application, additional letters may be submitted. Such letters may reactivate the file for consideration. The process is entirely are particularly helpful to the Membership Committee when they one of affirmative selection—i.e., from the large and evolving add information or insights about a candidate not already con- pool of nominees, the committee and the Board choose a num- tained in a previous letter. It is strongly recommended, however, ber of members without prejudice to the candidacies of those that applications contain no more than four seconding letters. remaining in the pool. All membership nominating and seconding letters should be e-mailed as text or Microsoft Word documents to PROFILE OF THE MEMBERSHIP [email protected]. Number Percentage of Members of Membership DEADLINES Location Strict observance of deadlines is essential to staff support of the New York Area 1,394 32 Membership Committee’s work, and we request your continu- Washington, DC, Area 1,311 31 ing cooperation. The preparation of individual membership National/International 1,569 37 files for submission to the Membership Committee is a contin- uing process. Candidates whose files are not completed in time Total 4,274 100 for any given meeting of the committee have their files carried Profession forward, without prejudice, to the subsequent meeting, but are Business 1,343 31 considered only if completed. Professors, Fellows, and Researchers 794 19 LIFE MEMBERSHIP Nonprofit 642 15 The deadlines for receipt of all materials for the two yearly meetings of the Membership Committee to consider life mem- Government 496 12 bership candidates are March 1 and September 15. Lawyers 313 7 University and College TERM MEMBERSHIP Administrators 275 6 The deadline for receipt of all materials for the annual meeting Journalists, Correspondents, of the Membership Committee to consider term membership and Editors 254 6 candidates is November 1. Other 157 4 Total 4,274 100 NOTIFICATION OF CANDIDATES Candidates recommended by the Membership Committee and Contact for all membership matters and correspondence: elected by the Board are so notified, as are their nominators and seconders. Candidates who are unsuccessful at any given meet- Elise Carlson Lewis ing remain eligible for consideration at a subsequent meeting of Vice President, Membership and Fellowship Affairs the committee, provided they submit new materials and secure Council on Foreign Relations additional letters of support. If a candidate is not elected after 58 East 68th Street, New York, New York 10021 two successive meetings at which he or she is considered, the Telephone: (212) 434-9483 • Fax: (212) 434-9801 application will be placed on hold for three years (one year for E-mail: [email protected] 86 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Aldrich, George H. Armstrong, C. Michael " Band, Laurence M. Bell, Thomas D. Jr. Alexander, Margo N. Armstrong, John Alexander Jr. Bandler, Donald K. Bell-Rose, Stephanie K. Alexander, Robert J. Armstrong, Lloyd Jr. Barber, Benjamin R. Bellamy, Carol Alford, William P. Arnhold, Henry H. Barber, Charles E Bellinger, John B. Ill Ali, Mustafa Javed Arnold, Millard W. Barber, James Alden Bello, Judith H. Allaire, Paul A. Aron, Adam M. Bardel, William G. Bencke, MatthewJ. Allan, Scott Hazzardjr. Aronson, Bernard W Barger, Teresa C. Bender, GeraldJ. Allbrittonjoe L. Aronson, Jonathan David Barkanjoel D. Benedict, Kennette M. Allen, J. Michael 111 Arsht, Adrienne Barkey, Henri J. Benmosche, Robert H. Allen, Jodie T. Art, Robert J. Barnes, Harry G. Jr. Bennet, DouglasJ. Allen, Lew Jr. Arthurs, Alberta Barnes, Michael D. Bennett, Andrew Owen Allen, Richard V Artigiani, Carole Barnett, E William Bennett, Christina A. Allen, William L. Asencio, Diego C. Barod, Raenu+ Bennett, Susan J. Allison, Graham T. Asmus, Ronald D. Barrett, Barbara McConnell Benshoof, Janet Allison, Richard C. Assousa, George E. Barrett, John Adams Benson, Lucy Wilson Almond, Michael A. Atkins, Benjamin A. Barry, Grace Bereuter, Douglas K. Alonzo, Anne L. Atkins, Betsy S. Barry, John L. Bergen, Peter Lampert Alpern, Alan N. AtwoodJ. Brian Barry, Lisa B. Bcrger, Marilyn Alter, Jonathan H. Auer, James E. Barry, Nancy M. Berger, Samuel R. Alterman,JonB. Aufhauser, David D. Barry, Thomas Corcoran Berger, Suzanne Altman, Roger C. Augustine, Norman R. Barshefsky Charlene Bergman, Lowell A. Altman, William C. Auslin, Michael R. Bartholomew, Reginald Bergsten, C. Fred Altshuler, David Auspitzjosiah Lee Bartlett, Joseph W. Berkley, Seth E Alvarado, Donna Maria Ausubel, Jesse H. Bartlett, TimothyJ.* Berkowitz, Bruce D. Alvarez, Jose E. Avedonjohn E Bartok, Kirsten Leigh Berman, Howard L. Alvarez, Kira M.T Avery, John E. Berman, John S. Bartsch, David A. Alving, Amy E. Awuah, Patrick G. Jr. Berman, Jonathan E. Basekjohn T. Amador, Angelo I. Axelrod, Robert M. Bernard, Kenneth W. Bash, Jeremy B. Amanat, Omar S. Ayers, H. Brandt Berndtjohn E. Basora, Adrian A. Amerine, Jason L. Ayres, Alyssa C. Bernstein, David Scott Bass, Gary J. f Amlani, Ajay K.t Azim, Khalid* Bernstein, Peter W Bass, Peter E. Amos, Deborah Susan Bernstein, Robert L. Bass, Warren* Amr, Hady A. Bernstein, Tom A. B Bates, Pamela M. Andelman, David A. Berresford, Susan Vail Babbitt, Bruce Batkin, Alan R. Andersen, Harold W Berrisjan Babbitt, Eileen E Bator, Francis M. Anderson, Craig B. Babbitt, Harriet C. Battaglia, Charles C. Berry, Elizabeth Clay Anderson, Desaix Bacchus, James L. Baumann, Carol Edler Bersin, Alan D. Anderson, Edward G. Ill Bacon, Kenneth H. Baxter, Randolph Bertini, Catherine Ann Anderson, Gloria B. Bader, William B. Bayh, Evan Bertsch, Gary K. Anderson, John B. Baer, Donald A. Beshar, Peter J. Anderson, Lisa Bean, Frank D. Baeza, Mario L. Bessie, Simon Michael Anderson, Mark A. Bearg-Dyke, Nancy Bagley, Elizabeth Frawley Bestani, Robert M. Anderson, Paul E Beattie, Richard I. Bains, Leslie E. Bestor, Theodore C. Anderson, Robert O. Beauy. Warren* Baird, Peter W Betts, Richard K. Andreas, Dwayne O. Becherer, Hans W Baird, Zoe Beutner, Austin M. Andreas, Terry Lynn Becker, Elizabeth H. Baker, Howard H. Jr. Bewkes, Jeffrey Andrews, David R. Beckler, David Z. Baker, James A. Ill Beyzavi, Kian* Andrews, Michael A. Bedrosian, Gregory R. Baker, John R. Bhala, Raj Angelson, Mark A. Beeman, Richard E. Baker, Nancy Kassebaum Bhatia, Karan K. Ansour, M. Michael Begel, Andrea D. Baker, Pauline H. Bialkin, Kenneth J. Anthoine, Robert Behringer, Michael R Baker, Stewart A. Bialos, Jeffrey R Anthony, John Duke Beierle, Thomas C. Baker, Thurbert E. Bibbins Sedaca, Nicole M. Aossey, Nancy A. Beim, David O. Bakhash. Shaul Bickfordjewelle Apgar, David R Beim, Nicholas E Bakstansky, Peter Biddle, George C. Aponte, Mari Carmen Belfer, Robert A. Balaran, Paul Biegun, Stephen Edward Appentcng, Koh Belk, Peter I.f Baldwin Moody, Carol Biel, Eric R. Appiah, Kwame Anthony Bell, Burwell B. Baldwin, David A. Biemann, Betsy Applebaum, Anne E. Bell, Gordon P Baldwin, Robert Edward Bienen, Henry S. Apter, David E. Bell, Jonathan N. Baldwin, Sherman Bierleyjohn C. Arcos, Cresencio S. Bell, Joseph C. Bales, Carter E Biersteker, Thomas J. Arend, Anthony Clark* Bell, Mack Balick, Kenneth Biggs, John H. Arkin, Stanley S. Bell, Peter Dexter Baliles, Gerald L. Billig, Michelle N. Armacost, Michael H. Bell, Robert G. Ballou-Aares, Daniella Billingsley, Lucy C* Armstrong, Anne L. Bell, Ruth Greenspan Balstad, Roberta Bindenagel, James D. Bell, Steve 87 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Binkley Nicholas Burns Booker, Cory A.t Britt, Glenn A. Burt, Richard R. Binnendijk, Hans Booth, Bruce L. Jr. Britton, Dennis A. Burton, Daniel FJr. Birdsall, Nancy Booth, Carter Broad, Robin Busby, Joshua WT Birenbaum, David E. Boren, David L. Broadman, Harry G. Bush, Jonathans. Birkelundjohn E Borgen, Christopher J. Brock, Steven V Bush, Mary K. Birnbaum, Eugene A. Borio, Luciana L. Broda, Frederick C. Bushner, Rolland H. Bishop, Sanford D. Jr. Bork, Ellen Brodsky, William J. Busseyjohn C. Bishop, William B. Boschwitz, Rudy Brody Christopher W Butler, Paul W* Bissell, Richard E. Bosco, David Lyndon Brody Kenneth D. Butler, Samuel C. Black, Cathleen E Bosworth, Stephen W Brokaw, Tom Butler, William J. Black, Joseph E. BottsJohnC. Bronfman, Edgar M. Buultjens, Ralph Black, Leon D. Bouckaert, Peter N. Bronner, Ethan S. Buxbaum, Richard M. Black, Shirley Temple Boufford,Jo Ivey Bronson, Rachel* Buyske, Gail Black, Stanley Warren Bouis, Antonina W Brookins, Carole L. Byman, Daniel L. Blackburn, Leigh J. t Boulware-Miller, Kay Brooks, Karen B. Byrd, KahlilJ. Blacker, Coit D. Bouton, Marshall M. Brooks, Risa A. Byrne, Patrick M. BlackwellJ. Kenneth Bovin, Denis A. Brooks, Rosa Ehrenreich Blackwill, Robert D. Bowen, William G. Brooks, Stephen G.t Blake, Robert O. Bower, Joseph Lyon Brower, Charles N. Cabot, Louis W Blank, Jonah* Bower, Whitney A. Brown, Alice L. Cabranes,Jose A. Blank, Stephen Bowie, Robert R. Brown, Bartram S. Caceres, Diane Alleva Blechman, Barry M. Bowker, David William Brown, C. Michael Caesar, Camille M. Bleich, Jeffrey L* Bowles, Erskine B. Brown, Carroll Cahill, Kevin M. Bleier, Edward Bowman, Bradley L.t Brown, Frederic J. Cahn, Anne Hessing Blendon, Robert Jay Bowman, Frank Lee Brown, Gwendolyn A. Calabia, Dawn T. Blinder, Alan S. Boyd, Charles Graham Brown, Harold Calabia, F Christopher Blmken, Alan John Boyer, Spencer Phipps Brown, Katherine A. Calabresi, Massimo FT* Blinken, Antony J. Boylan, Delia M. Brown, Kathleen Calder, Kent Eyring Blinken, Donald Bracken, Paul Brown, L. Carl Caldera, Louis E. Bliss, Katherine E. Brademas.John Brown, Lester R. Caldwell, Dan Bloch, Julia Chang Bradford, ZebB. Jr. Brown, Michael E. Caldwell, Philip Bloom, Alyse Nelson Bradley, Bill Brown, Richard R Jr. Calhoun, CraigJ.* Bloom, David A. Bradley, William L. Brown, Seyom Califano, Joseph A. Jr. Bloom, Evan T. Brady, Jacqueline V Browning, David S. Calkins, Samuel L. Bloom, Mia M. Brady, Linda Parrish Bruce, Judith Callaghy Thomas M. Bloomberg, Michael R. Brady, Nicholas E Brun, Leslie A. Callander, Robert J. Bloomfield, Lincoln P. Brady, Rose Bryan, Greyson L. Callen, Michael A. Bloomfield, Richard J. Brainard, Lael Bryant, Michael E. Calleo, David Patrick Bloomgarden, Kathy Finn Bramwell, Elizabeth R. Bryant, Ralph C. Cambria, Salvatore F* Blum, Richard C. Branch, Daniel H. Brysonjohn E. Camner, Danielle D. Blumenthal, Sidney S. Branscomb, Lewis M. Brzezinski, Mark E Camp, Roderic Ai* Blumenthal, W Michael Branson, Louise Brzezinski, Zbigniew Campbell, Carolyn Margaret Blumrosen, Alexander Bernet Braswell, Kimberly G.* Buchman, Mark E. Campbell, Colin G. Bob, Daniel E. Brauchli, Marcus W Buckberg, Elaine Campbell, David Arthur Bobbitt, Philip Chase Braunschvig, David Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce Campbell, F Gregory Bodansky, Daniel M. Brazeal, Aurelia E. Buergenthal, Thomas Campbell, KurtM. Bode, Ken A. Breck, Henry R. Bugliarello, George Campbell, Thomas J. Bodea, Andy S. Breed, Henry Eltinge Bullock, Mary Brown Campbell, William Boelhouwer, Pieter James Bremer, L. Faul III Bumpas, Stuart Maryman Cannella, Margaret Bremmer, Ian A.t Bunzel, Jeffrey H. Capehart, Jonathan Alexander Breslauer, George William Burand, Deborah K. Caperton, William Gaston III Bogert, Carroll R. Bresnan, John J. Burgess, John A. Cappello, Juan Carlos Bohen, Frederick M. Brewer, John D. Burke, Cody D.t Caputo, David A. Bohlen, Avis T Breyer, Chloe A. Burke, James E. Caputo, Lisa M. Bohnjohn A. Breyer, Stephen G. Burkhalter, Holly J. Carbonell, Nestor T. Boiling, Landrum R. Bridgett, Sundaa Ayo Burnett, Christina Duffy Cardenas, Jose A.* Bollinger, Lee C. Briger, Peter L. Jr. Burnley, James H. IV Carey, John Bolton, John R. Brigety Reuben E. II Burns, Patrick Owen Carey, Sarah C. Bond, George Clement Brimmer, Andrew F Burns, R. Nicholas Carey, Wm. Polk Bond, Robert D. Brimmer, Esther Diane Burns, William E Cari, Joseph A. Jr.* Bondurant, Amy L. Brinkley Douglas G. Burns, William J. Carl, Maria L. Bonime-Blanc, Andrea Britt, David VB. Burrows, Mathew Carlos, Manuel Luis BonneyJ. Dennis Carlson, Scott A. Carlucci, Frank C. Elected to membership in 2005. t Elected to five-yearter m membership in 2005. MEMBERSHIP ROSTER * Carmel, David A. Chen, Philip D. Cohen, Benjamin J. Cortez, Christopher Carmichael, William D. Chenault, Kenneth I. Cohen, Betsy Cott, Suzanne Carnesale, Albert Cheney, Richard B. Cohen, Eliot A. Cotter, William R. Carone, Christa B.t Cheney, Stephen A. Cohen, Herman J. Couric, Katherine A. Carothers, Thomas Cherian, Saj Cohen, Jerome Alan Courtney, William Carpenter, Ted Galen Cherry, Pedro R Cohen, Joel E. Cousens, Elizabeth M. Carrjohn W. Chesler, Ellen* Cohen, Paul H. Covey, Jock Carrington, Walter C. Cheston, Sheila C. Cohen, Richard M. Cowal, Sally Grooms Carroll, J. Speed Chichester, Mark H. Cohen, Roberta Jane Cowan, Geoffrey Carroll, Katherine Mooney Chickering, A. Lawrence Cohen, Shelley H. Cowan, L. Gray Carruth, Reba Anne Choi, Audrey Cohen, Stephen Bruce Cowhey, Peter E Carson, Charles William Jr. Chollet, Derek H. Cohen, Stephen E Cox, Edward E Carson, Johnnie* Cholmondeley, Paula HJ. Cohen, Stephen S. Cox, Howard E. Jr. Carswell, Robert Chomiak, Theodora Cohen, Warren I. Coy, Craig R* Carter, Ashton B. Bohachevsky Cohen, William S. Crahan, Margaret E. Carter, Barry E. Choucri, Nazli Colby, Jonathan E. Craner, Lome W Carter, Hodding III Christensen, Aimee R. Colejohnnetta B. Crawford, John E Carter, James Earl Christensen, Guillermo S. Cole, Jonathan R. Crawford, Timothy W Carter, James H. Christensen, Stan E* Cole, Thomas Winston Jr. Crebo-Rediker, Heidi E. Carter, Mark Andrew Christensen, Thomas J. Coleman, Isobel Creekmore, Marion V Jr. Carter, Marshall Nichols Christianson, Geryld B. Coleman, Lewis W Crichton, Kyle Casebeer, William David Christie, Ronald Irvin Coleman, William T. Jr. Crile, George III Casper, Gerhard Christman, Daniel William Coles, Julius E. Crippen, Dan L. Cassel, Douglass W Jr. Christopher, Warren Coll, Alberto R. Crittenden, Ann Cattarulla, Elliot R. Chung, Christine K.f Collins, Joseph J. Crocker, Bathsheba N.* Catto, Henry E. Churchill, Buntzie Ellis Collins, Mark M. Jr. Crocker, Chester A. Cauheld, FrankJ. Cirincione, Joseph Collins, Timothy C. Cromwell, Adelaide McGuinn Caulheld, Matthew R Clapp, Priscilla A. Collins, Wayne Dale* Cross, Devon G. Cavanagh, Richard Edward Clarida, Richard H. Comstock, Philip E. Jr. Cross, June V Cavanaugh, Carey Clark, Dick Conaton, Erin C. Cross, Mary S. Cave, Ray Charles Clark, J. H. Cullum Concepcion, Gina Celcis Cross, Sam Y. Cebrowski, Arthur Karl Clark, Mark Edmond Conde, Cesar R. Cross, Theodore Celeste, Richard E Clark, Noreen M. Condit, Philip M. Crossette, Barbara Cerjan, Paul G. Clark, Vernon E. Cone, Sydney M. Ill Crow, Michael M.* Cha, Victor D. Clark, Wesley K. Conley, Dalton Crowe, William J. Chacho, Tania Marie Clark, William Jr. ConleyJillG.* Crowley, Monica Elizabeth Chadda, Maya Clarke, Donald C. Connelly, Matthew James Crown, Lester Challenor, Herschelle S. Clarke, Jack G. Conners Petersen, Leila Anne Crystal, Lester M. Chambers, Anne Cox Clarke, Teresa Hillary Connolly, Gerald E. Cukier, Kenneth Neilt Chambers, Liza B.t Clarkson, Lawrence W. Connor, John T Jr. Cullum, Lee Chamoun, Walid George Claussen, Eileen B. Considinejill M. Cumming, Alfred Chan, Gerald L. Clement, Peter A, Constable, Pamela Cumming, Christine M. Chan, Ronnie C. Clemetson, Lynette Conway, Jill Cummings, Alexander B. Jr. Chandrasekaran, Rajiv A. Cleveland, Harlan Cook, Frances D. Cummings, Craig Rt Chang, David C. Cleveland, Peter Matthews Cook, Gary M. Cuneo, Donald Chang, Gareth C.C. Clifford, Donald K. Jr. Cooke, Goodwin Cunningham, James B. Chang, Juju Cline, William R. Cooke, John E Cunningham, Nelson W Chang-Robbins, Joyce Clinger, William E Jr. Cooley, Alexander Anthony Curley, Walter J.R Jr. Chanin, Clifford Clinton, William Jefferson Coombe, George William Jr. Curran, R. T. Chanis, Jonathan A. Cloherty Patricia M. Coombs, Philip H. Currie, Kelley E. Chao, Amy L. Cloonan, Edward T. Coon, Jane Abell Curtis, Charles B. Chao, Elaine L. Clough, Michael Cooney, Joan Ganz Curtis, Gerald L. Charles, Robert Bruce Coatsworthjohn H. Cooper, Charles A. Cutler, Walter L. Charnovitz, Steve Cobb, Charles E. Jr. Cooper, James H.S. Cutshaw, Kenneth A. Charpie, Robert A. Cobb, Sue M. Cooper, John Milton Jr. Cutter, W Bowman Chartener, Robert Cobb, Tyrus W Cooper, Kathleen B. Cyr, Arthur I. Chase, Anthony R. Cochran, Barbara S. Cooper, Kerry Chatterjee, Purnendu Coffey, C. Shelby 111 Cooper, Laura K. D Chaves, RobertJ. Coffey, Joseph I. Cooper, Richard N. DAmato, Alfonse M. Chavira, Ricardo Cogan, Charles G. Cooper, Scott A. Daalder, Ivo H. Chayes, Antonia Handler Cogan, Jacob Katz Corbet, Kathleen A. Dady Teresa Gail Checki, TerrenceJ. CogbillJohnRf Corcoran, Carole A. Dahm, Evelyn Pignatari Chen, John S. Cohen, Abby Joseph Cornelius, Wayne A. Dailey, Brian D. Chen, Kimball C. Cohen, Ariel Cornell, Henry Dajani, Omar M.t 89 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Dal Bello, Michael A. Deffenbaugh, Ralston H. Jr. Dominguez, Jorge 1. Dur, Philip A. Dale, Helle DeGioia,JohnJ. Donahue, Thomas R. Durkin, Patrick J. Dale, William B. Deibel, Terry L. Donaldson, Robert H. Dworkin, Douglas A. Daley, William M. Del Rosso, Stephen J. Donaldson, William H. Dyson, Esther Dallara, Charles H. Deming, Rust Macpherson Donatich,John E. Dalley, George Albert Dempsey, Jason K. Donehoo, Stephen C. Dallmeyer, Dorinda G. Deng, Francis M. Donfried, Karen Erika Eagleburger, Lawrence S. Dalton, James E. Denham, Robert E. Donilon, Thomas E. Earle, Ralph II Dam, Kenneth W Denison, Robert J. Donohue, Douglas S. East, Maurice A. Dam, Marcia Wachs Dennis, Everette E. Donohue, Laura K. Eastman, John Lindner Damrosch, Lori Fisler Denny, Brewster C. Donohue, Thomas J. Sr. Eastman, Michael R. Danforth, William H. Denoon, David B.H. Doran, Charles E Easum, Donald B. Daniel, D. Ronald Denton, Hazel Dormandy Xenia B.M. Eberhart, Ralph E. Daniel, Donald C.E Denton, James S. Dorsen, Norman Eberle, William D. Danilovich, John J. * Dentzer, Susan* Dory, Amanda Jean Eberstadt, Nicholas Danin, Robert M. DePoy Phil E. Doty, Grant R.* Echols, Marsha A. Danner, Mark D. Dergham, Raghida Doty, Paul M. Jr. Economy, Elizabeth C. DaSilva, Russell J. Deri, Christopher Alan Dougan, Diana Lady Ecton, Donna R. David, Jack Derian, Patricia Murphy Dougherty, James R Eddleman, Linda Hiniker Davidson, Ralph K. Derr, Kenneth T. Douglas, Michael* Eddy, Randolph R III Davidson, Ralph Parsons Derrick, James V Jr. Douglass, Loren Edelman, Gerald M. Davis, Christina L. Derryck, Vivian Lowery Douglass, Robert R. Edelman, Marian Wright Davis, Florence A. Desai, Padma Dowling, John Nicholas Edelman, Richard Winston Davis, Jacquelyn K. Desai, Rohit M. Doyle, Michael W Edelstein, Julius C.C. Davis, Jerome Desai, Vishakha N.* Draper, William H. Ill Edington, Mark DW Davis, Kathryn W DeShazer, MacArthur Drayton, William Edley Christopher Jr. Davis, Kim Gordon DeSouza, Patrick J. Dreier, David T. Edwards, George C. Ill Davis, Lynn E. Despres, Gina H. Drell, Sidney D. Edwards, Howard Davis, Nathaniel Destler, I. M. Drew, Elizabeth Edwards, Mickey Davis, Stephen B. Deutch.John Dreyfuss,Joel Edwards, Robert H. Davison, Kristina Perkin Deutch, Shelley Dreyfuss, Richard S.* Edwards, Robert H. Jr. Davison, W. Phillips DeVecchi, Robert R Drezner, Daniel W Edwards, Tamala Dawisha, Karen Lea Devine, C. Maury Drimmer, Jonathan Effron, Blair Dawkins, Peter M. Devine,John J. Drobnick, Richard Lee Efros, Laura L. Dawson Carr, Marion M. Devine, Thomas J. Drozdiak, William M. Eggers, Thomas E. Dawson, Christine L. DeYoung, Karen J. Drucker, Joy E. Eichengreen, Barry J. Dawson, Horace G. Jr. Diamond, Michael W Drucker, Richard A. Eikenberry, Karl Day, Arthur R. Diaz, Charley L. Druyan, Ann Eilts, Hermann Frederick Days, Drew Saunders III Dickey, Christopher Dryden, Ray N. Jr. Einaudi, Luigi R. de Borchgrave, Arnaud Dickinson, Laura A. Duberstein, Kenneth M. Einhorn, Jessica R de Habsburgo, Inmaculada Dicks, Norman D. Dubin, Seth H. Einhorn, RobertJ. dejanosi, Peter E. Dickson-Horton, Valerie L. DuBrul, Stephen M. Jr. Eisenbeis, Keri de la Garza, Rodolfo O. Didion,Joan Duelfer, Charles A. Eisendrath, Charles R. de Lasa,Jose M.* Diehl, Jackson K. Duersten, Althea L. Eizenstat, Stuart E. de Menil, George Dilenschneider, Robert L. Duffey Joseph D. Elden, Richard de Menil, Lois Pattison DiMartino, Rita Duffle, David A. Elder, Christine A. de Rothschild, Lynn Forester Dimon, James Duffy, Gloria Charmian Elliott, Dorinda de Swaanjean-Christophe Dine, Thomas A. Duffy, James H. Elliott, Inger McCabe de Vries, Rimmer Dinerstein, Robert C. Duggan, Timothy E.t Elliott, Osborn De, Rajesh Dinkins, David N. Duke, Robin Chandler Ellis, James Reed Deagle, Edwin A. Jr. DiPerna, Paula Dulany, Peggy Ellis, Mark S. Dean, Jonathan Distlerath, Linda M. Dunbar, Charles F Ellis, Patricia Dean, Robert W. Diuk, Nadia Duncan, Charles Ellis, Rodney Dear, Alice M. Djerejian, Edward R Ellison, Keith Paty Debevoise, Eli Whitney II Dobbins, James E William Jr. Ellsberg, Daniel Debs, Barbara Knowles Dobriansky Paula J. Duncan, Graham A. Ellsworth, Robert E Debs, Richard A. Doctoroff, Daniel L. Duncan, Miranda Margaret Elson, Edward E. DeBusk, E Amanda Dodd, Christopher J. Dunigan, Patrick Andrew Ely-Raphel, Nancy Halliday DeCrane, Alfred C. Jr. Doebele, Justin W. Dunkerley Craig G Embree, Ainslie T. Decyk, RoxanneJ. Doerge, DavidJ. Dunlop,JoanB. Emerson, John B. Dedrick, Fred T. Doi, Ayako Dunn, Kempton Enders, Barbara Pillsbury Deeks, Ashley S.t Doley Harold E. Jr. Dunn, Lewis A. Ensor, David B. Dunn, Michael M. Entwistle, L. Brooks* Epstein, Barbara * Elected to membership in 2005. t Elected to five-year term membership in 2005. 90 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Epstein, Jason Ferrari, Frank E. Ford, Gerald R. Fromkin, David Epstein, Jeffrey Ferraro, Geraldine A. Ford, Paul B. Jr. Fromm, Joseph Epstein, Joshua M. Ferrazzi, Keith Edward Fore, Henrietta Holsman Frost, Ellen L. Erb, Guy E Ferre, Antonio Luis Forman, Shepard L. Frucher, Kate l.t Erb, Richard D. Ferre, Helen Aguirre Forrest, Michelle R. Fry, Earl H. Erbsen, Claude E. Ferre, Maurice A. Forrester, Jason William Frye, Alton Erburu, Robert E Fesharaki, Fereidun Forstmann, Theodore J. Fudge, Ann M. Ercklentz, Alexander T. Fessenden, Hart Forsythe, Rosemarie Fuerth, Leon S. Erdmann, Andrew EN. Fessenden, Helen Fosler, Gail D. Fukushima, Glen S. Erskine, Matthew Scott Fiedler, Jeffrey L. Foss, Michelle Michot Fukuyama, Francis Ervin, Clark Kent* Fields, Bertram H. Foster, Brenda Lei Fuld, Richard S. Jr. Esfandiari, Haleh Fields, Craig I. Foster, Charles C. Fuller, Jacquelline Cobb Eskin, Blake D. Fife, Eugene V Foster, Richard N. Fuller, Kathryn S. Esserman, Susan G. Figueroa Kiipcii, Maria C. Fourquet,Jose A. Fuller, William E Estabrook, Robert H. Filippone, Desiree Geneva Fowler, Jeffrey L. Fung, Mark T. Esty Daniel C. Filippone, Robert J. Fowler, Wyche Jr. Fung, Victor K. Etzioni, Amitai Findakly Hani K. Fox, Daniel M. Furlaud, Richard M. Evans, Gail H. Fine, Joshua Adamt Fox, Donald T. Furman, Gail Evans, Harold M. Finelli, Francis A. Fox, Eleanor M. Futter, Ellen V Finger, Seymour Maxwell Fox, Joseph Carrere Fink, Sheri L.t Fox, Merritt Baker Fabian, Larry L. Finkelstein, Lawrence S. Fraga Neto, Arminio Gaddis, John Lewis Factor, Elizabeth Finley Sonya L. Franck, Thomas M. Gadiesh, Orit B. Factor, Mallory Finn, Edwin A. Jr. Francke, Albert Gadsden, Amy Epstein Fairbanks, Richard Finnemore, Martha Frank, Andrew D. Gaer, Felice D. Fairman, David M. Finney, Paul B. Frank, Brian L. Gaines, James R. Falco, Mathea Firestone, Charles M. Frank, Charles R. Jr. Galbraith, Evan G. Falcoff, Mark Firmage, Edwin B. Frank, Isaiah Galbraith, Peter W Falk, Pamela S. Fisch, Mark* Frank, Richard A. Gallagher, John Et Falk, Richard A. Fischbach, Gerald D. Frankel, Adam B.t Gallagher, Lacey Wingham Fallon, Robert E. Fischer, Betsy Frankel, Francine R. Gallucci, Robert L. Fallows, James Fischer, Stanley Frankel, Jeffrey A. Galper, Joshua P Fanton, Jonathan Foster Fisher, Julie Ann Franklin, Barbara Hackman Galvis, Sergio J. Farer, Tom J. Fisher, Peter R. Franklin, William Emery Ganguly, Sumit Farkas, Evelyn N.* Fisher, Richard W Fravel, M. Taylor Gann, Pamela B. Farley, Maggie M. Fisher, Roger D. Frazier, Kenneth C. Gannon, John C. Farman-Farmaian, Elizabeth Fishlow, Albert Frazier, Myra M. Ganoe, Charles S. Fisk, Daniel W Fredman, Jonathan M. Worley Gantcher, Nathan Fitchett, Mercedes Carmela Freedman, Alix M. Garber, Larry A.* Farmer, Thomas L. Fitts, Sarah A.W Freeman, Bennett Farnsworth, Eric E Garcia, Marlen Fitz-Pegado, Lauri J. Freeman, Constance J. Garcia-Passalacqua, Juan M. Farrarjay C. FitzGerald, Frances Freeman, Harry L. Farrar, Stephen Prescott Gard, Robert G. Jr. Fitzgibbons, Harold E. Freidheim, Cyrus E Gardels, Nathan E Fassler, Matthew J. t Fitzgibbons, John B. Freidheim, Stephen C. Fawaz, Leila Gardner, Anthony Laurence Flaherty, Pamela Freimuth, Ladeene A. Gardner, James A. Fazal, Tanisha M. Flaherty, Peter Frelinghuysen, Peter H.B. Feigenbaum, Evan A. Gardner, Nina Luzzatto Flake, L. Gordon Frey, Donald N. Gardner, Richard N. Feinberg, Richard E. Flanagan, Stephen J. Frey, Howard A. Feiner, Ava S. Garment, Leonard Flanigan, Peter M. Freyer, Dana H. Garment, Suzanne R. Feingold, Catherine Lynne Fleischmann, Alan H. Freytag, Richard A. Feinstein, Dianne Garnett, Sherman Flom, Joseph H. Fribourg, Paul J. Garrett, Johnson Feinstein, Lee Flournoy Michele A. Fried, Edward R. Feissel, Gustave Garten, Jeffrey E. Flynn, GeorgeJ. Friedberg, Aaron Louis Garthoff, Raymond L. Feist, Samuel H. Flynn, Stephen E. Friedman, Bart Feith, Douglas J. Garwin, Richard L. Fn'Piere, Patrick John Friedman, Benjamin M. Gaston, Patricia E. Feldman, Mark B. Fogleman, Ronald R. Friedman, Fredrica S. Feldman, Noah R. Gates, Henry Louis Jr. Foglesong, Robert H. Friedman, Jordana D. Gates, Philomene A. Feldman, Sandra Foley, S. Robert Jr. Friedman, Stephen Feldstein, Martin S. Gates, Robert M. Foley, Thomas S. Friedman, StephenJ. Gati, Charles Ferguson, Charles H. Folsom, George A. Friedman, Thomas L. Ferguson, James L. Gati, Toby Trister Fontaine, Richard H. Jr. Frieman, Wendy Gaudiani, Claire L. Ferguson, Roger W Jr. Fonts, Carlos E. Friend, Theodore W. Ferguson, Tim W. Gause, E Gregory III Foote, Edward T II Frist, William H. Gavin, Michelle D. Fernandes, Anthony C. Forbes, Kristin J. Froman, Michael B.G. Fernandez, Jose W. Gay, Catherine 91 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Gayle, Helene D. Gluck, Carol Graham, Thomas Jr. Guth, John H.J. Gedmin, Jeffrey Gluck, Frederick W Graham, Thomas W. Guthman, Edwin O. Geertz, Clifford Godchaux, Frank A. Ill Granoff, Michael D. Gvosdev, Nikolas K. Geier, Philip O. Goeltz, Richard K. Grant, Stephen A. Gwertzman, Bernard M. Geithner, Peter E Goheen, Robert E Graubard, Stephen Richards Gwin, Catherine Geithner, Timothy E Coins, Charlynn Gray, Hanna Holborn Gelb, Bruce S. Goldberg, Ronnie L. Greathead, R. Scott H Gelb, Leslie H. Goldberger, Bruce N. Greco, Richard Jr. Ha, Joseph M. Gell-Mann, Murray Goldberger, Marvin L. Green, Carl J. Haaland, Lynn E. Gellert, Michael E. Golden, James R. Green, Eric E* Haas, Mimi L. Gellman, Barton Golden, William T. Green, Ernest G. Haas, Peter E. Gelpern, Anna* Golden-Vazquez, Abigail Green, JerroldD. Haas, Robert D. George, Robert E Goldfield, Harold P Green, Michael J. Haass, Richard N. Georgescu, Peter Andrew Goldgeier, James M. Greenawalt, Alexander Kent Hachigian, Nina L. Gephardt, Richard A. Goldin, Harrison J. Anton Hackett, Craig D. Gerber, Burton L. Goldin, Matthew N. Greenberg, Arthur N. Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck Gerber, Louis Goldman, Charles N. Greenberg, David* Hadley Stephen J. Gergen, David R. Goldman, Guido Greenberg, Evan G. Hafner, Joseph A. Jr. Gerhart, Gail M. Goldman, Marshall I. Greenberg, Glenn H. Hagel, Chuck Germain, Adrienne Goldman, Merle D. Greenberg, Jeffrey W. Hagen, Katherine A. Gerschel, Patrick A. Goldman, Neal D. Greenberg, Karen J. Haggard, Stephan Gershman, Carl Samuel Goldmark, Peter C. Jr. Greenberg, Lawrence Scott Haider, D. Blake Gerson, Allan Goldsmith, Barbara Greenberg, Lisa Haig, Alexander M. Jr. Gerson, Elliot E Goldsmith, Jack Landman III Greenberg, Maurice R. Hailston, Earl B. Gerson, RalphJ. Goldsmith, Russell D. Greenberg, Sanford D. Hajari, Nisid J. Gerstein, Daniel M.* Goldstein, Gordon Greenberger, Robert Stephen Hakakian, Roya Gerstner, Louis V Jr. Goldstein, Jeffrey A. Greene, Joseph N. Jr. Hakim, Peter Gerstner, Louis V Hit Goldstein, Morris Greene, Margaret L. Hale, David D. Getler, Michael Goldwyn, David L. Greene, Michelle D. Hale, Lyric Hughes Gewirtz, Paul David Golob, Paul D. Greene, Raymond E III Hall, C. Barrows Geyer, Georgie Anne Gomory Ralph E. Greene, Wade Hall, John P Gfoeller, Joachim Jr. Gompert, David C. Greenspan, Alan Hall, Kathryn Walt Gfoeller, Michael Goodman, Allan E. Greenwald, G. Jonathan Hall-Martinez, Katherine C. Gfoeller, Tatiana C. Goodman, Andrea Pierce Greenway Hugh D.S. Halper, James D. Ghiglione, Loren Goodman, George J.W. Gregg, Donald R Halperin, David R. Gholz, Charles Eugene Goodman, Herbert I. Gregg, Heather S. Halperin, Morton H. Giacomo, Carol Ann Goodman, John B. Gregorian, Vartan Halsted, Thomas A. Gibbons, John Howard Goodman, Matthew P* Gregson, Wallace C. Jr. Haltzel, Michael H. Gibney Frank B. Goodman, Roy M. Griego, Linda Hamburg, David A. Giffen, James Henry Goodman, Sherri W. Griffiths, Phillip A. Hamburg, Margaret Ann Giffin, Gordon D. Gordon, Albert H. Grimes, Joseph Anthony Jr. Hamel, Michael A. Gilbert, Jackson B. Gordon, John A. Grissom, Janet Mullins Hamilton, Ann O. Gilbert, Steven J. Gordon, Lincoln Grondine, Robert F Hamilton, Charles V Gill, Bates Gordon, Michael R. Grose, Peter Hamilton, Daniel Gordon, Philip H. Gross, Martin J. Gillette, Michael James Hamilton, Edward K. Gordon-Reed, Annette Gross, Patrick W Gilmore, James S. Ill Hamilton, Hugh Gerard Jr. Gorelick, Jamie S. Grossman, Daniel E.f Gilmore, Richard Hamilton, John Maxwell Gorman, Joseph T. Grove, Brandon Gilpin, Robert G. Jr. Hamilton, Lee H. Gorsuch, Neil M. Grover, Katherine Sye Gingrich, Newton L. Hammond-Chambers, RupertJ. Gotbaum, Victor Groves, Ray J. Ginsberg, Gary L. Hammonds, D. Holly Gottemoeller, Rose E. Gudwin, Ella R.t Ginsberg, Marc Charles Hamre,JohnJ. Gottfried, Kurt Guerra-Mondragon, Ginsburg, David Gottlieb, Gidon A.G. Hancock, Ellen Ginsburg, Jane C. Gottsegen, Peter M. Gabriel Hand, Lloyd N. Ginsburg, Ruth Bader Gould, Peter G. Guff, Andrew J.* Hand, Scott M. Ginsburg, Thomas B. Gourevitch, Peter A. Guilmartin, Eugenia Handelman, Stephen Givhan, Walter D. Gourevitch, Philip Katherine Hansell, Herbert J. Glaser, Bonnie S. Grace, Lola Nashashibi Gund, Agnes Hansen, Carol Rae Glauber, Robert R. Graff, Henry Franklin Gundlach, Andrew S. Hanson, Carl Thor Glennon, Michael J. Graff, Robert D. Gupta, Sanjay K. Hantz, Giselle E Gleysteen, Peter Graham, Bob Gupte, Pranay Harari, Maurice Globerman, Norma Graham, Carol Lee Gustavson, Celine Stephanie Hardin, Edward J. Glover Weiss, Juleanna Ruth Gutfreund.John H. Hardin, Katherine Anderson Harding, Deborah A. ' Elected to membership in 2005. t Elected to five-year term membership in 2005. Harding, Harry 92 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER HardtJohnE Helander, Robert C. Hillen, John Houlihan, Kathleen Hargrove, John Lawrence Heldring, Frederick Hillgren, Sonja House, Brett E.t Harman,Jane Heleniak, David W Hills, Carla A. House, Karen Elliott Harman, Sidney Heifer, Ricki Tigert Hinerfeld, Ruth Howard, A. E. Dick Harmon, James A. Helgerson,John L. Hines, Rachel Howard, John R. Harms, Blaire M. Heller, Jane J. Hinton, Deane R. Howard, Lyndsay C. Harpel, James W Heller, Richard M. Hirsch,John L. Howard, M. William Jr. Harper, Conrad K. Hellman, E Warren Hirsh, Michael E Howell, Ernest M. Harrington, Maureen Ann Hellman, Steven E.* Hitz, Frederick E Howson, Nicholas C. Harris, David A. Hellmann, Donald Charles Hoagland,Jim Hoyt, Kendall L. Harris, Jay T. Helm, Robert W Hoar, Joseph Faul Hoyt, Mont E Harris, Joseph E. Helman, Robert A. Hobart, Matthew Todd Hrynkow, Sharon H. Harris, Joshua J.* Helprin, Mark Hobbs Miracky Tammany D. Hsu, Ta-Lin Harris, Katherine Hendricks, Darryll E. Hobson, H. Lee Htun, Mala N. Harris, Martha Caldwell Hendrickson, David C. Hobson, Mellody Huber, Richard L. Harrison, Hope M. Henkin, Alice H. Hoch, Frank W Huberman, Benjamin Harrison, Selig S. Henkin, Louis Hodin, Michael W Hudson, Manley 0. Jr. Harrison, William B. Jr. Hennessy John M. Hoeber, Amoretta M. Hudson, Michael C. Hart, Bob Henninger, Daniel E Hoehn, Andrew R. Huebner, Lee W Hart, Gary Henrikson, Alan K. Hoehn, William E. Jr. Huey John W Jr. Hart, Todd Christopher Henry, Nancy L. Hoenlein, Malcolm I. Hufbauer, Gary C. Hartley, Jane D. Henry Peter A.* Hoffman, A. Michael Huffington, Roy M. Hartman, Arthur A. Hentges, Harriet Hoffman, Bruce Hughes, Lynn N. Hartogensis, Gordon A. Herberger, Roy A. Jr. Hoffmann, Stanley Hughes, R. John Hartzell, Jon K Hermann, Charles E Hofman, Steven I. Hughes, Thomas Lowe Haseltine, William Alan Hernandez Colon, Rafael Hogan, Jeffrey N. Huizenga, John W. Haskell, John HT Jr. Hernandez, Antonia Hoge, James EJr. Hull, Edmund J. Hathaway, Robert M. Hernandez, Ernesto E III Hoge, Warren M. Hulsman,John C. Haugejohn Resor Herrera-Flanigan, Jessica Raet Hoguet, George Roberts Hultman, Tamela Hauser, Rita E. Herrnstadt, Owen Edward Hoinkes, Mary Elizabeth Hultquist, Timothy A. Hauser, William Locke Herskovits,Jean Holbrooke, Richard C. Hume, Cameron R. Havell, Theresa A. Hersman, Rebecca K.C.* Holden.JohnL. Hume, Ellen H. Hawkins, Ashton Herspring, Dale R. Holdren,John E Hunker, Jeffrey A. Hawley, E William Herter, Frederic E Holgate, Laura S.H. Hunt, Swanee Hawthorne, Amy W. Hertog, Roger Hollick, Ann Lorraine Hunter, Robert E. Hayden, Michael V Hertzberg, Arthur Hollifield, James Frank Hunter, Shireen T. Hayek, Alexandre E Hertzberg, Hendrik Hollis, Duncan Baker Hunter, William Curt Hayes, Margaret Daly Hertzberg, Robert M. Holloway, Dwight E Jr. Hunter-Gault, Charlayne Hayes, Rita Derrick Herz, Barbara Holmer, Alan E Huntington, Fatricia Skinner Haynes, Fred Herzfeld, Charles M. Holmes, Henry Allen Huntington, Samuel Phillips Haynes, Ulric Herzstein, Robert E. Holmes, Kim R. HurdJosephKindalllll Hayward, Thomas B. Hesburgh, Theodore M. Holmes, Stephen T. Hurewitz,J. C. Heald, Lisa W. Hess, John B. Hoist, Eric Allan Hurlock, James B. Healey Kerry Murphy Hess, Marlene Holt, Fat M. Hurowitz, Richard A.t Healy Harold H. Jr. Hessler, Curtis A. Holum.John D. Hurst, Robert J. Heck, Charles B. Hewlett, Sylvia Ann Hooker, Richard D. Jr. Hurwitz, Sol Hecker, Siegfried S. Heyman, William H. Hope, Judith Richards Hutchings, Robert L. Heckman, Leila* Hiatt, Fred Hope, Richard 0. Hutchins, Glenn H. Hedges, Christopher Lynn Hicks, Irvin Horelick, Arnold L. Huyck, Philip M. Hedstrom, Mitchell W. Hicks, John E Sr. Horlick, Gary N. Hyatt, Joel Z. Heep-Richter, Barbara D. Hicks, Peggy L. Hormats, Robert D. Hyland, William G Heer, Paul HidaryJackD. Horn, Karen N. Hyman, Allen I. Heginbotham, StanleyJ. Higginbotham, E Michael Horn, Sally K. Hehir,J. Bryan Higgins, Heather Richardson Horner, Matina Souretis Hermann, John G. Higgins, Neal L. Hornik, Richard H. Ibarguen, Alberto Heimbold, Charles A. Jr. Higgins, Robert E Horn thai, Jim J. Ignatius, David R. Heimowitz, James B. Hight, B. Boyd Horowitz, Irving Louis Ijaz, Mansoor Heineman, Benjamin W Jr. Hill, Fiona Horton, Alan W Ikenberry G John Heineman, Melvin L. Hill, J. Tomilson Horton, Robert Scott Ikle, Fred C. Heintz, Stephen B. Hill, James T Hosmer, Bradley C. llchman, Alice Stone Heintzen, Harry Leonard HillJanineW. Hoston, Germaine A. Immergut, Mel M. Heinz, Christopher D.t Hill, Joseph C. Hottelet, Richard C. Inderfurth, Karl E Heinz, Teresa Hill, Pamela Houghton, Amoryjr. Indyk, Martin S. Hejlik, Dennis J. Hill, Raymond D. Houghton, James R. Ingersoll, Robert S. 93 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Inman, Bobby R. Johnson, James E. Kamsky Virginia Ann Kellerman, Barbara L. Inlriligator, Michael D. Johnson, Jay L. Kanak, Donald P Kelley, Paul X. Irish, Leon E. Johnson, Jeh Charles Kanet, Roger E. Kellner, Peter Bicknell Irvin, Patricia L. Johnson, Karen H. Kang, C. S. Eliot Kellogg, David Irwin, David Wallace Johnson, L. Oakley Kang, Richard S. Kelly, Alfred F Jr. Isaacs, Maxine Johnson, Larry D. Kann, Peter R. Kelly, Arthur L. Isaacson, Walter S. Johnson, Nancie S. Kansteiner, Walter H. Ill Kelly, Francis J.* Iselin, John Jay Johnson, Robbin S. Kanter, Arnold Kelly, James P Iseman, FrederickJ.* Johnson, Robert W IV Kanter, Rosabeth Moss Kelly, John H. Isenberg, Steven L. Johnson, Scott S. Kantor, Mickey Kelman, Herbert C. Isham, Christopher Johnson, Thomas S. Kaplan, Eloise D. Kemble, Eugenia Isles, Adam R. Johnson, Willene A. Kaplan, Gilbert Kemp, Geoffrey Ispahani, Mahnaz Johnson, Wyatt Thomas Kaplan, Helene L. Kempe, Frederick S. Isser, Deborah H. Jones, Alan Kent Kaplan, Jeffrey A. Kempner, Maximilian W. Istel, Yves-Andre Jones, Anita K. Kaplan, Joel D. Kendall, Donald M. Itoh, William H. Jones, David C. Kaplan, Mark N. Kenen, Peter B. Ivester, M. Douglas Jones, David L. Kaplan, Stephen S. Keniston, Kenneth Izlar, William H. Jr. Jones, Frederick L. lit Kapnick, Scott Bancroft Kennan, ChristopherJ. Jones, James L. Kapp, Robert A. Kennan, Elizabeth T. J Jones, James R. Kapstein, Ethan B. Kennedy, Caroline Bouvier Jabber, Paul Jones, Jeffrey B. Karabell, Zachary Kennedy, Craig Jackelen, Henry Jones, Kali Chantelle Karalekas, Anne Kennedy, David W Jacklin, Nancy P Jones, Kerri-Ann Karamanian, Susan L. Keohane, Nannerl O. Jackson, Bruce P Jones, Nigel W Karatnycky Adrian Keohane, Robert O. Jackson, Jesse L. Sr. Jones, Sidney R. Karatz, Bruce E. Kern, Paul J. Jackson, John H. Jones, Thomas V Karis, Thomas G. Kerr, Ann Zwicker Jackson, Lois M. Jones, Thomas W Karl, Terry Lynn Kerrey, Bob Jackson,Sarah Joost, Peter Martin Karnow, Stanley Kerry, John F Jackson, Shirley Ann Jordan, Amos A. Karns, Margaret P Kerry, Peggy Jacob, John E. Jordan, Eason T. Karp, Jonathan D. Kessler, Glenn Andrew Jacobs, Eli S. Jordan, Robert W Kartman, Charles Kessler, Martha Neff Jacobs, Jack H. Jordan, Vernon E. Jr. Kasdin, Robert Kester, W Carl Jacobs, Nehama Joseph, Geri M. Kass, Stephen L. Khalidi, Rashid I. Jacobson, Jerome Joseph, James A. Kassalow, Jordan S. Khalilzad, Zalmay M. Jacobson, Mark R. Joseph, Jofi John Kassof, Allen H. Khan, Moushumi M. Jacoby, Tamar Joseph, Richard A. Kassoy, Andrew R. Khemlani, Neeraj L. Jaffe, Amy Myers Josephson, William Kathwari, Farooq Khosrowshahi, Cameron Joyce, John T. Katulis, Brian M. Jamal, Amaney A. Kamran Juhasz, Christina S. Katz, Abraham James, Francis John Khuri, Nicola N. Jumper, John P Katz, Daniel Roger Janes, David P Kifayat, Adnant Junz, Helen B. Katz, RobertJ. Janes, Jackson Kiley Robert R. Juster, Kenneth I. Katz, Sherman E. Janis, Mark Weston Kim, Andrew B. Jutkowitz, Alexander S. Katz, Stanley N. Janklow, Morton L. Kim, Hanya Marie Katzenstein, Peter J. Janow, Merit E. Kim,Sukhan Kaufman, Daniel J. Jaquette,Jane S. K Kimmitt, Robert M. Kaufman, Henry Jarvis, Nancy A. Kimsey James V Kadel, Eric John Jr. Kaufman, Robert R. Jastrow, Robert Kinane, William Patrick Kaden, Lewis B. Kaufmann, William W Jebb, Cindy R. King, Henry L. Kadlec, Robert P Kavoukjian, Michael E. Jenkins, Bonnie D. King, Kay Kagan, Robert W Kaye, Charles R. Jenkins, Jennifer Cecelia King, Robert R. Kahan, Jerome H. Kaye, David A.f Jensen, Kenneth M.* King, Susan Robinson Kahler, Miles Kaysen, Carl Jervis, Robert Kahn, Thomas S. Kipper, Judith Jessup, Alpheus W. Kayyem, Juliette N. Kaiser, Philip M. Kiriakou, Heather Katherine Jessup, Philip C. Jr. Kazemi, Farhad Kaiser, Robert G. Kirkland, Richard I. Jeter, Howard F Kea, Charlotte G. Kalathil, Shanthi A. Kirkpatnck, Jeane J. Jett, Dennis C. Kean, Thomas H. Kalb, Bernard Kirkpatrick, Melanie M. Jillson, Calvin C. Keel, Alton G. Jr. Kalb, Marvin Kiser, Stephen D. Joffe, Robert D. Keene, Lonnie S. KalickiJanH. Kishkovsky Leonid Johns, Lionel Skipwith Keeny, Spurgeon M. Jr. Kamarck, Andrew Martin Kissinger, Henry A. Johnson Ward, L. Celeste Kelleher, Catherine M. Kamarck, Elaine C. Kittrie, Orde F Johnson, Howard W Keller, EdmondJ. Kaminsky Howard Kizer, Karin L. Johnson, James A. Keller, Kenneth H. Kampelman, Max M. Kladakis, Monica Vegas Klein, David ' Elected to membership in 2005. t Elected to five-yearter m membership in 2005. Klein, Edward 94 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Klein, George Kubarych, Roger M. Lauinger, Philip C. Jr. Levine, Susan B. Klein, Jacques Paul Kubischjack B. Laurenti, Jeffrey Levinson, Marc Klein, Joseph A. Kuenstner, Nancy Jo Lautenbach, Ned C. Levitsky Jonathan E. Klimp, Jack Wilbur Kull, Steven G. Lautz, Terrill E.* Levitt, Arthur Jr. Kline, Roger C. Kulma, Michael G.t Laventhol, David A. Levitt, Jeremy I. Klotz, Frank G. Kumar, Nisha Lawrence, Richard D. Levitt, Matthew A. t Klurfeld, James M. Kumar, Raj U. Lawrence, Robert Z. Levy, Reynold Knell, Gary E. Kumar-Sinha, Punita Lawson, Chappell H. Lewis, Anthony Knight, Edward S. Kuniholm, Bruce Robellet Lawson, Eugene K. Lewis, Bernard Knight, Jessie J. Jr. Kunstadter, Geraldine S. Layne, Christopher Lewis, Edward T. Knowlton, William Allen Kupchan, Charles A. Lazarus, Shelly B. Lewis, John E Knudsen, Christine M. Kupchan, Clifford A. Lazarus, Steven Lewis, Stephen R. Jr. Kogan, Richard Jay Kupperman, Robert H. Leach, James A. Lewis, W Walker Kohut, Andrew Kurth, James R. Leclerc, Paul Lewy Glen S. Kojac.Jeff Kushen, Robert A. Lederberg, Joshua Li, Lu Kolb, Charles E.M. Kux, Dennis Lee, Chong-Moon Libby I. Lewis Jr. Kolbe,Jim Kwoh, Stewart Lee, Ernest S. Lichtblau,JohnH. Kolodziej, Edward A. Lee, Nancy Lichtenstein, Cynthia C. Kolt, George Lee, Thea Mei Lieber, James E. Koltai, Steven R. Laber,JeriL. Lee, William L. Lieber, RobertJ. Komisar, Lucy Ladd, Edward Lee-Kung, Dinah Lieberman, Joseph I. Kondracke, Morton Lader, Philip Leebron, David W Lieberman, Nancy A. Koonin, Steven E. Ladner, Drew J. Leed, Maren Lieberthal, Keith L. Korb, Lawrence J. LaFleur, Vinca Leeds, Jeffrey T* Lieberthal, Kenneth G. Korbonski, Andrzej Lagomasino, Maria Elena Leeds, Roger S. Liebman, Benjamin Lesler Kormos, Cyril Frederic Lagon, Mark E Leet, Kenneth H.M. Liebowitz, Jessica K. Kornblum,John C. Laipson, Ellen Leet, Mildred Robbins Lifton, Robert K. Kornblut, Anne E.t Lake, David A. Lefever, Ernest W Light, Timothy Kostiw, Michael Vincent Lai, Venkateshwar Leffall, LaSalle D. Ill Lighthizer, Robert E. Kotecha, Mahesh K. Lamb, Denis Leghorn, Richard S. Lihenthal, Sally L. Kotler, Steven Lambert, Brett B.* Legro, Jeffrey W Lincoln, Edward J. Kovner, Bruce S.* Lambeth, Benjamin S. Legvold, Robert Lindberg, Tod Kraar, Louis Lambright, James H. Lehman, John E Linden, Josephine* Kraft, Robert K.* Lamont, Lansing Lehman, Orin Lindsay, Beverly Kramek, Robert E. Lampton, David M. Lehman, Ronald Frank II Lindsay, Franklin A. Kramer, Jane Lancaster, Carol J. Lehrer, Jim Lindsay, James M. Kramer, Michael Landau, George W. Leich, John Foster Linen, Jonathan S. Kramer, Orin S. Lande, Jim Alfred Leklem, Erik James Ling, Lisa J. t Kramer, Reed Landers, James M. Leland, Marc E. Link, Troland S. Kramer, Steven Philip Lane, Charles M. Lelyveld, Joseph Linnington, Abigail T.t Kranwinkle, C. Douglas Lane, David J. LeMelle, Gerald A. Linowes, David E Kranz, Thomas E Laney James T LeMelle, TildenJ. Lipman, Ira A. Krasner, Stephen D. Langlois,John D. Lemle.J. Stuart Lippard, Joshua J. Krasno, Richard M. Langlois, Robert J. Lempert, RobertJ. Lipper, Kenneth Krause, Lawrence B. Lanskoy Miriamt Lempert, Yaelf Lipper, Tamara Krauss, Clifford Lantz, Matthew E Lennon, Alexander T.J.* Lippert, Mark W Krauthammer, Charles LaPalombara, Joseph Lennox, William J. Jr. Lippey Brian C. Kravis, Henry R. Lapenn, Jessica E. Lenti, Sarah M. Lippman, Thomas W Kravis, Marie-Josee* Lapham, Lewis H. Lenzen, Louis C. Lipset, Seymour Martin Kreek, Mary Jeanne Lapham, Nicholas Payne LeoGrande, William M. Lipsitz, RochelleJ. Krens, Thomas Lapidus, Gail W. Leonard, James E Lipskyjohn E Krepinevich, Andrew E Lardy, Nicholas R. Leone, Richard C. Lipsky Seth Krepon, Michael Larrabee, E Stephen Lesch, Ann Mosely Lissakers, Karin M. Kriegel,Jay L. Larsen, RandallJ. Leslie, John W Jr. Litan, Robert E. Krikorian, Victoria Reznik Larson, Charles R. Lesser, Ian O. Little, David Krisher, Bernard Lasensky, Scott B. Lettre, Marcel J. II Little, Milton J. Jr. Kristof, Nicholas D. Lash, Jonathan Levensohn, Pascal N.* Littlefield, Elizabeth L. Kristoff, Sandra J. Lasser, Lawrence J. Leverett, Flynt L. Littles, Sean-Noelt Kroeger, Kate MJ. Lateef, Noel V Levin, Gerald M. Litwak, Robert S. Kronman, Anthony Townsend Latif, S. Amert Levin, Herbert Liu, Betty Wen Ssu Krueger, Anne O. Lau, Edwin Levin, John A. Liu, Eric E Krueger, Harvey Lauder, Leonard A. Levin, Michael Stuart Krulak, Charles Chandler Lauder, Ronald S. Levine, Irving R. Livingston, Robert Gerald Ku, Charlotte Laudicina, Paul A. Levine, Mel Llewellyn, J. Bruce Lodal.JanM. 95 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Lodge, George Cabot MacDonald, Bruce Walter Marshall, Dale Rogers McCracken, Paul W Loeb, Marshall MacDougal, Gary E. Marshall, E Ray McCurdy Dave K. Logan, Francis D. Mack, Consuelo Cotter Marshall, Katherine McDermott,Jim Lombardi, Clark B. Mack, J. Curtis II Marshall, Zachary Blake McDevitt, Sean Daniel London, Herbert I. Mackay Leo Sidney Jr. Marten, Kimberlyjoy McDonald, Alonzo L. Long, William J. Mackevich, Eileen R. Martin, Daniel Richard McDonald, Tom Longmuir, Shelley A. MacLaury Bruce K. Martin, Lynn Morley McDonough, William J. Longstreth, Bevis Macomber, John Dewitt Martin, Susan E McDougall, Gay J. Longworth, Richard C. Macy, Robert M. Jr. Martin, William E McEnteeJoanM. Longworth, Susan A. Madiganjohn W Martinez, Jennifer S.t McFarlane, Jennifer A. Loranger, Donald Eugene Magras, Krista M. Martinez, Roman IV McFarlane, Robert C. Lord, Bette Bao Maguire, John David Marton, Kati I. McFate, Patricia Ann Lord, Winston Mahoney Margaret E. Masin, Michael T. McFaul, Michael A. Lorentzen, Oivind III Mahoney Paul G. Massey L. Camille McGarr, Cappy R. Louis, William Roger Mahoney, Thomas H. IV Massey Walter E. McGiffert, Carola H. Loury, Glenn Cartman Mai, Vincent A. Massimino, Elisa C. McGiffert, David E. Lovejoy, Thomas E. Maier, Charles S. Mastanduno, Michael McGovern, George S. Low, Stephen Makin, John Holmes Masters, Carlton A. McGowan, Alan H. Lowenfeld, Andreas E Makins, Christopher J. Matheson, Michael J. McGrath, Eugene R. Lowenkron, Barry E Makinson, Carolyn Mathews, Jessica T. McGurk, Brett H.t Lowenstein, James G. Mako, William E Mathews, Michael S. McGurn, William Lowenthal, Abraham E Makovsky David* Mathews, Sylvia M. McHenry Donald E Lowry, Glenn D. Maldonado, Wendy A. Mathias, Charles McC. Jr. Mcintosh, Laura A. Lowry Richard A. Malek, Frederic V Mathias, EdwardJ. McKenna, Patrick R.f Loy Frank E. Malinowski, Tom Mathis, Brian Pierre McKeon, Robert B. Loy, James Milton Mallery Richard Matlock, Jack E Jr. McLarty Mark C. Lozano, Ignacio E. Mallett, Robert L. Matney, William Alant McLarty Thomas E III Lozano,Jose Ignacio Malmgren, Harald B. Matsukata, Naotaka* McLaughlin, Andrew Lozano, Monica C. Malmgren, K. Philippa Matteson, William B. McLaughlin, Charles James IV* Lu, Xiaobo Malone, Kim Matthews, Barbara C* McLaughlin, John E. Lubin, Nancy Malpass, David R. Matthews, Eugene A. McLean, Mora L. Lubman, Stanley B. Manatt, Charles T. Matthews, John Casley III McLean, Sheila Avrin Lucas, C. Payne Manca, Marie Antoinette Mattox, Gale A. McLinJonBlythe Lucas, Sarah T. Mandelbaum, Michael Matuszewski, Daniel C. McManus, Doyle Luck, Edward C. Maniatis, Gregory A. Matzke, Richard H. McManus, Jason D. Lucy, William Manilow, Lewis Maxwell, Kenneth Robert McMaster, Herbert Raymond Ludes, James M.t Mann, James H. May, Ernest R. McNally Thomas A. Luers, Wendy W Mann, Michael D. May, Michael M. McNamara, Dennis L. Luers, William H. Mann, Thomas E. Mayer, Claudette McNamara, Kathleen R.* Lugo, Luis E.* Manuel, Anja L. Mayer, Gerald M. Jr. McNamara, Robert S. Luke, John A. Jr. Manyin, Mark E.t Mayhew, Alice E. McNamara, Thomas E. Lustick, Ian S. Manzi, Jim Maynes, Charles William McNaugher, Thomas L. Lute, Jane Holl Marans.J. Eugene Mazur, Jay McNerney Patricia Ann Luttwak, Edward N. Marcom, John E. Jr. McPeak, Merrill A. Luzzatto, Anne R. Marcum, John Arthur McAfee, William Gage McPherson, M. Peter Lyall, Katharine C. Marder, Murrey McAllister, Jef Olivarius McQuade, Lawrence C. Lyman, Princeton N. Margolis, David I. McAllister, Singleton B. McWade, Jessica C. Lyman, Richard W Mariotti, Steven J. McCaffrey, Barry R. Meacham, Carl E. Lynch, Thomas E III Mark, David E. McCain, John S. Ill Meacham, Jon Lynk, Myles V Mark, Hans M. McCall, H. Carl Mead, Dana G. Lynn, James T Mark-Jusbasche, Rebecca E McCann, Edward Mead, E. Scott Lynn, Laurence E. Jr. Markey Daniel S. McCartan, Patrick E Mead, Walter Russell Lyon, David W. Marks, Leonard H. McCarter, John W Jr. Meadows, Jeanne Terry Lyons, Gene M. Marks, Paul A. McCarthy, James E Meagher, Robert E Lyons, James E. Markusen, Ann R. McCarthy, Kathleen D. Mearsheimer, John J. Lyons, Richard Kent Marlin, Alice Tepper McChrystal, Stanley A. Medavoy Mike* Marquet, L. David* McClean, Lilyanne H. Medawar, Adrienne Marr, Phebe A. McCloyJohnJ.il Medeiros, Evan Sabino M Marron, Donald B. McClure, Robert L. Medina, Kathryn B. Ma, Christopher Marsh, Tom E McCormack, Elizabeth J. Medish, Mark Christian Mabry Marcus Marshall, Andrew W McCouch, Donald G. Medley, Richard Mabus, Raymond E. Marshall, Anthony D. McCown, R. Gaynor* Meers, Sharon I. MacCormack, Charles Frederick McCoy Jennifer L* Meertens, Michelle A. Mehlman, Bruce Paul 1 Elected to membership in 2005. T Elected to five-yearter m membership in 2005. 96 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Mehreteab, Ghebre Selassie Mills, Karen Gordon Moss, Ambler H. Jr. Nathanson, Marc B. Mehta, Ved Mills, Susan Linda Mossman, James Nathoo,RaffiqA. Meigs, Montgomery C* Milner, Helen V Motley, Joel W. Nau, Henry R. Meiman, Kellie A. Minow, Newton N. Mottahedeh, Roy P Nauert, Heather Anne Meissner, Doris M. Mintz, Daniel R. Motulsky Daniel T. Nazeri, Haleh Meister, Irene W Miranda, Lourdes R. Mouat, Lucia Neal, Jeffrey C. Meji'a, James E. Miscik, Judith A. Moyer, Homer E. Jr. Neal, Stephen L. Melby, Eric D.K. Mishkin, Alexander V Mroz,John Edwin Nealer, Kevin G. Melloan, George R. Mitchell, Andrea Mudd, Daniel H. Nederlander, Robert Jr. Mendelson, Sarah E. Mitchell, Arthur M. Ill Mudd, Margaret Farris Negroponte, Diana Villiers* Mendelson-Forman, Johanna Mitchell, George H. Jr. Mujal-Leon, Eusebio Negroponte, John D. Mendlovitz, Saul H. Mitchell, George J. Mulberger, Virginia A. Neier, Aryeh Mendoza, Roberto G. Mitchell, Patricia E. Mulcahy, Anne M. Nelson, Anne Menges, Carl B. Mitchell, Wandra G. Mulford, David C. Nelson, Daniel N. MenkeJohnR. Mize, David M. Muller, Edward R. Nelson, Jodi Lee Menon, Rajan Mochizuki, Kiichi Muller, Steven Nelson, Merlin E. Merkel, Claire Sechler Mochizuki, Mike M. Mulvaney Sean Nelson, Richard D. Merkel, David Austin Moe, Sherwood G. Mundie, Craigjames Nelson, Robert L. Jr. Meron, Theodor Moffett, George D. Mundy Carl E. Jr. Nemazee, Hassan Merowjohn E. Molano, Walter Thomas Munger, Edwin S. Nenneman, Richard A. Merrill, Philip Mondale, Walter E Munoz, George Nepomnyashchy Catharine Merritt, Jack Neil Moniz, ErnestJ. Munroe, George B. Theimer Merszei, Zoltan Montelongo, Michael* Munsch, Stuart B. Nesbit, Lynn Mesdag, Willem Montgomery, George Cranwell Munyan, Winthrop R. Neuger, Win J. Meselson, Matthew S. Montgomery, Harold H. Murase, Emily Moto Neuman, Stephanie G. Messing, E Andy Jr. Montgomery, Parker G. Muravchik, Joshua Neureiter, Norman E Mestres, Ricardo A. Jr. Montgomery, Philip Murdoch, Rupert Newberg, Esther R. Mettler, Ruben E Murdock, Deroy O'Bryan III Newburg, Andre Metzger, Barry Murdy William E Moock, Joyce Lewinger Newcomb, Nancy S. Metzl, Jamie Frederic Murillo, Maria Victoria Moody, Jim Newell, Barbara W. Meunier, Sophie Murphy, Caryle Marie Moody, William S. Newhousejohn Meyer, Edward C. Murphy, Ewell E. Jr. Moore, Joanne C. Newman Hood, Alisat Meyer, John Robert Murphy, Richard W Moore, John J. Jr. Newman, Jay H. Meyer, Karl E. Murphy, Sean Patrick Moore, John M. Newman, Pamela J.* Meyer, Michael Ryder Murphy, Thomas S. Moore, John Norton Newman, Pauline Meyerman, Harold J. Murray, Alan S.* Moore, Jonathan Newman, Priscilla A. Meyerson, Martin Murray, Douglas J. Moore, Julia A. Newman, Richard T. Michaels, Marguerite Murray, Douglas P Moorman, Thomas S. Jr. Newsom, David D. Mickiewicz, Ellen Murray, Ian P Moose, George E. Newstead, Jennifer G. Midgley, Elizabeth Murray, Janice L. Moose, Richard M. Newton, M. Diana Helweg* Mihaly, Eugene B. Murray, Lori Esposito Mora, Alberto J. Ney Edward N. Mikell, Gwendolyn Murray, Robert J. Mora, Antonio G. Nicholas, N.J.Jr. Miles, Edward L. Muse, Martha Twitchell Moran, Theodore H. Nichols, Mark Alexandert Milestone, Judith B. Musham, Bettye Martin Moravcsik, Andrew Nichols, Rodney W Millard, Robert Mustafa, Herro K. Morey David Edward Nicholson, Jan Miller, Benjamin R. Myers, Richard B. Morgan, Betsy Lake Nides, Thomas R. Miller, Charles R.* Myerson, Toby S. Morgan, Charlotte M. Niehuss,JohnM. Miller, Christopher D. Myrow, Stephen A. Morningstar, Richard L. Niehuss, Rosemary Neaher Miller, David Charles Jr. Morris, Charles R. Nielsen, Nancy Miller, Debra L. Nilsson, A. Kenneth Morris, Frederic A. N Miller, Franklin C. Nilsson, Keith R. Morris, Max King Nachmanoff, Arnold Miller, Judith Nimetz, Matthew Morris-Eck, Bailey Nacht, Michael Miller, Ken Nitze, William A. Morrison, J. Stephen Nadiri, M. Ishaq Miller, Linda B. Noam, Eli M. Morrissey, Arthur C. Nagorski, Andrew Miller, Marcia E. Nogales, Luis G. Morse, Edward L. Nagorski, Zygmunt Miller, Martha Nolan, Janne Emilie Morse, Kenneth P Nakhleh, Emile A. Miller, Matthew L. Noland, Marcus Mortimer, David H. Naplan, StevenJ. Miller, Michael T. Nonacs, Eric S. Mosbacher, Robert A. Nash, Jack Miller, Scott L. Nooter, Robert Harry Moseley, Teed Michael Nash, William L. Miller, William Green Norman, William S. Moses, Alfred H. Nasher, Raymond Donald Miller, William Scott II Norquist, Grover Glenn Mosettig, Michael David Nasr, ValiR.* Milieu, Allan R. Norton, Augustus Richard Moskow, Kenneth A. Nathan, Andrew J. Millingtonjohn A. Norton, Eleanor Holmes Moskow, Michael H. Nathan, James A. Mills, Bradford Nossel, Suzanne E Moskowitz, James N. Nathan, Scott Andrew 97 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Noto, Lucio A. Ostrov, Shirlene Delacruzt Pattiz, Norman J. Piedra, Alberto M. Jr. Novack, Lynne Dominick Ostrowski, Stephen T. Paul, Douglas L. Pierce, John vanden Heuvel Novogratz, Jacqueline Otero, Maria Paul, Roland A. Pierce, Lawrence W Novy-Marx, Milena K. Ovitz, Michael S. Paulson, Henry M. Jr. Pierce, Ponchitta Nuechterlein, Jeffrey D. Owen, Henry David Paulus, Judith K. Piercyjan Nunn, Sam Owen, Roberts Bishop Paumgarten, Nicholas Biddle Pierre, Andrew J. Nussbaum, Bruce Owens, James W. Pavel, Barry Pigott, Charles M. Nye, Josephs. Jr. Owens, William A. Pavilonis, Brigid Myers Pike, John E. Oxman, Bernard H. Payne, Donald M. Pilgrim, Kathryn Oxman, Stephen A. Pearl, Frank H. Pillar, Paul R. O'Brien, Dennis J. Oxnam, Robert B. Pearlstine, Norman Pilling, Donald L. O'Cleireacain, Carol Oye, Kenneth A. Peckham, Gardner G. Pilliod, Charles J. Jr. O'Connor, Walter E Pedersen, Richard Foote Pillsbury Mamie S. O'FlahertyJ. Daniel Pederson, Rena M. Pillsbury Michael O'Hanlon, Michael Paal, Douglas Haines Pell, Claiborne Pilon, Juliana Geran OHare, Joseph A. Pachios, Harold C. Pellathy Gabriel B.t Pincus, Lionel I. O'Malley Cormac K.H. Pachon, Harry P Pelletreau, Robert H. Jr. Pincus, Walter H. O'Neal, E. Stanley Packard, George R. Pefia, Federico E Pinkerton, W Stewart Jr. O'Neil, Kathleen A. Paine, George C. II Penn, Lawrence Edward III Pipes, Daniel O'Neil, Michael J. Paisner, Bruce Lawrence Penn, Mark Jeffrey Pipes, Richard O'Neill, Brian Deveraux Pakula, Hannah C. Perella, Joseph R. Pitts, Joe Will O'Neill, Louis Et Pallesen, Edward S. Peretz, Don Pivik, George A. O'Neill, Mark E. Palmer, Mark Perez, David Pizer, William A. O'Neill, Michael J. Palmer, Matthew A. Perkin, Linda J. Pizzarello, Louis D. O'Prey Kevin E Palmer, Ronald D. Perkins, EdwardJ. Plaks, Livia B. O'Rourke, PatrickJ. Palmieri, Victor H. Perkins, Roswell B. Piatt, Alan A. Oakley, Phyllis E. Pam, JeremiahS. Perkovich, George R. Piatt, Alexander H. Oakley, Robert B. Pan, Eric J. Perlman, Janice Elaine Piatt, Nicholas Oberdorfer, Don Pan, Michael Perlmutter, Barbara S. Piatt, Sheila Maynard Odeen, Philip A. Pan, Philip P Perlmutter, Louis Plattner, Marc E Odell, JohnS. Pandith, Farah Anwar Perritt, Henry H. Jr. Plepler, Richard L. Odom, William E. Panofsky, Wolfgang K.H. Perry, Elizabeth Jean Plimpton, Calvin H. Oettinger, Anthony G. Paperin, Stewart J. Perry, Robert C. PlumeriJosephJ. II Offenheiser, Raymond C. Jr. Pardee, Scott E. Perry, William J. Plutzik, Jonathan Offit, Morris W. Pardes, Herbert Persico, Joseph E. Poats, Rutherford M. Oh, Kongdan Pardew, James W Jr. Peters, Mary Ann Pocalyko, Michael N. Okawara, Merle Aiko Parekh, Sanjay M. Peters, Michael R Pogue, Richard W Oliva, L.Jay Parent, Louise M. Peterson, Holly Polk, William R. Oliver, April A. Paris, Jonathan Peterson, Michael A. Pollack, Gerald A. Olmstead, Cecil J. Parker Feld, Karen Peterson, Peter G. Pollack, Jonathan D. Olson, David Andrew Parker, Elizabeth Rindskopf Petraeus, David H. Pollack, Kenneth M. Olson, Jane T. Parker, Jason H. Petree, Richard W Jr. Pollack, Lester Olson, Lyndon L. Jr. Parker, Jay M. Petree, Richard W Pollock, Robert Lansing Olson, Ronald L. Parker, Penny L. Petri, Thomas E. Polsby Nelson W. Olson, William Clinton Parker, Richard B. Petschek, Stephen R. Pond, Elizabeth Olvey, Lee D. Parkinson, Roger P Pettibone, Peter J. Poneman, Daniel Bruce Omestad, Thomas E. Parks, Michael Christopher Pettyjohn R. Pool-Eckert, Marquita J. Onek, Joseph N. Parsky Gerald L. Peyronnin, Joseph E Popkin, Anne B. Oppenheimer, Andres M. Parsons, Richard D. Pfaltzgraff, Robert L. Jr. Popoff, Frank Oppenheimer, Franz Martin Pascual, Carlos E. Pfeiffer, Jane Cahill Porter, John Edward Oppenheimer, Michael E Passer-Muslin, Juliette M. Pfeiffer, Leon K. Portes, Richard D. Orentlicher, Diane Paster, Howard G. Pfeiffer, Steven B. Porzecanski, Arturo C. Orlins, Stephen A. Pastor, Ed Phan, Dang Tan Posen, Adam S. Ornstein, Norman J. Pastor, Robert A. Pharr, Susan J. Posen, Barry R. Orr, Robert C. Patel, Parag Phelan.JohnJ. Jr. Posner, Michael Osbornjohn E. Patrick, Hugh T. Phillips, Cecil M. Poste, George H. Osborne, Richard de J. Patrick, Stewart M. Phillips, Christopher H. Postol, Theodore A. Osius, Margaret Elizabeth Patrick, Thomas Harold Phillips, David L. Potter, William C. Osmer McQuade, Margaret Patricof, Alan Joel Phillips, Jeanne L. Pottinger, Matthew E Osnos, Peter L.W. Patrikis, Ernest T Picker, Harvey Powell, Colin L. Osnos, Susan Sherer Patterson, Michael D. Pickering, Thomas R. Powell, Dina Habibt Ostrander, E Taylor Patterson, Patricia M. Pieczenik, Steve R. Powell, Jerome H. Power, Philip H. Powers, Averill L. : Elected to membership in 2005. t Elected to five-year term membership in 2005. 98 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Powers, Thomas Ramakrishna, Kilaparti Ricardel, Mira R. Rockwell, Keith McElroy Powers, Timothy E. Ramer, Bruce M. Rice, Condoleezza Rodman, Peter W Pozen, Robert C. Ramer, Lawrence J.* Rice, Donald S. Rodriguez, Rita M. Pranger, Robert J. Ramirez, Lilia L. Rice, Joseph A. Rodriguez, Vincent A. Prasso, Sheridan T. Ramo, Simon Rice, Joseph Lee III* Rodrik, Dani Precht, Henry Randolph, R. Sean Rice, Susan E. Roett, Riordan Pregenzer, Arian L. Randt, Clark T. Jr. Rich, John H. Jr. RoffJ. Hugh Jr. Prescott, Elizabeth M. Ranis, Gustav Rich, Michael D. Rogers, John M. Press, Daryl G. Rankin, Clyde E. Ill Richard, Anne C. Rogers, William D. Press, William H. Raphel, Robin Lynn Richard, James J. Roggero, Frederick F Pressler, Larry Rappaport, Alan H. Richards, Ann W. Rogoff, Kenneth S. Pressman, Jeremy RatchfordJ. Thomas Richards, Paul G. Rohan, Karen M. Preston, Stephen W. Rather, Dan Richards, Stephen H. Rohatyn, Felix G. Prewitt, Kenneth Ratnesar, Romesh M. Richardson, Benjamin E Rohlen, Thomas E Price, Daniel M. Rattner, Steven L. Richardson, Frank E. Rokke, ErvinJ. Price, John R. Jr. Rattray, Gregory John Richardson, Henry J. Ill Roman, Nancy E. Price, Raymond K. Jr. Rauch, Rudolph S. Richardson, John Romano, Christina M. Price, Robert Raul, Alan Charles Richardson, Richard W Romanowski, Alina L. Price, Steven* Raustiala, Kal Richardson, William B. Romberg, Alan D. Prickett, Glenn T. Ravenal, Earl C. Richardson, William R. Romero, Philip Joseph Priest, William W. Jr. Ravenholt, Albert V Richardson, Yolonda C. Romero-Barcelo, Carlos A. Prieto, Daniel B. Ill Ravich, Samantha E Richter, Anthony Rondeau, Ann E. Prillaman, William C. Ravitch, Richard Riddell, Malcolm C. Roosevelt, Theodore IV Prince, Charles O. Ill Raymond, David A. Ridgway, Rozanne L. Rosand, Eric Alexander Pritzker, Penny S. Raymond, Douglas A.t Rieff, David Rose, Charles PeeteJr. Pritzker, Thomas J. Raymond, Jack RiellyJohnE. Rose, Daniel Proenza, Luis M. Raymond, Lee R. Riffat, Imran Rose, Elihu Prueher, Joseph W. Read, Benjamin L. Rifkind, Robert S. Rose, Gideon Pryce, Jeffrey E Reade, Claire E. Ringold, Dena Rose, Marshall Pryce, William T. Realuyo, Celina B. Riordan, Michael L. Rosecrance, Richard Puchala, Donald James Rechberger, Kristin Denise Riotta, Giovanni* Rosen, Arthur H. Puckett, Allen E. Redman, Charles E. RitchJohnB. Ill Rosen, Daniel H. Puckett, Robert H. Reed, Charles B. Rivers, Richard R. Rosen, Gary Pulling, Edward L. Reed, Jack Riviera, Gloria S.f Rosen,Jack Pulling, Thomas L. Reed, Joseph Verner Rivkin, David B. Jr. Rosen,Jane K. Punke, Timothy E. Reed, Lucy Ferguson Rivkin, David W* Rosen, Jeffrey Allen Purcell, Susan Kaufman Rees, Matthew R. Rivlin, Alice M. Rosen, Robert L. Pursley, Robert E. Reese, William Sears Rizk, Nayla M. Rosen, Stephen Peter Purvis, Nigel Regan, Ned Rizopoulos, Nicholas X. Rosenberg, Mark B. Pustay.John S. Reichert, William M. Robb, Charles S. Rosenblatt, Lionel A. Putnam, Robert D. Reid, Ogden Robbins, Carla Anne Rosenblatt, Peter R. Pye, Lucian W Reiling, Peter A. Robert, Joseph E. Jr. Rosenblum, Mort L. Pyle, Kenneth B. Reilly, William K. Robert, Stephen Rosenfeld, Stephen S. Reimer, Dennis Joe Roberts, Bradley H. Rosenfield, Allan Reinhardt,John E. Roberts, John J. Rosenfield, Patricia L. Reinhart, Carmen M. Roberts, Walter R. Rosenkranz, Robert Quainton, Anthony C.E. Reinharz.Jehuda Robertson, Cara W. Rosensweig, Jeffrey A. Quam, Lois E.* Reinke, Jeffrey A. Robinson, Barbara Paul Rosenthal, A. M. Quandt, William B. Reisman, William Michael Robinson, David Z. Rosenthal, Douglas Eurico Quartel, Donald Robert Jr.* Reiss, Mitchell B. Robinson, Davis R. Rosenthal, Jack Quester, George H. Remick, Elizabeth J. Robinson, James D. Ill Rosenthal, Mitchell S. Quigley Kevin EE Remington, Thomas E Robinson, Leonard H. Jr. Rosenwald, E.John Jr. Quigley Leonard V Renfrew, Charles Byron Robinson, Linda Rosenwald, Nina Quinn, Jane Bryant Renne, Jeannie M.t Robinson, Pearl T. RosenwasserJonJ. Quinnjohn M. Rennie, Milbrey Robinson, Torrance W. Rosenzweig, Robert M. Rennie, Renate Robison, Olin C. Rosett, Claudia Reppert,John C. Rocca, Christina B. Roskens, Ronald W Rabb, Bruce Reppy, Judith V Rocha, V Manuel Rosner, Jeremy D. Rabinowitch, Alexander Resnicoff, Arnold E. Roche, James G. Rosovsky Henry Rabinowitch, Victor Resor, Stanley R. Rockefeller, David Ross, Arthur Radtke, Robert W. Rey Nicholas A. Rockefeller, David Jr. Ross, Christopher W.S. Raine, Fernande Scheid Rhind, Eric Scott Rockefeller, John D. IV Ross, Dennis B. Raines, Franklin D. Rhinelander, John B. Rockefeller, Nicholas Ross, Gary N. Raiser, Skye Rhodes, William R. Rockwell, Hays H. Ross, Robert S. Raisian,John 99 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Rossabi, Morris Sanchez, Orlando Schroeder, Christopher Matthew Shattuck, John Rosso, David J. Sandalow, David Schubert, Richard E Shaw, David E.* Rossotti, Charles O. Sandel, Michael J. Schuepbach, Martin A. Shearer, Brooke L. Rostow, Elspeth Davies Sander, Alison B. Schuh, G. Edward Sheehan, Kevin P Rostow, Nicholas Sanders, Barry A. Schuker, Jill A. Sheehan, Michael A. Rotberg, Robert I. Sanders, Marlene Schulhof, Michael Peter Sheffield, Jill W Roth, Kenneth Sanderson, Steven E.* Schulz, William E Sheinbaum, Stanley K. Roth, Stanley Owen Sands, Amy Schumacher Matos, Edward Sheldon, Eleanor B. Roth, William M. Sanger, David E. Schwab, George D. Shelley, Sally Swing Rothkopf, David Jochanan Sapiro, Miriam Schwab, Susan Carroll Shelp, Ronald K. Rottenberg, Linda D. Sapolsky, Harvey M. Schwartz, Bernard L. Shelton, Joanna Reed Route, Ronald A. Sargeant, Stephen Thomas Schwartz, Eric Paul Shelton-Colby Sally A. Rovine, Arthur W. Sarotte, Mary Elise Schwartz, Norton A. Shenk, George H. Rowen, Henry S. Sassen, Saskia Schwartz, Peter Shepard, Stephen B. Rowny, Edward L. Sasser, James R. Schwarz, Adam Shepardson, Robert Thomas Roy, J. Stapleton Satcher, David Schwarzer, William W Shepherd, J. Michael Rubenstein, David M. Satloff, Robert B. Schwarzman, Stephen A. Shepherd, Karen E Rubin, Arthur Mark* Saul, Ralph Southey Schwebel, Stephen M. Sheriff, Alan R. Rubin, Barnett R. Saunders, Harold H. Sciolino, Elaine E Sherman, Michael Rubin, James R Savage, Frank Sciutto, James E. Sherman, Wendy R. Rubin, Nancy H. Sawoski, Mark Scowcroft, Brent Sherr, LynnB.* Rubin, Nilmini Gunaratne Sawyer, Diane Scranton, William W Sherry, George L. Rubin, Robert E. Sawyer, Reid L. Scully, Timothy R. Sherwood, Benjamin B. Rubin, Trudy S. Scalapino, Robert A. Seagrave, Norman E Sherwood-Randall, Elizabeth D. Rudder, Philip C. Schacht, Henry B. Seamans, Robert C. Jr. Shestack, Jerome J. Rudenstine, Neil L. Schaffer, Howard Bruner Sears, Jonathan E. Shields, Geoffrey B. Rudesill, Dakota S. Schaffer, Matthew Seasholes, Mark S. Shields, Lisa Katherine Rudin, William C. Schaffer, Teresita C. Seaton, James B. Ill Shiffman, Gary M. Rudman, Warren B. Schake, Kori Segal, SheldonJ. Shifter, Michael Ruenitz, Robert M. Schearer, S. Bruce Segal, Susan Louise Shiner, Josette S. Ruggie,John G. Schecter,Jerrold Seibold, Frederick C. Jr. Shinn,JamesJ. Rugh, William A. Schecter, Kate S.* Seigenthaler, John L. Shinseki, Eric Runge, Carlisle Ford Scheffer, David J. Seiple, Chris* Shipley, Walter V Rupp, George E. Schein, Jacqui Selbst Sekulow, Eugene A. Shirk, Susan L. Ruttan, Vernon W Scheinman, Lawrence Selee, Andrew D.t Shirzad, Faryar* Ruxin,Josh Schell, Orville Hickok Selin, Ivan Shlaes, Amity Ruth Ryan, Arthur E Schell, Theodore H. Sender, Henny Shoemaker, Christopher C. Ryan, John Till Schenker, David K. Sesno, Frank W. Shonholtz, Raymond Ryan, Kevin P* Schick, Thomas Sestanovich, Stephen R. Shribman, David M. Ryan, Michael E. Schiff, Frank W Setser, Brad W. Shriver, Donald W. Ryan, Patrick G. Jr. Schiff, Karenna Gore Sevilla, Christina R. Shu,John Schifter, Richard SewallJohnO.B. Shulman, Colette Schijman, E. Alixandre Schiller, Vivian L. Sewall, Sarah Shulman, Marshall D. Sacerdote, Peter M. Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. Sewell,John W Shultz, George P Sachs, Jeffrey D. Schlesinger, James R. Sexton, John E. Shultz, Susan Kent Fried Sacks, Paul M. Schlesinger, Stephen C. Seymour, Frances J. Shuman, David L. Saeed, Ahmed M. Schlosser, Herbert S. Shafer, D. Michael Shuman, Stanley S. Sagan, Scott D. Schmemann, Serge Shafer, Jeffrey R. Sick, Gary G. Sakoian, Carol Knuth Schmertz, Herbert Shaheen, Mark A. Siebert, Muriel E Salacuse, Jeswald William Schmidt, Bennojr. Shailor, Barbara Siegal, Bippy M. Salazar, Ana Maria Schmoke, Kurt L. Shalala, Donna E. Siegel, William D. Salem, George R. Schneider, Jan Shalikashvili, John M. Siegman, Henry Salomon, Richard E. Schneider, William Shambaugh, David Sievers, Sara E. Salomon, William R. Schneider, William Jr. Shanker, Thomas Daniel Sifton, Elisabeth N. Salzhauer, Amy Lynn Schneier, Arthur Shapiro, Andrew J. Siftonjohnt Salzman, Anthony David Schoen, Douglas E. Shapiro, Andrew L. Sigal, Leon V Samore, Gary Schoettle, Enid C.B. Shapiro, Daniel B. Sigmund, Paul E. Sample, Steven B. Schorr, Daniel L. Shapiro, Harold T. Sikkink, Kathryn A. Samuels, Barbara Christie II Schrage, Elliot J. Shapiro, Isaac Silas, C.J. Samuels, Michael A. Schrage, Steven Patrickt Shapiro, Judith R. Silber, Laura J. Samuels, Richard J. Schramm, Carl J.* Shaplen, Jason T. Silberman, Laurence H. Samway, Michael A. Schreiber, Brian T Sharma, Anita Silberman, Robert S. Sanchez, Miguel Antonio Sharp, Daniel A. Silberstein, Alan M. Silkenat, James R. Elected to membership in 2005. T Elected to five-year term membership in 2005. Silver, Allison 100 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Silver, Brian M.t Smith, W. Y. Stam, Allan C. Stonesifer, Patricia Q. Silver, Daniel B. Smith, Winthrop H. Jr. Stamas, Stephen Straus, Donald B. Silver, Ron Snider, Don M. Stanford, Nina Zinterhofer Straus, Oscar S. II Silvers, Robert B. Snider, L. Britt Stanger, Allison Katherine Strauss, Robert S. Simes, Dimitri K. Snow, Robert Anthony Stanislaw, Joseph A.* Streeb, Gordon L. Simmons, Adele Snowe, OlympiaJ. Stanley-Mitchell, Elizabeth A. StremlauJohnJ. Simmons, Matthew R. Snyder, Jed C. Stanton, Frank Stringer, Howard Simmons, P.J. Snyder, Richard E. Staples Durkin, Kristen Strmecki, Marin J. Simmons, RuthJ. Snyder, Timothy D. Staples, Eugene S. Strock, James M. Simon, Francoise L. Sobol, Dorothy Meadow Starr, Kenneth I. Stromseth,Jane E. Simon, Hugh V Jr. Soderberg, Nancy E. Starr, S. Frederick Stroock, Thomas F Sims, Calvin G. Sofaer, Abraham David Stavridis, James G.* Strossen, Nadine Sinclair, Paula J. Sohn, Louis B. Steel, Ronald Styron, Rose Sinding, Steven W. Solarz, StephenJ. Steiger, Paul E. Sudarkasa, Niara Singer, Peter Warren Solnick, Steven L. Stein, David F Sufi, Awais Singh, Manishat Solomon, Andrew Wallace Stein, Elliot Sughrue, Karen M. Singham, Shanker A. Solomon, Anne G.K. Stein, Eric Suh, Ryung Singleton, Lincoln Cameron Solomon, Anthony M. Steinberg, David J. Suleiman, Ezra Sinkin, Richard N. Solomon, Joshua N. Steinberg, James B. Sullivan, Gordon R. Sitrick, James Baker Solomon, Peter J. Steinberg, Mark R. Sullivan, John D. Skidmore, Thomas E. Solomon, Richard H. Steinberg, Richard H. Sullivan, Louis W. Skinner, Elliott R Solomon, Robert Steinbruner, John D. Summers, Lawrence H. Skinner, Kiron Kanina Sonenshine, H. Marshall Steiner, Daniel Sunderland, Jack B. Sklarew, Jennifer Friedman Sonenshine, Tara Diane Steiner, Joshua L. Sundiata, Ibrahim K. Skol, Michael M. Song, Diana M.H. Steiner, Steven E. Supanc, Patrick Moore Skolnikoff, Eugene B. Sonnenberg, Maurice StempelJohnD. Suro, Roberto A. Skora, Alexander J.* Sonnenfeldt, Helmut Stent, Angela Evelyn Suslow, Leo A. Slade, David R. Sonnenfeldt, Richard W Stepan, Alfred C. Sutphen, Mona K. Sorensen, Gillian Martin Slattery,Jim C* Stern, David J. Sutterlin, James S. Sorensen, Juliet Suzanne Slaughter, Anne-Marie Stern, Fritz Sutton, Francis X. Slaughter, Richard A. Sorensen, Theodore C. Suzman, Cedric Stern, H. Peter Slavin, Barbara Soros, George Swank, Emory C. Stern, Jeffrey Slawson, Paul S. Soros, Jonathan Allan Swanson, Carl Axel Stern, Jessica E. Sloane, Ann Brownell Soros, Paul Sweeney, John J. Stern, Paul G.* Sloane, Margaret Sweitzer, Brandon W Soudriette, Richard W. Stern, Paula Slocombe, Walter B. Swid, Scott L. Sovern, Michael I. Stern, Todd D. Small, Lawrence M. Swid, Stephen Claar Spagnuolo, Stephen A. Stern, Walter P Smalley, Kathleen Swiers, Peter Bird Spahn, Blake A. Smalley, Patricia T. Sternberg, Marc S. Swing, John Temple Spain, James W Smart, Christopher W Sternberg, Seymour Szporluk, Roman Spalter, Jonathan Smart, S. Bruce Jr. Sterner, Michael E. Spaner, Jonathan S. Smeall, Christopher Stetson, Anne Spangler, Scott M. Smith, Andrew F Stevens, Charles R. Spears, Suzanne Alexandra Smith, Clint E. Stevens, James W Taft, Julia Vadala Spector, Leonard S. Smith, Dane EJr. Stevens, Paul Schott Taft, William H. IV Speedie, David C. Smith, David Shiverick Stevens, Robert J. Tagliabue, Paul Spencer, John* Smith, DeWitt C. Jr. Stevenson, Charles A. Tahir-Kheli, Shirin R. Sperling, Gene B. Smith, Edwin M. Stewart, Brittany D.t Talbot, Phillips Sperojoan E. Smith, Fern M. Stewart, Donald M. Talbott, Strobe Spero, Joshua B. Smith, Gayle E. Stewart, Evan Talwar, Puneet Speth, James Gustave Smith, Hedrick L. Stewart, Gordon C. Tan Bhala, Kara WY. Speyer, Jerry I. Smith, Jean Kennedy Stewart, Jamie B. Jr. Tang, David K.Y. Speyer, Robert J. Smith, Jeffrey H. Stewart, Ruth Ann Tanner, Harold Spiegel, Daniel L. SmithJohnT. II Stiehm, Judith Hicks Tanter, Raymond Spiegel, John W Smith, Justin B.t Stiglitz, Joseph E. Tapia, Raul R. Spielvogel, Carl Smith, Malcolm B. Stiles, Deborah E Tarnoff, Peter Spiers, Ronald I. Smith, Michael B. Stith, Kate Tarter, C. Bruce Spindler,J. Andrew Smith, Perry M. Stobaugh, Robert B. Tarullo, Daniel K. Spinelli-Noseda, Carlos Javier Smith, Peter Hopkinson Stockman, David A. Tatlock, Anne M. Spiro, Herbert John Smith, R.Jeffrey Stoessinger, John G. Tauber, Charles E. Spoon, Alan* Smith, Richard M. Stoga, Alan J. Taubman, William SprattJohnM.Jr. Smith, Stephen G. Stokes, Bruce Taylor, Arthur R. Stack-O'Connor, Alisa Smith, Theodore M. Stoll, Ira E. Taylor, Cathy L. Stacks, John Smith, Tony Stone, Christopher B. Taylor, Diana L.* Stahl, Lesley R. Stone, Jeremy J. Taylor, James S. 101 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER Taylor, Kathryn Pelgrift Torres, Art Usher, William R. Ill Volk, Stephen R. Teece, David J. Torres, Gerald Utgoff, Victor A. von Eckartsberg, K. Gayle Rose Teichner, Martha A. Torricelli, Robert G. Utley, Garrick von Hagen, Mark Louis Teitel, Ruti G. Toth, Robert C. Uzeta, Jaime Ernesto von Lipsey Rod Teitelbaum, Michael S. Toungara, Jeanne Maddox von Mehren, Robert B. Telhami, Shibley Townsend, Kathleen Kennedy Votaw, Carmen Delgado Tellis, Ashley Joachim Trachtenberg, Stephen Joel Vaccaro, Jonathan Matthew Vradenburg, George III Tempelsman, Maurice Train, Harry D. II Vagliano, Sara Vuono, Carl E. Temple-Raston, Dina Simone Train, John Vagts, Detlev E Tenet, George J. Train, Russell E. Vaitheeswaran, Vijay V W Terracciano, Anthony E Trainor, Bernard E. Vaky Viron R Wachner, Linda J. Terry, Sarah M. Tran, Ly K. Valenta,Jiri Wachtel, Andrew Baruch Theobald, Thomas C. Trani, Eugene E Valenti.Jack Wadsworth-Darby Mary Theros, Patrick N. Traub, James Valentine, Debra A. Waggoner, Robert C. Thiessen, Marc Alexander Travis, Martin B. Jr. Valenzuela, Arturo A. Wais, Marshall I. Jr. Thiessen, Pamela Beth Treadway Stephen J. van der Vink, Gregory E. Waldron, Arthur Thoman, G. Richard Treanor, Adam J. Van Dusen, Michael H. Wales, Jane M. Thomas, Barbara S. Treanor, Mark C. Van Dyk, Ted Walker, Anna R. Thomas, Brooks Treat, John Elting Van Evera, Stephen Walker, Charls E. Thomas, Evan W. Ill Trebat, Thomas J. Van Fleet, James Alward Walker, George R. Thomas, Franklin A. Treverton, Gregory Frye Van Oudenaren, John Walker, Gregg Alexander Thomas, James P Jr. Trice, Robert H. Jr. Van Zandt, David Edgar Walker, Jenonne Thomas, Lee B. Jr. Trimble, Charles R. Vande Berg, Marsha Walker, John L. Thomas, Lydia Waters Trojan, Vera M. vanden Heuvel, Katrina Walker, Nancy J.* Thomas, Troy S. Trooboff, Peter D. vanden Heuvel, WilliamJ. Walker-Huntley Mary L. Thomas-Graham, Pamela A. Truitt, Nancy Sherwood Vandenberg, Martina E. Wallace, Roger Windham Thompson, Fred D. Truman, Edwin M. Varela, Marta B. Wallach, Kenneth L.* Thompson, Robert L. Tsalik, Svetlana Varmus, Harold E. Wallander, Celeste Ann Thompson, W. Scott Tsehai, Elizabeth G. Vasquez, Ian A. Wallerstein, Mitchel B. Thomson, James A. Tsingos, Basilios E. Vecchi, Sesto E. Wallich, Christine I. Thornburgh, Dick Tsipis, Kosta Veit, Carol Michele Wallison, Peter J. Thornell, Richard P Tucher, H. Anton Veit, Lawrence A. Walsh, Michaela L. Thornton, John L. Tucker, Cynthia A. Veliotes, Nicholas A. Walt, Stephen M. Thoron, Louisa Tucker, Jonathan B. Vendley, William F Walters, Barbara Thorpe, Allen R.t Verleger, Philip K. Jr. Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf Walton, Anthony John Tien, John K. Jr. Verma, Gagan Tucker, Richard Frank Walton, R. Keith Tierney Matthew S.f Vermilye, Peter H. Tucker, Robert W Waltz, Kenneth N. Tierney Patricia E. Verstandig, Toni G. Tuggle, Clyde C. Wanger, Leah Zell Tierney, Paul E. Jr. Verveer, Melanne S.* Ward, Jennifer C. Tuminez, Astrid S. Tiersky, Ronald Verville, Elizabeth G. Ward, Katherine T. Tung, Ko-Yung Till, Kimberly Vessey John W Ware, Carl Tunkey, James Pt Tillman, Seth E Vester, Linda J. Tunnell, David Randolph Warner, Edward L. Ill Tillou, Susan Lynne Viccellio, Henry Jr. Turck, Nancy B. Warner, John William Tilton, Andrewt Vicenzino, Marco S. Turner, J. Michael Warner, Margaret G. Timbers, William H. Vick, Edward H. Turner, James M. Warner, Mark R.* Timothy, Kristen Victor, Alice S. Turner, Robert E Warner, Volney James Timpson, Sarah Livingston Vidal, DavidJ. Warren, Gerald L. Tindell, Cynthia A. Turner, Stansfield Videt, Pote P Washburn, John L. Tipson, Frederick S. Tusiani, Michael D. Viebranz, Curtis G. Wasserman, Debra L. Tirana, Amina Tyrrell, R. Emmettjr. Viets, Richard Noyes Wasserstein, Bruce Tirpak, Bradley M.t Tyson, Carole Henderson Vila, Adis M. Waterbury John Tisch, Andrew Herbert Tyson, Laura DAndrea Vinjamuri, Leslie Waterston, Line Lillevik Tisch, James S. Viorst, Milton Watson, Alexander F Tisch, Preston Robert U Viscusi, Enzo Watson, Peter S. Todman, Terence A. Udovitch, Abraham L. Vitale, Alberto Watts, John H. Toll, MaynardJ. Jr. Uhlig, Mark Vitale, DavidJ. Watts, William Tomlinson, Alexander C. Ullman, Richard H. Voell, Richard Allen Waxman, Matthew C. Toomey, Kathleen Elizabeth Ulman, Cornelius M. Vogel, Ezra F Topping, Audrey Ronning Ulrich, Marybeth Peterson Weatherstone, Dennis Topping, Seymour Ungar, SanfordJ. Vogelgesang, Sandy Louise Weaver, David R. Torano, Maria Elena Unger, David C. Vogelson,Jay M. Webb, Hoyt K. Torop, Jonathan P Upton, Maureen T. Vojta, George J. Weber, Doron Usher, William R. Volcker, Paul A. Weber, Vin Webster, William H. Elected to membership in 2005. t Elected to five-year term membership in 2005. Wechsler, William Frederick 102 M E M B E RS H IP ROSTER Weddle, Steven White, Maureen Winters, Francis X. Yergin, Daniel H. Wedgwood, Ruth White, Peter C. Winters, Laura Yochelson,John N. Wehrle, Leroy Snyder White, Robert J. Wirth, David A. Yoffie, David B. Weidenbaum, Murray White, William H. Wirth, Timothy E. Yoran, Catherine Lotrionte Weigel, George Whitehead, John C. Wisch, Steven J.* Yordan, Jaime Ernesto Weiksner, George B. Whitman, Christine Todd Wise, Carol Yost, Casimir A. Weil, Frank A. Whitman, Marina v.N. Wise, Louise Holly B.* Young, Alice Weinberg, David B.* Whitney, Christopher B. Wisner, Frank G. Young, Andrew Weinberg, John L Whitney, Craig R. Wisner, Graham G. Young, George H. Ill Weinberg, Steven Whittemore, Frederick B. Witkowsky Anne A. Young, Gwen Kathleen Weinberger, Caspar W Wiarda, Howard J. Wittes, Tamara Cofman Young, Jay T. Weinert, Richard S. Wien, Anita Volz Woerner, Fred E Young, M. Crawford Weinrod, W Bruce Wiener, Carolyn Seely Wofford, Harris L. Young, Michael K. Weinstein, David E. Wiener, Malcolm H. Wohlforth, William C. Young, Nancy Weinstein, Jeremy M. Wiesel, Elie Wohlstetter, Roberta Youngblood, Kneeland C. Weinstein, Michael M. Wiesel, Elisha Wolf, Charles Jr. Youngwood, Alfred D. Weinstock, Davis II Wilby, Peter Wolf, Ira Yu, Frederick T.C. Weintraub, Sidney Wilcox, Elizabeth Roberts Wolf, Milton A. Yudkin, Richard A. Weisberg, Jacob M. Wildenthal, C. Kern Wolfensohn, Adam R.t Yun, Philip W Weisman, Steven R. Wiley, Richard A. Wolfensohn, James D. Yzaguirre, Raul H. Weiss, Andrew S. Wilhelm, Robert E. Wolff, Alan Wm. Weiss, Charles Jr. Wilkerson, Thomas Lloyd Wolff, I. Peter Z Weiss, Cora Wilkie, Edith B. Wolff, Jason R. Zabel, William D. Weiss, Edith Brown Wilkins, Roger W Wolfowitz, Paul D. Zagoria, Donald S. Weiss, Stanley A. Wilkinson, Amy M.t Wolin, Neal S. Zahn, Paula A. Welch, C. David Wilkinson, Daniel C.t Wolosky, Lee S. Zakaria, Arshad R. Welch, Jasper A. Jr. Wilkinson, Sharon E Wolpe, Howard Zakaria, Fareed Welch, Larry D. Wille, Serena B. Wolstencroft, Tracy R. Zakheim, Dov S. Weld, Susan R. Williams, Aaron S. Woo-Cumings, Meredith Zaleski, Michel Weld, William E Williams, Brian D. Woodruff, Judy C. Zamagni, William E. Jr.t Weller, David L. Williams, Christine Woods, Ward W Zangrillo, Robert Lawrence Wells, Damon Williams, Cindy Woodward, Susan L. Zanoyan, Vahan B. Wells, Louis T. Jr. Williams, Dave H. Woolsey, R. James Zarb, Frank G. Wells, Samuel E Jr. Williams, Harold M. Woolsey Suzanne H. Zartman, I. William Wender, Ira T. Williams, Haydn Woon, Eden Y. Zbar, Brett I.W Wendt, Allan Williams, Howard Roy Worden, Minky* Zegart, Amy B. Wertheim, Mitzi Mallina Williams, Joseph W Worenklein,JacobJ. Zeikel, Arthur Wesbrook, Stephen D. Williams, Lawrence H. Wortzel, Larry M. Zelikow, Philip D. Weschler, Joanna Williams, Margaret Douglas Wosepka, Kent Zelnick, C. Robert Wesely Edwin J. Williams, MichaelJ. Wray Cecil Zemmol, Jonathan I. Wessel, Michael R. Williams, Reba White Wriggins, W Howard Zilkha, Ezra K. West, Francis J. Williams, Thomas R. II Wright, Joseph R. Jr. Zimmerman, Edwin M. West,J. Robinson Williams, William J. Jr. Wright, L. Patrick Zimmerman, Peter D. West, Togo D. Jr. Williamson, Edwin D. Wright, Lawrence G. Zinberg, Dorothy Shore Westfield, Elisa M. Williamson, Irving A. Wright, Robin Zinder, Norton D. Westin, David L. Williamson, Richard Salisbury Wright, William H. II Zmni, Anthony Charles Westly Steven R Williamson, Samuel Gates Wrona, Richard M. Jr.t Zipp, Brian R. Weston, Burns H. Willrich, Mason Wu, Timothy Zirin, James D. Wethington, Olin L. Wilmers, Robert G. Wulf, Norman A. Zittrain, Jonathan L. Wexler, Anne Wilson, Don M. Ill Wylie, Andrew* Zlot, Andrew E. Weymouth, Elizabeth G. Wilson, Donald M. Wyser-Pratte, Guy Patrick Zoellick, Robert B. Whalen, Richard J. Wilson, Ernest James III ZogbyJamesJ. Wharton, Clifton R. Jr. Wilson, Margaret S. Y Zolberg, Aristide R. Wheeler, John K. Winch, Steven D. Yacoubian, Mona Zonis, Marvin Wheeler.JohnEIIl Winden, Andrew William Yalman, Nur 0. Zoric, Iva Whitaker, C. S. Winfield, W Montague Yan, Adele Zorthian, Barry Whitaker, Jennifer Seymour Wing, Adrien Katherine Yang, Linda Tsao Zucker, Howard Alan Whitaker, Mark Winik.Jay Yang, Phoebe L. Zuckerman, Harriet White, John P Winkler, Matthew A. Yankelovich, Daniel Zuckerman, Mortimer B. White, Julia A. Winokur, Herbert S. Jr. Yanney Michael B. Zwick, CharlesJ. White, Laura J. Winston, Michael R. Yao Massbach, Nancy Zysman, John A. White, Mary Jo Winterer, Philip S. Yegen, Christian C* 103 credits Editor: Patricia Lee Dorff Designer: Gene Crofts Assistant Editor: Rachel Rosner Photo Editor: Marie X. Strauss Publications Intern: Kathleen Walro Copy Editor: Traci C. Nagle Cover Design: The Halo Project, Inc. PHOTOS Council Archives: 15 Irina A. Faskianos: 40 Ken Levinson: 5 top and bottom, 6 bottom left, 12, 13, 14, 26, 34, 35 top, 42, 43, 47 Tito Nandi: 7 bottom left, 11 bottom Don Pollard: 7 top and bottom right, 22, 23, 28 bottom, 29 left, 32, 33, 46, 51 bottom Sardari.com: title page, 5 center right, 6 top and center, 9, 10, 11 top, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 28 top, 29 right, 35 bottom, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 48, 49, 51 top and center Marie X. Strauss: 6 bottom right FRONT COVER PHOTOS (left to right)* A woman walks past campaign posters about the referendum on the European Union constitution in Aix-en-Provence, France (May 26, 2005). A girl hands out water at a makeshift camp for internally displaced people near Seleah village in Sudan’s West Darfur province (September 27, 2004). An Iraqi woman shows a purple finger, indicating she has just voted, as she leaves a polling station in Az Zubayr, Iraq (January 30, 2005). A protester waves the flag of Lebanon above thousands of Lebanese opposition protesters in Martyrs Square, Lebanon (March 14, 2005). Supporters of opposition presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko sing the Ukrainian national anthem during a mass rally in Kiev, Ukraine (December 2, 2004). BACK COVER PHOTOS (left to right)* Members of Force 17 Presidential Guard carry a coffin during a mock funeral for late Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat at his former headquarters in Gaza City (November 12, 2004). S. Parameshwarie cries after returning to her destroyed home in Kalmunai, eastern Sri Lanka (January 16, 2005). Democratic presidential candidate Senator John F. Kerry shakes hands with President George W. Bush after the third and final presi- dential debate in Tempe, Arizona (October 13, 2004). Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, who was later elected as Pope Benedict XVI, blesses the coffin of Pope John Paul II (April 8, 2005). An indigenous demonstrator raises a stone as thousands march in La Paz, Bolivia (May 24, 2005). * Reprinted with permission from AP/Wide World Photos. 104