COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

ANNUAL REPORT

July 1,1996-June 30,1997

Main Office Washington Office The Harold Pratt House 1779 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021 Washington, DC 20036 Tel. (212) 434-9400; Fax (212) 861-1789 Tel. (202) 518-3400; Fax (202) 986-2984

Website www. foreignrela tions. org

e-mail publicaffairs@email. cfr. org OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, 1997-98

Officers Directors Charlayne Hunter-Gault Peter G. Peterson Term Expiring 1998 Frank Savage* Chairman of the Board Peggy Dulany Laura D'Andrea Tyson Maurice R. Greenberg Robert F Erburu Leslie H. Gelb Vice Chairman Karen Elliott House ex officio Leslie H. Gelb Joshua Lederberg President Vincent A. Mai Honorary Officers Michael P Peters Garrick Utley and Directors Emeriti Senior Vice President Term Expiring 1999 Douglas Dillon and Chief Operating Officer Carla A. Hills Caryl R Haskins Alton Frye Robert D. Hormats Grayson Kirk Senior Vice President William J. McDonough Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. Paula J. Dobriansky Theodore C. Sorensen James A. Perkins Vice President, Washington Program George Soros David Rockefeller Gary C. Hufbauer Paul A. Volcker Honorary Chairman Vice President, Director of Studies Robert A. Scalapino Term Expiring 2000 David Kellogg Cyrus R. Vance Jessica R Einhorn Vice President, Communications Glenn E. Watts and Corporate Affairs Louis V Gerstner, Jr. Abraham F. Lowenthal Hanna Holborn Gray Vice President and Maurice R. Greenberg Deputy National Director George J. Mitchell Janice L. Murray Warren B. Rudman Vice President and Treasurer Term Expiring 2001 Karen M. Sughrue Lee Cullum Vice President, Programs Mario L. Baeza and Media Projects Thomas R. Donahue David J. Vidal Richard C. Holbrooke Vice President, Project for Diversity Peter G. Petersont in International Affairs, and Director, Diversity Programs Robert B. Zoellick Ana Figueras Term Expiring 2002 Assistant Treasurer Paul A. Allaire* Judith Gustafson John E. Bryson* Secretary Kenneth W Dam

* Appointed in 1997 by the Board of Directors. t Elected in 1995 by the Board of Directors to serve a five-year term as Chairman, in accordance with By-Law VII. Note: The list of Officers and Directors is current as of September 1, 1997. CONTENTS

Officers and Directors 2 Mission Statement 5 Letter from the Chairman 6 The President's Report 8 The Council at 75 10 Outreach 13 Foreign Affairs 15 Media 17 Independent Task Forces 23 National Program 24 Diversity Program 26 International Advisory Board 27 Studies Program 29 Africa 30 Asia 30 Center for Preventive Action 33 Culture 35 Economics 36 Europe 38 International Organizations and Law 40 Latin America 40 Middle East 43 Muslim Politics 45 National Security 45 Science and Technology 47 Other 48 Council Fellows and Holders of Endowed Chairs 49 International Affairs Fellowship Program 58 Special Fellowships 61 Publications 61 Meetings Program 63 Program Highlights 67 Lectureships 73 Corporate Program 75 Program Highlights 75 Corporate Program Members 80 Washington Program 82 Program Highlights 82 Term Member Activities 88 CONTENTS

Membership 91 Membership Selection Procedures 91 Development 94 Term Grants, Bequests, Other Gifts 95 Annual Giving Donors 96 1997 Board Election 103 Budget and Finance 105 By-Laws of the Council 113 Rules, Guidelines, and Practices 118 Committees of the Board, 1996-97 121 Historical Roster of Directors and Officers 123 Staff 126 Membership Roster 129

The new organization of this year's Annual Report is designed to focus attention on the intellectual substance of the Council's activities. A comprehensive listing of all programs and events can be found on the Council's new website at www.joreignrelations.org. Printed copies of all listings are also available on request. MISSION STATEMENT

he Council on Foreign Relations was founded grounds in government and scholarship, and with in 1921 by businessmen, bankers, and expertise in almost every world issue and region— T lawyers determined to keep the United States constitute one of the country's largest and most ac­ engaged in the world. Today, the Council is composed tive think tanks. of men and women from all walks of international life 2. To share these insights, analyses, and ideas beyond and from all parts of America dedicated to the belief Council members, with others who have a stake in that the nations peace and prosperity are firmly linked international matters. The Council does this in many to that of the rest of the world. From this flows the ways. It publishes Foreign Affairs magazine, the most Councils mission: to foster Americas understanding of respected publication in the field of international re­ other nations, near and far, their peoples, cultures, his­ lations. It produces books, monographs, and policy tories, hopes, quarrels, and ambitions; and thus to serve reports, and holds numerous conferences. It runs a America's global interests through study and debate, pri­ vibrant and exclusive Corporate Program for some vate and public. 200 of the world's leading firms. It also produces a The Council is a national membership organization, series of televised debates and hearings on major 3,300 members strong, divided almost equally among policy issues. New York, Washington, D.C., and the rest of the nation. 3. To find and nurture the next generation of foreign Its ranks include nearly all past and present senior U.S. policy leaders and thinkers. The Council does this government officials who deal with international mat­ primarily through a special membership program for ters, renowned scholars, and leaders of business, media, younger Americans and a variety of fellowships. The human rights, humanitarian, and other nongovernmen­ aim is to spark interest in world affairs and U.S. for­ tal groups. Its members choose new members, who aim eign policy. The diverse group of 350 younger Coun­ to educate themselves and then others. cil term members with remarkable backgrounds is These members strictly maintain the Council's non­ increasingly active in Council events. partisan and nonideological heritage. The Council, In recent months, Council members have heard for­ headquartered in New York City with offices in Wash­ mer U.N. Ambassadors Madeleine Albright and Jeane ington, D.C., is host to the widest possible range of Kirkpatrick debate the future of the United Nations; views and advocate of none. The Council takes no insti­ Henry Kissinger muse to younger members about the tutional stand on foreign relations issues. The views ex­ lessons of history; the four Joint Chiefs of Staff discuss pressed in task force reports, by members of study strategy; House Speaker Newt Gingrich sketch his vision groups, or in articles in Foreign Affairs art solely the re­ of our future world; CNN founder Ted Turner talk of sponsibility of the respective authors or the members of television's next phase abroad; Israeli leader Benjamin committees or task forces. This tradition of neutrality Netanyahu and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat give their enables the Council to gather contending voices for seri­ visions of peace; Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto ex­ ous and civil debate and discussion. That special con­ plain Japan's foreign and economic policies; Chairman of vening power is almost unique in American society. the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan; former British In keeping with its mission, membership, and her­ Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; European economist itage, the Council now pursues three goals: and banker Jacques Attali; President Ernesto Zedillo of 1. To gain new insights into the rules and rhythms of Mexico; South African leader Thabo Mbeki; Prime Min­ international affairs and to provide analysis and ideas ister Mahathir bin Mohamad of Malaysia .... for U.S. foreign policy. The Council does this by talk­ The Council on Foreign Relations is a unique mem­ ing with world leaders and thinkers, and by bringing bership organization and think tank that educates mem­ together its unmatched membership with its own ex­ bers and staff to serve the nation with ideas for a better pert staff of Fellows. These Fellows—with back­ and safer world. FROM THE CHAIRMAN

am pleased to have the chance to report on our indeed, the world, to participate in the Council's discus­ progress in transforming the Council on Foreign sions and debates from their homes and offices across I Relations from a New York-based organization the country and around the globe. Our website has just into a truly national body—one that better reflects the di­ recently been initiated. I invite all of you to visit this site. versity of the American body politic and its concerns and (It can be found at www.joreignrelations.org.) interests with regard to foreign policy in this post-Cold Among Les Gelb's many creative initiatives, none is War era. closer to his heart than helping to find and nurture the In the past, some of the Councils critics have sought "next generation of foreign policy leaders and thinkers." to portray it as an organization of As for those who are concerned the "New York liberal elite." There about the average age of Council may have been a kernel of truth to members, perhaps they should note this in the early days. But in the last the relevant facts. The median age of decade, we have reached well be­ our membership in the last few yond New York to Washington and years has decreased from 65 to 58 the country, and now we are reach­ and continues to grow younger. ing further into America. Also, the number of term members In the past year, when we cele­ has jumped from 275 to 364 in just brated the Council's 75th anniver­ the past four years. sary, we also passed an important The younger members are also watershed: more Council members among the most active at the Coun­ now live outside New York and cil. They are importantly responsi­ Washington than in either of those ble for the 30 percent increase we two metropolitan areas. And our have seen in attendance at Council Board of Directors has voted unani­ meetings in New York and Wash­ mously to increase by 50 percent the ington over the last year. We also membership outside of New York have sought to involve term mem­ and Washington. bers as (nonvoting) participants in Now that we are becoming a most of the major Board of Directors truly national organization, we are Peter G. Peterson committees. Getting them involved gearing up to better serve our na­ in the governance of this organiza­ tional constituency. Our new building, at 50 East 68th tion serves not only the grand goal of training future for­ Street, will be wired for the latest interactive video-con­ eign policy leaders but also our own internal need for ferencing technology, allowing non-New Yorkers and, developing future leaders of the Council itself. LETTER FROM THE CHAIRMAN

were over. Our conference on the com­ ing challenges of global pension fund­ ing was also notable for the variety of views about the nature of the problem and its possible solutions. Finally, as befits an organization that is striving to become more national in scope, we continue to develop our Washington program with an increas­ ing number of meetings, roundtables, study groups, and conferences. To manage our growing operations there, Paula J. Dobriansky has joined the Council as Vice President, Washington Program. She is an expert on Russia and Eastern Europe with a varied back­ ground in high-level government roles, Presiders Jordana Friedman and Jordan S. Kassalow with Betsy Cohen at the February 19, 1997, including service as Associate Director Term Member Seminar, "Public-Private Partnership in Developing Nations: How Corporations Can Promote Community Development." of the U.S. Information Agency. The decision to base a number of Fellows in Washington has been crucial to pro­ The Council is growing more diverse in other ways. gram development there—and that decision required The number of women members has tripled in the past the Council to move into the larger space it will now decade. Diversity is an important part of our agenda. A occupy in the new Carnegie Endowment building at programmatic highlight of the last year was our out­ 1779 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W standing conference on diversity in foreign policy which Meanwhile, when construction is completed on our featured distinguished speakers including Peruvian Pres­ new headquarters building in New York, the main ident Alberto Fujimori, U.S. Permanent Representative meeting room in that building will accommodate al­ to the United Nations Bill Richardson, and Professor most twice the audience size we can at present, so that Ronald Takaki of the University of California, Berkeley. we can comfortably seat the increasing number of our Our meeting formats also continue to energize the members who want to attend discussions and dinners. membership with new ways to participate in the dia­ I hope to see all of you in person at upcoming Coun­ logue and debate on critical issues. Of particular note cil events, and I'm confident that you will join me in are our televised hearings, such as one chaired by for­ congratulating and thanking Les Gelb and his col­ mer U.S. Senators Warren Rudman and Bill Bradley on leagues for bringing a new energy to the Council, and China policy and another with former Directors of Cen­ in extending warm appreciation to my close partner tral Intelligence James R. Schlesinger, William H. Web­ and friend, our Vice Chairman, Hank Greenberg, as ster, and R. James Woolsey on the future of the CIA. well as to our fellow Directors. Our "Great Debates"—including one between former U.S. Permanent Representatives Madeleine Albright and Jeane Kirkpatrick on the future of the United Nations and another between Richard C. Holbrooke and Michael Mandelbaum on the expansion of NATO— have not only attracted broad interest but have also Peter G. Peterson spurred discussion among members long after they Chairman of the Board THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT

he Council is firmly committed to transform­ Moskow, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank ing itself into a truly national organization. there. The group quickly worked its way around to TThat is the central message of Pete Peterson's thinking about a world where economic concerns were Chairman's Report, and that is the theme of this year's displacing security concerns as the central problems Annual Report. and opportunities. This theme then went on to domi­ In five years, almost half of the Council's members nate the concluding general conclave at the Wye Planta­ will reside outside of New York City and Washington, tion in Maryland. D.C. During this period, we will reach out more often During the last three years, many of our Fellows and more effectively to our mem­ have brought their intellectual bers and community leaders across wares to the cities mentioned the country with our dinner/semi­ above, as well as to Atlanta, Min­ nar programs, and increasingly neapolis, Seattle, and Dallas. Be­ through electronic study groups and cause the Fellows were seeking as video conferencing. Our signature much as imparting knowledge, they method of outreach will be small- sent out papers in advance to the group discussions. The Council's ul­ members in these cities, kicked off timate goal is to involve our the discussion, and then mainly lis­ members in a dialogue without tened. They benefited from new fixed boundaries about a world perspectives and became sensitized whose new rules and rhythms re­ to special regional concerns. main shrouded. At a recent Los Angeles meet­ We made our first halting efforts ing held to review the study group to embark on this mission three report on U.S.-Japan security policy, years ago. In 1994, we asked mem­ the power of regional focus was dri­ bers in Los Angeles, San Francisco, ven home to many Council staffers. Houston, Boston, and Chicago—as The report was prepared under the well as New York and Washing­ direction of two of our nation's most ton—to participate in a review of thoughtful defense experts: Harold U.S. national interests in the Leslie H. Gelb Brown and Richard Armitage. John post-Cold War era. Each group met Cooke, a senior executive at Disney, several times separately in its respective city before organized the Los Angeles meeting. The business execu­ coming together with the others for a two-day conclave tives, scholars, and others whom Cooke gathered almost I joined one of the sessions in Chicago led by Mike all believed, strongly, that much of the East Coast-bound THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT

Leslie H. Gelb, Stephen A. Schwarzman, James E Hogejr., Peter G. Peterson, James E. Burke, and David Rockefeller at the January 21, 1997, Investiture Din­ ner for the Peter G. Peterson Chair talk about China as Americas new strategic adversary York and Washington, more women, more people from had gone haywire. Obviously, others around the country the ranks of nongovernmental organizations, and more were making the same point, but the convictions of the African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans. Today, we are West Coast audience were bracing. moving in an even more determined manner to ensure For sure, Americans everywhere share certain na­ that the Councils membership reflects the broadest tional attitudes about trade, security, culture, and the spectrum of America's leaders. Throughout these transi­ like. Equally certain, however, is that regional factors tions, two institutional convictions held constant: count heavily, perhaps more than ever before. Put an­ Council members must better inform themselves about other way, the absence of an overall threat to American the world in order to better serve America; and Ameri­ security has allowed and even encouraged historically cas security and prosperity are tied to the well-being of divergent regional perspectives to blossom. other peoples and nations. The Council has gone through several evolutions in order to remain vibrant and relevant. We began in New York, a band composed mainly of internationally mind­ ed bankers and lawyers. Then, in the 1960s and early 1970s, we cast our nets in Washington to include the hundreds of new full-time foreign policy experts Leslie H. Gelb spawned by the Cold War. From that point on, we President sought to bring on board more members outside New THE COUNCIL AT 75

Last fall, the Council marked its 75th year in a number of ways, including the endowment of the Next Generation Fund for younger fellows; the creation of the Peter G. Peterson Chair for the Editor of Foreign Affairs and the Maurice R. Greenberg Chair for the Director of Studies; and the publication of a history of the Council by Peter Grose. The celebration culminated in a gala evening at the Waldorf=Astoria on September 30 that drew over 1,100 members and their guests. The proceedings included the debut of a video on the Council produced by Karen M. Sughrue and a keynote address by humorist Art Buchwald. Following is an essay on the occasion of the Council's anniversary by David Rockefeller, Hon­ orary Chairman.

his is a notable period in the Council's history. fine old mansion with pictures of distinguished col­ A remarkable organization has gained fresh vi­ leagues adorning the walls. What I mean is that for T tality and renewed value. more than three-quarters of a century the Council has The Council is a place of great and unique tradition. been the center of resolute dedication to an informed I don't mean simply that we enjoy the ambiance of a foreign policy. The Council was born out of the concern farsighted Americans felt at our nation's attempt to withdraw from international af­ fairs after the First World War. Discussions with British friends spawned two organizations, the Royal Institute of International Af­ fairs in London and what became the Council on Foreign Relations in New York. One of the British participants, Robert Cecil, gave us an enduring theme of Council life: "We have discovered a healthy discontent," he said. "Let us nour­ ish it." That shared discontent fo­ cused on the myth that the United States or Britain or any other major country could escape from John A. Millington, James F. Hogejr., Maurice R. Greenberg, David Rockefeller, Leslie H. Gelb, and Peterth e world at large. It flowed from G. Peterson at the September 30, 1996, 75th Anniversary Dinner. the conviction that America's own

10 THE COUNCIL AT 75

future was tied inextricably to what happened beyond mier school for her borders. statesmen. It has So it was here at the Council that a group of Ameri­ grown from a small cans worked to maintain a sense of our place in the number of distin­ wider world during the relapse into isolationism in the guished men in 1920s. It was here that they launched what would be­ New York to an come the leading international journal, Foreign Affairs. It elected national was here that the alarm sounded over the rise of totalitar­ membership of ian regimes during the 1930s. It was here that a famous over 3,300 men project known as War and Peace Studies foreshadowed and women. It has U.S. plans to establish a just and durable international sys­ come to support tem after the Second World War. extensive programs It was also here that at the outset of the Cold War, of study and de­ George Kennan refined the guiding concept of contain­ bate not only here ment in his seminal "X" article in Foreign Affairs. It was at Pratt House but here that Henry Kissinger moved beyond diplomatic his­ in Washington and tory to wrestle with the unprecedented test for statecraft increasingly across the country. It re­ Speaker Rita E. Hauser, Co-Chair, 75th An­ posed by nuclear weapons. It was here that A. Doak Bar- niversary Dinner Committee. nett and others undertook a critical reexamination of U.S. mains the principal policy toward China that pointed to the eventual revival forum for encoun­ of relations with that country. ters between American leaders and foreign statesmen and other international figures. It was from studies here at the Council that awareness of global economic We are proud of the Council record but also occu­ interdependence pied with the new challenges now looming in world af­ gained particular fairs. We have never held the illusion that Americans by prominence in na­ themselves have the wisdom to frame sound policy for tional policy dis­ a diverse community of nations. If a world prone to dis­ cussions. And it order is to define the mutual interests on which to erect was here in the a peaceful, stable future, it must do so through patient 1980s that the collaboration among leaders from many countries. strategic build- Fostering that collaboration becomes even more es­ down concept sential as we approach a new century. And in a period emerged as a key when many Americans are looking inward, it is more element of Presi­ important than ever that the Council remain outward- dent Reagan's his­ looking, agile, and alert. toric proposal to reduce strategic nuclear forces. Through near­ ly eight decades the Speaker Theodore C. Sorensen, Co-Chair, 75th Council has served David Rockefeller Anniversary Dinner Committee. as America's pre- Honorary Chairman

11 1) Speaker R. E. "Ted" Turner, Vice Chairman, Time Warner Inc., and Presider Gerald M. Levin, Chairman and CEO, Time Warner Inc., at the December 13, COUNCIL 1996, Meeting, "CNN: The Importance and Integrity of Instant News Around the World." ^FOREIGN ' - ATIONS

2) Speaker Samuel R. Berger, Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, Presider Leslie H. Gelb, and Speaker John McCain, U.S. Sen­ ate (R-Ariz), at the October 2, 1996, Meeting, "Foreign Policy for the Next Four Years."

3) Directors Robert B. Zoellick, Charlayne Hunter-Gault, Garrick Utley, and Abraham E Lowenthal (rear) at the June 5, 1997, Meet­ ing of the Board of Directors. OUTREACH

he theme of this year's Annual Report is the Just as we are reaching out to many different groups, Council's outreach efforts—how we strive to our methods of outreach have become far more diverse T revitalize the debate on America's role in the as well. We are not simply listening to the speeches of world by drawing on the knowledge and insights of a foreign policy gurus, nodding gravely, and then going wide variety of members. In short, the primary way both home. In the last few years, our small-group activity has to educate ourselves and to provide a broader under­ trebled, and we have many distinguished publications standing of issues to the involved public is through our and books to show for it. members. As a result, we still focus most of our energy In May we launched the Council's website at on our membership, and through them—as well as www.joreignrelations.org. The site contains program in­ through our direct communication—we see the results of formation, a calendar of past activities, and weekly outreach efforts among the wider and interested public. news updates. A priority for the coming year will be By participating in Council events, members learn to develop ways to harness the potential of the new from and inform each other, and then transmit their technology, not only for communication with Council knowledge of—and passion for—foreign policy issues members but also as an important new publication to their colleagues, friends, and acquaintances. Council channel for broader dissemination of intellectual membership continues to grow more diverse, with in­ products. creasing numbers of women, minorities, young people, Here is a summary of how we have been reaching and members who live and work outside the East out better both to our members and to Americans inter­ Coast. To ensure that we involve and include this ex­ ested in international affairs: panding and influential set of voices, the Council has developed a number of new outreach programs to Washington Program heighten awareness of international issues among • New, larger, more accessible offices in the new broader constituencies, even as our focus remains on Carnegie Building, next to the Brookings Institution, our members. at 1779 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W; The end of the Cold War brought an end not only to • Significant growth in the number and size of meet­ general fear about external enemies but also to the pub­ ings: the Washington Office held 56 percent more lic's interest in external affairs. But even as attention to meetings this year than last, and average attendance international events and issues wanes, those events and rose more than 55 percent; issues are becoming increasingly relevant to the daily • Focus on Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy project: the lives of the American public. Now, more than ever be­ Council's number one priority in the coming years fore, it is essential that we reach beyond the Harold will be engaging our members and staff to help es­ Pratt House to teach, learn from, and include in the de­ tablish a community of professional foreign policy bate concerned Americans across the country. experts on the Hill.

13 OUTREACH

National Program for members to reach a consensus on important cur­ • Dinner seminars on ongoing Council Studies pro­ rent issues; traditional study groups of members to jects in major cities throughout the United States; help Council Fellows write books and articles; and • An annual conference for members from outside roundtables to keep members abreast of issues in New York and Washington to discuss topics of cur­ particular subjects or areas; rent importance; • Independent task forces—representing a vital effort • A significant increase in national membership in the to keep foreign policy debates alive at a time of de­ past few years and a Board vole to further augment clining interest in policy matters. national membership over the next five years. • The Council's cooperation with the Pacific Council Diversity Program on International Policy (PC1P) provides program­ • Expanded minority member participation in Council ming for our West Coast members. affairs; • Two conferences that shaped an agenda of diversity Studies Department issues; • Three times the number of smaller group meetings: • A task force on diversity to enhance minority partici­ Council-sponsored independent task forces designed pation in Council activities.

GARRICK UTLEY People read it more readily now, they won't just get it and Contributor to CNN take it out of the envelope and maybe get around to it in two weeks. They will look at it and say, "Who has written ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS MAGAZINE in Foreign Affairs this time and what are they writing about?" Because it's much more reactive, much quicker, I think Foreign Affairs is a more topical, provocative, and gets the gray cells in the very good example of the brain working. I asked some businessmen I've met on Council at its best, of how planes why they read it. They said it's good background, it it has changed, without goes beyond anything they're going to get from their corpo­ casting out or diminishing rate advisers or their corporate consultants. Foreign Affairs its original foundation. Ob­ is a very carefully crafted, disciplined, carefully written and viously, Jim Hoge and the edited vehicle. staff at Foreign Affairs have A T A T A T A made an enormous differ­ To the extent that we have something occasionally on C- ence in the public percep­ SPAN, which has a small but very dedicated and committed tion of the Council. audience, it also makes an enormous difference. Just to see a Council session on C-SPAN going on for an hour means that I grew up reading Foreign the doors aren't closed and locked, that the drawbridge hasn't Affairs, and I remember in been pulled up. And, of course, what we all seek in this, and the 1950s and early 1960s, what has to be maintained, is a certain balance between the all the great men were published there, pontificating on the not-for-attribution nature of sessions on the one hand, and future of the world. And you nodded gravely at their contri­ access for those who are not members on the other. Between butions and insights. It has lost nothing in terms of its sub­ Foreign Affairs, the programs, the broader definition of the stance. In fact, it has gained a lot in the quality of the Studies Program, the National Program, and even interna­ writing. It is the place where people want to be published be­ tional outreach efforts, we have achieved that balance. cause it's an established journal, the brand name.

14 OUTREACH

Corporate Program America and the World • 200 companies with a stake in global issues; • The Council's National Public Radio show, which fo­ • A CEO series, bringing corporate leaders to speak to cused on voices of the next generation and reached the membership; listeners across the country. • Expanded efforts to increase participation of individ­ uals from member corporations in Council affairs; International Affairs Fellowship Program • Focus on issues relevant to corporate members and • A chance for young professionals to step back from their the creation of programs accordingly. careers and immerse themselves in study and thought for one year. Here is a summary of how we have reached out—and • Conversely, the IAF Program also allows young profes­ continue to reach out—beyond our membership to the sionals from academic settings to work in a hands-on interested public: policymaking role for one year.

Foreign Affairs Magazine International Advisory Board • The most respected—and, at over 100,000 circula­ • A forum for the views and recommendations of for­ tion, the largest—publication in the field of interna­ eign policy leaders and thinkers from abroad. tional relations; • Clearer, more readable, and more influential than ever before. Starting in this section and spread throughout this Annual Report, sidebars present the reactions of Council Televised Events members to the outreach programs mentioned above. In • HBO "Great Debates" series, a forum for two foreign their own words, they describe the impact of various ini­ policy experts to state squarely opposite sides on hot tiatives that best represent Council efforts to extend the foreign policy topics; policy debate beyond the Harold Pratt House. From • Hearings-style events where panelists question expert Garrick Utley's observation that Foreign Affairs has made witnesses to establish facts and array policy choices. an enormous difference in the public perception of the Council to Richard C. Holbrooke's assertion that the The Council's Website (-www.foreignrelations.org) "Great Debates" Series and the broader outreach cam­ • An Internet site where the general public can learn paign have given the Council a new relevance, the mem­ about the Council's functions and programs. bers discuss the goals and methods of outreach.

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Foreign Affairs, which the Council launched a year after anniversary with an issue featuring many of its best- its founding in 1921, contributes to the overall effort to known authors and an anthology of past essays enti­ enrich the public discourse by publishing insightful ar­ tled The American Encounter, published by Basic ticles for general readers and experts alike. Books. Over the years, Foreign Affairs has developed a repu­ Over the past 12 months, Foreign Affairs articles have tation as the premier journal of international politics addressed some of the large forces reshaping the inter­ and economics. Its worldwide paid circulation now national order. Modernization and the tensions it can stands at over 100,000. An additional 200,000 readers provoke between cultures infused essays by several enjoy a Japanese version published in Chuokoron, a renowned scholars, including Samuel Huntington, Tokyo monthly, and a Portuguese edition published in Bernard Lewis, and Masakazu Yamazaki. the Brazilian newspaper Gazeta Mercantil. Economic interdependence, one of the pronounced In September 1997, Foreign Affairs observes its 75th characteristics of modernization, also received atten-

15 1) Speakers John M. Deutch, In­ stitute Professor, Massachusetts Institute oj Technology, Walter Russell Mead, President's Fellow, World Policy Institute, and Paul A. Volcker, former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, at the March 13, 1997, Policy Hearing, "21st Century Surprises and Threats."

2) Panelists Nadine Strossen, President, American Civil Liber­ ties Union, and Professor of Law, New York Law School, Dave K. McCurdy, former U.S. Represen­ tative (D-Okla.) and Chairman, McCurdy Group LLC, and Kenneth L. Adelman, former Director of U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and Vice President, Institute for Con­ temporary Studies, at the October 11, 1996, Policy Hearing, "Com­ bating Terrorism: What Works? What Doesn't?"

3) Panelist Josette S. Shiner, Managing Editor, Washington Times, at the February 18,1997, Policy Hearing, "The Future of the CIA."

16 OUTREACH

lion. In separate essays, political scientist Richard Rose- dependence would accompany the growing political crance, Council Senior Fellow Jessica T. Mathews, and power of native Taiwanese. Journalist Frank Ching, writer John Newhouse each analyzed the effects of in­ meanwhile, predicted that China's behavior toward Hong terdependent economics and globalized processes on Kong would be more status quo than radical. The same states, regions, nongovernmental organizations, and expectations of Chinese behavior toward the Korean businesses. peninsula marked essays by Nicholas Eberstadt and The nature of European unity was a heatedly debated economist Marcus Noland. subject. International financier George Soros attacked the The promotion of democracy as an aim of American inflexibility of the Maastricht version of a European Union policy was championed by Deputy Secretary of State as self-defeating, and economist Rudi Dornbusch criti­ Strobe Talbott, while reservations were raised in subse­ cized the drive for a common European currency for quent articles by scholars Thomas Carothers and John promising more debits than benefits. Former European L. Harper. Former government officials Zbigniew Union Commissioner Peter Sutherland countered that fur­ Brzezinski, Brent Scowcroft, and Richard Murphy urged thering European integration justified the push for a com­ changes in U.S. policy to encourage improved relations mon currency. Other articles dealt with the big questions with Iran while keeping the straitjacket on Iraq. And of security in Europe and the transatlantic relationship. strategic specialist Edward Luttwak and former Defense On the other side of the globe, China received fore­ Secretary William J. Perry put forth proposals for mod­ most attention, with a number of articles addressing vari­ ernizing the military to meet the requirements of the ous aspects of the challenge posed by its emergence as a post-Cold War era. rising power. Whether China represents a threat to the Finally, in recognition of a past foreign policy suc­ United States was pointedly debated, with Professor cess, in the May/June issue Foreign Affairs published a Robert S. Ross arguing "not necessarily" and former for­ special section commemorating the 50th anniversary of eign correspondents Richard Bernstein and Ross H. the Marshall Plan. Munro arguing "yes." Thomas J. Christensen assessed the A complete listing and abstracts of articles published hard-edged, realist thinking of China's political and mili­ last year—and in previous years—is available on the tary elites as essentially cautious, with one exception: the Foreign Affairs website at www.joreignaffairs.org. Chinese would risk a major confrontation over even a James F. Hoge, Jr. nominal change in Taiwan's status. From the island, au­ Editor; Peter G. Peterson Chair thor Ian Buruma warned that increasing pressure for in­

MEDIA

Television, radio, and the Internet have eclipsed print critical issues in educational, nonpartisan, and even enter­ journalism as the dominant sources of news and infor­ taining ways. mation for the American public. This new reality has led Karen M. Sughrue the Council to buttress its traditional outreach efforts, Vice President, Programs and Media Projects such as Foreign Affairs, with forays into radio, cable chan­ nels such as C-SPAN, and the new media, including the "Great Debates" Series World Wide Web. This year, the Council launched the "Great Debates" project Americans who want to learn about foreign policy face funded by a grant from Home Box Office (HBO). The series two choices in the media today: shout shows, where deci­ will be the Council's premier forum for current issues of im­ bel level is favored over content, or ponderous policy dis­ portant policy where Americans disagree sharply on what to cussions. Through its media outreach, the Council seeks do. The series began with a preelection debate on foreign to revive a forum that has been missing for learning about policy between Samuel R. Berger, President Clinton's

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Deputy National Security Adviser, and Council Director important issue about which public understanding is murky Robert Zoellick, representing Senator Bob Dole's presidential and to illuminate the policy options. Usually televised on C- campaign. NATO expansion was another debate topic, fea­ SPAN, the panels resemble the best of old-style congressional turing a hard-hitting exchange between former Ambassador hearings, which were substantive dissections of issues present­ Richard C. Holbrooke and Senior Fellow Michael Mandel- ing many points of view rather than platforms for partisan­ baum. Other events in this series included then U.S. Perma­ ship. This year, the hearings took on issues such as nent Representative to the United Nations and now U.S.-China relations (with speakers on both sides of the issue Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright and former U.S. and chaired by former Senators Bill Bradley and Warren Rud- Permanent Representative to the United Nations Jeane J. man), the future of the CIA (with former CIA Directors Kirkpatrick on reforming the United Nations, and financier William Webster, James R. Schlesinger, and James Woolsey), George Soros and economist Paul Krugman on the implica­ and combating terrorism (with presentations by Deputy Attor­ tions of a global economy. The debates have been televised ney General Jamie S. Gorelick, former Ambassador L. Paul on such outlets as C-SPAN and Bloomberg News, broadcast Bremer III, and terrorism expert Brian Jenkins, among others). on National Public Radio, and distributed via the Council's website at www.joreignrelations.org. "Combating Terrorism: What Works? What Doesn't?" INTRODUCTION: LESLIE H. GELB Televised Policy Hearings President, Council on Foreign Relations PANEL MEMBERS: As pan of its effort to bring Council thinking and expertise to DAVE K. MCCURDY a broader audience and to make a contribution to current pol­ Panel Chair, former U.S. Representative (D-Okla.), and icy debates, the Council has launched a series of policy hear­ Chairman, McCurdy Group L.L.C. ings. These panels have two goals—to establish the facts of an

RICHARD C. HOLBROOKE Council more relevant, and put us more deeply into the de­ Vice Chairman, Credit Suisse First Boston bate over policy. This has made the Council the most excit­ ing organization of its sort in the United States today. And ON "GREAT DEBATES" the "Great Debates" are part of that—an important part. • T A • A • A Without a Cold War con­ NATO enlargement, the "Great Debate" 1 participated in, is sensus, foreign policy needs still—despite all that has been written about it recently—an a broader base of political issue which probably less than 10 percent of the American support. That support can public is aware of and on which very few people yet have a only come with under­ view. Our country isn't run by referenda and plebiscites on standing, and understand­ issues like this. Policy is made by our elected and appointed ing can only come with leaders and the factors that impact that, and that's where the greater public participation. Council makes a difference. The Council can either remain a Therefore, the Council had group that restricts itself to internal dialogue among its 3,000 to add outreach to its exist­ members, or it can become a group that creates a discussion ing programs, but not, I re­ with a larger public that gets shamefully little international peat, not at the expense of news from the traditional sources. its traditional strengths. This is not a choice; the Council has not weakened C-SPAN is vitally important. 1 think C-SPAN is fantastic, and its traditional base by outreach. On the contrary, the Council we should be on it as much as we can because C-SPAN-— has strengthened its traditional base by reaching out, because with its replays in the middle of the night and so on—has re­ reaching out has improved the quality of the internal dia­ ally reached people who are interested in these things. I logue, improved the quality of its participants, made the would like to see a new C-SPAN channel devoted entirely to international issues.

18 J) Robert S. Browne and Roger W. Wilkim at the May 15-16, 1997, Conference, "In the National In­ terest: Does Diversity Make a Dif­ ference?"

2) Co-Chairmen Mickey Ed­ wards, Stephen J. Solarz, and Lawrence J. Korb (rear) and fames Kulifeowsfei at the October 24, 1996, Meeting of the Task Force on Resources for Interna­ tional Affairs.

3) fames F Hogejr, and Peter G. Peterson at the fanuary 21, 1997, Investiture Dinner for the Peter G. Peterson Chair

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KENNETH L. ADELMAN PAUL A. VOLCKER Former Director, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Former Chairman, Federal Reserve Board Agency, and Vice President, Institute for Contemporary PRESIDER: ELLEN V FUTTER Studies President, American Museum of Natural History NADINE STROSSEN President, American Civil Liberties Union, and Professor Radio Broadcast America and the World of Law, New York Law School In 1989 the Council inaugurated its radio broadcast, SESSION I: WITNESSES: America and the World. Hosted first by Richard C. Hottelet BRIAN JENKINS and then as of 1995 by journalist Kati Marton, the pro­ Deputy Chairman, Kroll Associates gram reached an educated public radio audience with an L. PAUL BREMER III interest in world affairs. America and the World featured a Former Ambassador-at-Large for Counter-Terrorism, mix of the prominent policymakers and personalities who and Managing Director, Kissinger Associates have passed through the halls of the Council—such as SHIBLEY TELHAMI First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, Mexican President Associate Professor, Department of Government, Ernesto Zedillo, and Nobel Peace Prize winner Jose and Director of Near Eastern Studies, Cornell University Ramos-Horta—with the voices of the next generation. WOLFGANG H. REINICKE Guests like 25-year-old Claire Ward, Britain's youngest Member, Senior Research Staff, the Brookings Institution woman member of Parliament, arms traffic investigator SESSION II: WITNESS: Kathi Austin, and Muslim American leader Salam Al JAMIE S. GORELICK Marayati offered the insights and ideas of younger people Deputy Attorney General of the United States involved with international affairs. The broadcast was heard in such major markets as New York City, Washing­ "The Future of the CIA" ton, San Francisco, Minneapolis, and Miami, as well as in­ INTRODUCTION: KAREN M. SUGHRUE ternationally on the ASTRA satellite system and Armed Vice President, Council on Foreign Relations Forces Radio. In light of constraints on funding for radio, PANEL MEMBERS: and with plans to refocus its outreach efforts toward mem­ DAVID R. GERGEN bers and targeted nonmembers, the Council decided to Panel Chair, Editor-at-Large, U.S. News and World Report cancel the broadcast effective at the end of August 1997. MORTON I. ABRAMOWITZ President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace DISTRIBUTED BY NATIONAL PUBLIC RADIO JOSETTE S. SHINER PRODUCER: ERIKA H. BURK Managing Editor, Washington Times ASSOCIATE PRODUCER: IRINA A. FASKIANOS WITNESSES: HOST: KATI MARTON JAMES R. SCHLESINGER KATHI AUSTIN Senior Adviser, Lehman Brothers; former Director, Central Consultant, Human Rights Watch Arms Project Intelligence SALIH BOOKER WILLIAM H. WEBSTER Senior Fellow for Africa Studies, Council Partner, Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy; on Foreign Relations former Director, Central Intelligence "Zaire on the Brink" R. JAMES WOOLSEY Partner, Shea & Gardner; former Director, SALI BERISHA Central Intelligence President, Albania FRED ABRAHAMS "21st Century Surprises and Threats" Research Consultant, Human Rights Watch JOHN M. DEUTCH ANDREA BARTOLI Institute Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Associate Director of the Italian Academy for Advanced WALTER RUSSELL MEAD Studies in America at Columbia University; Vice President President's Fellow, World Policy Institute, New School of the Community of St. Egidio for Social Research "Anarchy in Albania"

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HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON WALTER RUSSELL MEAD First Lady of the United States Presidents Fellow, World Policy Institute, New School "A Conversation with First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton" for Social Research ELLSWORTH CULVER LAURIE GARRETT Senior Vice President, Mercy Corps International Health and Science Writer, Newsday; author, The Coming "North Korea: The Last Frontier of the Cold War" Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out oj Balance MARGARET HAMBURG JOSE RAMOS-HORTA Commissioner, New York City Department of Health Co-Winner of the 1996 Nobel Peace Prize "The Return of Age-Old Plagues" SIDNEY R.JONES Executive Director, Human Rights Watch/Asia ANNA HUSARSKA "East Timor: Struggle for Freedom" Field Officer, International Crisis Group LUKAS HAYNES ORVILLE H. SCHELL Senior Analyst for the former Yugoslavia, and former Author; Dean of the School of Journalism, Regional Director, Oxfam University of California-Berkeley "Bosnia: Postcard from the Edge" JAMYANG NORBU Director of the Amnye Machen Institute RASHID KHALIDI in Dharamsala, India Director of the Center for International Studies, "Tibet in Post-Deng China" University of Chicago SALAM AL MARAYATI JOHN M. SHALIKASHVILI Founder and Director, Muslim Public Affairs Council Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff "Saudi Culture and Politics"

W. BOWMAN CUTTER • • A • A • • Managing Director of Warburg, Pincus The way in which policy discussions in the government be­ come a part of decisions is complex. Discussions help create ON TASK FORCES AND STUDY GROUPS an atmosphere and an environment for change. If there are new alternatives around, they pose them. That's very hard. The Council is the best Typically, agencies have very entrenched positions. It be­ source for the organized comes extraordinarily difficult to find any running room for and disciplined discussion a new idea, and an outer force can inject those and can of foreign policy, including change the atmosphere. More rarely, more specific proposals international economics, in that are actually new can have a direct effect. Finally, the the world. Council's imprimatur. Those are the three ways the govern­ A T A W A • A ment is affected by the Council. I increasingly think, particu­ A • A • A T A larly now, that the interna­ For the task force I'm leading this year, I've looked at the po­ tional issues are changing in tential participants in two ways—who ideally would I have nature and are changing in on the task force and who's in the Council membership. It terms of the networks of the turns out that the two are totally congruent. You need people people who are going to who will reflect different points of view, who are genuinely solve them; they're not all committed to working with other people. So there is a cul­ traditional statecraft, and tural component as well as a diversity of ideas component. they're not all the same states. And I think that there is a signif­ For me, it's much more whether the set of people will be icant need for people to sit around the table to talk about these willing to think in a conceptual way, will be willing do it, and issues in a disciplined way. In my twenties I might have been will come to meetings. quite impatient with that process. That the Council can put its imprimatur on rigorous discussion is enormously important.

21 1) Speakers Kim Kyung-Won, Institute for Social Sciences, Seoul, Yuan Ming, Beijing University, Presider Orville H. Schell, and Speaker Yoichi Funabashi, Asahi Shimbun, at the June 6-7, 1997, National Conference, "How Can the United States Cope with the Emerging Power of Asia?"

2) Speaker LauriJ. Fitz-Pegado, As­ HP sistant Secretary and Director Gen­ WCIL eral, the Commercial Service, U.S. Commerce Department, and Presider Albert Fishlow at the May 15-16,1997, Conference, "In the National Interest: Does Diversity • Make a Difference?"

3) Speakers Richard C. Holbrooke, former Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Af­ AH H fairs, U.S. State Department, and Michael Mandelbaum, Director of 11 T ••"* the Project on East-West Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, at the IvW -i December 9,1996, Great Debate, "Expanding NATO: Will It Weaken \ the Alliance?"

4) Mel Levine, Stephen P Cohen, John F. Cooke, Jennifer S. Whitaker, and James Gelvin at the January 15, 1997, Regional Review Session of the Independent Task Force on U.S. Middle Fast Policy and the Peace Process m Los Angeles.

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WILLIAM HARTUNG both print and broadcast. Over the past year, the Council orga­ Senior Fellow, World Policy Institute, New School nized news conferences—attended by national and internation­ for Social Research al media—to unveil the findings of six independent task forces "From Immigrant to U.S. Military Commander" that it sponsored. These briefings help stimulate a substantive public debate through news stories and editorials in the New CLAIRE WARD York Times, the Washington Post, and the Washington Times; live Member of Parliament, United Kingdom C-SPAN coverage; numerous television and radio stories on IAN WILLIAMS CBS News, National Public Radio and CNN; and front-page U.S. Senior Editor, Institute for War & Peace Reporting coverage in overseas newspapers and business publications. "A New Young Voice from the House of Commons'' The Council also organized on-the-record briefings for ERNESLO PONCE DE LEON ZEDILLO the news media before major international events, such as a President, Mexico preview of the 1997 G-7 Summit featuring Council Director ANDRES OPPENHEIMER Robert D. Hormats, Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs (Inter­ Foreign Correspondent, Miami Herald national), Bruce Stokes, Senior Fellow and Director of Coun­ "Mexico's State of Affairs" cil Trade Programs, and Daniel K. Tarullo, Deputy Assistant to the President for Economic Policy of the National Eco­ News Media Briefings nomic Council. C-SPAN covered the event live; CNBC as The Council strives to make its policy work and analyses avail­ well as major trade and business journals wrote stories using able to a broader and interested audience via the news media. the expertise of the Council briefers.

INDEPENDENT TASK FORCES

The Council sponsors independent task forces from took at Helsinki. The report of the task force on inter­ time to time when it believes that a current foreign poli­ national drug policy helped stimulate a national debate cy debate of critical importance to the United States can on the wisdom of the certification process. benefit from the advice of a small group of people of di­ Task forces have also had an impact on Capitol Hill. vergent backgrounds and views. The goal of a task force The U.N. task force received substantial press coverage is either to reach consensus on an issue or, if a strong and helped to educate Congress and the public on the and meaningful consensus cannot be reached, to state need to fund the U.S. role in the world organization; its concisely the alternative positions. In furthering this report is currently being used by an ad hoc committee process, the task force often convenes meetings with seeking to persuade Congress to pay U.S. back dues. In Council members in cities across the United States, addition, the Co-Chairs of the task force on resources fine-tuning and broadening the feedback on the task for international affairs—Mickey Edwards and Stephen forces recommendations and conclusions. These rec­ J. Solarz—testified before the House Committee on In­ ommendations and conclusions are then published in a ternational Affairs on February 26, 1997, at the com­ report and ordinarily presented to the public at a press mittee's request; on March 12, 1997, they also met with conference and to Council members at general meetings Secretary of State Madeleine Albright to discuss the task in both New York and Washington. force's call for a bipartisan committee for reforming for­ The timeliness of task force topics has generated eign affairs agencies. The reports of both task forces considerable press and public attention and in the were entered into the Congressional Record. process has helped to shape the debate on key public The Council plans to continue to sponsor indepen­ policy issues over the past year. The task force on dent and bipartisan task forces to study and advise on U.S.-Russian relations chaired by Robert D. Blackwill, timely and important foreign policy issues. for example, contributed toward the forging of a con­ Morton H. Halperin sensus on the steps that the Clinton administration Senior Fellow and Task Force Coordinator

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"American National Interest and the United Nations" "Financing America's Leadership: Protecting American An Independent Task Force Interests and Promoting American Values" COSPONSORED BY THE UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIATION An Independent Task Force OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA COSPONSORED BY THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CHAIR: GEORGE SOROS CO-CHAIRS: MICKEY EDWARDS AND STEPHEN J. SOLARZ PROJECT DIRECTOR: RUTH WEDGWOOD PROJECT DIRECTORS: MORTON H. HALPERIN, LAWRENCE J. KORB, AND RICHARD M. MOOSE "A New U.S. Policy toward India and Pakistan" An Independent Task Force "Promoting U.S. Economic Relations with Africa" CHAIR: RICHARD N. HAASS An Independent Task Force PROJECT DIRECTOR: GIDEON ROSE CO-CHAIRS: PEGGY DULANY AND FRANK SAVAGE PROJECT DIRECTOR: SALIH BOOKER "Arms Control and the U.S.-Russian Relationship" An Independent Task Force "Rethinking International Drug Control: COSPONSORED BY THE NIXON CENTER FOR PEACE New Directions for U.S. Policy" AND FREEDOM An Independent Task Force CHAIR: ROBERT D. BLACKWILL CHAIR: MATHEA FALCO PROJECT DIRECTOR: KEITH W. DAYTON "Russia, Its Neighbors, and an Enlarging NATO" "Differentiated Containment: An Independent Task Force U.S. Policy toward Iran and Iraq" CHAIR: RICHARD G. LUGAR An Independent Task Force PROJECT DIRECTOR: VICTORIA NULAND CO-CHAIRS: ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI AND BRENT SCOWCROFT "U.S. Middle East Policy and the Peace Process" PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD W. MURPHY An Independent Task Force PROJECT COORDINATOR: HENRY SIEGMAN

All of these task force reports are available from the Brookings Institution Press. To order, call 1-800-275-1447.

NATIONAL PROGRAM

Launched a year ago, the National Program more closely Policy (PCIP), which has built its membership on a base of connects members outside New York City and Washing­ some 300 Council members west of the Rockies, is an im­ ton, D.C., with the Council and engages their experience portant component of the National Program. Beyond the and expertise in the intellectual work of the organization. joint programs listed below, Council members participated With the second annual National Conference, and the ex­ in more than 30 additional activities organized by the PCIP panding program of Studies seminars in a number of At the National Conference, on June 6 and 7, more cities, Council members outside New York and Washing­ than 130 members from all over the country came togeth­ ton are playing an increasingly important role in the er with Council Board members and staff to discuss the Council's substantive agenda. topic "How Can the United States Cope with the Emerg­ In extending the Studies Program to other cities, the ing Power of Asia?" In small breakout groups and plenar- Council relies heavily on the support of members and their ies featuring leading Asian intellectuals as well as National local institutions. Ideas and recommendations from mem­ Security Adviser Samuel R. Berger, participants pondered bers in eight cities away from the East Coast enriched and di­ how this country ought to accommodate to the swift po­ versified the work of task forces and study projects on topics litical and economic evolution of its Pacific neighbors. ranging from global trade and wages to Asian security Jennifer Seymour Whitaker The Los Angeles-based Pacific Council on International Deputy Director, National Program

24 1) Speaker Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Professor Emeritus oj the Human­ ities, City University of New York, Presider Garrick Utley, and Speaker Ronald Jakaki, Professor oj Ethnic Studies, University of California, Berkeley, at the May 15-16, 1997, Conference, "In the National Interest: Does Diversity Make a Difference?"

2) Frank Savage and Moshe Arens at the October 8, 1996, Meeting of the International Advi­ sory Board.

3) Walt W. Rostow and Speaker Samuel R. Berger, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, at the June 6-1, 1997, National Conference, "How Can the United States Cope with the Emerging Power of Asia?"

4) Speakers Antonia Hernandez, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, and Gary C. Hufbauer, Council on Foreign Relations, Presider June V Cross, and Speaker Richard 0. Hope, Woodrow Wilson National Fel­ lowship Foundation, at the May 15-16, 1997, Conference, "In the National Interests: Does Diversity Make a Difference?"

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Programs Study Group on the Globalization of R&D Meeting: Task Force on Drug Strategies Meetings: in Los Angeles, in Minneapolis, supported with the McKnight Foun­ cosponsored by the Pacific Council on International dation. Policy (PCIP); in Chicago, with the MacArthur Foun­ Study Group on the U.S.-Japan Security Relationship dation; in Atlanta, with the Carter Center; in Miami, Meeting: in Los Angeles, cosponsored with the Walt with the North-South Center. Disney Company. Task Force on Resources for International Affairs Meet­ Study Group on Commercial Diplomacy in Asia Meet­ ings: in Boston, cosponsored with the J.FK. School at ing: in Minneapolis, supported by the McKnight Harvard University; in Seattle, with the Washington Foundation. Council on International Trade. Study Group on U.S. Economic Engagement in Africa Task Force on U.S. Middle East Policy and the Peace Meeting: in Atlanta, cosponsored with the Carter Center. Process Meetings: in Chicago, cosponsored with the Study Group on Global Trade and Wages Meeting: in Amoco Corporation; in Los Angeles, with the Walt Minneapolis, supported by the McKnight Founda­ Disney Company. tion; in Los Angeles, cosponsored with the PCIP

DIVERSITY PROGRAM

In its second and final year as a separate program, the zation to other such efforts of Council members. The Project for Diversity in International Affairs continued a new task force, led by Co-Chairs George Dalley and number of initiatives to lay the basis for sustaining diver­ Rita Di Martino, has the general purpose of developing sity at the Council in the years ahead. The project was and implementing member-driven initiatives and pro­ supported by a two-year grant (1995-97) jointly funded viding operating support toward achieving the three by the Ford and Andrew W Mellon Foundations. The main goals of the diversity project. specific goals were 1) to increase participation of the The crowning achievement of this year was the Council's minority members in all Council activities as Councils Second Diversity Conference, "In the National well as raise the overall number of minority Council Interest: Does Diversity Make a Difference?" on May members; 2) to help shape the agenda of the post-Cold 15-16, which nearly 180 participants attended. A sig­ War foreign policy debate with attention to minority in­ nificant majority of attendees were Council members, sights and concerns and explore how minority and na­ and many were also members of racial or ethnic minor­ tional interests intersect; and 3) to help find and nurture ity groups. Speakers included Ronald Takaki, Professor the next generation of foreign policy leaders and thinkers of Ethnic Studies, University of California, Berkeley; au­ as part of a Council-wide initiative on the next generation. thor and historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.; U.S. Ambas­ A final report was published on last years diversity sador to the United Nations Bill Richardson; Alberto K. conference, held at Howard University in Washington, Fujimori, President of Peru; Eric P. Liu, author and D.C., entitled "Defining the National Interest: Minori­ MSNBC commentator; Barbara R. Arnwine, Executive ties and U.S. Foreign Policy in the 21st Century." The Director, Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights under project also compiled and disseminated new and refo- Law; Ali Mazrui, Professor in the Humanities, Institute cused information to institutionalize the goal of diversi­ for Global Cultural Studies, State University of New ty. Among the products the project generated were a York, Binghamton; and Antonia Hernandez, President survey of minority members and, as an outgrowth of and General Counsel, Mexican American Legal Defense that survey, a 347-page member directory listing 278 and Educational Fund. members who chose to be included. David]. Vidal During the year, the project also assisted in the cre­ Vice President, Project for Diversity in ation of a new diversity task force, a successor organi­ International Affairs, and Director, Diversity Programs

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INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD

The International Advisory Board (IAB), established by The IAB, whose membership was expanded at the the Board of Directors in 1995 under the chairmanship January 1997 meeting of the Board of Directors, in­ of David Rockefeller, Honorary Chairman of the Coun­ cludes the following distinguished individuals: cil, meets annually in conjunction with the October MARICLAIRE ACOSTA URQUIDI (Mexico), President, Board meeting to offer perspectives on a broad range of Mexican Commission for the Defense and Promotion of matters of concern to the Council. IAB members are in­ Human Rights vited to comment on institutional programs and strate­ GIOVANNI AGNELLI (Italy), Chairman, Instituto Fi- gic directions, and on practical opportunities for nanziario Industriale; Honorary Chairman, Fiat S.p.A. collaboration between the Council and institutions KHALID ALIALTURKI (Saudi Arabia), Chairman, TRADCO abroad. They also provide invaluable international in­ MOSHE ARENS (Israel), Former Deputy Chairman of the sights on U.S. foreign policy in discussions of a variety Board, Israel Corporation Ltd.; former Ambassador of Is­ of issues—from the need for new strategies and institu­ rael to the United States tions for the 21st century, to the value of multilateral HAN AN ASHRAWI (West Bank), Member, Palestinian Na­ approaches toward world problems, to ways to foster tional Council; Founder, Palestinian Independent Com­ democratization. mission for Citizens' Rights

MARK CARTER Outreach is a question of the expansion of voices. While I Director, Strategic Planning, CNN have tremendous respect for the discussions that go on every day in New York, Washington, and Boston, and I have been a ON THE NATIONAL PROGRAM part of those discussions at various points in my career, I think that there are other interesting, informed perspectives I think of the Council, fun­ outside that axis. In Atlanta, for instance, the success of damentally, as a place for CNN, the Carter Center, and thriving multinational corpora­ people who still care deeply tions like Coca-Cola prove that international relations have about foreign policy and its profound importance outside the New York-Washington- implications in the United Boston corridor. There are vibrant discussions about interna­ States and abroad. In my tional questions in Atlanta and elsewhere around the country; experience, members are expanding the Council's membership outside the "corridor" well-informed and curious refreshes the discussions at the Council on Foreign Rela­ about those issues, so that tions. That flow of ideas and information operates in both di­ the Council remains a place rections. where policy discussions A • A • A • A occur that serve the nation What I like about the National Conference is its comfortable, and the world. All of the inclusive feel. Members seemed to be rolling up their sleeves, outreach efforts of the and a diversity of opinion was welcomed. The discussions Council support that goal weren't stiff or forced, and members didn't seem reserved. in some way, including the National Program. With the Cold The discussions can be messy—and that is, I think, a good War ended, many Americans seem less interested in the thing. By messy I mean that the talks and debates include a world, as perceived threats have diminished. This reality, in a broader range of people and issues than more traditional way, makes the Council's mission more important than ever Council meetings. This raises the energy level and intellectu­ in keeping alive concern and debate about America's proper al pitch. It was good fun, and it is, most importantly, where I role in the world. convinced Garrick Utley to join us at CNN! A • A • A • A

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PERCY N. BARNEVIK (Sweden), Chairman and Chief Ex­ JUAN MARCH DELGADO (Spain), Chairman, Juan ecutive Officer, ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd. March Foundation CONRAD M. BLACK (Canada), Chairman and Chief Ex­ MARIA ROSA MARTINI (Argentina), Cofounder and ecutive Officer, Argus Corporation Limited; Chairman, President, Social Sector Forum; Vice President, Civitas; Hollinger International Inc.; Chairman, Telegraph Group Cofounder, CONCIENCIA Argentina Limited BARBARA MCDOUGALL (Canada), Former Secretary of GRO HARLEM BRUNDTLAND (Norway), Member of State for External Affairs; former Minister of State for Fi­ Parliament; former Prime Minister of Norway nance and Privatization PETER A. R. CARRINGTON (Great Britain), Chancellor, RIGOBERTA MENCHU TUM (Guatemala), Founder, University of Reading; former Secretary-General, Rigoberta Menchu Turn Foundation; 1992 Nobel Peace NATO Prize recipient GUSTAVO A. CISNEROS (Venezuela), Chairman and ADAM MICHNIK (Poland), Editor-in-Chief, Gazeta Wyborcza Chief Executive Officer, Cisneros Group of Companies OLUSEGUN OBASANJO (Nigeria), Chairman, Africa ALEJANDRO FOXLEY (Chile), President, Christian De­ Leadership Forum; former Head of State of Nigeria mocratic Party; former Minister of Finance of Chile ANAND PANYARACHUN (Thailand), Chairman, Saha- TOYOO GYOHTEN (Japan), President, Institute for Inter­ Union Public Company Limited; former Prime Minister national Monetary Affairs; Senior Adviser, The Bank of of Thailand Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd. MOEEN A. QURESHI (Pakistan), Chairman, Emerging ABDLATIF Y. AL-HAMAD (Kuwait), Director General and Markets Partnership; former Prime Minister of Pakistan Chairman of the Board of Directors, Arab Fund for Eco­ EDZARD REUTER (Germany), Former Chairman, Daim­ nomic and Social Development ler-Benz AG ABID HUSSAIN (India), Vice Chairman, Rajiv Gandhi In­ MICHEL ROCARD (France), President, Commission of stitute for Contemporary Studies; former Ambassador of Development, European Parliament; former Prime Minis­ India to the United States ter of France SERGEI A. KARAGANOV (Russia), Deputy Director, In­ KHEHLA SHUBANE (Republic of South Africa), Research stitute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences; Chair­ Officer, Centre for Policy Studies man of the Board, Council on Foreign and Defence PETER D. SUTHERLAND (Ireland), Chairman and Man­ Policy aging Director, Goldman Sachs International; Chairman, KYUNG-WON KIM (Republic of Korea), President, Insti­ British Petroleum Company pic; former Director-Gener­ tute of Social Sciences; former Ambassador of Korea to al, World Trade Organization the United States WASHINGTON SYCIP (Philippines), Chairman and YOTARO KOBAYASHI (Japan), Chairman and Chief Ex­ Founder, The SGV Group ecutive Officer, Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. SHIRLEY V. T. BRITTAIN WILLIAMS (Great Britain), OTTO GRAF LAMBSDORFF (Germany), Member of the Member, British House of Lords; Public Service Professor Bundestag; former Federal Minister of Economics of Electoral Politics, Harvard University GRACA MACHEL (Mozambique), President, Mozambique MUHAMMAD YUNUS (Bangladesh), Founder, Managing Community Development Foundation Director and Chief Executive Officer, Grameen Bank

28 STUDIES PROGRAM

The Studies Program dedicates itself to advancing understanding oj world affairs and contribut­ ing ideas to U.S. foreign policy. To these ends, the Studies staff seeks to analyze the rules and rhythms of the international system and the behavior of international actors of all kinds, to define American interests and relate them to American power, and to examine ways and institutions to manage the course of international events.

nlarging the Studies Program and focusing on such as Africa, Europe, Latin America, science and the new intellectual and policy challenges has technology, the Middle East, and the Islamic world. been one of the Council's key goals during the The hallmark of all Council studies is, increasingly, lasEt four years. The program has become younger, cross-fertilization among disciplines, points of view, stronger, more relevant, and more productive. With the and professional backgrounds. Through this kind of ex­ arrival in June of a new Director of Studies, noted inter­ change we look for new ideas that will help us to un­ national economist Gary Hufbauer, and the addition of derstand better todays world and to devise workable several younger scholars along with more senior scholars policies. and practitioners, the Council is building a foreign policy Activities organized by Studies Fellows are held at think tank for the post-Cold War world. The blend of the Council's offices in New York and Washington, experience, age, expertise, and perspective enables the other cities across the United States, and abroad. The Council to tackle traditional and new subjects in innova­ Studies Program has substantially increased its Wash­ tive ways. ington staff and activities in the past year. In addition to The Studies Program places special emphasis on programs directed by the Fellows based in the Council's three overlapping areas of concentration: Washington office, Fellows in New York hold an in­ creasing number of groups that meet in both cities. • the redefinition of U.S. security in an era of profound These activities draw upon the broad-ranging knowl­ change, including analyses of both traditional and edge and insights of the Council's own professional newer threats as well as new opportunities; staff, its national membership, and nonmembers ex­ • international economic policy in all geographic perts from this country and abroad. Studies activities areas, and especially its links with national security; generally take one of four interdisciplinary forms: • Asian studies in all dimensions, closely linked with broad economic and security issues both inside and • study groups designed to help Council authors write outside the region. books and articles; • independent task forces designed to reach a consensus At the same time, we must and do continue substan­ or frame the debate on a given issue; tial activities in almost all geographic and policy areas,

29 STUDIES PROGRAM

• roundtable series, designed to survey a policy issue AFRICA and respond quickly to current events; • conferences, held over a period of one or more days, SALIH BOOKER designed to consider various aspects of a broad poli­ Senior Fellow, Africa Studies cy issue. Each of these is subject to an intensive advance con­ Promoting U.S. Economic Relations with Africa An Independent Task Force cept review process. Study groups and task forces ex­ amine a complicated policy problem and disseminate CO-CHAIRS: PEGGY DULANY (SYNERGOS INSTITUTE), FRANK SAVAGE (ALLIANCE CAPITAL MANAGEMENT) the facts and judgments gained in a book or report, re­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: SALIH BOOKER spectively. Highlights of the past year include seven independent Members of the task force on U.S. economic relations with task forces. Council Fellows were centrally involved in Africa set out to assess the strengths and weaknesses of cur­ planning major Council programs, including a confer­ rent U.S. economic policy toward Africa, develop recom­ ence (cosponsored with Foreign Affairs) on the interna­ mendations for changes in policy, and explore the feasibility tional problem of global pension funding. Roundtables in of orienting U.S. policy toward greater support for regional economic integration in Africa. Focusing its discussions on the Studies Program's three areas of emphasis enabled us the principal elements of U.S. economic policy with Africa to explore emerging issues with larger groups of interest­ (economic policy reform, development assistance, and trade ed members. A sampling of the study groups and confer­ and investment), the group put forward a task force state­ ences illustrates the range of topics covered this year: ment with policy recommendations to have a timely impact Asia and the environment; the meanings and construc­ on the administration's position on Africa at the June G-7 tion of race in Brazil, South Africa, and the United States; summit in Denver, and to help inform the debate in Con­ public pluralism in Muslim societies; the utility of eco­ gress on U.S. economic policy toward Africa. nomic sanctions as an instrument of American foreign policy. These and the Council's other Studies activities are Africa Roundtable Series described in the following pages. A detailed listing of in­ dividual meetings can be found on the Council's website CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: SALIH BOOKER (www.joreignrelations.org). This ongoing roundtable provides a forum to discuss sig­ The Council's growing role as a research center rests nificant developments in Africa and their implications for on both our Studies staff and our membership. More U.S. policy. African leaders offer insights into important is­ Council members and nonmember experts took part in sues of democratization, economic growth, and conflict more study groups, roundtables, and task forces than resolution. Guest speakers such as Salim Ahmed Salim, ever before. Our studies draw strength from the synergy Secretary-General of the Organization of African Unity, and between members and Fellows, which is vital to the ef­ Sam Nujoma, President of Namibia, have enhanced dia­ fectiveness of the Studies Program, and on which we logue between Council members and other persons en­ will place even greater emphasis in the future. gaged in work on Africa. Kenneth Maxwell, Nelson and David Rockefeller Se­ nior Fellow for Inter-American Affairs, served as Direc­ tor of Studies from June through December 1996. Thanks to his leadership, the Studies Program contin­ ASIA ued to grow and thrive this year. JEROME A. COHEN Janice L. Murray Vice President and Treasurer, and C. V Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Studies, and Director Acting Director of Studies (January-June 1997) ELIZABETH ECONOMY Fellow, China Studies, and Deputy Director for Asia Studies

30 STUDIES PROGRAM

Asia Roundtable Series: Focal Points for the Future community. The report articulates the ways in which the U.S. policy of constructive engagement has influenced Chi­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: JEROME A. COHEN nese behavior at the domestic and international levels. It With Hong Kong's reversion to Chinese rule, heightened also provides recommendations as to whether the United tensions between North and South Korea, and the reinvigo- States and its allies should continue to pursue this policy ration of the Japan-U.S. Security Agreement, relations be­ and how it might be modified to serve U.S. interests better, tween the United States and Asia will be undergoing or whether an alternative policy altogether would be more change. This ongoing series examines the implications of effective. An edited volume with all ten case studies will be these changes within a sociopolitical, economic, and securi­ published in 1998. ty framework. Sessions included discussions with Martin Lee, Chairman of the Democratic Party of Hong Kong; Kim Asia and the Environment Roundtable Series Gye Gwan, Vice Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, North PROJECT DIRECTOR: ELIZABETH ECONOMY Korea; and Willy Wo-Lap Lam, China Editor for the South China Morning Post. The United States is confronting a growing number of global environmental threats, from ozone depletion to resource Asia and International Law Roundtable Series scarcity-induced conflict. Asia, with its booming economies and rapid pace of environmental degradation, is a major PROJECT DIRECTOR: JEROME A. COHEN source of these threats and a necessary participant in the for­ International law plays an increasingly prominent role in mulation of any solutions. Through a series of roundtable efforts to resolve many of the serious problems that plague discussions, this project, which will continue into next year, international politics in Asia. Incendiary territorial dis­ explored the scope of the problem for Asia and the rest of the putes; struggles over the resources of the sea and seabed; international community. Topics included "Environment, the status of Taiwan, North Korea, and nuclear missiles; Scarcity, and Violence with a Special Look at China, India, obstacles to U.S.-China business cooperation; and conflicts and Indonesia" and "Combating Forest Degradation in over human rights all raise important questions concerning Southeast Asia: Public and Private Sector Initiatives." the invocation of international law by the governments of Asian countries. This ongoing series approaches many of Winston Lord U.S.-China Update Series these challenging problems from a legal perspective and PROJECT DIRECTOR: ELIZABETH ECONOMY discusses the U.S. role in addressing them. Sessions have included lively discussions with Cao Siyuan, President, The monthly U.S.-China Update Series explored key issues Sitong Institute of Social Development, and Jonathan at the center of the Sino-American relationship. It featured Hecht, a Research Fellow at Harvard University's East Asian prominent U.S. and Chinese experts who provided updates Legal Institute. on the developing nature of this increasingly complex and vital relationship. Speakers included Kurt M. Campbell, Study Group on Constructive Engagement with China Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense; Frank Ching, Senior Editor at the Far Eastern Economic Review; Jerome A. Cohen, CHAIR: MICHEL OKSENBERG (STANFORD UNIVERSITY) Director and C. V Starr Senior Fellow for Asian Studies at PROJECT DIRECTOR: ELIZABETH ECONOMY the Council; and Kenneth Lieberthal, Arthur Thurnau Pro­ This study group evaluated China's participation in a range fessor of Political Science at the University of Michigan. Ses­ of international regimes and assessed the implications of its sion topics included Gallup China Poll results and U.S. behavior for U.S. policy, focusing on ten issue areas of criti­ security policy in the Asia-Pacific region, with special con­ cal importance to the United States: human rights, sideration given to China's People's Liberation Army. A panel telecommunications, environment, energy, security, the session with Richard Bernstein of the New York Times, United Nations, civil aviation, legal reform, trade and in­ Thomas Friedman of the New York Times, Michel Oksenberg vestment, and banking and finance. The study group re­ of Stanford University, and Lucian Pye of the Massachusetts port, Shaping U.S.-China Relations: A Long-Term Strategy, Institute of Technology discussed the findings of the Coun­ sheds light both on the continuity in China's overarching cil study group report Shaping U.S.-China Relations: A Long- foreign policy goals, strategies, and tactics and on the adap­ Term Strategy. tations China has made in its domestic institutions and policies in response to the demands of the international

31 1) Presider Howard Wolpc, Mustafa Nyang'anyi, Speaker Julius Nyerere, International Me­ diator for the Conflict in Burundi, and Salih Booker at the Septem­ ber 26, 1996, Meeting oj the Africa Roundtahle Series.

2) Speakers Michel Oksenberg, Stanford University, Thomas L Friedman, New York Times, and Richard Bernstein, New York Times, at the March 18, 1996, Meeting "The China Challenge: Forging a New U.S. Strategy."

3) Elizabeth C. Economy, Speaker Victor Fung, Prudential Asia In­ vestments, Stephen A. Orlins, and ferome A. Cohen at the February 6, 1997, Meeting, "Hong Kong's Economic Competitiveness and the Impact of Reversion to Chi­ nese Rule." STUDIES PROGRAM

From Bicycles to Beepers: The Politics and Economics Capitol Hill Roundtable: Asia of Business in China CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: BRUCE STOKES CONFERENCE TEAM: ELIZABETH ECONOMY, JEFFREY REINKE, JACQUI SELBST-SCHEIN, NANCY YAO Building on the success and popularity of the Capitol Hill COSPONSORED WITH THE CORPORATE PROGRAM roundtable on trade, a number of Hill staff aides felt that more discussion was needed about Asian issues—including One of the most salient characteristics of China today is the trade, security, and human rights—because Congress has transitional nature of its economy. Its operations in many become an integral player in the formulation of U.S. policy areas of business relations suffer from the incomplete na­ toward that vital region. Modeled on the trade roundtable, ture of its legal system, the vagaries of domestic politics, this new discussion series, launched in spring 1997, fea­ and the complex interrelationship between Chinese busi­ tured Martin Lee, Chairman of the Democratic Party in ness and political entities. "From Bicycles to Beepers" ex­ Hong Kong, who spoke on that colony's return to Chinese plored such issues as: What are the recent changes in legal control; a session on the U.S.-Japan security relationship; reform, banking, and securities? How is Beijing molding and a report by the President's Commission on U.S.-Pacific Shanghai to be China's financial center in 2000? How do Trade and Investment Policy. investments differ from province to province? U.S. Secre­ tary of Agriculture Daniel R. Glickman delivered the keynote address, and seminars and workshops were led by U.S. and Chinese business, legal, and government experts on topics including the future of U.S.-China trade rela­ CENTER FOR tions; legal reform; joint ventures and strategic alliances; and pharmaceuticals, textiles, manufacturing, telecommu­ PREVENTIVE ACTION nications, and aviation. BARNETT R. RUBIN Senior Fellow and Director Study Group on American Commercial Diplomacy in Asia The Center for Preventive Action (CPA) was established in CO-CHAIRS: JEFFREY E. GARTEN (YALE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT), ROBERT B. ZOELLICK (FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE 1994 by the Council on Foreign Relations to study and test ASSOCIATION) PROJECT DIRECTOR: JAMES J. SHINN conflict prevention—to learn how preventive action can Commercial diplomacy is in the political spotlight. The high work by employing it. Many of today's most serious interna­ beams are on export promotion to Asia, where the govern­ tional problems—ethnic conflicts, failing states, and hu­ ments oi the United States, Japan, and European countries manitarian disasters—could potentially be averted or are competing for their share of Asia's $1 trillion in annual ameliorated with effective early attention. CPA has chosen imports. A bipartisan study group on American commercial four case studies to test the viability of conflict prevention: diplomacy in Asia tackled such questions as: Should the the Great Lakes region of Central Africa; the Ferghana valley U.S. government engage in commercial diplomacy? What is region of Central Asia; Nigeria; and the South Balkans. CPA the national-interest rationale? Does commercial diplomacy has sent a delegation to each region and is preparing a series get in the way of other U.S. foreign policy goals in Asia? of Preventive Action Reports, which are published by the How much money and effort does the federal government Twentieth Century Fund under a joint imprint with the actually spend on commercial diplomacy? What works well, Council on Foreign Relations. and what is a waste? What are the activities of the Japanese and the Europeans on the commercial diplomacy front? A Annual Conference series of papers by experts was commissioned to inform the CO-CHAIRS: JOHN W. VESSEY (FORMER CHAIRMAN, JOINT CHIEFS discussions. They included J. David Richardson of the Insti­ OF STAFF), DAVID A. HAMBURG (CARNEGIE COMMISSION ON PREVENTING DEADLY CONFLICT), RICHARD C. LEONE (TWENTIETH tute for International Economics, "Why Exports Are Worth CENTURY FUND) Promoting"; David J. Rothkopf of Kissinger Associates, "On the Short Life and Impending Decline of Commercial Diplo­ CPA held its third Annual Conference on Preventive Action macy"; and former U.S. Ambassadors Robert L. Barry, Don­ on December 12, 1996. The conferences are cosponsored ald P Gregg, and John Wolf, who shared the country-level by the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Con­ view in Asia of commercial diplomacy. The group will pub­ flict and the Twentieth Century Fund; they aim to assess lish its report in summer 1997. the state of knowledge about conflict prevention, specifically

33 STUDIES PROGRAM

by surveying what has been learned in the previous year. cused on Burundi, but as the crisis engulfed the region, The 1996 conference featured morning breakout sessions CPA widened the project to encompass the entire Great on three of CPA's case studies—the South Balkans, the Lakes region of Central Africa, including Burundi, Rwanda, Great Lakes region of Central Africa, and Nigeria—and af­ Zaire, Tanzania, and Uganda. Among other activities, CPA ternoon sessions on broader themes—small weapons disar­ has cosponsored the Great Lakes Policy Forum with Search mament, religion, and sanctions. General George A. for Common Ground, Refugees International, and the Joulwan, Supreme Allied Commander of Europe for African American Institute since 1995. The Great Lakes NATO, was the keynote speaker. CPA will publish an edit­ Policy Forum meets monthly to enable all international ac­ ed volume from the conference as part of its Preventive Ac­ tors working to prevent further violence in the region to tion Reports. exchange information, coordinate strategies, evaluate their activities, and advocate policies to the United States and Project on the Great Lakes Region of Central Africa other governments. CPA and the European Centre for Common Ground have also established a European Forum PROJECT DIRECTOR: FABIENNE HARA on the Great Lakes in Brussels to help coordinate European In 1994, Rwanda suffered an outbreak of ethnic conflict and transatlantic activities in the region. On March 7, and genocide that ended with the military defeat of the 1997, CPA, the Carter Center (Atlanta), and Synergies regime that initiated the violence. After the end of the Africa (Geneva) convened a high-level consultation on the genocide, tension spread further throughout the region, es­ Great Lakes crisis with Ambassador Mohamed Sahnoun, pecially to Rwanda's already troubled neighbors, Burundi special envoy to the Great Lakes from the United Nations and Zaire. Initially, the Center for Preventive Action fo­ and the Organization of African Unity.

GIDEON ROSE place in most settings these days. In Washington, the discus­ Olin Fellow and Deputy Director, National Security sion of policy questions is so heavily politicized and so gen­ Studies, Council on Foreign Relations erally superficial that serious intellectual analysis is sorely lacking. In the academy, attention to policy matters is consid­ ON INDEPENDENT TASK FORCES ered evidence of superficiality or excessive practicality, so there too you don't often get a chance to marry rigorous In a task force, there is a analysis and policy relevance. Task forces provide a way to collective product that the bring several different worlds together—representatives of members sign on to, and it the political world, the academic world, the think-tank represents the consensus— world, the business world, the NGO [nongovernmental orga­ or sometimes the lack of nization] world, the armed services, the diplomatic corps— consensus—that the group and pool all their various talents and expertise. That's not an has managed to achieve. So experience you can get in many other places, and I think it's task forces are more diplo­ one of the best things the Council can do for its members matic exercises than study and for society at large. groups because you have to A • A • A • A bring the various people in The objective is to try to shape the discussion that takes lne las < orce on Br •> ^1 ' ' board. The place at the highest levels, both inside government and out. Br If fl tr*ck m a task f°rce report These projects can help put issues on the agenda that might ^k is to walk a fine line be- not have been there before, and they can help generate po­ ^^^m i ^^^^mmi tween bland mush that tential solutions and get policymakers to consider them. At everyone can agree with and provocative views that will the least, they present an opportunity for policymakers to cause most members to dissent. hear what a broad range of nonpartisan, independent, out­ A W A • A W A side experts think, rather than simply be bombarded by the What do the members and participants get out of these exer­ views of narrow constituencies and special interest groups. cises? Well, one thing is high-level intellectual consideration of important policy issues. That's something that doesn't take

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Project on the Ferghana Valley Region of Central Asia Project on the South Balkans

CHAIR: SAM NUNN (KING & SPALDING) CHAIR: SEYMOUR TOPPING (COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY) PROJECT DIRECTOR: NANCY LUBIN (JNA ASSOCIATES, INC.) PROJECT DIRECTOR: DAVID L. PHILLIPS (INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROGRAM. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY) The Ferghana valley region of Central Asia cuts across the three newly independent states of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, CPA began to focus on the South Balkans as the wars in and Kyrgyzstan; it is one of the most densely populated and Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia neared their end. The volatile areas of the former Soviet Union. The site of vio­ Dayton Accords moved this troubled corner of southeastern Europe toward peace but left many problems unresolved— lence in 1989 and 1990, the valley contains a mix of ethnic including the issue of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo and Mace­ groups and competing clans divided by arbitrarily demar­ donia—that threaten to disrupt the entire region. The South cated borders. Tensions are exacerbated by religious, envi­ Balkans working group was formed to recommend ways to ronmental, and economic problems. CPAs Ferghana valley prevent the conflict in the former Yugoslavia from spreading working group was formed to assess the potential for future into the South Balkans and to create a more enduring frame­ conflict in the region and to suggest ways to move the re­ work for peace and security in the region. A delegation of the gion in the direction of economic and political reform and working group traveled there in December 1995, and repre­ stability. A delegation of the working group visited the re­ sentatives have returned several times since then. Drawing gion in March 1997, met with a wide range of people, and on the findings of the working group's initial mission to the is preparing a report based on its findings. The working region, CPA published the first in its series of Preventive Ac­ groups report proposes ways to reduce the tensions in the tion Reports. Entitled Toward Comprehensive Peace in Southeast area and create a stable environment for institution building Europe: Conflict Prevention in the South Balkans, it recom­ and democratic and market reforms. The report will be re­ mends strategies and actions for reducing tensions in Kosovo leased as part of CPAs Preventive Action Reports. and stabilizing Macedonia. The report has been translated into Serbian, Albanian, and Macedonian. Project on Nigeria

CHAIR: PEARL T. ROBINSON (TUFTS UNIVERSITY) PROJECT DIRECTOR: PETER M. LEWIS (AMERICAN UNIVERSITY) Nigeria is embroiled in a national crisis. The immediate ten­ CULTURE sions arise from the aborted democratic transition of June 1993 and the subsequent authoritarian course of General Sani Abacha's regime. More generally, political instability is Culture and Foreign Policy Roundtable fueled by ethnic, religious, and regional tensions as well as economic malaise. Nigeria's dominant position in West CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: MICHAEL SANDEL (HARVARD UNIVERSITY) Africa and its vast oil reserves mean that an eruption of con­ Some of the most important developments in world politics flict would have substantial regional and international today are neither military nor economic but more broadly repercussions. CPAs Nigeria project, in collaboration with cultural. The Culture and Foreign Policy Roundtable sought the Carter Center, concentrates on the role of Nigerian civil to redress the balance among these imperatives by examin­ society in preventing conflict and assisting sustainable de­ ing the way in which civic, moral, and political culture—in­ mocratic reform. CPA sent a study mission to Nigeria in cluding currents in religion, civil society, literature, the arts, early January 1997 to evaluate recent developments there and the media—shape the forces with which foreign policy and identify opportunities for partnerships between organi­ contends. Highlights of the program year included discus­ zations in the United States and Nigeria. The delegation met sions on modernity in the Middle East and the evolving na­ with a variety of nongovernmental organizations in several ture of citizenship and political and social identity. regions of the country. Drawing on both the mission and subsequent meetings, the Nigeria project is producing a re­ Culture and Development Roundtable port as part of CPAs Preventive Action Reports. PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALBERTA ARTHURS The concept of "culture and development" is surfacing today at the World Bank, the British Council, UNESCO, SIDA, and other agencies within the development community At the

35 STUDIES PROGRAM

base of this concept is the recognition that cultural factors— terdependence. The Council's Economics Program over­ ranging from religion to artistic expression—fortify or im­ sees an ongoing series of monthly lunches to discuss spe­ pede, advance or delay, movements toward democratization cific aspects of international economics and how they and modernization. This project aimed to find and examine affect (and are affected by) U.S. policy. The roundtable the best definitions and ideas, to produce a conceptual brings noted U.S. and foreign international economists to framework for the subject, and to determine the best prac­ speak before a selected audience of academics, govern­ tices in the field. In 1996-97, speakers addressed the issue ment officials, and business people on a wide variety of through the lenses of religion, anthropology, identity issues, questions in a timely and accessible fashion. Guest speak­ and the arts. ers at this series included Robert Lawrence, Alice Amsden, Kenneth Rogoff, and George Borjas.

Walter Hochschild Roundtable on International ECONOMICS Economic Relations PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALBERT FISHLOW ALBERT FISHLOW In an increasingly integrated global economy, macro and Paul A. Volcker Senior Fellow for International Economics, microeconomic developments in one country may have im­ and Director portant repercussions for other countries' economies. This Study Group on Global Trade and Wages roundtable addresses a variety of economic issues that affect international economic relations and whose management CO-CHAIRS: JESSICA P. EINHORN (WORLD BANK), JOHN P. LIPSKY may call for a concerted multilateral approach. Topics have (CHASE MANHATTAN CORPORATION) PROJECT DIRECTORS: ALBERT FISHLOW, KAREN PARKER included central banks' independence and international co­ ordination as well as Brazil's economic prospects and role in Since 1973, average real wages in the United States have the integration process in the Western Hemisphere. stagnated while earnings inequality has increased. Real wages and employment of unskilled workers in manufac­ First Annual Economics Conference turing have also declined sharply. Real wages have contin­ on the International Problem of Pension Funds ued to rise in Europe, where labor markets are less flexible, but unemployment has increased and become more persis­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALBERT FISHLOW tent, especially among the less skilled. This study sought to COSPONSORED WITH FOREIGN AFFAIRS enrich the policy debate on international trade and wage Foreign Affairs and the Economic Studies Program have inau­ levels by focusing on four areas: (a) evaluation of changing gurated an annual series of conferences on international eco­ income distribution across countries; (b) investigation of the nomic trends. The conferences focus on future developments impact of trade on wages and employment within countries; that will affect the global economy in the mid to long term, (c) evaluation of the role of nontrade factors (e.g., the surge with special emphasis on the intersection of markets and in foreign direct investment flows, the global diffusion of public policy. The conferences deal comparatively with each technology, and immigration from developing countries); topic in the context of different countries and regions of the and (d) consideration of remedies for workers who face re­ world. The inaugural conference addressed perhaps the trenchment, job insecurity, and stagnant incomes. Speakers world's most important—and intractable—economic chal­ at this group included, Richard Freeman, distinguished lenge: the impact of the aging world population on world­ labor economist, and Lisa Lynch, former Chief Economist at wide economic growth and international capital flow, the U.S. Labor Department. specifically, the explosion of public pension systems. The con­ ference attracted a first-rate group of domestic and interna­ C. Peter McColough Series on International Economics tional speakers from the private and public sectors, among them Laura DAndrea Tyson, then Chair of the National Eco­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALBERT FISHLOW nomic Council; Martin Feldstein, President of the National COSPONSORED WITH THE CORPORATE PROGRAM Bureau of Economic Research; Robert D. Hormats, Vice In the 1990s, international economic issues have become Chairman of Goldman Sachs International; Norbert Walter, paramount for U.S. policymakers, a trend reinforced by Chief Economist at Deutsche Bank; and Lawrence Summers, rapidly increasing international capital flows and trade in­ Deputy Secretary of the Treasury.

36 1) Co-Chairmen Barnett R. Rubin and Hassan Ba, Speaker Mohamed Sahnoun, U.N./OAU Special Envoy to the Great Lakes, and Co-Chairman Harry G. Barnes at the March 6-7, 1997, Conference "Special Consultation on the Great Lakes Region of Central Africa with Ambassador Mohamed Sahnoun."

2) Dennis]. Hejlik, Craig D. Hackett, Michael P. Peters, Speak­ er George A. foulwan, Supreme Allied Commander, North At­ lantic Treaty Organization, Leslie H. Gelb, Chairman John W Vessey, and Ronald A. Route at the December 12, 1996, "Third Annual Conference on Preventive Action."

3) Speaker Shirley V. T. Brittain Williams, Harvard University and House of Lords, United King­ dom, Presider Michael ]. Sandel, and Speaker Charles Taylor, McGill University, at the Decem­ ber 5, 1996, Culture and Foreign Policy Roundtable, "Disintegrat­ ing Democracy: New Models of Citizenship, Civil Society, and Political Identity."

37 STUDIES PROGRAM

Study Group on After the Uruguay Round: ing trade with Asia and export financing. The roundtable The Politics, the Issues, the Rules meetings are a forum for a regular, informal, bipartisan ex­ change of views. CHAIR: HARALD B. MALMGREN (MALMGREN GROUP) PROJECT DIRECTOR: BRUCE STOKES Study Group on Economic Strategy and Foreign Policy

With the December 1996 Singapore Trade Ministerial of the CO-CHAIRS: J. CARTER BEESE, JR. (BROWN INTERNATIONAL), World Trade Organization, WTO members have begun to EUGENE A. SEKULOW (NYNEX CORPORATION) face issues left over from the Uruguay Round of multilateral PROJECT DIRECTOR: PATRICK J. DESOUZA (NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL) trade negotiations, such as agriculture and services, and to lay out an agenda of a new generation of trade issues, such This ongoing study group, primarily composed of term as competition policy, investment, labor, and the environ­ members, explores the changing approaches to internation­ ment. This ongoing study group brings together experts al economic issues for the 21st century and seeks to under­ from the trade field to clarify these trade issues and the poli­ stand better the increasing role of economic factors in cies and politics that affect them. This year the group looked driving foreign policy. The sessions focus on forward-look­ at the issues surrounding China's accession to the WTO, the ing strategies, cooperation/coordination in finance and prospects and problems of European Monetary Union, and trade, and concepts of security. Specific issues include glob­ the liberalization of Japans marketplace. alization, the new mercantilism, exchange-rate volatility, and the roles of the World Trade Organization and regional Regional Conferences on the Transatlantic actors such as China, Mercosur, and the European Union. Economic Agenda The first session's speaker was Daniel K. Tarullo, Assistant to the President for International Economic Policy. PROJECT DIRECTOR: BRUCE STOKES The transatlantic alliance is the cornerstone of American se­ curity and part of the foundation of U.S. economic well- being. In the years ahead, Washington and Brussels must EUROPE find a new mission for the alliance that will eliminate peri­ odic tensions and focus the two partners' attention on CHARLES A. KUPCHAN broader economic enterprise. Over the past year, a series of Senior Fellow, Europe Studies conferences was held in Dublin, Brussels, Paris, Vienna, and Washington, D.C, in which experts presented papers and Bertelsmann Project on Transatlantic Relations discussed prospects for creating a true transatlantic market­ place, and for broader U.S.-European cooperation in liberal­ CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: CHARLES A. KUPCHAN izing world trade. These conferences laid the groundwork In its fourth and final year, the Bertelsmann Project focused for a broad research network on both sides of the Atlantic to on civic society in the Atlantic community. Among the ques­ assess the implications of deepening and widening the tions addressed by prominent Americans and Europeans transatlantic economic relationship. were: Do Americans and Europeans share similar notions of civic engagement? Does civic activity take different forms on Capitol Hill Roundtable—Trade each side of the Atlantic? Does civic engagement exist at the CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: BRUCE STOKES transnational level—either within Europe or across the At­ lantic? The final product, an edited volume, will be pub­ Over the past few years, the battles on Capitol Hill over lished in 1997. the passage of trade deals, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, and fast-track negotiating authority W. Averell Harriman Study Group have served notice that the days when Congress rubber- stamped executive-branch initiatives on international eco­ on Transatlantic Relations nomic policy are a thing of the past. This two-year-old CHAIR: ROGER ALTMAN (EVERCORE PARTNERS, LLC) roundtable discussion series, which includes experts in PROJECT DIRECTOR: CHARLES A. KUPCHAN the field and key Hill staff, explores current issues vital to This group gathered scholars from both sides of the At­ U.S. foreign economic policy. This past year the round- lantic to think more broadly about the future of U.S.­ table examined a variety of controversial subjects, includ­ European relations. Questions addressed included: What is

38 STUDIES PROGRAM

the likely trajectory of trade and monetary relations be­ Russia, Its Neighbors, and an Enlarging NATO tween the United States and Europe? How are migration pressures and labor market organizations likely to affect An Independent Task Force transatlantic economic relations? How have U.S.-European CHAIR: RICHARD LUGAR (U.S. SENATE, R-IND.) security relations changed in terms of both international PROJECT DIRECTOR: VICTORIA NULAND structure and domestic politics? How do American and Eu­ Just as the North Atlantic Alliance's investments dunng the ropean views of Americas future role in Europe differ? How Cold War led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the are the European Union's ongoing and planned institution­ Warsaw Pact, investments now in Europe's future will make al transformations likely to affect political and economic re­ a dramatic difference to our own security NATO's decision lations inside Europe? Are changes in identity among to enlarge is a key element of that investment. Western in­ Europeans keeping pace with the evolution of the EU? The vestment in Russia's transition has been no less important, study group plans to produce three volumes, edited by yet Russian leaders see the enlargement of NATO as a threat Barry Eichengreen (trade and finance), Charles A. Kupchan to their security. This task force brought together experts on (security), and Andrew Moravcsik (European Union). Europe and the former Soviet Union from government, Charles A. Kupchan and Roger Altman also coauthored an think tanks, universities, and the business community to article examining the effects of Asia's ascendance on At­ examine this dilemma and discuss the appropriate relation­ lantic relations. ship between the Alliance and such countries as Russia, the Baltic states, and Ukraine as NATO prepares to accept new members. Sessions included presentations by such speakers as Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott.

BRUCE STOKES cerns, all tied to the growing international connection—the Senior Fellow and Director of Trade Programs, connection between the domestic economy and the inter­ Council on Foreign Relations national arena. So, it seems to me only natural that the Council would be increasingly interested in the interplay of ON THE STUDIES PROGRAM these issues—driven by the economics of it all. It makes a lot of sense that Gary Hufbauer has come to be the Studies The Council is a place where Director because this place has never been known as a cen­ the foreign policy debate ter of economics research, and yet it seems to me that you can be honed and shaped, cannot be credible in the foreign policy realm in the future where issues can initially be unless you have a strong base in economics in terms of un­ addressed, and we can then derstanding the global economy, and Gary brings that to take those policy recom­ the job. mendations to policymakers • • • T A T • and opinion molders who, The value we bring to the policy game is our membership, in turn, can relate them to which has a vast range of experience and a variety of points of the average voter and tax view about any issue. We also bring the ability to step back payer. We should under­ from the policy process and look at the medium-to-long term stand our own role in the to try to reconceptualize how we think about particular policy process because it's a terribly problems and the role of America in the world, and to bring important one—often it's the experience and points of view of our membership togeth­ the first step in beginning to er with an emerging new conceptual framework and have that formulate or articulate why a certain foreign policy issue is of input help shape national foreign and economic policy. But importance to the American public and what impact it's going we also use the emerging new framework to help educate our to have on all of us as Americans. members who can then—in all of the various roles in their • T • • • • A lives, in their business, in their communities, on Capitol Hill, The transformation of the domestic economy and the great or in their teaching—spread that new conceptualization that internationalization of the economy now ties together a va­ they themselves have actually helped form. riety of different issues: security policy, foreign policy con­

39 STUDIES PROGRAM

INTERNATIONAL fishery resources—that have provoked military confronta­ tion. Methods of resolving these disputes and progress ORGANIZATIONS made in their negotiation, including disputes over islands AND LAW in the Persian Gulf and the Aegean Sea and the Spratly Is­ lands, were discussed at a two-day conference that attract­ RUTH WEDGWOOD ed many senior members of the diplomatic missions to the United Nations. The problems of sea access in the former Senior Fellow, International Organizations and Law Yugoslavia were also addressed. Speakers included Profes­ sor John Norton Moore of the University of Virginia; Mar- International Organizations and Law Roundtable rack Goulding, U.N. Undersecretary-General for Political CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: RUTH WEDGWOOD Affairs; Alvaro de Soto, U.N. Assistant Secretary-General; Davis Robinson, former legal adviser for the U.S. State De­ This ongoing series presents current topics in international partment; Robert Turner of the University of Virginia; law and organizations. Speakers included Jamie S. Gorelick, Myron Nordquist of the U.S. Air Force Academy; Paul Deputy Attorney General of the United States, who ad­ Szasz, Acting Deputy Director of the U.N. Office of Legal dressed methods of fighting international terrorism, and Affairs; and Ruth Wedgwood, Council on Foreign Relations Yuri Orlov, physicist and longtime dissident critic of Russian and Yale University. politics.

Conference: A Year after Dayton—Has the Peace Process Worked? LATIN AMERICA CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: RUTH WEDGWOOD COSPONSORED WITH YALE LAW SCHOOL AND THE SCHELL CENTER KENNETH MAXWELL The effectiveness of the new NATO and American-Euro­ Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow pean security architecture has been tested by the conflict for Inter-American Studies in the former Yugoslavia. The progress of the peace agree­ Director, Latin America Program ment in Bosnia, a year after NATO's intervention and the Dayton-Paris agreement, was assessed in a frank two-day Latin America Breakfast Seminar Series conference involving key players from the area, as well as Washington and European policymakers, political scien­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: KENNETH MAXWELL tists, and historians. Participants looked at the problems From the debate over certification for Colombia's and Mexi­ of economic reconstruction, refugee return, police reform, co's efforts against drug traffickers to in-depth briefings on war crimes prosecutions, conducting elections, and build­ the Mexican economic and political situation, the Latin ing representative state institutions that do not cement America Breakfast Seminars provide prompt, thoughtful the gams of ethnic cleansing. The new Secretary-General analysis of breaking economic and political events in the re­ of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, was the keynote gion. Speakers at the sessions included Alfonso Valdivieso, speaker; among the other distinguished speakers were Prosecutor General of Colombia; L. Ronald Scheman, U.S. Antonio Cassese, President of the International Tribunal Executive Director, Inter-American Development Bank; and for War Crimes in the former Yugoslavia, and Robert Jose Angel Gurria-Trevino and Guillermo Ortiz Martinez, Frowick, head of the Organization for Security and Coop­ Secretaries of Foreign Affairs and of Finance and Public eration in Europe mission in Bosnia. The proceedings will Credit, respectively, of Mexico. be published. Roundtable on U.S.-Mexico Relations Conference: Security Flashpoints—Oil, Islands, PROJECT DIRECTORS: KENNETH MAXWELL, RIORDAN ROETT Sea Access, and Military Confrontations (THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES) PROJECT DIRECTOR: RUTH WEDGWOOD COSPONSORED WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA Across a range of vital issues, from trade and investment to drugs and migration, the U.S. bilateral relationship with The new law of the sea regime has exposed conflicting ter­ Mexico is among its most important. Roundtable topics in- ritorial claims—designed to take advantage of oil, gas, and

40 STUDIES PROGRAM

eluded: the post-peso devaluation stabilization program Rethinking International Drug Control: and direct and portfolio investment in Mexico; the uncer­ New Directions for U.S. Policy tainty surrounding the electoral process and the first direct election for "mayor" of Mexico City; the increase in the re­ An Independent Task Force sponsibility and size of the Mexican military; the emer­ CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: MATHEA FALCO (DRUG STRATEGIES) gence of guerrilla groups in different regions of Mexico; the dramatic increase in drug transfers and money laun­ Despite the growing severity of the drug abuse problem in dering along the border; the future of Mexican immigra­ the United States and evidence that supply-control pro­ tion to the United States in light of 1996 U.S. legislation grams are ineffective, the supply-side approach to drug con­ on welfare reform and immigration; and the outlook for trol has endured. This task force examined interdiction and political and economic stability in Mexico. Speakers in­ source country programs in terms of their impact on the do­ cluded Richard Feinberg, Dean of the Graduate School of mestic availability of the targeted illicit drugs. The groups International Relations and Pacific Studies (University of report, Rethinking International Drug Control, urged policy­ California at San Diego); Federico Reyes Heroles, Director makers to reassess the effectiveness of interdiction and the of Este Pais, and Rogelio Ramirez de la O, Director of certification process and to consider adopting a strategy that Ecanal, S.A. de C.V focuses on strengthening democratic institutions at home and abroad, developing multilateral drug-control efforts, The Chase Manhattan Inter-American and reducing domestic demand. Forthcoming Issues Series Working Group on Cuba's Future: Prospects PROJECT DIRECTOR: KENNETH MAXWELL and Dangers (An Examination of U.S. Policy Options)

The Chase Manhattan Inter-American Forthcoming Issues PROJECT DIRECTOR: KENNETH MAXWELL Series is an annual, in-depth examination of the prospects and most important issues facing Inter-American relations The Cuban shoot-down of a civilian aircraft over interna­ in the year ahead. The speakers examining hemispheric tional waters and the passage of the Helms-Burton law by prospects for 1997 were Mario L. Baeza, TCW/Latin Ameri­ Congress have again put Cuba on the foreign policy agenda. ca Partners; John H. Coatsworth, Center for Latin American This ongoing working group is examining U.S. policy to­ Studies, Harvard University; Sylvia Maxfield, Yale Universi­ ward Cuba in several areas, including security, immigration, ty; and Andres Velasco, New York University. domestic political considerations, investment, and the im­ pact of trade sanctions. The group has paid particular atten­ Reinventing North America tion to the implications of various competing domestic pressures as well as international dimensions in the devel­ PROJECT DIRECTORS: JOHN WIRTH (STANFORD UNIVERSITY), opment of a coherent Cuba policy. Having previously host­ KENNETH MAXWELL ed Fidel Castro, recent sessions included a spirited Reinventing North America, held in collaboration with the discussion with Jorge Mas Canosa, Chairman of the Cuban North American Institute (NAMI) of Santa Fe, New Mexi­ American National Foundation. co, is a four-year series examining North America's chang­ ing character and the resulting implications for U.S. foreign Study Group on the City and the World policy. The series examines the building of new constituen­ cies among emerging economic and cultural communities CHAIR: MARGARET E. CRAHAN (HUNTER COLLEGE) PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALBERTO VOURVOULIAS-BUSH at a regional level; how this process affects government at a local and national level; and broader issues of nationality, The global migration of money, people, and ideas is reshap­ ethnicity, and identity. In addition to participants from ing the link between local governance and foreign policy. Canada, Mexico, and the United States, the roundtable in­ New York City, in particular, as a world financial, cultural, corporates members of the unique border community of and communication center, acts as a microcosm in which Mexico and the United States by holding the discussion in international processes are simultaneously issues of local the border states. governance. The study group examined the effects of eco­ nomic restructuring, the economic importance and political challenges raised by vast financial flows, the demands and opportunities presented by immigration and demographic

41 1) Co-Chairmen Richard L Armitage and Harold Brown, with Robert Manning, at the February 3, 1997, Meeting oj the Study Group on VS.—Japan Security.

2) Speakers Norbert Walter, Deutsche Bank, and Thomas Jones, TIAA-CREF, at the November 15-16, 1996, Confer­ ence, "The Coming Global Pen­ sion Crisis."

3) Chairman Harold B. Malmgren and Speaker Timos Christodoulou, Member oj the European Parlia­ ment, at the February 27,1997, Meeting oj the Post-Uruguay Round Trade Study Group.

4) Charles B. Rangel, Charles S. Robb, Chairman Vin Weber, and Speaker Renato Ruggiero, Direc­ tor General of the World Trade Organization, at the April 29, 1997, Meeting oj the Capitol Hill Discussion Series, "The World Trade Organization and the Inter­ national Trading System." STUDIES PROGRAM

change, the rise of transnational communities and identities, Symposium on the Cardoso Administration at Midterm the internationalization of crime, and the challenge to cul­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: KENNETH MAXWELL tural consensus building and institutional adaptation. The COSPONSORED WITH THE ECONOMICS AND CORPORATE study group brought a diverse group of New Yorkers togeth­ PROGRAMS, THE WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER er with experts such as Saskia Sassen of Columbia Universi­ FOR SCHOLARS, AND INTER-AMERICAN DIALOGUE ty, Carol O'Cleireacain of the Brookings Institution, and Rae In an assessment of the first half of the term of President Rosen of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and pro­ Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil, leading Brazilian and duced the forthcoming volume The City and the World: New U.S. experts looked at the economic policies and perfor­ York's Global Future, edited by Margaret E. Crahan and Al­ mance of the Cardoso administration; social issues includ­ berto Vourvoulias-Bush. ing poverty, health, and education; political reform and the consolidation of democracy; and Brazils emerging regional Study Group on Reforming Education in Latin America and global role. Speakers included Marcelo de Paiva Abreu, Pontifica Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro; Albert CHAIR: CASSANDRA A. PYLE PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALLISON L. C. DE CERRENO Fishlow, Council on Foreign Relations; Simon Schwartz- man, Fundacao Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatisti- To consolidate the reforms underway in the economic and ca, Brazil; Bolivar Lamounier, Instituto de Estudos political sectors in Latin America, a second wave of reform is Economicos, Sociales e Politicos de Sao Paulo; and Monica needed in the social sector. This study group concentrated on Hirst, Fundacion Central de Estudos Brasilieros, Argentina. one area of central importance: educational reform. The The symposium was held in both Washington, D.C., and groups purpose was to highlight the need for improving edu­ New York. cational systems throughout the Americas, to move up edu­ cational goals on the agendas of policymakers, and to explore the links between the educational systems of Latin America and potential U.S. policies to encourage more systematic, nu- anced, and informed thinking in this area. The group pro­ MIDDLE EAST duced the report co-authored by Allison L. C. de Cerreno and Cassandra Pyle, Educational Reform in Latin America, the RICHARD W. MURPHY first of the Studies Departments Occasional Paper Series. Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for the Middle East HENRY SIEGMAN Symposium on the Meanings and Construction Senior Fellow and Director of the U.S./Middle East Project of Race in Brazil, South Africa, and the United States Differentiated Containment: U.S. Policy PROJECT DIRECTOR: KENNETH MAXWELL toward Iran and Iraq COSPONSORED WITH COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY An Independent Task Force Race has different meanings in different places. Race as we know it in the United States focuses largely on the choices CO-CHAIRS: ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI (CSIS), BRENT SCOWCROFT and strategies of being "black" or "white." Yet many immi­ (SCROWCROFT GROUP) PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD W. MURPHY grants from Latin America and elsewhere do not see them­ selves in this manner, and in Brazil and South Africa the Taking as its point of departure an earlier study group that definitions and meanings of race are particularly subtle. Fo­ examined the domestic challenges facing the Gulf Coopera­ cusing on the United States, Brazil, and South Africa, this tion Council member states, such as population pressures, symposium examined the varied meanings of race. Issues unemployment, energy, and political participation, the task such as socioeconomic mobility, gender, and the elimination force called for a reevaluation of U.S. policy toward Iran and of racial boundaries were explored by, among others, Iraq. After four meetings and a trip to the Gulf, the state­ Khehla Shubane of the Center for Policy Studies, South ment of the task force was published as the article "Differen­ Africa; Manning Marable of Columbia University; Elliott tiated Containment" in the May issue of Foreign Affairs. The Skinner of Columbia University; Lynn Walker Huntley of Council also published a volume in July that incorporated the Southern Education Foundation; and Anthony Marx of the findings of these two groups together with relevant Columbia University. background documents.

43 STUDIES PROGRAM

Middle East Roundtable Conference: Middle East/North Africa Summit in Cairo

PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD W. MURPHY PROJECT DIRECTOR: HENRY SIEGMAN ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR: JONATHAN S. PARIS This year's series brought speakers from the Middle East to offer insights on recent political events in their respective At the request of the Egyptian government and the U.S. countries. The first session evaluated the latest Kurdish cri­ State Department, the U.S./Middle East Project assumed re­ sis. The second session examined the impact on Turkish for­ sponsibility for a number of program sessions at the Middle eign and domestic policy of Prime Minister Necmettin East/North Africa (MENA) Economic Summit in Cairo. The Erbakan and the Islamist Refah Party. The last session af­ project offered the recommendations of the Middle East forded participants an insiders perspective on an emerging Economic Strategy Group on trade liberalization in the re­ Iranian civil society and its activities in the wake of the Iran­ gion, presented a session on the Palestinian economy, orga­ ian elections. nized a panel on privatization in the region, and organized a second Regional Infrastructure Project Presentation. U.S. Middle East Policy and the Peace Process Pre-Middle East/North Africa (MENA) Summit An Independent Task Force Conference on Investing in the Middle East PROJECT COORDINATOR: HENRY SIEGMAN PROJECT DIRECTOR: HENRY SIEGMAN Political and economic transformation in the Middle East CHIEF CONFERENCE COORDINATOR: JONATHAN S. PARIS poses new opportunities and challenges for the United COSPONSORED WITH THE CORPORATE PROGRAM States, which has been the dominant outside power in the In preparation for the November 1997 Doha Economic area and the catalyst for many of these changes. The Summit, the U.S./Middle East Project and the Corporate U.S./Middle East Project, working through a specially select­ Program organized an international pre-summit conference ed task force of leading specialists in the region and in U.S. at the Council on June 9-10, 1997, at which over 140 busi­ foreign policy, undertook an overall review of developments ness and government leaders from the United States and the and will issue its recommendations to the Clinton adminis­ region discussed investment prospects in the Middle East tration. Sessions have included participation by Lawrence S. and North Africa. Eagleburger and Brent Scowcroft. Until his nomination as Secretary of Defense, Senator William S. Cohen (R-Me.) Conference: The Middle East in Crisis—Again chaired all the meetings of the task force. PROJECT DIRECTORS: HENRY SIEGMAN, JONATHAN S. PARIS Middle East Economic Strategy Group COSPONSORED WITH THE DAYAN CENTER This event was a daylong seminar at the Council in conjunc­ CHAIR: PAUL A. VOLCKER PROJECT DIRECTOR: HENRY SIEGMAN tion with the Dayan Center of Tel Aviv University The peace ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR: JONATHAN S. PARIS process and the wider political, economic, and security issues in the Middle East were discussed from a variety of discipli­ Much of the concern about the Middle East revolves around nary perspectives. Former Israeli Ambassador Itamar Rabi- political issues of war and peace. Yet there is growing accep­ novich delivered an address on Syrian-Israeli negotiations. tance of the notion that economic issues are critical to the countries of the region. Launched in 1995 and chaired by Conference on Mediterranean Development Paul Volcker, the Middle East Economic Strategy Group (MEESG) comprises experts in international finance, trade, in Marrakech and development. In 1996, MEESG commissioned regional PROJECT DIRECTOR: HENRY SIEGMAN economists to prepare papers on trade liberalization in the ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR: JONATHAN S. PARIS COSPONSORED WITH THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE Middle East/North Africa (MENA) and on the Palestinian OF THE WORLD BANK economy. MEESG discussed the studies with the regional experts and prepared a set of recommendations presented at This conference consisted of a series of seminars on a broad the Cairo Economic Summit in November 1996. The group range of economic development topics that attracted the de­ is preparing a similar study on the Gulf economies for the velopment community of the southern Mediterranean re­ Doha Economic Summit in 1997. gion. Workshops brought together development think tanks, private-sector business leaders, and public officials

44 STUDIES PROGRAM

from across the region. The project presented two panels: an John J. McCloy Roundtable on Setting evaluation of the Middle East/North Africa Economic Sum­ the New National Security Agenda mits, and a discussion of the Gulf economies. CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD K. BETTS

Consensus has remained elusive on defining the most seri­ ous threats to post-Cold War U.S. security and deciding MUSLIM POLITICS what should be done about them. The roundtable meets monthly in separate groups in New York and Washington JAMES PISCATORI to survey important topics, discover which of their aspects Adjunct Senior Fellow require more focused attention, and provide an opportuni­ ty for Council members and other selected experts to de­ Study Group on Public Pluralism in Muslim Societies bate strategy and priorities. In the past year topics included new concepts of strategic defense, political intervention CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: CLIFFORD CHANIN (ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION) through human rights policies and covert action, military strategy in Southeast Asia and the Taiwan Straits, economic Around the world, new technologies and political openings aspects of national security, biological weapons, and infor­ pit traditional societies against the force of global ideas and mation warfare. the pressures they bring for change. Many of these societies are majority Muslim. This study group explored some Mus­ Study Group on the Utility of Economic Sanctions lim responses to these new conditions by looking at the public activities of individuals and institutions within their as an Instrument of American Foreign Policy own societies. It probed the links between their develop­ CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD N. HAASS ment options and Western models of modernization, exam­ (BROOKINGS INSTITUTION) ining particularly various perceptions of the U.S. role in Economic sanctions are an increasingly important and fre­ these global transformations. The sessions dealt with the quently used tool of statecraft. Confronted with intractable election of Islam, the transformation of associational life, situations abroad, policymakers and the public alike often contemporary Muslim thinkers, and the impact of the new view sanctions as an attractive middle option between doing media and the flow of ideas. Among the speakers were nothing or intervening directly. This popularity, however, Khalil Shikaki, Director of the Center for Palestine Research runs counter to a widespread sense in the foreign policy and Studies in Nablus; Yilmaz Esmer, Professor of Political community that sanctions rarely accomplish much while in­ Science at Bogazici University in Istanbul; Paul Salem, Di­ flicting substantial hidden costs on various constituencies. rector of the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies in Beirut; Economic globalization, technological development, and Orhan Silier, Director of the Turkish History Foundation in the information revolution, moreover, may be altering the Istanbul; Homa Hoodfar, Professor of Anthropology at Con­ degree to which, and circumstances under which, sanctions cordia University in Montreal; Muhammad Shahrour, Pro­ can be effective. This study group is exploring the utility of fessor at the University of Damascus; and Aziz Esmail, Dean sanctions in the post-Cold War world and providing guide­ of the Institute of Ismaili Studies in London. lines for their use by the United States. The project looks at the major post-Cold War experiences of sanctions, using comparative analysis to derive lessons from recent history for current and future policy. NATIONAL SECURITY Roundtable on Terrorism

RICHARD K. BETTS CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: GIDEON ROSE Senior Fellow and Director, National Security Studies Terrorism is one of the most serious and pressing foreign GIDEON ROSE policy and security challenges for the United States in the Olin Fellow and Deputy Director, National Security Studies post-Cold War world, but it is also one of the least well un­ derstood. State-sponsored terrorism has declined, but there has been a rise in new forms of terrorism, including free­ lance terror networks, religious radicals, political extremists,

45 J) Patrick]. DeSouza, Presider Robert D. Hormats, and Speaker Daniel K. Tarullo, Assistant to the President for International Eco­ nomic Policy, at the June 3, 1997, Meeting of the Study Group on Economic Strategy and Foreign Policy.

2) Kenneth Maxwell and Speaker Jorge Mas Canosa, Cuban Ameri­ can National Foundation, at the November 25,1996, Seminar, "Cuba: A New Agenda for Democracy."

3) Speaker Gullermo Ortiz, Minister of Finance, Mexico, at the December 9, 1996, Meeting, "Update on the Mexican Economy."

4) Mario Baeza, Presider John Brademas, and Speaker Felipe Gonzalez, former Prime Minister of Spain, at the September 12, 1996, Roundtable, "A Conversa­ tion with Felipe Gonzalez." STUDIES PROGRAM

and millenarian cults. Combined with the increasing avail­ Nuclear Policy Review Project ability of weapons of mass destruction, these trends are PROJECT DIRECTOR: MORTON H. HALPERIN deeply worrisome. To generate debate and stimulate fresh thinking on this crucial topic, the Council's terrorism The purpose of this ongoing project is to persuade the Clin­ roundtable presented cutting-edge research-in-progress on ton administration to conduct a thorough interagency re­ various aspects of terrorism and counterterrorism policy view of U.S. nuclear policy. Only by conducting such an from specialists in the academy, think tanks, and the gov­ interagency review that would lead to a report describing all ernment. available options—and then subjecting it to full debate among senior officials, members of Congress, and the Amer­ Study Group on Defense Industry Globalization, ican public—will it be possible to take the critical steps nec­ Conversion, and the Arms Trade essary to reduce the risks of nuclear war and proliferation. The Nuclear Policy Review Projects first set of documents, CHAIR: RICHARD RAVITCH (RAVITCH, RICE & CO.) which include the terms of reference for such a study, have PROJECT DIRECTOR: ANN MARKUSEN been widely distributed and are currently available on the Conversion and rationalization of arms production capacity Internet. Dr. Halperin continues to promote the objectives and the successful transition to lower armament levels have of the project through meetings with administration officials emerged as central determinants of international security. and speaking engagements on nuclear issues, as well as ac­ This ongoing study group focuses on an international com­ tive participation in similar endeavors and coalitions. parative analysis of "supply-side resistance" to successful downsizing and searches for national and multilateral strate­ gies for countering such resistance. Session topics have in­ cluded national security, arms proliferation, industrial-base management and economic prosperity. An edited volume SCIENCE AND based on the last two years of work is expected in fail 1997. TECHNOLOGY

Henry A. Kissinger Study Group on the U.S.-Japan Security Alliance Study Group on the Globalization of Industrial R&D

CO-CHAIRS: HAROLD BROWN (CSIS), RICHARD ARMITAGE CHAIR: RODNEY NICHOLS (NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCE) (ARMITAGE ASSOCIATES) PROJECT DIRECTORS: BENEDICTE CALLAN, KENNETH H. KELLER PROJECT DIRECTOR: BRUCE STOKES In an era marked by the globalization of production and Recent events such as the rape incident in Okinawa and concern about employment, the advanced industrialized na­ subsequent demands for a reduction in the U.S. military tions have taken solace in their command of knowledge-in­ presence in Japan have called into question the long-term tensive industries. But now a growing number of stability of the security alliance between the two nations. corporations are moving R&D abroad and outsourcing re­ This study group examined what combination of external search to foreign firms. The study group focuses on the dy­ threats and internal politics could result in major changes in namics and limits of this globalization of R&D and the security relationship. The group, composed of U.S. and investigates its consequences for the U.S. economy. Presen­ Japanese specialists, studied a set of papers on regional tations focused on five technology-based industries: bio­ threats to the alliance—including problems on the Korean medical products, software, semiconductors, industrial peninsula or in the Taiwan Straits and problems internal to chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. A report summarizing the the United States and Japan, such as congressional demands conclusions and policy recommendations of the group will for greater Japanese burden sharing and shifts in political be available in summer 1997. power in Japan—to assess their impact on the security rela­ tionship. In addition to the four formal study group meet­ ings, a dinner meeting was held with Masahide Ota, Governor of Okinawa, to discuss the future of U.S. bases on that island, and a special meeting of the study group was held in Los Angeles to include West Coast Council members with a Pacific orientation.

47 STUDIES PROGRAM

OTHER Term Member Roundtable CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: CHARLES A. KUPCHAN Financing America's Leadership: Protecting American Interests and Promoting American Values Members of this ongoing roundtable are selected from each of four sectors: academia, government, media, and An Independent Task Force the private sector. Each meeting concentrates on a timely CO-CHAIRS: MICKEY EDWARDS (HARVARD UNIVERSITY), foreign policy issue. A reading circulated to members be­ STEPHEN J. SOLARZ (SOLARZ ASSOCIATES) forehand focuses the discussion. The gatherings enable PROJECT DIRECTORS: MORTON H. HALPERIN, LAWRENCE J. KORB (BROOKINGS INSTITUTION), AND RICHARD M. MOOSE Council term members to exchange ideas on timely issues (CNA CORPORATION) and build new networks among the next generation of for­ COSPONSORED WITH THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION eign policy leaders. Roundtable speakers included Jim Relative to the average of the 1980s, U.S. government Hoagland, David Remnick, Roger Altman, and Charles A. spending on international affairs has fallen-nearly 20 per­ Kupchan. cent in real terms. An independent task force sponsored by the Brookings Institution and the Council on Foreign Rela­ Project on East-West Relations tions assessed the consequences of this trend. In its state­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: MICHAEL MANDELBAUM ment released before the finalization of the administrations budget, the task force concluded that the cuts adversely af­ The ongoing Project on East-West Relations takes an in- fect the ability of the United States to protect and promote depth look at areas and issues of central importance to the its economic, diplomatic, and strategic agendas abroad. The United States and from which large-scale conflict could statement of the task force, which was endorsed by several arise. Since its inception in 1987, the project has published distinguished members of previous administrations as well 11 books. The most recent is The Social Safety Net in Post- as other prominent Americans, was published with a back­ communist Europe. Edited by Ethan B. Kapstein and Michael ground study and other relevant materials. Mandelbaum, it includes essays by Mark Kramer, Anders Aslund, Walter Connor, and Scott Thomas and will be avail­ able in fall 1997. An authors' conference for a forthcoming Foreign Policy Roundtable book on the new Russian foreign policy was held in May, CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: NICHOLAS X. RIZOPOULOS with participants discussing the domestic basis of Russia's new foreign policy as well as Russia's relationships with its The Foreign Policy Roundtable is a series of monthly semi­ neighbors and the world. nars, each with a different author presenting a discussion paper drawn from a recent article or other work in progress on an issue of concern to U.S. foreign policy. The seminar Director of Studies Roundtable consists primarily of journalists, editors, and a sprinkling of PROJECT DIRECTOR: KENNETH MAXWELL academics and Council staff. The roundtable has been meet­ COSPONSORED WITH THE LATIN AMERICA PROGRAM ing regularly under this format since late 1988. During the The ongoing Director of Studies Roundtable series provides past year, author/presenters included Leon Sigal, Tozun a forum to introduce Studies Fellows to staff and members Bahcheli, Robert Hutchings, and Vojtech Mastny. and to sponsor meetings with a variety of special guests. Highlights from the 1996-97 program year included Felipe Shepardson Fellowship Roundtable Gonzalez, former Prime Minister of Spain, addressing CHAIR/PROJECT DIRECTOR: NICHOLAS X. RIZOPOULOS Spain's place in Europe and the world; Richard K. Betts, Di­ rector of National Security Studies at the Council, dis­ The roundtable consists of a series of four to six seminar cussing the future role of "experts" in national security meetings with the current year's Shepardson Fellow as guest author and presenter of discussion papers/chapters drawn strategy; and Charles Maier, Professor at Harvard Universi­ from a book or manuscript in progress. This year's Fellow ty, outlining the causes and effects of the East German revo­ was John Newhouse, who completed his new book Europe lution and unification with the Federal Republic in Adrift—a study of the "New Europe" that will emerge by the 1989-90. end of the century. The "core group" for the Shepardson Roundtable normally consists of experts drawn from within and outside the Council membership.

48 STUDIES PROGRAM

Global Kids Roundtable cial science at the Graduate School and University Center of the City University of New York while working as a Pro­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALLISON L. C. DE CERRENO gram Associate in the Latin America Program at the Council The younger generation of Americans is growing up in an on Foreign Relations. She has been an Adjunct Lecturer in international environment in which development, globaliza­ Political Science at Hunter College and Adjunct Assistant tion, and transnational issues have overtaken the strategic Professor in Political Science at City College. Her research and ideological imperatives of the Cold War. Part of a Coun­ interests include democratization and educational reform in cil outreach initiative, the Global Kids Roundtable Series is a Latin America, as well as prospects and issues related to nu­ cooperative project with Global Kids, Inc., to expose New clear proliferation and the nonproliferation regime. She re­ York City students to these new foreign policy and interna­ ceived a B.A. from Hunter College and an M.A., M.Phil., tional relations issues. Session topics have included the role and Ph.D. from the CUNY Graduate Center. of the media in influencing our perception of international events, the prevention and resolution of conflict, and the ex­ plosion of "megacities" in the developing world. ALBERTA ARTHURS DIRECTOR, ROUNDTABLE ON CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

Alberta Arthurs is also the Director of the Roundtable on Culture and Development at the Council on Foreign Rela­ COUNCIL FELLOWS tions for the academic year 1996-97. She is also a University Fellow at the New School for Social Research. Dr. Arthurs AND HOLDERS OF was the Director for Arts and Humanities at the Rockefeller Foundation, where she oversaw national and international ENDOWED CHAIRS programming in culture and scholarship for more than a decade. Her background includes five years as President and GARY C. HUFBAUER Professor of English at Chatham College, and teaching and MAURICE R. GREENBERG CHAIR, VICE PRESIDENT administrative positions at Harvard, Rutgers, and Tufts Uni­ AND DIRECTOR OF STUDIES versities. She has served on a number of corporate and not- Gary Hufbauer, a noted international economist, came to the for-profit boards and advisory committees, including—at the Council from the Institute for International Economics, where current time—Technoserve, the Kenan Institute for the Arts, he was the Reginald Jones Senior Fellow. Formerly he was the National Video Resources, and the Salzburg Seminar. A pro­ Marcus Wallenberg Professor of International Financial Diplo­ lific lecturer on the arts, higher education, and contemporary macy at Georgetown University. At the Treasury Department, values, Dr. Arthurs has published essays in American Art, the he sewed as Deputy Assistant Secretary from 1977 to 1980, Los Angeles Times, and Prairie Schooner, among others. during which time he was responsible for trade and invest­ ment during the Tokyo Round, and as Director of the Inter­ national Tax Staff. In addition to a magna cum laude A.B. RICHARD K. BETTS from Harvard and a Ph.D. in economics from Kings College SENIOR FELLOW AND DIRECTOR, NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES at Cambridge University, Dr. Hufbauer also holds a J.D. from A former staff member of the Senate Select Committee on Georgetown, where he helped run the International Law In­ Intelligence and the National Security Council and present stitute at G.U. Law Center. He is a respected author whose member of the Military Advisory Panel of the Director of publications include Flying High: Liberalizing Civil Aviation in Central Intelligence, Richard Betts is Professor of Political the Asia Pacific (co-editor, 1996), Fundamental Tax Reform and Science, Director of the International Security Program in Border Tax Adjustments (1996), Western Hemisphere Economic the School of International and Public Affairs, and Director Integration (co-author, 1994), Reviving the European Union (co- of the Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia Uni­ editor, 1994), NAFTA: An Assessment (co-author, 1994), and versity. He was a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution Economic Sanctions Reconsidered (co-author, 2nd ed., 1990). until 1990 and an adjunct lecturer at the Johns Hopkins University's Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. His books include Military Readiness: Concepts, Choices and ALLISON L. C. DE CERRENO Consequences (1995), Soldiers, Statesmen and Cold War Crises ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF STUDIES (1991), Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Balance (1987), and Allison L. C. de Cerrefio completed her doctorate in politi- Surprise Attack: Lessons for Defense Planning (1982). He is ed-

49 STUDIES PROGRAM

itor of Conflict after the Cold War: Arguments on Causes oj War Africanist Scholars, and the Preparatory Committee for the and Peace (1994) and co-author and editor of Cruise Missiles: U.S. National Summit on Africa. Mr. Booker joined the Technology, Strategy, Politics (1981); Nonprolijeration and U.S. Council staff at the end of 1995 and is based at the Councils Foreign Policy (1980); and The Irony oj Vietnam: The System Washington, D.C., office. Worked (1979). He received a B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. in gov­ ernment from Harvard University. BENEDICTE CALLAN FELLOW, INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY ROBERT D. BLACKWILL Benedicte Callan completed her Ph.D. at the University of ADJUNCT SENIOR FELLOW California, Berkeley, where she was a research associate at Robert Blackwill teaches foreign and defense policy, political the Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy, and organizational analysis, and public management at the working on industrial competitiveness issues in biotechnol­ Kennedy School of Government, where he is faculty chair­ ogy. In Japan, she has been a visiting fellow at both Saitama man of the school's Executive Programs for Members of the and Tokyo Universities. Her research interests include the Russian State Duma and for Russian General Officers, and significance of science and technology for economic growth, for Senior Chinese Military Officers. A career diplomat since the domestic determinants of national competitiveness, and 1967, he served as Director of West European Affairs on the the political implications of growing international trade. She National Security Council staff, Principal Deputy Secretary received a B.A. from Yale University and an MA. and Ph.D. of State for European Affairs, and U.S. Ambassador and from the University of California, Berkeley. Chiel Negotiator at the negotiations with the Warsaw Pact on conventional arms forces in Europe. He was Special As­ sistant to George Bush for European and Soviet Affairs. His JEROME A. COHEN most recent publications are Engaging Russia, Arms Control C. V STARR SENIOR FELLOW FOR ASIA STUDIES, AND DIRECTOR and the U.S. Russian Relationship and Allies Divided: Transat­ Jerome Cohen divides his time between the Council, where lantic Policies for the Greater Middle East. he directs its program on Asia, and his law practice at the international law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkmd, Wharton & Garrison. He has taught at the University of California at SALIH BOOKER Berkeley and formerly served as Professor, Director of East SENIOR FELLOW, AFRICA STUDIES Asian Legal Studies, and Associate Dean at Harvard Law Salih Booker has worked in Africa and the United States as a School. Currently he teaches courses at NYU School of Law consultant for numerous international donor institutions that examine the legal problems of doing business in the Far and African NGOs (1992-95), including the UNDP, Ford East. At the Council, he leads a roundtable series on Asia Foundation, Carnegie Corporation, Bernard van Leer Foun­ and the rule of law, as well as a study group on North Korea dation, African Development Foundation, and Africare. He and international law. He has published extensively on Asia, twice served as a Professional Staff Member of the Commit­ including several books: Investment Laws in Vietnam (1990), tee on Foreign Affairs in the U.S. Congress (1983-86 and Contract Laws oj the People's Republic oj China (1988), and 1990) and as a Program Officer for the Ford Foundation in Taiwan and American Policy (1971). He received an A.B. and eastern and southern Africa (1986-88). He was also an As­ a J.D. from Yale University. sociate Director for the Southern Africa Office of Catholic Relief Services (1991) and a Legislative Assistant for TransAfrica (1980-83). He was educated at Wesleyan Uni­ PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY versity, the University of Ghana (Legon), and the London WASHINGTON DIRECTOR/GEORGE E KENNAN SENIOR FELLOW School of Economics and Political Science. Mr. Booker was FOR RUSSIAN AND EURASIAN STUDIES the author of the UNDPs first two Development Coopera­ Before coming to the Council, Paula Dobriansky was Senior tion Reports on South Africa (1992, 1993) and has pub­ International Affairs and Trade Advisor at the law firm ol lished articles in TransAfrica Eorum journal, Africa Report, Hunton & Williams, where she advised the firm on politi­ and Southern Africa Political Economy Monthly and opinion cal, economic, and trade trends in Central/Eastern Europe, pieces for various U.S. and international newspapers. He is the former Soviet Union, and Asia. She was also co-host of a member of the African Studies Association and a Board the foreign affairs program WorldWise on National Empow­ Member of the Africa Fund, the Association of Concerned erment Television and served as Foreign Policy Coordinator

50 Holders of Endowed Chairs

1. Jerome A. Cohen, C. V Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Studies

2. Paula J. Dobriansky, George F Kennan Senior Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies

3. Albert Fishlow, Paul A. Volcker Senior Fellow for International Economics

4. James E Hoge.Jr, Peter G. Peterson Chair, Editor, Foreign Affairs

5. Gary C. Hufbauer, Maurice R. Greenberg Chair, Director of Studies

6. Jessica T. Mathews, Philip D. Reed Senior Fellow for Science and Technology

7. Kenneth Maxwell, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Inter-American Studies

8. Richard W. Murphy, HasibJ. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for the Middle East

51 STUDIES PROGRAM

on Bob Dole's 1996 presidential campaign. Previously she ALBERT FISHLOW was Associate Director for Policy and Programs (a presiden- PAUL A. VOLCKER SENIOR FELLOW IN INTERNATIONAL tial/Senate-confirmed appointment) at the United States In­ ECONOMICS, AND DIRECTOR formation Agency, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Albert Fishlow was Professor of Economics at the Univer­ Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, Deputy Head of sity of California at Berkeley until 1994 and was the first the U.S. Delegation to the 1990 Copenhagen Conference on Dean of International and Area Studies from 1990 to Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), Advisor to the 1993. He joined the Berkeley faculty in 1961 on comple­ U.S. Delegation to the 1985 U.N. Decade for Women Con­ tion of Ph.D. studies at Harvard. During 1978-83 he was ference in Nairobi, Kenya, and Director of European and Professor of Economics and Director of the Center for In­ Soviet Affairs at the National Security Council. She has writ­ ternational and Area Studies at Yale University. He re­ ten journal articles, op-ed pieces, and several book chapters turned to Berkeley as Professor in 1983 and became Chair on a wide range of foreign affairs-related topics. She holds a of the Economics Department in 1985. He served as B.S.ES. summa cum laude from Georgetown University's Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Af­ School of Foreign Service and a MA./Ph.D. from Harvard fairs in 1975-76 and has been a member of many public University. She is a Fulbright-Hays scholar, Ford and Rotary task forces related to Latin American affairs. He is on the Foundation Fellow, a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and the Board of the Social Science Research Council and serves as recipient of various awards, including the State Depart­ Chair of its Executive Committee. His research has ad­ ment's Superior Honor Award. Dr. Dobriansky also serves as dressed issues in economic history, Brazilian and Latin Vice Chairman of the National Endowment for Democracy. American development strategy, economic relations be­ tween industrialized and developing countries, and the ELIZABETH ECONOMY problem of foreign debt. Among his recent publications FELLOW, CHINA STUDIES, AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR are "NAFTA: What Kind of Future?" in Gerry Helleiner et al., Poverty, Prosperity and the World Economy (1995); "In­ FOR ASIA STUDIES equality, Poverty, and Growth: Where Do We Stand?" During her tenure at the Council, Elizabeth Economy has World Bank, Annual Conference on Development Economics, conducted task forces and study groups on U.S.-PRC-Tai- 1995; and "Future Sustainable Latin American Growth: A wan relations, China and the environment, and constructive Need for Savings," Review of Black Political Economy, Sum­ engagement with China. Her Council publications include mer 1995. Shaping U.S.-China Relations: A Long-Term Strategy, with Michel Oksenberg (1997); The Internationalization of Envi­ ronmental Politics, with Miranda Schrevers (Cambridge Uni­ ALTON FRYE versity Press, 1997); and one American Academy of Arts SENIOR FELLOW AND SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT and Sciences occasional paper, Reforms and Resources: The Implications of State Capacity in the People's Republic of China Formerly a staff member at RAND, Alton Frye directed a (May 1997). Dr. Economy currently teaches a course on U.S. Senate staff and taught at Harvard and UCLA, among China and Global Issues at the Johns Hopkins University's other universities. He has published widely on national se­ Nitze School of Advanced International Studies and serves curity and foreign policy and is a frequent consultant to the on the Executive Committee of the Program for Internation­ legislative and executive branches of the U.S. government. al Studies in Asia at George Washington University She pre­ Among his works is A Responsible Congress: The Politics of viously taught Chinese foreign policy and international National Security. He received a B.S. from St. Louis Universi­ environmental politics at the University of Washington. She ty and a Ph.D. from Yale University. also was a research fellow at Princeton University's Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Columbia Universi­ HENRY GRUNWALD ty's School of International and Public Affairs, and the Unit­ SENIOR FELLOW ed Nations. She received a B.A. from Swarthmore College, an MA. from Stanford University, and a Ph.D. from the Uni­ Henry Grunwald is a journalist and former ambassador versity of Michigan. whose recent autobiography is entitled One Man's America: A journalist's Search for the Heart of His Country. He served as Managing Editor of Time magazine from 1968 to 1977, as Editor-in-Chief of Time Inc.'s publications from 1979 to

52 STUDIES PROGRAM

1987, and as U.S. Ambassador to Austria, his native coun­ KENNETH H. KELLER try, from 1988 to 1990. He has written frequently on foreign SENIOR FELLOW affairs for Time and other periodicals. He received a B.A. Kenneth Keller was formerly President of the University of from NYU, on whose Board of Trustees he serves. He is a Minnesota, where he also was a faculty member in chemical Vice Chairman of the World Press Freedom Committee and engineering for more than 20 years, during which he con­ a Fellow of the Royal Society of Ans and Manufactures. ducted research in biomedical engineering. His current re­ search interests include the impact of science and MORTON H. HALPERIN technology on U.S. foreign policy, higher education in the SENIOR FELLOW AND TASK FORCE COORDINATOR United States, and the social and economic impacts of high- technology medicine. He received a B.A. and a B.S. from Before joining the Council as a Senior Fellow, Morton Columbia University and an M.S.E. and Ph.D. from Johns Halperin was Special Assistant to the President and Senior Hopkins University. Director for Democracy on the National Security Council staff (1994-96). Previously he was a Senior Associate of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1992-94) JUDITH KIPPER and a Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution (1969-73). DIRECTOR, MIDDLE EAST FORUM From 1975 to 1992, he worked for the American Civil Lib­ erties Union, heading the Center for National Security Stud­ Judith Kipper established and directs the Council's Middle ies and serving as Director of its Washington office. From East Forum. She is also Codirector of the Middle East Stud­ 1966 to 1969, he served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of ies Program at the Center for Strategic and International Defense and as a Senior Staff member of the National Secu­ Studies and a consultant to ABC News on international af­ rity Council. He has taught and conducted research at Har­ fairs and to RAND. She is the co-editor of The Middle East in vard, Columbia, MIT, Yale, and George Washington Global Perspective and is a frequent commentator on region­ Universities, and has received many awards, including a al issues. A graduate of the University of California at Los MacArthur Fellowship. He is the author of numerous books Angeles, she previously focused on European-American re­ and articles on foreign policy, including Bureaucratic Politics lations as well as on the former Soviet Union. and Foreign Policy (1974) and Selj-Determination in the New World Order (co-author, 1992). He received a B.A. from Co­ MARIE-JOSEE KRAVIS lumbia College and a Ph.D. from Yale University. He is based ADJUNCT SENIOR FELLOW, ECONOMICS at the Council's Washington, D.C., office. Marie-Josee Kravis is an economist specializing in public policy analysis and strategic planning. She is a columnist for JOHN HILLEN the Financial Post (a Canadian business journal) and her OLIN FELLOW, NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES other publications include Western European Adjustment to Structural Economic Problems (co-author, 1986) and Canada John Hillen came to the Council's Washington, D.C., office HAS a Future (1978). The Executive Director of the Hudson from the Heritage Foundation, where he was a Fellow and Institute of Canada in Montreal from 1973 to 1994, she is a Defense Policy Analyst. From 1988 to 1992, he served as a member of the Board and Senior Fellow of the Hudson In­ U.S. Army officer in Europe, the Pacific, and Southwest Asia stitute (Indianapolis). and was awarded the Bronze Star medal for his actions in combat during the Persian Gulf War. An Army paratrooper, he is still a reserve officer in the U.S. Special Operations CHARLES A. KUPCHAN Command. A former Fulbright Scholar, he was educated at SENIOR FELLOW, EUROPE STUDIES Duke University, King's College London, and the University of Oxford, where he received his doctorate in International Charles Kupchan is also an Associate Professor of Interna­ Relations. He is the author of Blue Helmets: The Strategy of tional Relations at Georgetown University. He served as Di­ U.N. Military Operations (1997) and numerous articles on rector for European Affairs on the National Security Council international security. staff from 1993 to 1994. Prior to joining the NSC, he taught politics at Princeton University He is the author of National­ ism and Nationalities in the New Europe (1995), The Vulnera­ bility of Empire (1994), The Persian Gulf and the West (1987),

53 STUDIES PROGRAM

and numerous articles on international and strategic affairs. search program as Vice President for ten years. She received He received a B.A. from Harvard University and an M.A. an A.B. from Radcliffe College and a Ph.D. from the Califor­ and Ph.D. from Oxford University. nia Institute of Technology. During the 1996-97 program year, Dr. Mathews was the Acting Director of the Washing­ ton Program. In May she left the Council to become Presi­ MICHAEL MANDELBAUM dent of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. DIRECTOR, PROJECT ON EAST-WEST RELATIONS Michael Mandelbaum is also the Christian A. Herter Profes­ KENNETH MAXWELL sor of American Foreign Policy at the Paul H. Nitze School NELSON AND DAVID ROCKEFELLER SENIOR FELLOW of Advanced International Studies of the Johns Hopkins FOR INTER-AMERICAN STUDIES, AND University in Washington, D.C. He has taught at Harvard DIRECTOR, LATIN AMERICA PROGRAM University, Columbia University, and the U.S. Naval Acade­ my. He is the author of numerous articles and books and is Kenneth Maxwell came to the Council on Foreign Relations the editor of several volumes published by the Council on after teaching at Yale, Princeton, and Columbia Universities Foreign Relations, including The Social Safety Net in Postcom- and serving six years as Program Director of the Tinker munist Europe (forthcoming), Postcommunism: Four Perspec­ Foundation. His recent books include The Making of Por­ tives (1996), The Strategic Quadrangle: Russia, China, and the tuguese Democracy (1995), Pombal: Paradox of the Enlighten­ United States in East Asia (1995), and Central Asia and the ment (1995), and The New Spain: From Isolation to Influence World (1994). He received a B.A. from Yale University; an (co-author, 1994). He is the Western Hemisphere book re­ M.A, from King's College, Cambridge University; and a view editor for Foreign Affairs magazine, a member of the Ex­ Ph.D. from Harvard University. ecutive Committee for the Board of Trustees of the Latin American Scholarship programs at American Universities (LASPAU), a member of the Consultative Council of the ANN MARKUSEN Luso-American Development Foundation, and is on the Ad­ SENIOR FELLOW, INDUSTRIAL POLICY visory Council of the Latin American Program at Princeton Ann Markusen is also State of New Jersey Professor at the University and of Americas Watch. He is the founder of the Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy and Director Camoes Center for the Study of the Portuguese Speaking of the Project on Regional and Industrial Economics at Rut­ World at Columbia University and has served as a Consultant gers University. She previously taught at Northwestern, to the U.S. State Department, the Institute for Defense Analy­ Berkeley, and Colorado and served as a Brookings Economic sis, and the Ford and Hewlett Foundations and is an Hon­ Policy Fellow and a Fulbright lecturer. She has written ex­ orary Fellow of the Romance Institute of the University of tensively on military conversion, trade, and technology poli­ London and of the Instituto Historico e Geografico of Rio de cy. Her recent books include Trading Industries, Trading Janeiro, Brazil. He received his B.A. and M.A. from St. Johns Regions (1993), Dismantling the Cold War Economy (1992), College, Cambridge, and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Princeton and The Rise of the Gunbelt (1991). She received a B.S. from University. Kenneth Maxwell was awarded the Gra Cruz of Georgetown University and an M.A. and a Ph.D. in eco­ the Ordem Nacional de Merito Cientifico, Brazil's highest nomics from Michigan State University. honor, in fall 1996 and the Order of Rio Branco in 1997.

JESSICA T. MATHEWS RICHARD W. MURPHY PHILIP D. REED SENIOR FELLOW FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HASIB J. SABBAGH SENIOR FELLOW FOR THE MIDDLE EAST Jessica Mathews has worked on issues related to energy, en­ Richard Murphy was Assistant Secretary of State for Near vironment, technology, and foreign policy in the executive Eastern and South Asian Affairs from 1983 to 1989. He ear­ and legislative branches of the U.S. government and as a lier served as U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, the Philip­ journalist and researcher. Her weekly column in the Wash­ pines, Syria, and Mauritania and, just prior to joining the ington Post appears throughout the United States and inter­ Council, he was the John Adams Memorial Lecturer in the nationally. She served as Director of the Office of Global United Kingdom on a grant from the Fulbright Commis­ Issues on the National Security Council staff and as Deputy sion. He is President of the Chatham House Foundation to the Undersecretary of State for Global Affairs. She co- (U.S.), Chairman of the Middle East Institute, and Trustee of founded the World Resources Institute and directed its re- the American University of Beirut. He received a B.A. from

54 1) James Shinn, Jeffrey Garten, and Robert Zoellick at the March 6, 1997, Meeting of the American Commercial Diplomacy in Asia Study Group.

2) Presider Richard K. Betts at the December 2, 1996, Roundtable, "Strategic Defenses: Getting be­ yond Cold War Conceptions."

3) Raghida Dergham and Speaker Itmar Rabinovitch, former Am­ bassador of Israel to the United States, at the November 20, 1996, Conference, "The Middle East In Crisis Again."

4) Presider Robert K Lifton, Speaker Amre Moussa, Foreign Minister of Egypt, and Henry Siegman at the March 4, 1997, w ^ . Roundtable, "Update on the U.S. j Middle East Peace Process and U.S.-Egypt Relations." n ifc: in M USB! vl •1 «=> "• 1^

s ^t 1ItM*

\Uife

55 STUDIES PROGRAM

Harvard University and an A.B. from Emmanuel College, NICHOLAS X. RIZOPOULOS Cambridge University. SENIOR STUDIES EDITOR Nicholas Rizopoulos is also a Visiting Professor of Interna­ JONATHAN S. PARIS tional Politics and Diplomacy at Adelphi University and Se­ FELLOW, U.S./MIDDLE EAST PROJECT nior Consulting Editor of the Encyclopedia oj U.S. Foreign Relations (4 vols., Oxford University Press, 1997). He was Jonathan Paris is Associate Director of the Council's Director of Studies at the Council from 1989 to 1994 and U.S./Middle East Project and its Middle East Economic was Executive Director of the Lehrman Institute from 1972 Strategy Group. He was a Visiting Fellow at the Internation­ to 1987. He previously taught Diplomatic History at Yale al Security Studies Program at Yale University, where he is University, from which he received a B.A., summa cum teaching seminars on the Middle East. He published "When laude, M.A., and Ph.D. to Worry in the Middle East" in Orbis (Fall 1993) and "In­ donesia and Israel" in Israel Affairs (Winter 1996-97). He has also organized meetings at the Council on Indonesia's GIDEON ROSE political succession. He earlier practiced law in the Singa­ OLIN FELLOW AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR, NATIONAL pore office of Coudert Brothers and then worked as an in­ SECURITY STUDIES vestment banker for Salomon Brothers and European Investors, Inc. He received a B.A., magna cum laude, from Gideon Rose served as Associate Director for Near East and Yale University and a J.D from Stanford Law School. South Asian Affairs on the National Security Council staff from 1994 to 1995. From 1992 to 1994 he was a National Security Fellow at the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic KAREN ELIZABETH PARKER Studies at Harvard University. From 1986 to 1987 he was As­ ASSOCIATE FELLOW, ECONOMICS sistant Editor at the National Interest, and from 1985 to 1986 he held the same position at the Public Interest. He has writ­ Karen Parker received an A.B., summa cum laude and Phi ten widely on U.S. foreign and security policy, taught Ameri­ Beta Kappa, in Latin American and African studies from the can foreign policy in the Department of Politics at Princeton Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, University, and is currently completing a manuscript on war Princeton University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. from Stanford termination in the twentieth century. He received a B.A. from University, where she studied international trade and fi­ Yale University and a Ph.D. from Harvard University nance, agricultural policy and production economics. She has been an economist in the Central Asia Department of the International Monetary Fund since 1991 and has con­ BARNETT R. RUBIN tributed to several IMF reports and publications on Nepal, SENIOR FELLOW AND DIRECTOR, CENTER FOR PREVENTIVE ACTION India, and private market financing for developing countries. Barnett Rubin has been Associate Professor of Political Sci­ ence and Director of the Center for the Study of Central JAMES PISCATORI Asia at Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political ADJUNCT SENIOR FELLOW, MUSLIM POLITICS Science at Yale University, and a Jennings Randolph Peace Fellow at the U.S. Institute of Peace. He studied under a James Piscatori is also Fellow in Muslim Politics at Oxford Fulbright Fellowship at the Ecole des hautes Etudes en Sci­ University. A former Fulbright Scholar and an International ences Sociales in Paris. Dr. Rubin has written extensively on Affairs Fellow of the Council, he has also taught at the human rights, state formation, and conflict prevention. He School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins is the author and editor of several books including Toward University, the Australian National University, and the Uni­ Comprehensive Peace in Southeast Europe: Conflict Prevention versity of Virginia. His publications include Muslim Politics in the South Balkans (1996), The Fragmentation of Afghanistan (co-author, 1996), Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulj Cri­ (1995), and The Search for Peace in Afghanistan (1995). He sis (editor, 1991), and Islam in a World of Nation-States received a B.A. from Yale University and an M.A. and a (1986). He received a B.A. from Stonehill College and an Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. M.A. and a Ph.D. from the University of Virginia.

56 STUDIES PROGRAM

JAMES J. SHINN HENRY SIEGMAN ADJUNCT SENIOR FELLOW, COMMERCIAL DIPLOMACY SENIOR FELLOW AND DIRECTOR OF U.S./MIDDLE EAST PROJECT James Shinn served as the C. V Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Henry Siegman directs the Council's U.S./Middle East Pro­ from 1994 to 1996 and as Senior Fellow for Commercial ject, which promotes new coalitions between government Diplomacy from 1996 to 1997. He managed the Council's and the private sector in Arab countries, Israel, and the multiyear Asia Project, whose conclusions were summarized United States and private-sector investment, trade, and in the Councils report Redressing the Balance: American En­ commerce. He founded the International Jewish Committee gagement with Asia. Another result of the Asia Project was his for Interreligious Consultations in 1968, directed the Amer­ book Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China, ican Association for Middle East Studies and edited its quar­ published by the CFR Press in 1996. Mr. Shinn served in terly publication from 1958 to 1963, and was Executive the East Asian Bureau of the State Department in Washing­ Director of the American Jewish Congress for 16 years. He ton, D.C., working on trade and economic matters. He left was a Resident Scholar at the Rockefeller Study Center in government to spend 15 years in Silicon Valley, beginning Bellagio, Italy (1992), and received a BA. from the New with Advanced Micro Devices, a manufacturer of integrated School for Social Research. circuits, and then cofounded Dialogic Corporation, a pub­ licly held engineering firm in call processing and Internet telephony technology. He received a BA. from Princeton and an M.B.A. from Harvard.

DAVID BERNSTEIN been able to read a large stack of reports and studies that I Guest Scholar, Wilson Center for International could not read before because I didn't have time during the Scholars, the Smithsonian Institution day to get to it. And what that provides then is context for your work, a sense of what is going on around your work. ON THE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS When you come back, you can get a better strategic sense FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM of what you are doing. For the State Department, the goal is that we will come back a better employee, better able to As a government employee do our jobs. working in the foreign poli­ A V A W A. V A cy establishment, being an The IAF program is a unique opportunity; there are not a lot International Affairs Fellow of recognized training opportunities for the State Depart­ is a chance to actually think ment. There are almost none for civil service employees like about what you're doing myself. Government workers in the IAF Program are able to and to listen to other peo- do research and write, and by providing this opportunity the _y* pie who have been thinking Council becomes an important place for them, even beyond about what you're doing. the time of their fellowship. People move around to different A • A • A • A jobs—people my age and level can have two or three differ­ From the State Depart­ ent jobs in the government. I think International Affairs Fel­ ment perspective, the IAF lows hold the Council in high regard. That relationship Program is an opportunity continues because there's this wonderful synergy between the to step back and think Council and former Fellows' work. longer term and broader V A • A V A without just being swamped It just kind of happens. The Council is a laboratory where by work. It is a one-year opportunity away from the daily you can get newer ideas and different ideas, and I think the hassles and work to read, think, and write about what Council gets credit for that. you're doing in a broader sense. In practical terms, I have

57 STUDIES PROGRAM

BRUCE STOKES INTERNATIONAL SENIOR FELLOW, ECONOMIC STUDIES: TRADE AFFAIRS FELLOWSHIP Bruce Stokes directs the Council's programs on international trade. He is currently leading a study group to assess the fu­ PROGRAM ture of the multilateral trading system. In addition, he di­ rects a project on the transatlantic economic agenda for the Launched in 1967, the International Affairs Fellowship Pro­ 21st century. The study group on the future of U.S.-Japan gram is designed to advance the professional development security relations that he chaired published its report in of outstanding young Americans between the ages of 27 and June 1997. Formerly he was the international economics 35. Each year, approximately a dozen men and women re­ correspondent for the National Journal. His publications in­ ceive an opportunity to broaden their experience in the field clude Open for Business: Creating a Transatlantic Marketplace of international affairs and to add a unique dimension to (1996), The Inevitability of Managed Trade (1990), and Japan­ their careers. The fellowships seek to bridge the gap be­ ese Investment in the United States: Its Causes and Conse­ tween thought and action in foreign policy by supporting quences (1989). From April 1996 to April 1997, he was a both a variety of policy studies and active exposure to poli­ member of the Presidential Commission on United cymaking. The distinctive character of the program lies in States-Pacific Trade and Investment Policy He is a graduate the contrasting experiences it provides at the juncture of of the School of Foreign Service of Georgetown University policy research and policy formulation. Thus, it encourages and the School of Advanced International Studies at the academics and others from the private sector to serve in a Johns Hopkins University, and he attended Columbia Uni­ policy-oriented environment through operational experi­ versity's Graduate School of Journalism. ence in public service. Conversely, it permits government officials on leave to study key issues in a scholarly atmos­ phere free from operational pressure. RUTH WEDGWOOD In 1997, the Council established a new International Af­ SENIOR FELLOW, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND LAW fairs Fellowship in Japan, sponsored by Hitachi, Ltd., to en­ able a number of outstanding young American leaders and Ruth Wedgwood is also Professor of Law at Yale Law thinkers to expand their intellectual and professional horizons School and a faculty member of Yale's U.N. Studies Pro­ by working and living in Japan. The program seeks to culti­ gram. She is a former Law Clerk to Judge Henry Friendly vate American understanding of Japan and to strengthen com­ of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and munication between the emerging leaders of the two nations. Justice Harry Blackmun of the U.S. Supreme Court. She serves on the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on The Council organizes monthly roundtable meetings in International Law. She holds an A.B., magna cum laude, Washington, D.C, for the Fellows, including current and for­ from Harvard University, held a Harvard Prize Fellowship mer Military, State Department, and Edward R. Murrow Fel­ at the London School of Economics, and earned her J.D. at lows, and an annual two-day seminar that offers an opportunity Yale Law School. for the Fellows to share the findings of their projects. Elise Lewis Director, Membership and Fellowship Affairs JENNIFER SEYMOUR WHITAKER SENIOR FELLOW AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR, NATIONAL PROGRAM Council Fellows Roundtable Series Jennifer Whitaker is also Deputy National Director of the GORDON ADAMS (IAF, 1974-75) Council. She previously served as Director of the Council's Associate Director for National Security and International Committees on Foreign Relations Program, Senior Fellow Affairs, Office of Management and Budget for Africa and Codirector of the Committee on African De­ MICHAEL E. O'HANLON velopment Strategies (a joint Council-Overseas Develop­ Research Associate, Foreign Policy Studies, Brookings Institution ment Council program), and Associate Editor of Foreign "The Quadrennial Defense Review—More Bang for the Buck" Affairs. Her research interests focus on the environment, PRESIDER: VICE ADMIRAL DONALD L. PILLING, USN public opinion and public policy and Africa. Her books in­ HON. LEE H. HAMILTON clude Salvaging the Land of Plenty (1994) and How Can Africa U.S. Representative, Ninth District of Indiana Survive? (1989). She received a BA. from Trinity College "Foreign Policy Challenges for the 105th Congress" and an MA. from Stanford University. PRESIDER: JESSICA P EINHORN

58 1) Odeh Aburdene, Richard W. Murphy, and Zaycd al-Nahayan, President of the United Arab Emi­ rates at the March 6,1997, Meet­ ing in the Gulf with the President of the United Arab Emirates.

2) Speaker Paul Walker, Global Si^i<11plpyi If-WHIJ Green USA, and Presider Richard II Ravitch at thefanuary 24, 1997, Meeting of the Study Group on Defense Industry Globalization, Convention, and the Arms Trade.

3) Speakers Bruce Jentleson, > Washington Center, University of 1 California, Davis, Thomas Pater- son, University of Connecticut, 1 and Nicholas X. Rizopoulos, Council on Foreign Relations, at the March 12, 1997, Reception on the Occasion of the Publication of the Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations. 4) Mary Oyedijo, Eeinz Vales, and Laurel Rhoades at the March 10, 1997, Global Kids Round- table, "Conflict: What Causes It and How Can We Prevent It?"

59 STUDIES PROGRAM

RICHARD H. SOLOMON LAWRENCE W DWIGHT* President, U.S. Institute of Peace U.S. Department of the Treasury "U.S.-China Relations 25 Years after the Shanghai "Japanese Investment in the Asia-Pacific and Its Impact Communique" on Regional Trade Flows and U.S. Interests" PRESIDER: TERRY DEIBEL (IAF, 1978-79) JAPAN INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL MONETARY AFFAIRS JAMES B. STEINBERG LISA FERRELL* Deputy National Security Adviser to President Clinton, Arkansas General Assembly National Security Council "Worker Training and Its Effects on Global Economic "U.S.-Russia Relations on the Eve of Helsinki" Competitiveness" PRESIDER: EUGENE B. RUMER (IAF, 1993-94) JAPAN INSTITUTE OF LABOUR VAHAN ZANOYAN CAROL LEE GRAHAM President & CEO, Petroleum Finance Company Brookings Institution "Geopolitics and Oil: The Changing Dynamics" "Does Enhancing Equity Sustain Market Reforms?" PRESIDER: DOUGLAS B. MCNARY (IAF, 1996-97) INTERAMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

International Affairs Fellows REBECCA K. C. HERSMAN Office of the Secretary of Defense NEW FELLOWS (CLASS OF 1997-98) "Overcoming Executive-Legislative Impediments to a Coherent Post-Cold War Foreign Policy" FELLOW G. JOHN IKENBERRY* Home Institution University of Pennsylvania Field of Study "Strategic Interdependence: Foreign Investment FELLOWSHIP BASE and Japanese Foreign Policy" DAVID ALTSHULER C. S. ELIOT RANG* Mutual Analytics Corporation Northern Illinois University "National Security in a World of Strong Encryption" "Problems and Prospects of U.S.-Japan-Republic KENNETH L. CAIN of Korea Security Cooperation" "The United Nations, the United States, Human Rights, JAPAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS and Implementation Confusion: Case Studies from the PETER R. LAVOY Frontlines of U.N. Attempts to Implement Human Rights Naval Postgraduate School Mandates in Peacekeeping Operations and the Implications "Reducing the Nuclear Danger in South Asia" for U.S. Policy (Cambodia, Somalia, Rwanda, Haiti, and Liberia)" PETER LIBERMAN SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, Tulane University COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY "Post-Cold War Alliances and Peace" PAUL R. DUBINSKY WILLIAM J.LONG* Schell Center for International Human Rights, Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Georgia Institute Yale Law School of Technology "In Remembrance of Things Past: The Current Generation "Japans Use of Official Development Assistance of Extraterritorial U.S. Statutes and Their Impact on U.S. for Nonproliferation Purposes" Foreign Policy" JAMIE METZL VINCENT C. DUPONT Harvard Law School "The Impact of Russia's Budgetary Crisis "Foreign Policy Responses to Mass Human Rights Abuses" on Russian Foreign Policy" HARRIMAN INSTITUTE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

* International Affairs Fellows in Japan sponsored by Hitachi, Ltd.

60 STUDIES PROGRAM

JONATHAN SPALTER also assist in arranging several politico-military trips for Office of the Vice President Council members during the year. "The Global Information Infrastructure: Finding Private The Military Fellowship Selection Board, chaired in 1996 Sector Solutions to Public Policy Challenges" by former Defense Secretary Harold Brown and in 1997 by former Defense Secretary Dick Cheney, chose the following Military Fellows: For 1996-97, Army Col. Craig D. Hackett, Marine Corps SPECIAL FELLOWSHIPS Col. Dennis J. Hejlik, and Navy Rear Adm. Ronald A. Route; for 1997-98, Air Force Col. Frank G. Klotz and Marine Whitney H. Shepardson Fellowship Corps Col. George J. Flynn. The Whitney H. Shepardson Fellowship is periodically awarded to persons with experience and recognized profes­ Department of State Fellowship sional stature in public or academic affairs related to the The Department of State Fellowship is offered to a Foreign study of international relations. A Shepardson Fellow is ex­ Service Officer chosen by a selection committee from candi­ pected to spend about a year affiliated with the Council, par­ dates nominated by the U.S. State Department. The State ticipating in Council programs while working on a book or Department Fellow spends about a year affiliated with the Council, with time away from public service to reflect on is­ other significant publication on a major foreign policy issue. sues of foreign policy and to participate in Council pro­ The 1996 Shepardson Fellowship was held by John grams. The recipient of the 1996-97 Fellowship was Newhouse, formerly of the Brookings Institution, who is Victoria Nuland, who was Chief of Staff to Deputy Secretary writing a book entitled Europe Adrift. of State Strobe Talbott. The 1997 Shepardson Fellow is Tony Smith. The Studies Program administers the Shepardson Fel­ The Office of Membership and Fellowship Affairs admin­ lowship. isters the Edward R. Murrow Fellowship, the Military Fel­ lowships, and the Department of State Fellowship. Edward R. Murrow Fellowship Each year, the Council offers a resident Fellowship for an American foreign correspondent serving abroad. Named in honor of Edward R. Murrow and funded by the CBS Foun­ PUBLICATIONS dation, the Fellowship gives the recipient a period of nine months for sustained study and writing, free from the usual A principal objective of the Studies Program is the dissemi­ pressure of deadlines that characterize journalistic life. nation of its work to a broad audience, within the member­ The Murrow Fellow for 1996-97 was Anne Garrels, for­ ship and beyond. This past year, the Council on Foreign merly the Moscow Bureau Chief for National Public Radio. Relations Press published six independent task force re­ Adam Schwarz, previously the Hanoi Bureau Chief for the ports, five books, and a report of a study group. All books Far Eastern Economic Review, will join the Council staff as and task force reports are distributed through the Brookings the 1997-98 Murrow Fellow. Institution Press (1-800-275-1447), and may also be or­ dered on the Council's website {www.foreignrelations.org). Military Fellowships The work of the Studies staff was also widely published Each year, the Chiefs of Staff of the Army and the Air Force, via other channels, including Foreign Affairs, which ran arti­ the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Commandant of the cles by Richard W Murphy, Michael Mandelbaum, Jessica T Marine Corps nominate an outstanding officer from their re­ Mathews, Alton Frye, and Richard N. Haass. Kenneth spective services as a candidate for a Military Fellowship. Maxwell continued as the magazine's reviewer of books on The Council usually awards two or three such Fellowships Latin America. annually. The program enables the officers selected to Michael Mandelbaum's book The Dawn of Peace in Eu­ broaden their understanding of foreign relations by spend­ rope was published by the Twentieth Century Fund. Ox­ ing a year in residence at the Councils headquarters in New ford University Press published We Now Know: Rethinking York or, in special circumstances, at the Council offices in Cold War History by John Lewis Gaddis, who was the Washington, D.C. Fellows participate in Council programs, 1994-95 Whitney H. Shepardson Fellow. In the fall, Pan­ meet with Council members and staff, and engage in studies theon will publish Europe Adrift by John Newhouse, the in conjunction with the Council's Studies Program. They 1996-97 Shepardson Fellow.

61 STUDIES PROGRAM

An ambitious undertaking was the four-volume Encyclo­ Pirates on the Seas: Why We Care about Global Intellectual pedia of U.S. Foreign Relations, published by Oxford Univer­ Property Rights and What We Can Do about Them, A Council sity Press and prepared under the auspices of the Council. on Foreign Relations Working Report, by Benedicte Callan Five years in the making, the work was edited by Bruce W (forthcoming). Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson, and Nicholas X. Ri- Shaping U.S.-China Relations: A Long-Term Strategy. A Coun­ zopoulos, the Council's Senior Studies Editor, served as Se­ cil on Foreign Relations Study Group Report, by Michel Ok- nior Consulting Editor. senberg and Elizabeth Economy (1997). David Kellogg Vice President, Communications and Corporate Affairs Other Publications by Publications 1996-97 Council on Foreign Relations Fellows and Staff The American Encounter. The United States and the Making of COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS PRESS BOOKS the Modern World, Essays from 75 Years of Foreign Affairs, The City and the World: New York's Global Future, edited by edited by James F. Hoge, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria, Basic Margaret E. Crahan and Alberto Vourvoulias-Bush (1997). Books (1997). Paperback, $17.95. Arming the Future: A Defense Industry for the 21st Century, Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from edited by Ann Markusen and Sean Costigan, Columbia Uni­ 1921 to 1996, by Peter Grose (1996). Paperback, $12.95. versity Press (forthcoming). India, Pakistan, and the United States: Breaking with the Past, Challenging Boundaries: The Internationalization of Environ­ by Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli (1997). Paperback, $17.95. mental Politics, edited by Miranda A. Schreurs and Elizabeth Refugees into Citizens: Palestinians and the End of the Arab- Economy, Cambridge University Press (1997). Israeli Conflict, by Donna E. Arzt (1997). Paperback, $18.95. Civic Society in the Atlantic Community, edited by Charles A. The Reluctant Sheriff: The United States after the Cold War, by Kupchan, Bertelsmann Stiftung (forthcoming). Richard N. Haass (1997). Hardcover, $24.95. The Dawn of Peace in Europe, by Michael Mandelbaum, Twen­ The Social Safety Net in Postcommunist Europe, edited by tieth Century Fund (1997). Ethan B. Kapstein and Michael Mandelbaum (forthcoming). Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations, edited by Bruce W. Paperback, $17.95. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson; Nicholas X. Rizopoulos The World and Yugoslavia's Wars, edited by Richard H. Ull- and Gaddis Smith, Senior Consulting Editors, Oxford Uni­ man (1996). Paperback, $18.95. versity Press (1997). Europe Adrift: Its Cultural, Social, Political and Economic Con­ INDEPENDENT TASK FORCE REPORTS fusion after the Cold War, by John Newhouse, Pantheon (see pp. 23-24) Books (forthcoming). One Man's America: A fournalist's Search for the Heart of His STUDY GROUP REPORTS AND OCCASIONAL PAPERS Country, by Henry Grunwald, Doubleday (1997). Algeria's Struggle for Democracy, Occasional Paper Studies Toward Comprehensive Peace in Southeast Europe: Conflict Pre­ Series No.3, by Mona Yacoubian (1997). vention in the South Balkans, edited by Barnett R. Rubin, Debating Religion and Politics in Iran: The Political Thought of Council on Foreign Relations and the Twentieth Century Abdolkarim Soroush, Occasional Paper Series No. 2, by Valla Fund (1996). Vakili (1996). Transnational Religion and Fading States, edited by Susanne Educational Reform in Latin America, Occasional Paper Series Hoeber Rudolph and James Piscatori, Westview Press No. 1, by Allison L. C. de Cerreno and Cassandra Pyle (1997). (1996). We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History, by John Lewis Gaddis, Oxford University Press (1997).

62 MEETINGS PROGRAM

The Meetings Program seeks to achieve a mix of speakers and issues that responds to the interests oj a diverse Council membership and constantly adjusts to the new issues shaping American for­ eign policy. This means a panoply oj speakers from all regions oj the world; the widest possible range oj issues spanning security, economics, and politics; and a broad spectrum oj viewpoints.

hrough the Meetings Program, the Council setting his priority as human development, and James provides a forum in which the leaders of yes­ Wolfensohn struggling to change the culture of the T terday, today, and tomorrow contribute to World Bank. the understanding of an increasingly complex world. Some of the most compelling words heard at the Numerous general meetings, debates, roundtable dis­ Council this year were spoken by women, in particular cussions, and conferences have been host to the new on the issue of human rights. Regarding Bosnia, Louise ideas of new faces, as well as to the wisdom of their Arbour, the new Chief Prosecutor at the War Crimes Tri­ predecessors and the arguments of their opponents. In­ bunals, questioned the commitment of the international creasingly, we are meeting with and hearing from lead­ community to bring the guilty to justice. Then there was ers and experts who have come to power and influence the memorable evening during which two Bosnian in uncertain times, in a world where threats are harder women, featured in a documentary film screened here, to define and traditional alliances are under question. confronted an American official over the U.S. role in the This next generation of leaders is typified by such war in the former Yugoslavia. Finally, we remember the speakers as Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto of Japan, stirring rhetoric from Mozambique's Graca Machel on who spoke to the Council about a more robust interna­ the issue of children's rights in war-torn societies. tional role for Japan, and Mexican President Ernesto Council members witnessed the maiden voyage of Zedillo, who characterized himself to the Council group Aleksandr I. Lebed to the United States in November of as the vanguard for political reform in Mexico. Leaders last year and met an unvarnished Russian general such as Inder Kumar Gujral of India, Ali Alatas of turned political phenomenon, a man of few words and Malaysia, and Abdullah Gul of Turkey made it clear that limited international exposure who came here to "be Western concepts of democracy, free markets, and per­ educated," as he put it. sonal freedom would not dictate the priorities of their The Meetings Program has strived to anticipate societies. world events, such as the reversion of Hong Kong to We heard from the heads of major international in­ Chinese control, with speakers like British Governor stitutions trying to redefine their missions: the new Sec­ Chris Patten, democracy activist Martin Lee, and busi­ retary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, nessman Victor Fung. The program is more responsive

63 MEETINGS PROGRAM

to world events, such as the breakdown of the Middle weapons. We reported to members on the results of East peace process, where Council members have heard several independent task forces sponsored by the Coun­ from all the "players," including Palestinian President cil. These task forces, representing the views of both Yasser Arafat, the Likud Party's Dan Meridor, Israeli cab­ members and nonmembers who participated in them, inet member and former Soviet dissident Natan Sharan­ focused on such issues as the international drug war, sky, Egypt's Amre Moussa, former Israeli Prime Minister U.S. resources for international affairs, and U.N. reform. Shimon Peres, and U.S. mediator Dennis Ross. The impact of cultural differences on relations be­ The Meetings Program has placed a new and heavier tween countries was also a topic of several speakers, in­ emphasis on international economics and finance, par­ cluding Harvard Professor Samuel P. Huntington and ticularly on the issue of globalization. Council members Nobel Prize winner Wole Soyinka of Nigeria. We hungry for topics such as the impact of global trade, launched a series on the global information revolution, strategies for dealing with emerging markets, or the de­ with Ted Turner, Jessica T Mathews, and Nicholas Ne- bate over the "euro" can find choices from the technical groponte among the participants. to the theoretical. The 1996-97 program year included three special The Meetings Program is also committed to being on lectureships: the Russell C. Leffingwell Lecture, the the cutting edge in its presentations. We tackled the Sorensen Distinguished Lecture, and the David A. issue of the changing nature of terrorism with experts Morse Lecture. (See the end of the Meetings section for who called it a looming, misunderstood threat and tied details on these lectures.) it to the proliferation of chemical-biological and nuclear The Council also cosponsored several high-profile

JOHN DEUTCH Council more interesting to its members and more important Institute Professor, Massachusetts Institute to policymakers. of Technology, and former Director, Central Intelligence Agency There is one part of your national outreach that I think is ex­ tremely important and very useful—holding forums on par­ ON TELEVISED POLICY HEARINGS ticular subjects that are televised. A discussion which is carried throughout the country is important because it al­ The most important thing lows a much larger audience to see this intellectual brawl: a about the Council is that it Council-sponsored frank discussion by knowledgeable com­ is an assembly point for mitted individuals about a foreign policy issue. committed people in the United States about foreign I think it is important to let the people see the issues that are affairs writ large, a wider involved in foreign policy. The State Department is under a range of society than people lot of pressure in Congress. Foreign aid is very unpopular. who are pursuing policy. So, it's important to show the American people what some of And it provides a place for the issues are—informing the citizenry is an important mis­ both government officials sion of the Council. from the United States and, just as importantly, officials At Les's suggestion, we instituted a visit for Council members from other countries, to to the CIA. I thought that the sessions at the CIA and at the come and make a public/ Defense Department with the Joint Chiefs of Staff were very private statement of their good. We significantly informed the members who came views on issues. I call it public/private because it's public in from the Council. But also, discussion with the members the sense that it's being spoken to nongovernment officials, stimulated us, which happens all too infrequently. Les's sug­ but I think it's private in the sense that it doesn't end up in gestion was great because it gave our senior leadership time the newspapers, which is most important. Under the last to explain our policies, but they were also stimulated by the three Council presidents—Winston Lord, Peter Tarnoff, and Les Gelb—there has been a real movement to make the Council members.

64 1) Presider Peter G. Peterson, Interpreter, and Speaker Qian Qichen, Vice Premier and Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China, at the April 29, 1997, Meeting, "Lunch with Foreign Minister, Qian Qichen."

2) Speaker Martin C. M. Lee, Democratic Party of Hong Kong, at the April 16,1997, Meeting, "Hong Kong and China: A Deli­ cate Balance."

3) Ronald A. Route, Craig D. Hackett, and Speaker John M. Shalikashvili, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Department of Defense, at the November 7, 1996, Meeting, "The U.S. Armed Forces: A Prospectus."

4) Ellen Laipson, Raghida Dergham, and Speaker Shimon Peres, Leader of the Labor Party and former Prime Minister of Israel, at the May 8, 1997, David A. Morse Lecture, "The Future of Israel and the Peace Process: An Opposition View."

65 1) Maurice R. Greenberg, Carta A. Hills, Co-Presider Michael I. Sovern, Speaker Ryutaro Hashimoto, Prime Minister of Japan, and Co-Presider Peter G. Peterson, at the September 24, 1996, Meeting, "Japans Future and the Role of Japan and the United States in a Global Context'

2) Theodore C. Sorensen, Presider Maurice Tempelsman, and Speaker Sam Nujoma, President of 1 "• ' =f • ;•:• Namibia, at the May 22, 1997, Meeting, "National Reconciliation, Democracy, and Economic Growth in Southern Africa."

X '1*%,. 1

3) Speaker Richard G. Lugar, U.S. Senator (R-lnd.), Presider Leslie H. Gelb, Peter G. Peterson, and Claiborne Pell at the May 19, 1997, Meeting, "Managing NATO Expansion: Report of a Council Task Force." MEETINGS PROGRAM

events with other organizations in both New York and JAMES A. BAKER III Washington, including one marking the 50th anniversary Senior Partner, Baker & Botts; former U.S. Secretary of State of the Shanghai Communique that was moderated by "America's Global Approach for the Third Millennium"! former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and featured PRESIDER: LOUIS V GERSTNER, JR. remarks by two other former secretaries and the Chinese MICHEL CAMDESSUS ambassador to the United States. Managing Director and Chairman of the Executive Board, In few places outside the Council on Foreign Relations International Monetary Fund can you find a menu as varied as this and have a close-up "The IMF's Role in Assisting Countries in Financial Need"*t look at some of the people shaping world events. As one PRESIDER: WILLIAM J. MCDONOUGH member said recently "Nobody watches television any­ more. Movie tickets are going up. When 1 have a free VIKTOR CHERNOMYRDIN night, I'd rather spend it at the Council." While we cannot Prime Minister, Russian Federation match the drama of the opera or the thrills of a Spielberg "Russia and the United States: The Evolving Relationship" * + film, we are pleased with the feedback from those of you PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON who find the Meetings Program offerings more varied, WARREN CHRISTOPHER lively, and provocative. We sense that, with more members Former U.S. Secretary of State than ever choosing to spend time at the Council, we must "A Farewell Dinner" be doing something right, and we welcome your input. PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB Karen M. Sughrue LYNN E. DAVIS Vice President, Programs and Media Projects Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Affairs, U.S. State Department "Future Proliferation Challenges: China, Iran and Beyond"t PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS PRESIDER: ROBERT L. GALLUCCI VICTOR K. FUNG ALI ALATAS Chairman, Hong Kong Trade Development Council Minister of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia "Hong Kong's Economic Competitiveness and the Impact "Security in East Asia"*t of Reversion to Chinese Rule"* PRESIDER: MAYNARD PARKER PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB

KOFI ANNAN JAMIE S. GORELICK Secretary-General of the United Nations Deputy Attorney General, U.S. Justice Department "The United Nations: New Priorities, New Directions" "The Growing International Terror and Crime Threat: PRESIDER: DONALD F. MCHENRY Law Enforcement and Intelligence Responses" PRESIDER: LLOYD N. CUTLER YASSER ARAFAT President, Palestinian National Authority MAURICE R. GREENBERG "The Peace Process after Hebron: A Palestinian Chairman and CEO, American International Group and Perspective"* + Vice Chairman, Council on Foreign Relations PRESIDER: ROBERT D. HORMATS "India and Pakistan: Reflections on a Council Trip"*+ LOUISE ARBOUR PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB Prosecutor, International War Crimes Tribunals INDER KUMAR GUJRAL for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, The Hague; Minister of External Affairs, India Justice, Court of Appeal for Ontario, Canada "India's New Government and Its Concerns" *t "How Effective is the International War Crimes Tribunal?' PRESIDER: REBECCA P. MARK PRESIDER: BARRINGTON D. PARKER, JR.

( A cosponsored event. h Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

67 l)]ohn P. Lipsky and Henry Kaufman at the January 8,1997, Meeting, "The Changing Global Economy and the Role of the World Bank."

2) Presider Louis V. Gerstnerjr., Speaker James A. Baker III, for­ mer U.S. Secretary of State, and Peter G. Peterson at the April 16, 1997, Meeting, 'America's Global Approach for the Third Millen-

3) Karen M. Sughrue and Speaker Warren Christopher, former U.S. Secretary of State, at the January 27, 1997, Meeting, "A Farewell Dinner."

3

68 MEETINGS PROGRAM

ABDULLAH GUL "Progress in Implementing the Dayton Accords" t Minister of State, Turkey PRESIDER: GEORGE J. MITCHELL "The Refah (Welfare) Party and Turkish Foreign Policy" *t SOREN JESSEN-PETERSEN PRESIDER: MATTHEW NIMETZ Director, United Nations High Commission for Refugees RYUTARO HASHIMOTO Liaison Office Prime Minister, Japan "From Crisis to Crisis: The Search for Solutions"* "Japan's Future and the Role of Japan and the United States PRESIDER: ROBERT P. DEVECCHI in a Global Context" *t KIM DAE JUNG PRESIDERS: PETER G. PETERSON, MICHAEL I. SOVERN President, National Congress for New Politics, South Korea; LAILA HELMS Chairman, Kim Dae Jung Peace Foundation for the Asian- Afghan-American Activist Pacific Region BARNETT R. RUBIN "Democracy, Security, and Prospects for Peace between Senior Fellow and Director, Center for Preventive Action, the Koreas"* Council on Foreign Relations PRESIDER: FAREED ZAKARIA RAYMOND E. C. SOMMEREYNS HENRY A. KISSINGER Director, Division for Preventive Diplomacy and Peacemaking Chairman, Kissinger Associates, Inc.; former U.S. Secretary in West Asia, Department of Political Affairs, United Nations of State "What's Next for Afghanistan and Central Asia?"* PETER TARNOFF PRESIDER: MARILYN BERGER Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, U.S. State RICHARD HU Department Minister of Finance, Singapore LI DAOYU "The United States and Singapore: Partnership for Growth Ambassador of China to the United States in the Asia Pacific"*f ALEXANDER M. HAIG PRESIDER: ALICE YOUNG Former U.S. Secretary of State CYRUS VANCE SAMUEL R HUNTINGTON Former U.S. Secretary of State Director, John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, "Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of the Shanghai Harvard University Communique"* "Cultural Clash, Political Ideology, and World Order" PRESIDERS: BARBER B. CONABLE, PETER G. PETERSON, PAUL FORD PRESIDER: THEODORE C. SORENSEN HENRY A. KISSINGER ALVARO ARZU IRIGOYEN Chairman, Kissinger Associates, Inc.; former U.S. Secretary President, Guatemala of State "Guatemala: The Challenge of Peace"* t "America and the World"t PRESIDER: ARYEH NEIER PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON RAZALI ISMAIL ANNUAL DAUGHTERS AND SONS EVENT President, 51st U.N. General Assembly; Permanent LUIZ FELIPE LAMPREIA Representative of Malaysia to the United Nations Minister of External Relations, Brazil "Prospects for Reform of the United Nations "Brazil: Current Trends and Their Impact and the Security CounciP't on Foreign Policy" *t PRESIDER: CORA WEISS PRESIDER: JAMES B. SITRICK ALIJA IZETBEGOVIC ALEKSANDR I. LEBED President, Chair of the Presidency of Bosnia Former Secretary, Security Council of the Russian Federation and Herzegovina "Russia's Future"* PRESIDER: HENRY A. KISSINGER

* A cosponsored event. t Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

69 MEETINGS PROGRAM

MARTIN CM. LEE "National Drug Control Strategy: International Chairman of the Democratic Party, Hong Kong Implications"? "Hong Kong and China: A Delicate Balance"*t PRESIDER: ZOE BAIRD PRESIDER: MARK WHITAKER GAY MCDOUGALL BERNARD LEWIS Executive Director, International Human Rights Law Group Cleveland E. Dodge Professor of Near East Studies, KENNETH ROTH Emeritus, Princeton University Executive Director, Human Rights Watch "How Western is Modernity in the Middle East?"* WILLIAM E SCHULTZ PRESIDER: FOUAD AJAMI Executive Director, Amnesty International, U.S.A. "Finding a New Constituency: Human Rights after KENNETH LIEBERTHAL the Cold War" Professor of Political Science and Business Administration, PRESIDER: KATI MARTON University of Michigan ANDREW NATHAN SAM NUJOMA Professor of Political Science, Columbia University President, Namibia ALICE YOUNG "National Reconciliation, Democracy, and Economic Chair, Asia Pacific Practice, Kaye, Scholer, Fierman, Growth in Southern Africa"? Hays & Handler PRESIDER: MAURICE TEMPELSMAN "Human Rights and Hong Kong: What Will ICHIRO OZAWA Reversion Bring?" Leader of the New Frontier Party, Japan PRESIDER: STEPHEN FRIEDMAN "Japans Economic and Security Strategies: EMMANUEL FRITZ LONGCHAMP An Opposition Perspective" *+ Minister of Foreign Affairs, Haiti PRESIDER: JOAN E. SPERO "The Democratization Process in Haiti and the U.S. Role"? SHIMON PERES PRESIDER: MARTA B. VARELA Leader, Labor Party; former Prime Minister, Israel RICHARD G. LUGAR "The Future of Israel and the Peace Process: Member, U.S. Senate (R-Ind.) An Opposition View" "Managing NATO Expansion: Report of a Council PRESIDER: DAVID ROCKEFELLER Task Force"? THE DAVID A. MORSE LECTURE PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB YEVGENY M. PRIMAKOV GRACA MACHEL Minister of Foreign Affairs, Russian Federation Expert of the U.N. Secretary-General, U.N. Study "Russia and the United States in a Multipolar World"? on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Children PRESIDER: ROBERT S. STRAUSS "Children's Rights in War and Conflict"*? MALCOLM RIFKIND PRESIDER: SALIH BOOKER Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, VERAN MATIC United Kingdom Founder and Editor-in-Chief, Radio B92 "Expansion of NATO and the European Union: "The Future of Serbia and Slobodan Milosevic" A British Perspective" PRESIDER: GEORGE SOROS PRESIDER: RICHARD C. HOLBROOKE THE RUSSELL C. LEFFINGWELL LECTURE BARRY R. MCCAFFREY Director, Office of the National Drug Control Policy; JEFFREY SACHS General, U.S. Army (Ret.) Director, Harvard Institute for International Development Discussant: Mathea Falco, President, Drug Strategies Discussant: Anupam Basu, Deputy Director for Department of Africa to the IMF

* A cosponsored event. f Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

70 1) fadranka Cigelj, Julia Ormond, and Nusereta Sivac at the Febru­ ary 4,1997, Special HBO Film Screening and Discussion, "Call­ ing the Ghosts: A Story About Rape, War, and Women."

2) Speaker Malcolm Rijkind, Secre­ tary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, United Kingdom, at the September 27, 1996, Russell C. Leffingwell Lecture, "Expansion of NATO and the Euro­ pean Union: A British Perspective."

3) Speakers Cyrus Vance, former U.S. Secretary of State, Alexander M. Haig, former U.S. Secretary of State, and Li Daoyu, Ambassador of the People's Republic of China to the United States, at the February 20, 1997, Special Event Commemorating "The 25th Anniversary of the Shanghai Communique."

4) Presider Zoe Baird, Speaker Barry R. McCaffrey, U.S. Army (Ret), and Discussant Mathea Falco at the February 6, 1997, Meeting, "National Drug Control Strategy: International lmplica-

71 1) Speaker Aleksandr I. Lebed, former Secretary, Security Council oj the Russian Federation, Inna Lebed, and Presider Henry A. Kissinger at the November 18, 1996, Meeting, "Russia's Future."

2) Presider Robert D. Hormats, Speaker Yasser Arafat, President, Palestinian National Authority, and Nabil Shaath at the March 5, 1997, Meeting, "The Peace Process after Hebron: A Palestin­ ian Perspective."

3) Speaker Ernesto Ponce De Leon Zedillo, President of Mexico, and Presider Carla A. Hills at the December 9, 1996, Meeting, 'Economic and Political Issues of Mutual Concern to Mexico and the United States." MEETINGS PROGRAM

"A New Strategy for African Economic Development" JOHN P. WHITE PRESIDER: VINCENT MAI Deputy Secretary of Defense, U.S. Defense Department "The Quadrennial Defense Review: What Does It Mean MICHAEL J. SANDEL for the United States?"! Professor of Government, Harvard University PRESIDER: PAUL TAGLIABUE Discussant: Francis Fukuyama, Senior Researcher, RAND Corporation SHIRLEY V. T. BRITTAIN WILLIAMS "Democracy's Discontent: America in Search Public Service Professor of Electoral Politics, Harvard of a Public Philosophy" University; Member, British House of Lords PRESIDER: RICHARD C. LEONE CHARLES TAYLOR Author and Professor of Philosophy, McGill University IVAN SEIDENBERG MICHAEL J. SANDEL Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, NYNEX Corporation Professor of Government, Harvard University; Senior Fellow "Geopolitics and the Information Revolution: and Director, Culture and Foreign Policy Project, Council A Really New World Order?"* on Foreign Relations PRESIDER: MICHAEL OVITZ "Disintegrating Democracy: New Models of Citizenship, JOHN M. SHALIKASHVILI Civil Society, and Political Identity"*! General, U.S. Army; Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, PRESIDER: MICHAEL SANDEL U.S. Defense Department JAMES D. WOLFENSOHN "The U.S. Armed Forces: A Prospectus"t President, World Bank PRESIDER: WILLIAM H. DONALDSON "The Changing Global Economy and the Role of NATAN SHARANSKY the World Bank"*! Minister of Trade and Industry, Israel PRESIDER: FELIX G. ROHATYN "The Politics of Peace"! ERNESTO PONCE DE LEON ZEDILLO PRESIDER: MALCOLM HOENLEIN President, Mexico JOHN J. SHEEHAN "Economic and Political Issues of Mutual Concern General, U.S. Marine Corps; Supreme Allied Commander, to Mexico and the United States"! Atlantic; Commander in Chief, U.S. Atlantic Command PRESIDER: CARLA A. HILLS "Restructuring Security Strategies: The Effects of GENNADY ZYUGANOV Information Technology on Modern Warfare"! Chairman, Communist Party, Russian Federation PRESIDER: ANNE GARRELS "Russia and the World"*! WOLE SOYINKA PRESIDER: JOHN P. BIRKELUND Author; Visiting Professor of African American Studies, Emory University "Nigeria in Crisis: The State of the Nation"* PRESIDER: HENRY LOUIS GATES, JR. LECTURESHIPS THE DAVID ROCKEFELLER LECTURE ON AFRICA

JEAN-CLAUDE TRICHET The Russell C. Leffingwell Lecture Governor, Bank of France The Russell C. Leffingwell Lectures, inaugurated in 1969, "EMU: A Continental Perspective"*! were named for a charter member of the Council on For­ PRESIDER: YVES-ANDRE ISTEL eign Relations who served as its President from 1944 to R. E. TED TURNER 1946 and as Chairman from 1946 to 1953. Vice Chairman, Time Warner, Inc. The Russell C. Leffingwell Lecture invites a distin­ "CNN: The Importance and Integrity of Instant News guished foreign official to address Council members on a around the World" topic of major international significance. Among notewor­ PRESIDER: GERALD M. LEVIN thy Leffingwell lecturers in the past have been Yoweri

* A cosponsored event. + Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

73 " MEETINGS PROGRAM

Kaguta Museveni, President of Uganda; Denis Healy, one­ The David A. Morse Lecture time Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom; The Morse program was inaugurated in 1994 and supports an and Valery Giscard d'Estaing, former President of France. annual general meeting and dinner with a distinguished This year the Leffingwell Lecturer was Malcolm Rifkind, speaker. It honors the memory of David A. Morse, an active Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Council member for nearly 30 years, a lawyer, a public ser­ United Kingdom. vant, and an internationalist. The first Morse lecturer was for­ mer Secretary of State George Shultz, who spoke in May 1994. The Sorensen Distinguished Lecture Former Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres delivered the on the United Nations Morse Lecture this year. His theme was the continuing This annual lecture and dinner was established in 1996 and search for common ground in the the Middle East. underwritten by Theodore C. Sorensen to honor his wife, Gillian Martin Sorensen, and to commemorate her years of The David Rockefeller Lecture service to the United Nations. This lecture specifically in­ This lecture was endowed by the Rockefeller Foundation in vites speakers intimately involved with the workings and is­ 1985 for an annual African lecturer. It can be an African sues of the United Nations. Last year the lecture featured the from the governmental or nongovernmental sectors. Previ­ U.N. Ambassadors from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, ous speakers included Wilson Ndolo Ayah, Kenya Foreign and Serbia. Minister, and Babcar N'Diye, President of African Develop­ U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan gave the Sorensen ment Bank. This years lecturer was Wole Soyinka, author Distinguished Lecture this year. and playwright.

74 CORPORATE PROGRAM

The Corporate Program offers the opportunity for U.S. andjoreign corporations, financial insti­ tutions, law firms, and other organizations to benefit from and participate in Council activities. The program gives executives of member companies the chance to exchange views on a wide vari­ ety of international issues with their peers in the private and public sectors. Member firms are encouraged to designate executives who are most closely involved with the specific topic under discussion to participate in events, as well as to extend invitations to other executives to broaden their exposure to international developments.

his year Corporate Program members partic­ Below are highlights of the program year's rich and var­ ipated in over 70 events featuring heads of ied schedule of events. A comprehensive listing appears T state, finance ministers and other senior- on the Council's website at www.joreignrelations.org. level government officials from the United States and David Kellogg abroad, CEOs, opinion leaders, economists, and re­ Vice President, Communications and Corporate Affairs gional experts. The Corporate Program continued its cosponsorship of the C. Peter McColough Series on International Eco­ nomics, hosting a leading economist each month to dis­ cuss subjects of current interest to the international PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS business community. The Corporate Program also convened two major con­ ALI ALATAS ferences this year. In April it joined with the Council's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Indonesia Chinese Studies Program to host senior representatives "Security in East Asia"* from the United States and Asia for the conference "From PRESIDER: MAYNARD PARKER Bicycles to Beepers: The Politics and Economics of Busi­ PAUL A. ALLAIRE ness in China." In June the Corporate Program sponsored Chairman and CEO, Xerox Corporation its third annual conference on business in the Middle East "Diversity and the Multinational Corporation: A View as a follow-up to the 1996 Middle East/North Africa Eco­ from the Executive Suite"* nomic Development Conference in Cairo and in prepara­ PRESIDER: BRUCE S. GELB tion for the November 1997 conference in Doha.

*A cosponsored event.

75 CORPORATE PROGRAM

NORMAN R. AUGUSTINE ALAN S. BLINDER Chairman and CEO, Lockheed Martin Corporation Co-Director, Center for Economic Policy Studies, "Foreign Policy and America's Defense Industry: Princeton University; former Vice Chairman, Navigating the Changing Global Economy"* Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System PRESIDER: FRANK CARLUCCI III«WASHINGTON, D.C. "Central Banks and Public Pressure: How Independent Can Banks Be?"* MARIO L. BAEZA PRESIDER: PAUL A. VOLCKER Chairman and CEO, TCW/Latin America Partners, LLC JOHN H. COATSWORTH PETER BONFIELD Monroe Gutman Professor of Latin American Affairs, Chief Executive, British Telecommunications pic Harvard University "Building the Communications Future"* SYLVIA MAXFIELD PRESIDER: JOSEPH DUFFEY*WASHINGTON, D.C. Professor of Political Science and Management, MICHEL CAMDESSUS Yale University Managing Director and Chairman of the Executive Board, ANDRES VELASCO International Monetary Fund Professor of Economics, New York University "The IMF's Role in Assisting Countries in Financial Need" "Outlook for Latin America in 1997"* PRESIDER: WILLIAM J. MCDONOUGH PRESIDER: KENNETH MAXWELL

JOHN F. COOKE A T A V A V A The dialogue is critical and very important to the Council be­ Executive Vice President, Corporate Affairs, cause it receives input on its projects, and the corporate at­ the Waft Disney Company tendees get a remarkable perspective from attending these ON THE CORPORATE PROGRAM meetings. A V A V A W A I think the Corporate Pro­ I come from a company that is engaged in a substantial gram is an important out­ amount of business and commerce worldwide. Our product, reach for the Council. In whether it's films, various consumer products, or even Los Angeles, for example, theme parks, touches every part of the world. Our products we have had marvelous are of global interest, purchased by people around the meetings with Council on world. So my company has a strong interest in matters of Foreign Relations Fellows worldwide trade and governmental activity. As a conse­ and West Coast individu­ quence, it would be of interest to the Council, the other als—business people, ex­ members, and, for that matter, the experts on foreign policy perts in foreign policy at to have a company represented that has global interests, universities in California, global communications, and global contact with govern­ and a variety of people who ments around the world. have a strong interest in foreign policy. Recently, we Both the corporate members and the other members benefit had a meeting about Japan­ from looking at regions, economics, or security issues and ese security issues, and it ended with a wonderful discussion thinking about what this means in terms of business deci­ about East Asia, American foreign policy, Japanese policy, sions and what it means in terms of personal or political de­ and Chinese policy. Sitting around the table were executives cisions. Most business people now really want to engage and who have concerns about Asia and who want to talk about feel they need to engage. They have to make good business these things. I think if you interviewed the Fellows who decisions globally and internationally. We are all internation­ came, they would say that they got a lot out of it. Certainly al in our thinking. the corporate executives did.

76 CORPORATE PROGRAM

STEPHEN M. CASE "EMU: The British View"* Chairman and CEO, America Online, Inc. PRESIDER: ANTHONY M. SOLOMON "Online in the Global Marketplace"* ALAN GREENSPAN PRESIDER: RICHARD W FISHER* WASHINGTON, D.C. Chairman, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System PALANIAPPAN CHIDAMBARAM "Global Finance"* Finance Minister, India PRESIDER: FRANKLIN D. RAINES 'WASHINGTON, D.C. "Economic Policy under Deve Gowda: Changes INDER KUMAR GUJRAL and Continuities" Minister of External Affairs, India PRESIDER: MAURICE R. GREENBERG "India's New Government and Its Concerns"* WLODZIMIERZ CIMOSZEWICZ PRESIDER: REBECCA P. MARK Prime Minster, Poland JOSE ANGEL GURRIA-TREVINO "Poland and the Security of Europe"* Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Mexico PRESIDER: MAX M. KAMPELMAN«WASHINGTON, D.C. "Mexico: Challenges at Home and Abroad"* KENNETH CLARKE PRESIDER: JOHN D. NEGROPONTE'WASHINGTON, D.C. Former Chancellor of the Exchequer, United Kingdom RICHARD HU "Britain in Europe"* Minister of Finance, Singapore PRESIDER: NICHOLAS E BRADY*WASHINGTON, D.C. "The United States and Singapore: Partnership for Growth JEROME A. COHEN in the Asia Pacific"* Director, Asia Studies, Council on Foreign Relations PRESIDER: ALICE YOUNG "Business Law, Human Rights, and Chinas Foreign Policy"* KENNETH LIEBERTHAL PRESIDER: STEPHEN A. ORLINS Arthur Thurnau Professor of Political Science and CHRISTOPHER M. COLLINS William Davidson Professor of Business Administration, Managing Director, Marsh & McLennan University of Michigan ARTHUR M. MITCHELL III "China's Current Balance Sheet: Prospects for U.S. Business"* Head of Pacific Practice Group, Chadbourne & Parke LLP PRESIDER: MICHEL OKSENBERG "Big Bang or Little Whimper: Prospects for Deregulation WINSTON LORD of Japans Financial Services Market" Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, PRESIDER: WILLIAM HAWLEY U.S. State Department CARLO DE BENEDETTI "Building a Pacific Community: Taking Stock Chairman, Cir; Honorary Chairman, Olivetti of U.S. Policy"* "Monetary Union and the Future of Europe: The Private PRESIDER: MICHAEL H. ARMACOST'WASHINGTON, D.C. Sectors Perspective" HRISHIKESH A. MAFATLAL PRESIDER: FRANK SAVAGE Vice Chairman and Chief Executive, Arvind Mafatlal Group VICTOR K. K. FUNG of Companies Chairman, Hong Kong Trade Development Council KARAN TREHAN "Hong Kong's Economic Competitiveness and the Impact President and CEO, Alliance Capital Management of Reversion to Chinese Rule"* International PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB "Investment in India: Views from the U.S. and Indian Private Sectors" YEGOR TIMUROVICH GAIDAR PRESIDER: JOHN B. HURFORD Former Prime Minister, Russian Federation "Capitalism and Democracy in Russia"* PEDRO SAMPAIO MALAN PRESIDER: S. FREDERICK STARR'WASHINGTON, D.C. Minister of Finance, Brazil "The Brazilian Economy and Its Prospects"* EDDIE GEORGE PRESIDER: E. GERALD CORRIGAN Governor, Bank of England

*A cosponsored event.

77 £ Speaker Damd P Ghckman

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78 CORPORATE PROGRAM

ERNEST S. MICEK GORDON S. SMITH Chairman, CEO, and President, Cargill, Inc. Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Canada "Free Trade: Are We Getting a Fair Deal?"* "Issues in the G-7 Summit: A Canadian Perspective"* PRESIDER: JUDITH HIPPLER BELLO* WASHINGTON, D.C. PRESIDER: KAREN N. HORN AMRE MAHMOUD MOUSSA ALFRED STEPAN Minister of Foreign Affairs, Egypt Gladstone Professor of Government and Fellow of All Souls "Perspectives on the Middle East Peace Process"* College, Oxford University PRESIDER: HENRY SIEGMAN "Update on Brazil"* PRESIDER: KENNETH MAXWELL NORMAN ORNSTEIN Resident Scholar, American Enterprise Institute CONRAD B. STRAUSS for Public Policy Research President, South Africa Foundation; Chairman, Standard "The Morning Before: The 1996 U.S. Elections and Bank Investment Corporation the Politics of 1997" "Update on South Africa: Perspectives of PRESIDER: J. TOMILSON HILL a South African Delegation" GUILLERMO ORTIZ PRESIDER: WILLIAM HARMAN Secretary of Finance and Public Credit, Mexico JEAN-CLAUDE TRICHET "Update on the Mexican Economy"* Governor, Bank of France PRESIDER: E. GERALD CORRIGAN "EMU: A Continental Perspective"* ICHIRO OZAWA PRESIDER: YVES-ANDRE ISTEL Leader of the New Frontier Party, Japan HUMBERTO ROQUE VILLANUEVA "Japan's Economic and Security Strategies: President, Particido Revolucionario Institutional, Mexico An Opposition Perspective"* "The PRI and the Upcoming Elections"* PRESIDER: JOAN E. SPERO PRESIDER: CLINT E. SMITH

DENNIS B. ROSS JAMES D. WOLFENSOHN Special Middle East Coordinator, U.S. State Department President, World Bank "Promoting the Middle East Peace Process"* "The Changing Global Economy and the Role PRESIDER: ESTHER NEWBERG of the World Bank"* L. RONALD SCHEMAN PRESIDER: FELIX G. ROHATYN U.S. Executive Director of the Inter-American GENNADY ZYUGANOV Development Bank Chairman, Communist Party, Russian Federation "U.S. Interests in Latin America and Emerging Trends"* "Russia and the World"* PRESIDER: KENNETH MAXWELL PRESIDER: JOHN P. BIRKELUND IVAN SEIDENBERG Chairman and CEO, NYNEX Corporation "Geopolitics and the Information Revolution: A Really New World Order?"* PRESIDER: MICHAEL OVITZ

*A cosponsored event.

79 CORPORATE PROGRAM

CORPORATE PROGRAM MEMBERS

ABC, Inc. Brown & Wood LLP French-American Chamber AGIP Petroleum Company Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. of Commerce AGIP USA, Inc. Cahill Gordon & Reindel Future Management Services Alleghany Corporation Caltex Petroleum Gavin Anderson & Company Allen & Company Canadian Consulate General GenCorp Aerojet Alliance Capital Management Caxton Corporation General Electric Company Amerada Hess Corp. CDC North America General Mills American Council on Germany Chancellor LGT Asset Goldman, Sachs & Co. American Express Company Management Guardsmark American International Group The Chase Manhattan Corporation Halcyon/Alan B. Slifka Management American Standard Companies, Inc. The Chatterjee Group Company L.L.C. Ameritech Chevron Hitachi Ltd. Amoco Corporation CIBC Wood Gundy H.J. Heinz Company Andersen Worldwide Cisneros Group of Companies HSBC Americas, Inc. Apple Core Hotels Citibank/Citicorp IBJ Schroder Bank and Trust Company Archer Daniels Midland Company Clayton Dubilier & Rice IBM Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder, Inc. Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton Industnal Bank of Japan Arnold & Porter The CNA Corporation ING Barings ASARCO Incorporated The Consulate General of Japan Institute of International Bankers Asea Brown Boveri Corning Incorporated JETRO New York AT&T Cowen & Co. John A. Levin & Co., Inc. Atlantic Richfield Company Credit Suisse First Boston Johnson & Johnson Avon Products, Inc. Debevoise & Plimpton Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue The Baldwin-Gottschalk Group Dechert, Price & Rhoads J.P Morgan & Company Banca di Roma Deere & Company K & M Engineering and Consulting Banco Mercantil Deloitte & Touche Corporation Banco Santander Deutsche Bank AG Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. Bank Audi (USA) Dillon, Read & Co., Inc. Korn/Ferry International Bank of America Directorship KPMG Peat Marwick & Co. L.L.P The Bank of New York The Walt Disney Company Lagardere/Matra Hachette Bankers Trust Company Donaldson Lufkin & Jenrette Lazard Freres & Co. LLC Banque Indosuez Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Lehman Brothers Barst & Mukamal Eli Lilly & Co. Lockheed Martin Bates Worldwide Enron Corp. Loral Space & Communications BDO Seidman Ernst & Young MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc. BEA Associates Estee Lauder Companies Mark Partners Bear, Stearns & Co. EXOR America Marks & Murase L.L.P The Blackstone Group The Export-Import Bank of Japan Marks & Spencer, Inc. Bloomberg Financial Markets Exxon Corporation Marsh & McLennan Companies Booz, Allen & Hamilton Federal Express Marubeni America Corporation BP Group Fiat USA Marvin & Palmer Associates, Inc. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Fischer Francis Trees & Watts MasterCard International British-American Chamber Ford Motor Company Mayer, Brown & Piatt of Commerce The Freedom Forum McKinsey & Company, Inc.

80 CORPORATE PROGRAM

Mercedes-Benz of North America Ray & Berndtson Summit International Associates Merrill Lynch International Readers Digest Association Tempel Steel Company Metropolitan Life Insurance Company The Royce Funds Texaco, Inc. Mine Safety Appliances Company RWS Energy Services Time Warner Mobil Corporation Salomon Brothers Inc. Times Mirror Morgan Stanley & Company The Sanwa Bank Limited Titan Industrial Corporation Multilateral Funding International Sara Lee Corporation Toyota Motor Corporate Services Mutual Life Insurance Company SBC Warburg, Inc. of North America, Inc. of New York Scarbroughs TRW NatWest Markets Schlumberger Limited Turner Steiner International Newsweek Scudder, Stevens & Clark, Inc. United Technologies Nippon Steel USA, Inc. Joseph E. Seagram & Sons U.S. Reduction, Inc. Nomura Research Institute America Shearman & Sterling Violy, Byorum & Partners LLC NTT America, Inc. Shell Oil Company Volkswagen AG NYNEX Corporation Simpson Thacher & Bartlett E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Co. Occidental Petroleum Smith Barney Inc. Wasserstein Perella Group, Inc. Oxford Analytica Sony Corporation of America Watson Wyatt Worldwide Paribas Soros Fund Management Weil, Gotshal & Manges Pennzoil Company Southern California Edison Weyerhaeuser PepsiCo Company White & Case Pfizer Standard & Poor's Ratings Group Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering Philip Morris Companies, Inc. Standard Chartered Bank Wyoming Investment Corporation Pohang Steel America Corporation State Street Bank and Trust Xerox Corporation Price Waterhouse LLP Company Young & Rubicam Inc. The Prudential Insurance Company Stroock & Stroock & Lavan Zeneca Inc. of America Sullivan & Cromwell Zephyr Management L.R

81 WASHINGTON PROGRAM

The Council's second national center is Washington, D.C., where Council membership and an ex­ tensive program have developed steadily over the past two decades. More than 1,000 members now reside in the capital area, and the range of activities there parallels that oj events at the Harold Pratt House. A growing number of the Council's Studies staff are based in Washington (among them Senior Fellows Salih Booker, Morton H Halperin, Michael Mandelbaum, and Bruce Stokes, and Fellow fohn Hillen), where they are generating an impressive volume of studies, seminars, and pub­ lic commentaries. In addition, many New York-based Senior Fellows are holding meetings in Wash­ ington, which has also been the principal venue for outreach programs such as Policy Hearings. A notable feature of the program is the Middle East Forum, directed byfudith Kipper.

his year was a time of great growth and ment for International Peace. Senior Vice President Alton change in the Washington Program. The Frye launched a major outreach initiative on Capitol Hill. T number of meetings increased dramatically, Dr. Dobriansky, former Director for European and Soviet and the meetings were highlighted on a new, separate Affairs at the National Security Council, arrived just in page of the monthly calendar. Members responded en­ time to oversee the move to Washington's large, new of­ thusiastically to these new offerings: monthly atten­ fice—with room for more than 20 staff—in the Carnegie dance was nearly 60 percent higher than the previous Endowment's new building at 1779 Massachusetts Av­ year. A preelection debate featuring Deputy National enue, NW, at Dupont Circle. Security Adviser Samuel R. Berger and Senator John fessica T. Mathews McCain; a panel discussion on how America is viewed Senior Fellow, Acting Washington Director (1996-97) from abroad with Jacques Attali, Ronnie Chan, and Cesar Gaviria; dinners with Alan Greenspan and Alek- sandr I. Lebed; meetings with Yegor Gaidar, Yuri Luzhkov, and key policymakers from China, Israel, and PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Mexico; and debates on NATO expansion and the chemical weapons treaty illustrate the range and variety HAN AN D. ASHRAWI of the Washington Meetings Program. Bridging the poli­ Member, Palestinian National Council cy and business communities was the popular CEO "A Palestinian Perspective: Implementing the Oslo Accords" meetings series, which headlined such figures as Nor­ PRESIDER: JUDITH KIPPER man R. Augustine of Lockheed Martin and Rebecca R JACQUES ATTALI Mark of Enron International. President, A & A, Paris; former Special Adviser to French The year closed with two exciting transitions. New President Francois Mitterrand Vice President and Washington Director Paula J. Dobri- RONNIE C. CHAN ansky took over from Acting Director Jessica T Mathews, Chairman, Hang Lung Development Group; Founder, who left to become President of the Carnegie Endow­ Director, Morningside/Springfield Group, Hong Kong

82 J) Presider Carla A. Hills, Judith Kipper, Speaker Dan Meridor, Minister of Finance of Israel, and Stephen]. Solarz at the October 3, 1996, Middle East Forum Meeting, "Political and Economic Trends m Israel."

2) Presider Nicholas F. Brady and Speaker Kenneth Clarke, Chan­ cellor of the Exchequer, United Kingdom, at the October 1, 1996, Meeting, "Britain in Europe."

.3) Presider Richard W. Fisher and Speaker Stephen M. Case, Chair­ man and CEO, America Online, Inc., at the November 12, 1996, Meeting, "Online in the Global Marketplace."

4) Charles M. Hertzfeld, Lionel H. Olmer, and Speaker Norman R. Augustine, Chairman and CEO, Lockheed Martin Corpora­ tion, at the May 21, 1997, Meet­ ing, "Foreign Policy and America's Defense Industry: Navigating the Changing Global Economy."

83 1) Jessica T Mathews, Speaker Alan Greenspan, Chairman, Board oj Governors oj the Federal Reserve System, and Presider Franklin D. Raines at the Septem­ ber 17, 1996, Meeting, "Global Finance."

2) Robert B. Oakley, Thomas L Hughes, and Donald E McHenry at the February 26, 1997, Meet­ ing, "The United States and the United Nations: Repairing the Relationship." ,

3) Presider Jessica P Einhom and Speakers]. Robert Kerrey, U.S. Senate (D-Nebr), and Arthur B. Culvahouse,]r, Managing Part­ ner, Washington Office, O'Melve- ny & Myers, at the April 23, 1997, Meeting, "Senate Confir­ mation and American Foreign Policy: Advice and Consent or Harass and Deny?" WASHINGTON PROGRAM

CESAR GAVIRIA "Foreign Policy for the Next Four Years" Secretary-General, Organization of American States; PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB former President, Colombia SIR PETER BONFIELD "America Viewed from Abroad" Chief Executive, British Telecommunications pic PRESIDER: ROBERT M. KIMMITT "Building the Communications Future" * NORMAN R. AUGUSTINE PRESIDER: JOSEPH DUFFEY Chairman and CEO, Lockheed Martin Corporation GEORGE LEE BUTLER "Foreign Policy and Americas Defense Industry: General, USAF (Ret.); President, Kiewit Energy Group Navigating the Changing Global Economy" "The Case for Eliminating Nuclear Weapons: PRESIDER: FRANK C. CARLUCCI III A Personal View" SAMUEL R. BERGER PRESIDER: LARRY D. WELCH Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security STEPHEN M. CASE Affairs Chairman and CEO, America Online, Inc. JOHN MCCAIN "Online in the Global Marketplace" Member, U.S. Senate (R-Ariz.) PRESIDER: RICHARD W FISHER

* A cosponsored event.

CHARLES G. BOYD A • A W A W A General, U.S. Air Force (Ret.) Anything you can do to entice these guys to become more in­ volved in the things the Council is doing would be useful. We ON THE WASHINGTON PROGRAM need to get them comfortable talking to the Council; get them comfortable taking phone calls, initiating phone calls. There Outreach is an attempt to is a generation of people within the government who routine­ take the intellectual property ly talk to their friends at the Council. These are people who of the Council and apply it would not move on important issues before they checked in areas the Council is not with people they know who are members of the Council, be­ currently affecting—in short, cause they know they will get a perspective, a certain wisdom to expand the influence of that they are unlikely to get anywhere else. Now what you're the Council. The Council trying to do with the Council's new Congress and U.S. foreign has changed just since I be­ policy project is to get younger people in government to place came a member in 1991. that same sense of value on the Council, get them familiar There is a vibrancy now that with people in the Council, privately, discreetly, in a way that was not present when I won't end up on the front page of the New York Times.

joined, but if that is to be A W 4h, 'W $k V At useful, it has to be felt by I think that when we focus our task forces in Washington, others outside the Council. we have access to people we don't have access to in New York. The likelihood of getting people to participate and to How do we help people understand how foreign policy af­ present their views to a Washington-based task force is high­ fects their lives? They are unlikely to support that which er. Perhaps also, the task forces that we are conducting here they see as irrelevant to their own spheres. One place to might be a little more attuned to the particular ambiance and begin is with congressional staffers. You could bring them in nuances of Washington, allowing them to deal with prob­ as witnesses, to come and offer their views as we develop a lems that are going to have the most impact on the govern­ task force report. It isn't that they would necessarily bring ment. That's a gentle way of getting around to saying that the much expertise to the table, but the very experience of com­ people here may be just a little closer to what's happening in ing and expressing their views would introduce them to a Washington and understand better how their recommenda­ wider range of thought than they would otherwise have. tions will influence Washington.

85 WASHINGTON PROGRAM

WLODZIMIERZ CIMOSZEWICZ "Global Finance" Prime Minister, Poland PRESIDER: FRANKLIN D. RAINES "Poland and the Security of Europe"* JOSE ANGEL GURRIA-TREVINO PRESIDER: MAX M. KAMPELMAN Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Mexico KENNETH CLARKE "Mexico: Challenges at Home and Abroad" Chancellor of the Exchequer, United Kingdom PRESIDER: JOHN D. NEGROPONTE "Britain in Europe" J. ROBERT KERREY PRESIDER: NICHOLAS E BRADY Member, U.S. Senate (D-Nebr.) YEGOR TIMUROVICH GAIDAR ARTHUR B. CULVAHOUSE, JR. Former Prime Minister, Russian Federation Managing Partner, Washington Office, O'Melveny "Capitalism and Democracy in Russia" & Myers PRESIDER: S. FREDERICK STARR "Senate Confirmation and American Foreign Policy: Advice and Consent or Harass and Deny?" ALAN GREENSPAN PRESIDER: JESSICA P. EINHORN Chairman, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

* A cosponsored event.

ESTHER BRIMMER they think that the United States shouldn't be engaged in in­ Senior Associate, Carnegie Commission ternational affairs or because they're not interested in the on Preventing Deadly Conflict subject or are only out for a short-term headline. A • A • A • A ON THE WASHINGTON PROGRAM The main difference between the Washington Program and the New York one is probably the interests and the composi­ When I think of the Coun­ tion of the people who go to the meetings. In Washington, cil, the first thing that there will be a political interest; there is always an aspect of comes to mind is the mem­ "how is this playing in the current policy debate today, this bers and that they are such week?" There will be a congressional aspect to it: "how does a wide group of people. I this play within the milieu of Congress?" There'll be some­ can go there and learn from what less of a business aspect. other people. Even if they A • A • A • A are people I might see pro­ People choose the Council's meetings over others for a fessionally, 1 wouldn't have couple of reasons. The fact that it's a membership organiza­ the opportunity to sit down tion means that people have to make some effort to become and talk about an issue that part of it. The other thing is the quality of the people—get­ isn't directly related to our ting the absolute right person on that subject. On any immediate goal. The other given issue, there are probably 10 or 12 people who could thing is the Studies Pro­ give an interesting lecture on it, but you could say, "We gram, which gives me the have the person who is the decision maker on that sub­ opportunity to seek out in-depth, serious, cutting-edge think­ ject." Sometimes, that is a big name person. Sometimes, it's ing on interesting issues. Again, some things are areas I am fa­ not. Sometimes it's the key aide whom you really want to miliar with, and some are areas I think I should know about hear. Or it's the person who's leading the privatization ef­ or be aware of that I wouldn't get a chance to do every day. fort in a country. Figuring out who is the most important person on that subject and having that person speak draws We all try to look for the best ideas, and even though some a lot of attention. fellow members might criticize your idea, it's not because

86 WASHINGTON PROGRAM

JAMES LEACH THOMAS R. PICKERING Member, U.S. House of Representatives (R-Iowa) Former U. S. Ambassador to the Russian Federation RAZALI ISMAIL "A Report on Russia" Permanent Representative of Malaysia to the United Nations; PRESIDER: ROBERT E ELLSWORTH President, 51st General Assembly of the United Nations QIAN QICHEN BRIAN URQUHART Vice Premier and Foreign Minister, Peoples Republic of Former Undersecretary of the United Nations China for Special Political Affairs PRESIDERS: CARLA A. HILLS, PETER G. PETERSON, "The United States and the United Nations: DONALD L. STAHELT Repairing the Relationship" COSPONSORED WITH THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS AND THE UNITED STATES-CHINA BUSINESS COUNCIL ALEKSANDR I. LEBED General, Russian Army; former Secretary, Security Council PAUL K. VAN RIPER of the Russian Federation Lt. General, USMC; Commanding General, Marine Combat "Russia's Future" Development Command PRESIDER: DIMITRI K. SIMES "Operating Amid Chaos: The U.S. Military Prepares for the COSPONSORED WITH THE NIXON CENTER FOR PEACE 21st Century" AND FREEDOM PRESIDER: CHARLES O. ROSSOTTI YURI MIKHAILOVICH LUZHKOV MUHAMMAD YUNUS Mayor and Head of City Council, Moscow Managing Director, Grameen Bank "Making Russia Work" * "Investing in Human Potential: Changing the World PRESIDER: GEORGE CRILE III from the Grass Roots Up" DAN MERIDOR PRESIDER: KERRY KENNEDY CUOMO Minister of Finance, Israel "Political and Economic Trends in Israel" PRESIDER: CARLA A. HILLS

*A cosponsored event. 87 TERM MEMBER ACTIVITIES

One of the Council's principal goals is to identify and engage the future generation of foreign poli­ cy leaders and thinkers. Between 1994 and 1996, Council President Leslie H. Gelh established three advisory committees of term members in New York City, Washington, D.C., and Boston. These committees have served as advisory bodies to the Council leadership and provide term members with the opportunity to help create programs that respond to their interests- and areas of expertise. Term members are now some of the most devoted and active members of the Council.

he program activities for this past year includ­ Term Members Roundtable Series ed several roundtable discussion meetings, in­ STUART E. EIZENSTAT formal reading and discussion groups called T Under Secretary for International Trade, Council Seminars, and receptions for term members U.S. Commerce Department hosted by other Council members. (Meetings were held "Unilateral vs. Multilateral Sanctions: The Helms-Burton Case" in New York City unless otherwise indicated.) In addi­ PRESIDER: CHARLOTTE KEA«WASHINGTON, D.C. tion, the term members produced a Term Member Direc­ tory that provides biographical information. This year's JEFFREY SACHS annual event, "A Day on the Hill: Congress's Role in For­ Director, Harvard Institute for International Development, and eign Policy," examined several key legislators' views on Galen Stone Professor of International Trade, Harvard University American foreign policy and the issues that inform their "The Trials and Tribulations of Global Capitalism" decision making. The speakers included Newt Gingrich, PRESIDER: DAVID ALTSHULER* BOSTON Speaker of the House of Representatives (R-Ga.); Richard FRANK SESNO Lugar, Senator (R-Ind.); Joseph I. Lieberman, Senator CD- CNN Senior Vice President and Washington Bureau Chief, Conn.); Charles B. Rangel, Representative (D-N.Y.); Ben­ and Host of CNN's Sunday Interview Program, jamin Gilman, Representative (R-N.Y.); Nancy Pelosi, Late Edition with Frank Sesno Representative (D-Calif.); Norman J. Ornstein, Resident "Reporting Washington News to a Global Audience" Scholar, American Enterprise Institute; Patrick L. Claw- PRESIDER: SAMUEL H. FEIST«WASHINGTON, D.C. son, Senior Research Professor, National Defense Univer­ LAWRENCE H. SUMMERS sity; Thomas J. Duesterberg, Director, Hudson Institute Deputy Secretary, U.S. Treasury Department Washington Office; Angela Stent, Professor of Govern­ "Lessons Learned from Mexico and the Importance ment, Georgetown University; and Harry Harding, Dean of the International Financial Institutions of the Elliot School of International Affairs, George Wash­ to U.S. International Economic Policy" ington University. PRESIDER: J. BENJAMIN NYE«WASHINGTON, D.C. Elise Lewis Director, Membership and Fellowship Affairs

88 TERM MEMBER ACTIVITIES

Council Seminars GEORGES VERNEZ Director of Research on Immigration Policy, RAND ANDREW APOSTOLOU Corporation Editor of Custom Publishing, Economist Intelligence Unit "Immigration Policy—Its Historical Context and SODYQ SAFAEV the Current Environment" Ambassador of Uzbekistan to the United States PRESIDER: GORDON P. BELL and the United Nations "Uzbekistan—The Model for Continued Growth CRAIG D. HACKETT and Stability Among the Newly Independent States" U.S. Army Military Fellow (Colonel, Promotable), PRESIDER: JULIETTE M. PASSER-MUSLIN Council on Foreign Relations MICHAEL E. O'HANLON WILLIAM P. CROWELL Research Associate, Foreign Policy Studies, Deputy Director, National Security Agency Brookings Institution JOCK GILL MARK REDLINGER Principal, Penfield Gill, Inc. U.S. Defense Department (Lieutenant Colonel, Promotable) ROBERT T. MARSH "The Quadrennial Defense Review—What Role Will Chairman, Presidential Commission on Protecting Critical Our Military Play in Addressing Our Country's National Infrastructure (General, U.S. Air Force, Ret.) Security Objectives?" BRUCE MOULTON PRESIDER: TODD C. HART Vice President, Information Security Services, Fidelity Investments SUSAN B. LEVINE JOSEPHS. NYE,JR. Emerging Markets Partnership Dean, John F Kennedy School of Government "Investing in Emerging Markets: China as a Case Study" JAMES TERRY SCOTT PRESIDER: NANCY GOODMAN'WASHINGTON, D.C. Director, National Security Program, John E Kennedy School of Government (Lieutenant General, U.S. Army, Ret.) Special Receptions and Events "Security Implications of the Information Revolution" TERM MEMBERS SPECIAL BREAKFAST IN HONOR PRESIDERS: GREGORY J. RATTRAY, ALISON SANDER*BOSTON OF THE COUNCILS 75TH ANNIVERSARY PEGGY DULANY WITH WILLIAM DIEBOLD, JR. President and Founder, Synergos Institute "The Council's Evolution: A Personal Perspective" MICHAEL B. HEISLER PRESIDER: FAREED ZAKARIA Director of Programs, Task Force for Child Survival and RECEPTION AT THE GELBS Development, and Director, MECTIZAN Donation Program Leslie H. and Judy Gelb PAUL M. OSTERGARD President, Citicorp Foundation TERM MEMBER DINNER WITH JEFFREY E. GARTEN "Public-Private Partnerships in Developing Nations: Dean, School of Management, Yale University How Corporations Can Promote Community Development" "Emerging Markets: Economic, Strategic, PRESIDERS: JORDANA FRIEDMAN, JORDAN S. KASSALOW and Ethical Dilemmas for U.S. Policymakers" MICHAEL FIX TERM MEMBER RECEPTION WITH LESLIE GELB Director of Immigration Policy Program, Urban Institute AND THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS TERM MEMBER ACTIVITIES

TERM MEMBER ADVISORY COMMITTEES New York Committee Deborah K. Burand Jordana Friedman Elise O'Shaughnessy Co-Chair Joachim Gfoeller, Jr. Holly Peterson Lehmann Li Paul D. Golob Mitchell B. Reiss Co-Chair John R Hall Anthony H. Richter Kenneth D. Balick Jon M. Huntsman, Jr. Elliot J. Schrage Gordon R Bell Hanya Marie Kim Paula Sinclair Martin J. Bollinger Kirk Kraeutler David M. Snyder Krishna Perkin Davison Michael E. Lind Joshua L. Steiner Justin Doebele L. Camille Massey Maureen T. Upton Stephen E. Flynn Brian Pierre Mathis Donna A. Zaccaro Dan T. Motulsky

Washington, D.C., Committee David S. Bernstein Jack C. Chow Mark R Lagon Co-Chair Walter L. Christman Louise Lief Susan K. Ellingwood Susan Lesley Clark J. Benjamin Nye Co-Chair Steven C. Clemons Crystal Nix John B. Bellinger III James M. Goldgeier Scott D. Pearson Andrew Bennett Nancy E Goodman Susan E. Rice Barbara Bicksler Laura Hume Hills Christopher M. Schroeder Eric Biel Charlotte G. Kea Frances J. Seymour Daniel E. Bob Serena Lynn Wilson

New England Committee Kenneth A. Moskow David Altshulei Co-Chair Mark D. W. Edington Alison Sander Gregory J. Rattray Co-Chair Anne Stetson

90 MEMBERSHIP

The Council relies on its members for their active engagement, substantive contributions, and support. It also counts on its members to take the initiative in identifying and proposing qualified prospects. Each candidate is judged on the basis of his or her intellectual attainment; degree of experience, interest, and current involvement in international affairs or in other areas affecting international affairs; promise of future achievement and service in foreign relations; potential contributions to the Council's work with a desire to participate; and community standing. Under the Council's By-Laws, membership is limited to U.S. citizens and permanent residents who have applied to become citizens.

ccomplishment, diversity, and balance are the MEMBERSHIP SELECTION key objectives sought by the Council in the A composition of its membership. To that end, PROCEDURES the Committee on Membership adheres to established guidelines and targets intended to achieve the optimal Membership Selection occupational, geographic, and age distribution; to identi­ New members are named twice a year by the Board of Di­ fy demographic and other segments in which the mem­ rectors, which invites selected men and women to join bership is deficient; and to generate a proportionate based on recommendations by the Committee on Member­ influx of talented younger people. ship. The Committee also meets twice a year and is com­ This year the Board of Directors approved an increase posed of six members of the Board and up to ten other of 1,000 in the total ceiling on stated membership, to be Council members. All serve terms of four years. To be con­ implemented over a five-year period. As of June 30, sidered by the Committee on Membership, candidates must 1997, the Council had 3,371 members, an increase of be nominated for membership by Council members. See the 42 (1 percent) over last year. end of the Annual Report for a roster of members. The Membership and Fellowship Affairs Depart­ At every meeting, the Committee on Membership con­ ment also administers the International Affairs Fellow­ siders significantly more candidates than there are vacan­ ship, International Affairs Fellowship in Japan, cies. Thus, it is inevitable that the names of some candidates Military Fellowship, Edward R. Murrow Fellowship, will appear before the Committee on several occasions. and U.S. State Department Fellowship. Full descrip­ Given the high level of the competition generally, some can­ tions of these fellowships appear at the end of the didates may never be elected even though they may be Studies Program section. thought by some to have the individual qualifications out­ Elise Lewis lined below. Director, Membership and Fellowship Affairs Term Membership In an effort to reach out to the next generation of leaders, the Board has also established a separate Term Membership

91 MEMBERSHIP

but is not technically required. Currently, an average candi­ Profile of the Membership dacy includes four to five letters of support. The nominator or candidate should submit a curriculum vitae, biographical Number Percentage statement, or a reference in Who's Who that must include of of Vlembers Membership the candidates date of birth and, if foreign-born, a statement that he or she has been naturalized or is a permanent resi­ LOCATION dent who has made formal application for citizenship. Addi­ Resident (New York) 1,083 32 tionally, candidates must submit a list of the names of at Washington, D.C. 1,041 31 most ten Council members by whom the candidate is well known. Nonresident (including overseas) 1,247 37 Total 3,371 100 Rules and Regulations to Keep in Mind A candidate's nominator bears the chief responsibility for PROFESSION seeing to it that filing deadlines for a candidacy are met and Business Executives that all required documents are submitted to the Council's (including banking) 870 26 membership affairs office in a timely manner. Candidates Academic Scholars and/or their nominators are responsible for securing the and Administrators 725 21 Council members to write seconding letters within the con­ tent guidelines prescribed below. Council members are ad­ Nonprofit Institution vised to commit themselves to supporting a candidacy only Scholars and when they can fairly meet the requirements of the process Administrators 633 19 and the expectations of the candidates who depend on them U.S. Government Officials 485 14 for assistance. Please also know: Journalists, Correspondents, and • Council membership is restricted to United States citi­ Communication zens (native-born or naturalized). Executives 363 11 • Members of the Council's Board of Directors and Com­ Lawyers 279 8 mittee on Membership are precluded from nominating, seconding, or writing supporting letters on any candi­ Other 16 1 date's behalf. Total 3,371 100 • A member who is a spouse, close relative (such as par­ ent, sibling, cousin, etc.), or relation of a candidate may not formally nominate or second that candidate for membership in the Council. Members should also refrain Committee. This Committee meets annually in the spring to from writing on behalf of clients. evaluate candidates age 34 and younger for consideration as • Members should write only in support of candidates five-year term members of the Council. The selection process whom they know well. for term membership is nearly identical to, although separate from, that for regular members. Initiated more than 25 years Nominating Letters ago, the program has grown to the point where the Board Letters nominating a candidate for consideration by the Com­ has gradually raised the yearly limit on the number of term mittee on Membership should address the following criteria: members who may be elected. At present, the limit is 90 and no more than 60 of these are permitted to be age 31 or over. • Intellectual attainment and expertise; • Degree of experience, interest, and current involvement Becoming a Member in international affairs or in other areas affecting interna­ tional affairs; Every candidate for regular membership must be formally • Promise of future achievement and service in foreign re­ nominated in writing by one member and seconded by a mini­ lations; mum oj two other individuals, at least one of whom is a Council • Potential contributions to the Council's work; member. An additional letter or two, from Council mem­ • Desire and ability to participate in Council activities; bers, reflecting different perspectives would be welcomed • Standing among his or her peers.

92 MEMBERSHIP

Seconding Letters TERM MEMBERSHIP Seconding letters need not be so comprehensive but should For prospective term members, the deadline for receipt of amplify why, in the opinion of the writer, the given candi­ information for the annual Term Membership Committee date should be considered for Council membership. meeting is January 31. Thoughtful, candid, and succinct comments are far more important in seconding and proposing letters than formal Notification of Candidates endorsements of candidates. In seconding letters particular­ Candidates recommended by the Membership Committee ly, writers should express why a given candidate should be and elected by the Board are so notified, as are their nomi­ considered for Council membership for reasons beyond the nators and seconders. Candidates who are unsuccessful at basic criteria above. any meeting are not notified, since they remain eligible for While only two seconding letters are required to assure consideration at subsequent meetings of the Committee and that a candidates name will be forwarded to the Committee may continue to submit new materials and secure additional on Membership, one or two additional letters are frequently letters of support. The process is entirely one of affirmative submitted at the initiative of either the nominator or the selection, i.e., from the large and evolving pool of nominees, candidate. Such letters are particularly helpful to the Com­ the Committee and the Board choose a number of members mittee on Membership when they add information or in­ without prejudice to the candidacies of those remaining in sights about a candidate not already contained in a previous the pool. letter. All membership proposing, seconding, and support­ ing letters should be mailed to the address indicated at the Contact for All Membership Matters end of this section. and Correspondence:

Deadlines Elise Lewis Strict observance of deadlines is essential to staff support of Director of Membership and Fellowship Affairs the Committee on Memberships work, and the Committee Council on Foreign Relations requests candidates' continuing cooperation. The prepara­ 58 East 68th Street tion of individual membership files for submission to the New York, New York 10021 Committee on Membership is a continuing process. Candi­ Telephone: (212) 434-9400 dates whose files are not completed in time for any given Fax: (212) 861-2701 meeting of the Committee have their files carried forward, E-mail: [email protected] without prejudice, to the subsequent meeting but are con­ sidered only when completed.

REGULAR MEMBERSHIP The deadlines for receipt of all materials for the two yearly meetings of the Committee to consider regular members are March 1 and September 30.

93 DEVELOPMENT

To sustain its rich array of programs, the Council depends in part on the generous support of in­ dividuals and institutional donors to supplement income from dues and other sources. Nineteen ninety-six marked the 75th anniversary of the Council's founding. Members celebrated the occa­ sion in September and demonstrated their support for the Council through their response to a special appeal during the anniversary year. The Board and staff gratefully thank those donors and volunteers who added so much to the financial strength of the organization.

n September 30, the Council celebrated its The Future 75 th anniversary with a gala dinner at the On January 21, 1997, the Board approved a plan to OWaldorf=Astoria Hotel that was attended by transform the recently purchased building at 50 East 1,100 members and guests. Special thanks are due to 68th Street into a facility to house our Studies Depart­ Dinner Co-Chairs Rita E. Hauser and Theodore C. ment. The new Studies Center will carry the Council Sorensen; Dinner Director Maurice Sonnenberg; the into the next century. This new complex will provide 75th Anniversary Dinner Committee; and Anne Cox offices for Senior Fellows and Associates and a state-of- Chambers, who provided the dinner invitations. A spe­ the-art auditorium that will accommodate 250 mem­ cial video for the occasion, The Council at 75: A Partner­ bers, thus almost doubling our current capacity. There ship with History, produced by Karen M. Sughrue and will also be a video conferencing system, which will narrated by Diane Sawyer, was made possible by a grant allow us to link our membership and others around the from NYNEX Corporation. The evening was capped by world to Council activities in New York. Thanks to the the announcement of the completion of the $2 million Next Generation Fund, dedicated to finding and nur­ generosity of Chairman Peter G. Peterson, who has turing tomorrows foreign policy leaders, and of two en­ pledged $5 million toward the project, the Council dowed chairs: the Peter G. Peterson Editorship of started construction in June 1997. Foreign Affairs and the Maurice R. Greenberg Director of 75th Anniversary Capital Campaign Studies Chair. The year also saw the culmination of the 75th Anniver­ To commemorate the Council's 75th anniversary, a sary Capital Campaign. With an original goal of $25 copy of Peter Groses history of the Council, Continuing million, this campaign, now at the $36 million mark, the Inquiry, was sent to all members. This book was gen­ has provided nine endowed chairs and a number of fel­ erously underwritten by a gift from Council member lowships. Peter G. Peterson, Maurice R. Greenberg, Leslie William A. Hewitt. H. Gelb, and the Board of Directors convey their heart­ Janice L. Murray felt thanks to all the many donors who contributed to Vice President and Treasurer the campaign.

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In January 1997 two investiture dinners were held Franklin for the International Affairs Fellowship Pro­ for two endowed chairs: to honor Peter G. Peterson and gram to honor the memory of her late husband, George celebrate the appointment of James E Hoge, Jr., to the S. Franklin. Peter G. Peterson Chair, Foreign Affairs; and to honor The Council extends its gratitude to the donors list­ Paul A. Volcker and celebrate the appointment of Albert ed below for their generosity. Fishlow to the Paul A. Volcker Chair in International Anonymous W Alton Jones Foundation Economics. Action International, Inc. Robert K. Lifton Merv & Thea Adelson The John D. and Catherine T The Annual Fund Philanthropic Fund MacArthur Foundation Last fall, Peter G. Peterson and Leslie H. Gelb cosigned AGIP Petroleum Co. Inc. Yosef A. Maiman the first Annual Giving appeal of the year. In the Fouad M. T. Alghamm Fouad Makzhoumi spring, a special appeal went to Washington-area mem­ Kutayba Alghanim George C. Marshall Foundation bers from Board members Thomas R. Donahue and Hamza Al-Kholi Mayer, Brown & Piatt Robert B. Zoellick. Brian P Mathis and Paula Sinclair Mohammed Al-Sager The McKnight Foundation also sent a special appeal to term members. A final ap­ Amoco Corporation Monterey Fund, Inc. peal to donors was undertaken by Board members Paul Amoco Egypt Oil Company NYNEX Corporation A. Allaire, Joshua Lederberg, George J. Mitchell, and Bertelsmann Stiftung Cecil J. Olmstead Garrick Utley. BP America Inc. Margaret Osmer-McQuade These efforts resulted in a record-breaking year, with Carnegie Corporation Pennzoil Exploration overall contributions of $1,462,900 from 1,424 donors of New York and Production Company (44 percent of the membership) and 41 corporate and Ronnie C. Chan Louis Perlmutter foundation matching grant programs. Term member Chevron Overseas Petroleum The Pew Charitable Trusts Council on Foundations Ploughshares Fund giving doubled over last year, and gifts from Washing­ Arte and Ida Crown Memorial Clyde E. Rankin III ton-area members increased by forty percent. Donors Diana Lady Dougan Stephen Robert are listed on pages 95-101. Ahmed Ezz Rockefeller Brothers Fund Harold Pratt Associates (Annual Giving donors of The Ford Foundation The Rockefeller Foundation $10,000 and above) stand at 35. The Board extends Helena Franklin Robert Rosen special thanks to those generous donors, who are listed Stephen & Barbara Friedman Arthur Ross Foundation on page 96 and whose names also appear on a special Foundation John C. Sites, Jr. plaque at the Council to recognize the importance of Victor K. K. Fung Alfred E Sloan Foundation their support. Goldman, Sachs & Co. Theodore C. Sorensen Audrey & Arthur N. Greenberg Bequest qj Ralph I. Straus Term Grants, Bequests, and Other Nonrecurring Gifts Philanthropic Fund Stroock & Stroock & Lavan Term grants and other special contributions continue to J. Tomilson Hill James R. Tanenbaum support much of the Councils vital endeavors, includ­ Hitachi, Ltd. The Tinker Foundation ing Studies activities, publications, fellowships, and Home Box Office Incorporated special projects. Large, multiyear grants underwrite sev­ Ernest M. Howell C. C. Tung Jonathan and Frances Ilany Enzo Viscusi eral major Council-wide programs, and gifts from foun­ Charitable Foundation The Winston Foundation dations, corporations, and individual donors provide Japan Atomic Industrial Forum for World Peace support for specific programs and activities. Robert Wood Johnson 1962 The Council received a bequest from longtime mem­ Charitable Trust ber Ralph I. Straus and a generous pledge from Helena

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ANNUAL GIVING DONORS

Harold Pratt Christopher W Brody Thomas D. Barr Richard A. Freytag Thomas G. Labrecque Associates John E. Bryson Alan R. Batkm Michel Fribourg David A. Laventhol ($10,000+) Louise H. Bryson Roger R. Baumann David Fromkin W Walker Lewis James E. Burke Hans W Becherer Richard M. Furlaud John H. Lichtblau Anonymous Patricia M. Cloherty William S. Beinecke Paul R.S. Gebhard Nancy A. Lieberman Odeh Aburdene John F Cooke Robert A. Belfer Bruce S. Gelb Troland S. Link Dwayne O. Andreas Kenneth W Dam Kenneth J. Bialkin Leslie H. Gelb Kenneth Lipper Roone Arledge Peggy Dulany James H. Binger Michael Gfoeller, John P Lipsky John P Birkelund Robert E Erburu Edward Bleier James H. Giffen John L. Loeb Patrick M. Byrne Bart Friedman Donald Blinken Frederick W Gluck Bette Bao Lord Douglas Dillon Joachim Gfoeller, Jr. W Michael Blumenthal Frank A. Godchaux III Winston Lord Jeffrey E. Epstein Teresa Heinz John A. Bohn William T Golden William Lucy Stephen Friedman William A. Hewitt John E Bookout Charles N. Goldman James T. Lynn Richard L. Gelb J. Tomilson Hill Denis A. Bovin Jeffrey A. Goldstein Margaret E. Mahoney Patrick A. Gerschel Karen Elliott House Kenneth D. Brody Roy M. Goodman Richard Mallery Louis V Gerstner, Jr. Yves-Andre Istel Tom Brokaw Victor Gotbaum Philippa Malmgren Maurice R. Greenberg Morton L. Janklow Harold Brown Peter M. Gottsegen David I. Margolis The Marc Haas Harry Kahn Richard R. Burt Katharine Graham Rebecca P Mark Foundation Gilbert E. Kaplan Philip Caldwell Bill Green Jay Mazur James W Harpel Stephen M. Kellen Robert Carswell Patrick W Gross W G. McAfee John B. Hurford Raymond D. Nasher Henry E. Catto, Jr. John H. Gutfreund WilliamJ. McDonough Robert Wood Johnson Jr. Michael S. Ovitz Anne Cox Chambers John H.J. Guth Donald E McHenry Louis Perlmutter Victor Tzu-Ping Chao Peter E. Haas Zoltan Merszei Charitable Trust Lionel I. Pincus Kenneth I. Chenault Joseph A. Hafner, Jr. Ricardo A. Mestres, Jr. Helene L. Kaplan Albert Ravenholt Warren Christopher C. Barrows Hall Ruben E Mettler Henry Kaufman Frederick P Rose Stephen E Cohen Edward K. Hamilton Edward C. Meyer Henry R. Kravis Paul Soros William S. Cohen Sidney Harman George J. Mitchell Leonard A. Lauder Lee B. Thomas, Jr. George Crile III Irving B. Harris Sherwood G. Moe Gerald M. Levin Enzo Viscusi Theodore Cross Rita E. Hauser David Mortimer Michael S. Levin Paul A. Volcker WilliamJ. Crowe Alexandre Hayek Robert A. Mosbacher Vincent A. Mai Robert G. Wilmers Jack David E Warren Hellman Kenneth A. Moskow Donald B. Marron Robert A. Day- John B. Hess Alexander Navab Open Society Institute Barbara Knowles Debs Carla A. Hills Nancy Newcomb Peter G. Peterson Sponsors Richard A. Debs Frank W Hoch Nancy S. Nichols Lester Pollack George de Menil Richard C. Holbrooke Rodney W Nichols Stephen Robert ($l,000-$4,999) Lois Pattison de Menil Robert D. Hormats A. Kenneth Nilsson David Rockefeller Anonymous (2) Thomas R. Donahue James R. Houghton Morris W Offit Arthur Ross A. Robert Abboud William H. Donaldson Roy M. Huffington Merle A. Okawara James B. Sitrick Robert E Agostinelli William H. Draper III Robert J. Hurst Richard de J. Osborne The Starr Foundation M. Bernard Aidinoff Robin Chandler Duke John E.Jacob James W Owens Robert C. Waggoner Paul A. Allaire Charles W Duncan, Jr. Merit E. Janow Hugh B. Patterson, Jr. Joe L. Allbritton Keith P Ellison Robert D.Joffe Charles H. Percy Patrons Graham T Allison, Jr. Robert E Ellsworth Thomas V Jones Joseph R. Perella ($5,000-$9,999) Roger C. Altman Antonio Luis Ferre Howard Kaminsky Rudolph A. Peterson David Altshuler Eugene V Fife Hanya M. Kim John J. Phelan, Jr. Anonymous (2) Terry Andreas Peter Flaherty JeaneJ. Kirkpatnck Harvey Picker Robert J. Abernethy C. Michael Armstrong Lynn Forester Henry A. Kissinger Charles M. Pigott Arthur G. Altschul Henry H. Arnhold Harry L. Freeman Mahesh K. Kotecha Calvin H. Plimpton Mario L. Baeza Norman R. Augustine

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Colin L. Powell Donald M. Stewart Thomas C. Barry Peter M. Flanigan Kirk Kraeutler Allen E. Puckett Gordon C. Stewart Atherton Bean Alan H. Fleischmann Roger M. Kubarych Leonard V Quigley Robert S. Strauss Richard I. Beattie Shepard Forman Geraldine S. Kunstadter Maxwell M. Rabb David H. Swanson Louis Begley Arminio Fraga Kermit I. Lansner Alan H. Rappaport Stephen C. Swid C. Fred Bergsten Eugene M. Freedman Paul A. Laudicina Dan Rather Paul Tagliabue Peter Justus Beshar Peter H. B. Joshua Lederberg Steven L. Rattner Frank J. Tasco Simon Michael Bessie Frelinghuysen Roger S. Leeds Richard Ravitch Maurice Tempelsman Andy S. Bodea Alton Frye Orin Lehman John B. Rhinelander Anthony P Terracciano Robert D. Bond Sergio J. Galvis Richard C. Leone Joseph A. Rice Louisa Thoron J. Dennis Bonney Philomene A. Gates Timothy Light Robert S. Rifkind MaynardJ. Toll, Jr. John C. Botts Peter A. Georgescu John D. Macomber Michael L. Riordan Audrey Ronning Edward R. Bradley David Ginsburg Lewis Manilow Charles S. Robb Topping Henry R. Breck Alan L. Gomick Kati Marton John J. Roberts Seymour Topping Richard P Brown, Jr. Henry E Graff Alonzo L. McDonald James D. Robinson III Thomas N. Urban Deborah K. Burand Stephen A. Grant Sharon I. Meers Nicholas Rockefeller Garrick Utley Donald S. Bussey Hanna Holbom Gray Jose E Mendez William P Rogers Cyrus R. Vance Juan C. Cappello Carl J. Green John E. Merow Felix G. Rohatyn Katrina vanden Heuvel Sarah C. Carey Donald E Gregg Judith Miller Theodore Roosevelt IV William J. vanden Frank C. Carlucci III Linda Griego John A. Millington Daniel Rose Elliot R. Cattarulla John J. Moore, Jr. Heuvel Henry A. Grunwald Elihu Rose Jonathan A. Chanis Richard M. Moose Peter H. Vermilye Ellen Hancock A. M. Rosenthal Robert J. Chaves Edward L. Morse Richard A. Voell Scott M. Hand Robert E. Rubin Kimball C. Chen George B. Munroe Stephen R. Volk Herbert J. Hansell Warren B. Rudman J. G. Clarke Winthrop R. Munyan Marshall I. Wais, Jr. Robert S. Hatfield Oscar M. Ruebhausen Donald K.Clifford, Jr. William E Murdy John H. Watts Benjamin W Heineman, Arthur E Ryan Michael Clough Richard W Murphy Frank A. Weil Jr. Richard E. Salomon Charles E. Cobb, Jr. Allen E. Murray John L. Weinberg John M. Hennessy William R. Salomon Jonathan E. Colby Toby S. Myerson Clifton R. Wharton, Jr. Christine M. Y. Ho Frank Savage Lewis W Coleman Raffiq A. Nathoo John C. Whitehead James E Hoge, Jr. Arthur Schneier William T. Coleman, Jr. Priscilla A. Newman Frederick B. Whittemore Warren Hoge Michael P Schulhof Philip E. Comstock, Jr. Edward N. Ney Herbert S. Winokur, Jr. Karen N. Horn Stephen A. Schwarzman Barbara Crossette Paul H. Nitze Milton A. Wolf John W Huizenga Ivan Selin Lee Cullum L. Jay Oliva James D. Wolfensohn Charlayne Hunter-Gault Herbert M. Shayne W Bowman Cutter Douglas H. Paal George H. Young III Jon M. Huntsman, Jr. Stanley K. Sheinbaum Ana R. Daniel Hannah C. Pakula Nancy Young Philip M. Huyck Michael Sherman Peggy DaSilva Alan J. Patricof Ezra K. Zilkha Fred C. Ikle Walter V Shipley Russell J. DaSilva Joseph Peyronnin Robert B. Zoellick Maxine Isaacs George P Shultz Eli Whitney Debevoise II Nicholas Plait Mortimer B. Zuckerman Jerome Jacobson Richard E. Snyder David N. Dinkins Philip H. Power James A. Johnson Dorothy Meadow Sobol Joseph Duffey Robert Price Thomas S. Johnson Peter J. Solomon Donors William D. Eberle Susan Kaufman Purcell W Thomas Johnson H. Marshall Sonenshine (S500-S999) Albert I. Edelman Nathan M. Pusey Alan Jones Maurice Sonnenberg Jessica P Einhorn Clyde E. Rankin III Vernon E.Jordan,Jr. Theodore C. Sorensen Fouad Ajami Inger McCabe Elliott W M. Reisman Virginia A. Kamsky Jerry I. Speyer Harold W Andersen Osborn Elliott Milbrey Rennie Mark N. Kaplan Carl Spielvogel Paul E Anderson Alexander T. Ercklentz Stanley R. Resor David T. Kearns Donald L. Staheli M. Michael Ansour Charles Henry Ferguson John B. Rhodes, Sr. Donald M. Kendall Frank Stanton John E. Avery Geraldine A. Ferraro Abraham A. Ribicoff Andrew B. Kim Joshua L. Steiner H. Furlong Baldwin Hart Fessenden Donald S. Rice Antonie T. Knoppers Walter E Stern Carter E Bales Albert Fishlow Donald H. Rivkin William G. Bardel Lillian E. Kraemer

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Joseph E. Robert, Jr. Contributors David O. Beim L. Carl Brown Ann Crittenden Barbara E Robinson (Up to $499) Ruth Margolies Beitler Robert S. Browne Adelaide Cromwell David Rockefeller, Jr. Burwell B. Bell Judith Bruce Lester Crystal John D. Rockefeller IV Charles S. Abbot Holley Mack Bell Greyson L. Bryan R. T. Curran Rodman C. Rockefeller Labeeb M. Abboud Steve Bell Thomas Buergenthal Lloyd N. Cutler Riordan Roett Elie Abel Judith Hippler Bello Mary Brown Bullock Michael K. Dahlman John H. Roney Morton 1. Abramowitz Stephanie Bell-Rose John A. Burgess William B. Dale Charles O. Rossotti James E. Akins Terence H. Benbow Patrick Owen Burns George A. Dalley Elisabeth Russin Alice Patterson Albright Douglas K. Bereuter R. Christopher Busbee Dorinda G. Dallmeyer Robert A. Scalapino Michael H. Alderman Marilyn Berger Rolland Bushner James E. Dalton Henry B. Schacht Robert J. Alexander Bruce D. Berkowitz Elizabeth Cabot William H. Danforth Oscar Schachter Lew Allen, Jr. David S. Bernstein Louis W Cabot D. Ronald Daniel Herbert S. Schlosser Richard C. Allison Feter W Bernstein Dawn T Calabia Mark D. Danner Benno Schmidt, Jr. Michael Almond Robert L. Bernstein Thomas M. Callaghy Nathaniel Davis Frederick C. Seibold, Jr. Jose E. Alvarez Susan Vail Berresford RobertJ. Callander Daniel P Davison Ronald K. Shelp Oakes Ames Jan Berris John C. Campbell W Phillips Davison C.J. Silas Craig B. Anderson Robert M. Bestani William D. Carey Marion M. Dawson Can- Ron Silver David Anderson Richard K. Belts Steven E. Carlson Arthur R. Day Richard N. Sinkin Robert Anthoine Austin M. Beutner William D. Carmichael Edwin A. Deagle, Jr. Paul S. Slawson David E Apgar John C. Beyer Hodding Carter III Arnaud de Borchgrave Abraham David Sofaer Kwame Anthony Appiah Betsy Biemann Mark A. Carter E Amanda DeBusk Richard W Sonnenfeldt Tomas A. Arciniega Henry S. Bienen Ray Cave RoxanneJ. Decyk Gillian Martin Sorensen Cresencio S. Arcos Ralston H. Deffenbaugh, John C. Bierley Margaret Holt Chapman Michael I. Sovern Michael H. Armacost Richard B. Bilder Robert Chartener Jr. Helena Stalson Anne Armstrong Nicholas B. Binkley AbramJ. Chayes Peter E. dejanosi Elliot Stein, Jr. Jonathan D. Aronson Eugene A. Birnbaum Stephen A. Cheney Brewster C. Denny Ernest Stern Robert E. Asher Joseph E. Black Leo Cherne David B. H. Denoon James W Stevens Alfred L. Atherton, Jr. Shirley Temple Black Paula H.J. Samuel DePalma Donald B. Straus Jesse H. Ausubel Robert O. Blake Cholmondeley I. M. Destler Eric E Swenson M. Delal Baer Stephen Blank Howard L. Clark Robert P DeVecchi Harold Tanner Charles W Bailey Robert J. Blendon Harlan Cleveland Rimmer de Vries G. Richard Thoman Leslie E. Bains Julia Chang Bloch Peter M. Cleveland Joan Didion Edward Hallam Tuck Charles E Baird John A. Blum P Whit Cobb, Jr. William Diebold, Jr. John W Vessey Zoe E. Baird Alexander B. Blumrosen Barbara S. Cochran Paula J. Dobriansky Alberto Vitale James E. Baker Daniel E. Bob C. Shelby Coffey III Justin Doebele Jay M. Vogelson John R. Baker William C. Bodie Joseph I. Coffey William C. Doherty Jr. Barbara Walters Robert E. Baldwin Frederick M. Bohen Betsy H. Cohen H. C. Donnelly Jasper A. Welch, Jr. Sherman Baldwin Landrum R. Boiling Herman J. Cohen Robert R. Douglass Anne Wexler Gerald L. Baliles Robert R. Bowie Johnnetta Cole James S. Doyle Marina v.N. Whitman Laurence M. Band Linda Parrish Brady Isobel Coleman William Drayton, Jr. Elie Wiesel Teresa C. Barger Nicholas E Brady Julius E. Coles Ann Druyan Robert E. Wilhelm John E Barker Marcus W Brauchli Leila Conners Kenneth M. Duberstein Sharon Wilkinson William J. Barnds Eric M. Breindel John T. Connor, Jr. Seth H. Dubin Don M. Wilson III Harry G. Barnes, Jr. Gretchen W Brevnov Jill M. Considine James H. Duffy Alan Wm. Wolff Robert W Barnett Andrew E Brimmer Frances D. Cook Kempton Dunn James T Yang Joseph W Bartlett Raymond L. Brittenham Gary M. Cook Lewis A. Dunn Daniel Yankelovich Thomas A. Bartlett Frederick C. Broda Goodwin Cooke Donald B. Easum Daniel H. Yergin Robert L. Bartley Harvey Brooks Suzanne Cott Ralph E. Eberhart Richard A. Yudkin Whitman Bassow Charles N. Brower William H. Courtney Mary Eberstadt Carol Edler Baumann Carroll Brown Sally Grooms Cowal Nicholas N. Eberstadt in memory of David Z. Beckler Frederic J. Brown Margaret E. Crahan Bailey M. Eck George Franklin

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Robert H. Edwards, Jr. William E Fuller Alexander M. Haig, Jr Alan W Horton Farhad Kazemi Robert H. Edwards Ellen V Futter Najeeb E. Halaby Bradley C. Hosmer Thomas H. Kean Hermann Frederick Eilts Evan G. Galbraith John P Hall Richard C. Hottelet Barbara Kellerman Robert J. Einhorn Robert L. Gallucci Paul Hallingby Jr. Amory Houghton, Jr. E X. Kelley Susan K. Ellingwood Pamela Gann Thomas A. Halsted Gary C. Hufbauer Feter B. Kenen James R. Ellis Charles S. Ganoe Ann O. Hamilton Warren S. Hunsberger Christopher J. Kennan Patricia Ellis Richard N. Gardner Charles V Hamilton Robert E. Hunter E Donald Kenney Ainslie T. Embree Jeffrey E. Garten Michael P Hamilton Shireen T. Hunter Nannerl O. Keohane Alice E Emerson Toby Trister Gati Thor Hanson J. C. Hurewitz Robert O. Keohane Jason Epstein Claire Lynn Gaudiani Conrad K. Harper Sol Hurwitz Ann Z. Kerr Guy E Erb Catherine Gay Parker T. Hart Charles Hutzler Martha Neff Kessler Richard D. Erb Philip O. Geier Todd C. Hart David Ignatius John Kiermaier Claude E. Erbsen Louis Gerber Arthur A. Hartman Karl E Inderfurth Robert M. Kimmitt Robert H. Estabrook Ralph J. Gerson John H.E Haskell, Jr. B. R. Inman Kay King Daniel C. Esty Michael Getler John R. Hauge Leon E. Irish William R. Kintner Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Tatiana C. Gfoeller William L. Hauser John N. Irwin II Melanie Kirkpatrick Richard M. Fairbanks III Loren Ghiglione Fred Haynes Walter Isaacson Karin L. Kizer Mathea Falco Jackson B. Gilbert Thomas B. Hayward Steven L. lsenberg Robert Huntington Katherine W Fanning Richard Gilmore Alexander Heard Sarah Jackson Knight Jonathan E Fanton Marc C. Ginsberg Charles B. Heck Jane S. Jaquette William A. Knowlton Mark Feierstein Ruth Bader Ginsburg Barbara D. Heep-Richter Nancy A. Jarvis Wendy M. Koch Samuel H. Feist Robert R. Glauber J. Bryan Hehir Alpheus W Jessup George Kolt Martin S. Feldstein William H. Gleysteen, Jr. Elaine E Heifetz Nancie S. Johnson Steven R. Koltai Jeffrey Feltman Norma Globerman Stephen B. Heintz Robert H. Johnson Louis Kraar Frank E. Ferrari Carol Gluck Robert C. Helander David C.Jones Steven Fhilip Kramer Russell H. Fifield Robert E Goheen Frederick Heldring Sidney R. Jones Anne O. Krueger Seymour Maxwell Finger Ronnie Lee Goldberg Richard M. Heller William J. Jorden David Kruidenier Lawrence S. Finkelstein Harrison J. Goldin Daniel E Henninger Geri M.Joseph Andrew C. Kuchms Martha Finnemore Marshall I. Goldman Alan K. Henrikson John R Jumper Robert H. Kupperman Paul B. Finney Merle Goldman Roy A. Herberger, Jr. Kenneth I. Juster Joyce A. Ladner Edwin B. Firmage Natalie J. Goldring Arthur Hertzberg Robert Kadlec W Anthony Lake Stanley Fischer David L. Goldwyn Charles M. Herzfeld Philip M. Kaiser Denis Lamb Rachel Fleishman Paul Golob Robert E. Herzstein Bernard Kalb Lansing Lamont Stephen E. Flynn Sylvia Ann Hewlett Jan Kalicki George J.W Goodman Virginia A. Lampley S.R.Foley, Jr. Robert E Higgins Peter H. Kaminer Andrew J. Goodpaster David M. Lampton Edward T. Foote II Keith Highet Max M. Kampelman Lincoln Gordon George D. Langdon, Jr. Gerald R. Ford Roger Hilsman Roger E. Kanet Joseph T. Gorman Joseph LaPalombara Gail Fosler Ruth J. Hinerfeld Arnold Kanter Rose E. Gottemoeller Nicholas R. Lardy Brenda Lei Foster Jim Hoagland Stephen S. Kaplan Kurt Gottfried E Stephen Larrabee Donald T. Fox Tammany D. Hobbs Susan L. Karamanian Peter G. Gould Jonathan Lash Charles R. Frank, Jr. Amoretta M. Hoeber Terry Lynn Karl Robert D. Graff Philip C. Lauinger, Jr. Isaiah Frank Malcolm Hoenlein Stanley Karnow Thomas Graham, Jr. Ned C. Lautenbach Barbara Hackman Nancy L. Hoepli Margaret E Karns Evan G. Greenberg Richard D. Lawrence George R. Hoguet Robert Kasdin Christopher Layne Franklin Joseph N. Greene, Jr. Mary Elizabeth Hoinkes Jordan S. Kassalow Steven Lazarus J. Wayne Fredericks H. D. S. Greenway M. Staser Holcomb Allen H. Kassof Ivojohn Lederer Cyrus E Freidheim, Jr. Vartan Gregorian Jane E. Holl Daniel R. Katz Ernest S. Lee Edward R. Fried Brandon H. Grove, Jr. Dwight E Holloway Jr. Stanley N. Katz Robert H. Legvold Jordana D. Friedman Bernard M. Gwertzman H. Allen Holmes Daniel J. Kaufman John Foster Leich Ellen L. Frost Robert D. Haas Gary N. Horlick Carl Kaysen Marc E. Leland Kathryn S. Fuller Richard N. Haass

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Mel Levine Barry R. McCaffrey Joel W Motley Ernest T. Patrikis Condoleezza Rice Susan B. Levine John J. McCloyll Dan T. Motulsky Roland A. Paul Paul G. Richards Marc Levinson Elizabeth J. McCormack John Edwin Mroz Richard E Pedersen Stephen H. Richards Bernard Lewis Paul W McCracken David C. Mulford James K. Penfield Elliot L. Richardson Stephen R. Lewis Patricia Ann McFate Janice L. Murray Don Peretz Henry J. Richardson III Kenneth Lieberthal David E. McGiffert Martha T. Muse Edward J. Perkins William B. Richardson Robert V Lindsay John E McGillicuddy M. Ishaq Nadiri James A. Perkins William R. Richardson Robert S. Litwak Raymond J. McGuire Ted M. Natt Roswell B. Perkins Joan E Richman George C. Lodge David T. McLaughlin John D. Negroponte Robert C. Perry Rozanne L. Ridgway Bevis Longstreth Doyle McManus Merlin E. Nelson Arthur King Peters Hans A. Ries Vincent Lo Re, Jr. Jason D. McManus Richard A. Nenneman Aulana L. Peters Elizabeth R. Rindskopf Abraham E Lowenthal Lawrence C. McQuade Richard E. Neustadt Michael R Peters Walter R. Roberts C. Payne Lucas Robert S. McWade Andre WG. Newburg Richard W Petree David Z. Robinson Charles E Luce Jon Meacham Richard T. Newman Jane Cahill Pfeiffer Davis R. Robinson Edward C. Luck Robert E Meagher David D. Newsom Kien D. Pham Pearl T. Robinson William H. Luers Irene W. Meister Quigg Newton Christopher H. Phillips Hays H. Rockwell Richard W Lyman Eric D. K. Melby Carole Nichols Russell A. Phillips, Jr. William D. Rogers James E. Lyons Judy Hendren Mello Rosemary Neaher Alberto M. Piedra, Jr. ErvinJ. Rokke Richard K. Lyons George R. Melloan Niehuss Lawrence W Pierce Alan D. Romberg Christopher Yi-Wen Ma Saul H. Mendlovitz Waldemar A. Nielsen Andrew J. Pierre Arthur H. Rosen Charles E MacCormack Theodor Meron Matthew Nimetz Donald L. Pilling Peter R. Rosenblatt Gary E. MacDougal William Curtis Messner, William A. Nitze Walter H. Pincus Patricia L. Rosenfield Bruce K. MacLaury Rutherford M. Poats Ronald W Roskens Jr. Janne E. Nolan William B. Macomber Richard W Pogue Roger Ross George R. Metcalf Marcus Noland Robert M. Macy Jr. Gerald A. Pollack Thomas B. Ross Cord Meyer Richard H. Nolte John D. Maguire Daniel B. Poneman Elspeth Davies Rostow Harold J. Meyerman Jeffrey D. Nuechterlein Thomas G. Mahnken Arturo C. Porzecanski Stanley Owen Roth Martin Meyerson J. Benjamin Nye Catherine E Mahoney Wesley W Posvar William M. Roth Elizabeth Midgley Robert B. Oakley Thomas H. Mahoney IV Averill L. Powers Edward L. Rowny David Charles Miller, Jr. Don Oberdorfer Charles S. Maier Thomas Moore Powers Nancy H. Rubin Debra L. Miller Carol O'Cleireacain Christopher J. Makins Henry Precht John T. Ryan III Matthew L. Miller Walter E O'Connor Clement B. Malin John R. Price, Jr. Jeswald W Salacuse Michelle B. Miller- Philip A. Odeen Marie Antoinette Manca Jeffrey E Pryce Steven B. Sample Adams Alfred Ogden Michael Mandelbaum William T. Pryce Michael A. Samuels Allan R. Millett Kongdan Oh J. Eugene Marans Robert H. Puckett Miguel A. Sanchez Bradford Mills Joseph A. OHare Murrey Marder Lucian W Pye Kumi Sato Susan Mills April Oliver David E. Mark Cassandra A. Pyle Ralph S. Saul Lourdes R. Miranda John R. Opel Hans M. Mark Kevin E E Quigley Harold H. Saunders Walter E Mondale Michael E Oppenheimer Leonard H. Marks John Raisian Kori N. Schake William S. Moody Norman J. Ornstein Andrew W. Marshall Robin L. Raphel Frank W Schiff John Norton Moore Elise O'Shaughnessy Anthony D. Marshall J. Thomas Ratchford Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. Julia A. Moore E Taylor Ostrander Katherine Marshall Jack Raymond Kurt L. Schmoke Paul Moore, Jr. Henry Owen Leo S. Martinuzzi, Jr. Lee R. Raymond Christopher M. Theodore H. Moran William A. Owens Brian R Mathis Robert B. Oxnam Charles B. Reed Milton D. Morris Schroeder William B. Matteson George C. Paine II William S. Reese Lloyd N. Morrisett G. Edward Schuh Gale A. Mattox Abraham Pais William M. Reichert Kenneth R Morse Jill Schuker Ernest R. May Mark Palmer Mitchell B. Reiss Alfred H. Moses Susan C. Schwab Claudette Mayer Alexandra Parent Charles B. Renfrew Michael Mosettig William W Schwarzer Gerald M. Mayer, Jr. Maynard Parker Renate Rennie Michael H. Moskow Stephen M. Schwebel Jeffrey L. McCaddon Hugh T. Patrick William R. Rhodes Ambler H. Moss, Jr. Brent Scowcroft

100 DEVELOPMENT

Norman E Seagrave Anne G. K. Solomon Theodore Tannenwald, Jr. Raymond Vernon Earle C. Williams Robert C. Seamans, Jr. Anthony M. Solomon Peter Tarnoff Toni Grant Verstandig Eddie Nathan Williams Sheldon J. Segal Joshua N. Solomon William Taubman Elizabeth G. Verville H. Roy Williams Frederick Seitz Tara Sonenshine Nancy H. Teeters Richard Noyes Viets Harold M. Williams Eugene A. Sekulow Christian R. Sonne Leonard B. Tennyson Adis Maria Vila Edwin D. Williamson Frank Sesno Debora L. Spar Barbara S. Thomas George J. Vojta Mason Willrich Donna E. Shalala James Gustave Speth Chang-Lin Tien Rod von Lipsey Donald M. Wilson Eleanor Bernert Sheldon Ronald I. Spiers Paul E. Tierney, Jr. Carmen Delgado Votaw Jacques D. Sally Swing Shelley John M. Spratt, Jr. Sarah L. Timpson Carl E. Vuono Wimptheimer Joanna Reed Shelton Howard M. Squadron Terence A. Todman Charls E. Walker Thomas Winship George L. Sherry John Stacks Alexander C. Tomlinson John L. Walker Philip S. Winterer Jerome J. Shestack Stephen Stamas Stephen Joel Anthony J. Walton Anne A. Witkowsky Josette Shiner Eugene S. Staples Trachtenberg Katherine T. Ward Michael Witunski Donald W Shriver, Jr. Paul E. Steiger Russell E. Train Paul C. Wamke Richard H. Wohl Gary G. Sick Mark B. Stein Eugene E Trani Gerald L. Warren Charles Wolf, Jr. Daniel B. Silver Daniel Steiner Thomas J. Trebat Abbott M. Washburn Neal S. Wolin Robert B. Silvers John D. Stempel Philip H. Trezise Dennis Weatherstone Ward W Woods Adele Smith Simmons Angela E. Stent Peter D. Trooboff Ruth Wedgwood Harry Woolf William E. Simon Alfred C. Stepan Alexander B. Trowbridge Leroy S. Wehrle R. James Woolsey Joseph J. Sisco Paula Stern Edwin M. Truman George B. Weiksner, Jr. W Howard Wriggins Elliott E Skinner Anne Stetson H. Anton Tucher Sidney Weintraub Mona Yacoubian Eugene B. Skolnikoff Ruth Ann Stewart John Turkevich Cora Weiss Linda T. Yang Joseph E. Slater Jeremy J. Stone J. Michael Turner Edith Brown Weiss Adam Yarmolinsky Anne-Marie Slaughter Roger D. Stone Richard H. Ullman Thomas G. Weiss John N. Yochelson Ann Brownell Sloane Simon D. Strauss SanfordJ. Ungar Herman B. Wells David B. Yoffie Leon Sloss Rose Styron Maureen T. Upton Allan Wendt Alice Young Lawrence M. Small William H. Sullivan Robert M. Unu Richard J. Whalen Edgar B. Young S. Bruce Smart, Jr. Leo A. Suslow Sara Vagliano C. S. Whitaker M. Crawford Young Gaddis Smith James S. Sutterlin Arturo Valenzuela Jennifer Seymour Frederick T. C. Yu Hedrick L. Smith Francis X. Sutton Brian VanDeMark Donald S. Zagoria Whitaker David M. Snyder John Temple Swing Ted Van Dyk Dov S. Zakheim Charles S. Whitehouse Stephen J. Solarz William H. Taft IV James A. Van Fleet Marvin Zonis Christine T. Whitman Feter OA. Solbert Phillips Talbot Marta B. Varela Barry Zorthian William E. Whyman Andrew W. Solomon George K. Tanham Nicholas A. Veliotes Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr. Richard A. Wiley

101 1) Peggy Dulaney and David Rockefeller at the December 9, 1996, Meeting, "Economic and Political Issues of Mutual Concern to Mexico and the United States."

2) Alton Frye and George Soros at the October 8, 1996, Meeting of the Board of Directors.

3) Kenneth W. Dam, William f. McDonough, and Lee Cullum at the June 5, 1997, Meeting of the Board of Directors. 1997 BOARD ELECTION

ollowing careful deliberations by the By-Law Hunter-Gault, and Frank Savage. A total of six vacancies Review Committee (consisting of Kenneth W were to be filled in the Class of 2002. FDam, Chair, Keith Highet, and James B. On January 31, 1997, the Nominating Committee Sitrick) and by the Board of Directors, Council members solicited Council members for possible candidates. The were notified in December 1996 of several proposals to Nominating Committee met on March 19 to consider strengthen Board election structures and procedures: (a) names suggested for the three elective vacancies and, to permit an incumbent Director to run for election to a following its mandate to consider "the need for diversi­ second term; (b) to permit a person appointed to fill a ty with regard to age, sex, race, geographical representa­ vacancy on the Board to complete the term; and (c) if the tion and professional background," developed the directorship vacated had been held by a Director elected following slate of nominees: John E Cooke, Kenneth W to it by the membership at large, to permit the appointee Dam, Jeffrey E. Garten, Rita E. Hauser, Charlayne Hunter- to that directorship to stand in the next election as the Gault, and Laura D'Andrea Tyson. On March 27, Council sole candidate to complete the balance of the unexpired members were notified of the slate, which also contained term. At its January 1997 meeting, the Board enacted By- the names of Vincent A. Mai and Warren B. Rudman, Law changes to implement these proposals, which went standing for election to complete the unexpired terms into force with the 1997 election of Directors. to which they were earlier appointed. The Board is composed of 30 Directors (plus the Pres­ At the Annual Meeting for the Election of Directors ident, ex officio), divided into five classes of six Directors on May 22, 1,334 members participated in person or each and serving staggered five-year terms. In each class, by proxy representing more than the quorum required three Directors are elected by the membership and three by By-Law V No members name was written on ten or are appointed by the Board. Directors with terms expir­ more ballots cast at the meeting and, therefore, no ing on August 31, 1997, were Paul A. Allaire, John E. member was nominated for the 1998 election by the Bryson, Kenneth W. Dam, Rita E. Hauser, Charlayne write-in procedure outlined in the By-Laws. The fol-

103 1997 BOARD ELECTION

lowing nominees were elected and allocated five-year According to its procedures and acting on the recom- terms beginning September 1, 1997: Kenneth W Dam, mendation of the Nominating Committee, at its June 5 Charlayne Hunter-Gault, and Laura D'Andrea Tyson. meeting the Board appointed the following persons to The Directors previously appointed and now elected to serve five-year terms through August 31, 2002: Paul A. complete terms in the Classes of 1998 (Vincent A. Mai) Allaire, John E. Bryson, and Frank Savage, and in 2000 (Warren B. Rudman) continue in office Michael P. Peters with terms ending August 31 in the year designated. Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Edward E Cox, Ned B. Stiles, and Nancy Young served as election overseers.

104 BUDGET AND FINANCE

he Council ended the fiscal year with a total op­ Activities reflects the effect of the required restatement of erating surplus of $847,900. The combination the Council's net assets. The Council has in fact main­ of annual fund-raising, special grants, and cost tained a surplus for the past four years, including a sub­ T stantial surplus in its unrestricted net assets in both 1996 containment enabled the Council to keep its operating budget in the black, while long-term fund-raising and a and 1997. continuing strong stock market strengthened the overall fi­ As the bottom line indicates, the Council is in a strong fi­ nancial base, as reflected in the accompanying financial nancial position. We will continue to maintain a balanced statements. operating budget and work to increase and diversify the The financial report reflects the new financial account­ sources of support—members, foundations, and corporate ing standards, which were required for all not-for-profit members especially—that enable us to carry on the level of institutions in 1996. The 1996 total in the Statement of activity described elsewhere in this report.

Statement of Financial Position June 30 1997 1996 Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 5,683,400 $ 7,611,800 Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses 1,021,400 1,210,500 Grants and contributions receivable, current portion (Note 5) 1,240,800 694,800 Inventories, at lower of cost or market 227,500 361,000 Grants and contributions receivable, long-term portion (Note 5) 3,056,700 2,553,500 Contributions receivable for endowment and capital expenditure (Note 5) 9,032,700 4,244,900 Land, building and building improvements, and equipment, net (Note 6) 11,453,400 11,336,700 Investments (Note 3) 62,243,000 43,524,700 Investments to be held in perpetuity (Note 3) 44,111,800 40,541,400 Total assets $138,070,700 $112,079,300

Liabilities and net assets Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 2,552,600 $ 1,319,400 Payable for investment securities purchased 473,400 Deferred subscription revenue 2,495,200 2,222,800 Accrued postretirement benefits (Note 8) 1,797,000 1,759,000 Total liabilities 6,844,800 5,774,600

Commitments (Note 12)

Net assets (Notes 10 and 11): Unrestricted 65,343,500 54,657,100 Temporarily restricted 17,737,900 6,861,300 Permanently restricted 48,144,500 44,786,300 Total net assets 131,225,900 106,304,700 Total liabilities and net assets $138,070,700 ;112,079,300

See accompanying notes.

105 L BUDGET AND FINANCE

Statement of Activities Year ended June 30, 1997, with summarized financial information for 1996

1997 Temporarily Permanently 1996 Unrestricted Restricted Restricted Total Total Operating revenue, support, and reclassifications Membership dues 2,053,700 2,053,700 2,011,800 Annual giving 1,463,300 1,463,300 1,242,900 Corporate memberships and related income 2,204,600 2,204,600 1,991,800 Meetings 165,900 165,900 102,000 International Affairs Fellowships 5,000 5,000 270,000 Grants and contributions for Studies 309,600 4,673,500 4,983,100 1,557,200 Other grants and contributions 27,000 27,000 127,700 Foreign Affairs 4,020,600 4,020,600 4,042,200 Book publication 102,000 102,000 65,700 Investment income allocation (Note 4) 2,345,300 1,075,900 3,421,200 2,799,200 Miscellaneous 306,700 306,700 379,200 Total operating revenue and support 12,805,800 5,947,300 18,753,100 14,589,700 Net assets released from restrictions (Note 10) 6,355,500 (6,355,500) Total operating revenue, support, and reclassifications 19,161,300 (408,200) 18,753,100 14,589,700

Operating expenses Program expenses: Studies Program 6,128,300 6,128,300 6,024,900 Meetings Program 2,021,400 2,021,400 1,853,900 Foreign Affairs 3,937,400 3,937,400 4,019,000 Book publication 257,500 257,500 343,900 National Program 351,900 351,900 395,200 International Affairs Fellowships 436,300 436,300 417,700 Media 167,200 167,200 151,300 Total program expenses 13,300,000 13,300,000 13,205,900

Supporting services: Management and general 3,218,000 3,218,000 2,643,600 Fund-raising: Development 499,900 499,900 364,100 Membership 300,000 300,000 308,200 Corporate Program 587,300 587,300 675,600 Total fund-raising 1,387,200 1,387,200 1,347,900 Total supporting services expenses 4,605,200 4,605,200 3,991,500

Total operating expenses 17,905,200 17,905,200 17,197,400

Excess (deficiency) of operating revenue, support, and reclassifications over operating expenses 1,256,100 (408,200) 847,900 (2,607,700)

See accompanying notes.

106 BUDGET AND FINANCE

Statement of Activities (continued) 1997 Temporarily Permanently 1996 Unrestricted Restricted Restricted Total Total Nonoperating revenue Investment income earned in excess of spending rate (Note 4) S 9,430,300 6,284,800 $ 15,715,100 $ 10,141,100 Contribution for capital expenditure 5,000,000 5,000,000 — Endowment contributions 3,358,200 3,358,200 6,713,600 Total nonoperating revenue 9,430,300 11,284,800 3,358,200 24,073,300 16,854,700

Change in net assets before cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles 10,686,400 10,876,600 3,358,200 24,921,200 14,247,000

Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles: Postretirement benefits (Note 8) (1,699,000) Change to fair value of investments (Note 2) 10,567,300 Net cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles 8,868,300

Change in net assets 10,686,400 10,876,600 3,358,200 24,921,200 23,115,300 Net assets at the beginning of the year 54,657,100 6,861,300 44,786,300 106,304,700 83,189,400 Net assets at the end of the year $65,343,500 $17,737,900 $48,144,500 $131,225,900 $106,304,700

See accompanying notes.

Statement of Cash Flows Year ended June 30 1997 1996 Operating activities Change in net assets $ 24,921,200 $ 23,115,300 Adjustments to reconcile change in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities: Net cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles _ (8,868,300) Depreciation 723,800 977,000 Net realized and unrealized gams on investments (16,544,400) (10,831,900) Contributions restricted for capital expenditure (5,000,000) — Contributions restricted for investment in endowment (3,358,200) (5,676,500) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses 189,100 (8,100) Grants and contributions receivable, current portion (546,000) 2,648,900 Inventories 133,500 33,400 Grants and contnbutions receivable, long-term portion (503,200) (553,500) Accounts payable and accrued expenses 1,233,200 233,900 Deferred subscription revenue 272,400 58,800 Accrued postretirement benefits 38,000 60,000 Net cash provided by operating activities 1,559,400 1,189,000

107 BUDGET AND FINANCE

Statement of Cash Flows (continued)

Year ended June 30 1997 1996 Investing activities Purchases of building and building improvements and equipment $ (840,500) $ (2,441,700) Purchases of investments (136,412,100) (60,815,900) Proceeds from sales of investments 130,194,400 55,917,500 Net cash used in investing activities (7,058,200) (7,340,100) Financing activities Contributions restricted for investment in endowment 3,570,400 5,676,500 Net cash provided by financing activities 3,570,400 5,676,500

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (1,928,400) (474,600) Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 7,611,800 8,086,400 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 5,683,400 $ 7,611,800

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Non-cash investing and financing activity: Contributions receivable for investment in endowment $ 4,032,700 $ 4,244,900 Contributions receivable for capital expenditures $ 5,000,000 $ — Payable for investment securities purchased $ $ 473,400

See accompanying notes

Notes to Financial Statements June 30, 1997 1. Organization The Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. (the "Council"), headquartered in New York City, is a nonprofit and nonpartisan membership organiza­ tion dedicated to improving the understanding of U.S. foreign policy and international affairs through the exchange of ideas. The Council, es­ tablished in 1921, serves as a center for scholarship and policy analysis, mobilizing resident senior staff, members, and other experts in dialogue, study, and the publications programs. It serves as a membership organization, comprising an ever-more diverse and multiprofessional community of men and women involved in international affairs. The Council also serves as a public education organization, reaching out na­ tionally and internationally to disseminate ideas and collaborate with other institutions.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Fund Accounting and Net Asset Classifications The Council considers all contributions and grants to be available for unrestricted use unless specifically restricted by the donor or grantor. En­ dowment contributions are invested; and pursuant to the Council's 5% policy (see Note 4), an investment allocation is made for general pur­ poses (unrestricted) and specific program activities (temporarily restricted). In the accompanying financial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into three net asset classes: unrestricted, temporarily restricted, and permanently restricted. Unrestricted net assets represent funds that are fully available, at the discretion of management and the Board of Directors, for the Council to utilize in any of its program or support services. Temporarily restricted net assets comprise funds that are restricted by donors for a specific time period or purpose. Permanently restricted net assets consist of funds that must be maintained intact in perpetuity, but permit the Council to expend part or all of the income derived from the investment of the donated assets for either specified or unspecified purposes. 1996 Financial Information The financial statements include certain prior year summarized comparative information in total but not by net asset class. Such information does not include sufficient detail to constitute a presentation in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Accordingly, such in­ formation should be read in conjunction with the Council's financial statements for the year ended June 30, 1996, from which the summarized information was derived. In addition, certain 1996 amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 1997 presentation.

108 BUDGET AND FINANCE

Support and Revenue Contributions, including a portion of membership dues, are recorded when received unconditionally, at their fair value. Gifts received with donor stipulations that limit the use of donated assets are reported as either temporarily or permanently restricted support. When a donor re­ striction expires, that is, when a time restriction ends or purpose restriction is fulfilled, temporarily restricted net assets are reclassified as unre­ stricted net assets and reported in the statement of activities as net assets released from restrictions. It is the Council's policy to imply a time restriction on gifts of long-lived assets and contributions to be used to acquire long-lived assets in the absence of explicit donor restrictions to that effect. Conditional contributions, such as grants with matching requirements, are recognized in the appropriate net asset class when the conditions have been met. Payments for subscriptions to Foreign Affairs are recognized as revenue over the period during which the subscriptions are fulfilled. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Council considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less, excluding cash equivalents held as in­ vestments, to be cash equivalents. Investments During 1996, the Council changed its method of recording marketable investments from the lower of cost or market to fair value in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement ("SFAS") No. 124, Accounting for Certain Investments Held by Not-jor-Projit Organizations. The effect of the change, which amounted to $10,567,300 as of July 1, 1995, has been reflected in the accompanying financial statements as the cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle. The effect of the change on the Council's 1996 change in net assets was an increase of $16,473,500. As required under SFAS 124, the Council's investments are recorded at their fair values, which are based on quoted market prices for individual debt and marketable equity securities, and published unit values for mutual funds. Land, Buildings and Building Improvements, and Equipment The Council follows the practice of capitalizing expenditures for land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, and generally de­ preciates these assets on the straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (see Note 6). The fair value of donated property and equipment is similarly capitalized and depreciated. Measure of Operations The Council includes in its definition of operations all revenues and expenses that are an integral part of its programs and supporting activities, including an authorized investment income allocation (see Note 4) and all contributions except for those that are restricted for capital expendi­ tures or have been permanently restricted by donors. Investment income, including net realized and unrealized gains and losses, earned in excess of (or less than) the Council's aggregate authorized spending amount, contributions for capital expenditures, and contributions to permanently restricted net assets are recognized as nonoperating activity Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

3. Investments The components of the Council's long-term investments at June 30, 1997 and 1996, were as follows: June 30 1997 1996 Cost Fair Value Cost Fair Value Equity securities $21,072,500 $ 41,484,300 $18,427,100 $30,199,500 Foreign and corporate bonds 6,704,700 6,680,600 6,917,000 6,737,000 U.S. government agency obligations 13,221,000 13,312,600 9,313,600 9,355,100 Mutual funds: Equity funds 35,595,500 38,242,700 26,348,000 30,697,300 Bond funds 3,226,400 3,267,400 1,825,300 2,315,600 Money market funds 3,367,200 3,367,200 4,761,600 4,761,600 Total $83,187,300 $106,354,800 $67,592,600 $84,066,100

As a hedging mechanism relating to its investments in foreign bonds, the Council purchases and sells forward contracts for the delayed sale or purchase of foreign currencies at a specified future date at a specified price. At June 30, 1997, notional amounts were $1,825,000 for both pur­ chase and sales contracts. Any gain or loss arising as a result of changes in value of the forward contracts is recognized upon the settlement of the underlying contracts. Risks arise from the possible inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts and from future currency exchange rate fluctuations.

109 BUDGET AND FINANCE

4. Investment Allocation It is a Council policy to make an annual investment allocation for the support of operations at 5% of the average market value of the invest­ ments for the three previous years. For fiscal year 1997 and 1996, the Board also approved an additional draw of $161,000 for information sys­ tems upgrades. Investment income has been reported as follows: June 30 1997 Temporarily 1996 Unrestricted Restricted Total Total Dividends and interest, net of invest­ ment expenses of $462,600 and $400,700 in 1997 and 1996, respectively $ 1,710,700 $ 881,200 $ 2,591,900 $ 2,108,400 Net realized and unrealized gains 10,064,900 6,479,500 16,544,400 10,831,900 Total return on investments 11,775,600 7,360,700 19,136,300 12,940,300 Investment return used for current operations (2,345,300) (1,075,900) (3,421,200) (2,799,200) Investment return in excess of amounts used for current operations $ 9,430,300 $6,284,800 $15,715,100 $10,141,100

5. Grants and Contributions Receivable At June 30, 1997 and 1996, receivables consist substantially of promises to give and are due from individuals, corporations, and foundations. Contributions receivable for endowment and capital expenditures are primarily due within one year. Grants and contributions receivable at June 30, 1997, are due to be collected as follows:

Less than one year $ 9,696,900 One to five years 1,616,700 After five years 2,450,000 13,763,600 Less discount (using 6% rate) (433,400) Grants and contributions receivable, net $13,330,200

6. Land, Buildings and Building Improvements, and Equipment Land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, at cost, are summarized as follows: June 30 Estimated 1997 1996 Useful Life Land $ 1,854,300 $ 1,854,300 Buildings and building improvements 10,572,700 10,352,800 10-55 years Equipment 4,400,300 4,189,700 3-15 years Construction in progress 410,000 — 17,237,300 16,396,800 Less accumulated depreciation 5,783,900 5,060,100 $11,453,400 $11,336,700

7. Retirement Plan The Council has a defined contribution retirement plan covering all employees who meet the minimum service requirements. Payments, which are 12.5% of each participant's salary, are made to Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association and College Retirement Equity Fund to pur­ chase individual annuities for plan members. The expense for the plan was $544,000 for 1997 and $598,000 for 1996. Employees must con­ tribute 2.5% of their salaries and have the option to make additional contributions on their own behalf.

8. Other Postretirement Benefits The Council provides certain health care and life insurance benefits for retired employees. Employees are eligible for those benefits when they meet the criteria for retirement under the pension plan. In 1996, the Council adopted SFAS No. 106, Employers' Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other than Pensions. The Council elected to recog­ nize immediately the transition obligation of approximately $1,699,000, which is reflected in the accompanying statement of activities as the cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle. The effect of adopting the new rules increased the Council's net periodic postretirement cost for 1996 by $60,000 and decreased the change in unrestricted net assets by $1,759,000.

The following table presents the plan's funded status reconciled with amounts recognized in the Council's statements of financial position:

110 BUDGET AND FINANCE

June 30 1997 1996 Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation: Active employees: Eligible $ 350,000 $ 330,000 Other 269,000 216,000 Total 619,000 546,000 Retirees 1,069,000 1,213,000 1,688,000 1,759,000 Plan assets at fair value Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation in excess of plan assets 1,688,000 1,759,000 Unrecognized net actuarial gain 109,000 Accrued postretirement benefit cost $1,797,000 $1,759,000

Net periodic postretirement benefit cost includes the following components: June 30 1997 1996 Service cost $ 13,000 $ 15,000 Interest cost 123,000 128,000 Net periodic postretirement benefit cost $136,000 $143,000

The discount rate used in determining the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation at June 30, 1997 and 1996, and the 1997 and 1996 net periodic postretirement benefit cost was 7.75%. For purposes of calculating the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation and the net periodic postretirement benefit cost, the average an­ nual assumed rate of increase in the per capita cost of medical and dental benefits is 7.5% and 8% for 1997 and 1996, respectively, decreasing to 6% in fiscal 2000 and remaining at that level thereafter. Increasing the assumed health care cost trend rate by 1% would increase the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation as of June 30, 1997, by $214,000 and the aggregate of the service and interest cost components of net periodic postretirement benefit cost for 1997 by $20,000.

9. Income Taxes The Council is a Section 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization exempt from federal income taxes under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code and is a publicly supported organization as described in Section 509(a)(1) of the Code. The Council is also exempt from state and local income taxes. It is subject to tax on unrelated business income, which has not been significant.

10. Temporarily Restricted Net Assets Temporarily restricted net assets are restricted for the following purposes or time periods: June 30 1997 1996 Studies $ 9,310,900 $4,354,100 International Affairs Fellowships 1,766,800 1,673,300 Meetings 1,221,500 759,600 Next Generation 438,700 74,300 Capital expenditures 5,000,000 — $17,737,900 $6,861,300

In fiscal 1997, temporarily restricted net assets were released from restrictions for fulfillment of the following: Purposes and time periods: Studies $3,730,000 International Affairs Fellowships 151,600 Meetings 939,300 Library 18,300 Other 1,516,300 $6,355,500

The above amount released from restrictions primarily represents revenue recognized in prior years and expended in 1997, of which $1,232,300 represents gains authorized for spending.

Ill BUDGET AND FINANCE

11. Permanently Restricted Net Assets Permanently restricted net assets are restricted as to income for the following purposes: June 30 1997 1996 Studies $23,058,100 $20,283,700 International Affairs Fellowships 5,066,100 5,066,100 Meetings 3,853,200 3,852,900 Next Generation 1,944,300 511,000 Library 156,700 156,700 Unrestricted as to use 14,066,100 14,915,900 $48,144,500 $44,786,300

12. Commitments In fiscal 1997, the Council began refurbishing a recently purchased building. Total construction costs relating to the refurbishment are estimat­ ed at $11,500,000. At June 30, 1997, the Council's remaining commitment approximated $11,090,000.

=U ERNST &YOUNG LLP I Phono: 212 77 t .1(100

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

Board of Directors Council on Foreign Relations, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying statement of financial position of the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., as of June 30, 1997, and the re­ lated statements of activities and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Council's man­ agement. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluat­ ing the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., at June 30, 1997, and the changes in its net assets and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.

Jo/t/wc^ V VCHA^LU?

August 7, 1997

mber of Ernst & Young International, Lid

112 BY-LAWS OF THE COUNCIL

All members of the Council shall be elected by ship is defined as the total of those members who at the the Board of Directors. All members elected to the time of computation are under the age of 70, who are Council, other than those whose term of membership is residing within the United States, and who are neither limited by the conditions of their election, remain honorary members nor five-year term members. Of the members until death, resignation, or action under the stated membership, not less than one-third and not last paragraph of this By-Law. more than one-half shall be composed of resident mem­ The Board of Directors may elect honorary members bers. A resident member is one whose residence or with such membership rights, excluding the right to principal place of business is within 50 miles of City vote in Council affairs, as the Board may designate. Hall in the Borough of Manhattan, City of New York. A In any fiscal year, the Board may elect up to 90 per­ Washington member is one whose residence or princi­ sons to five-year term membership. The terms and con­ pal place of business is within 50 miles of the Capitol in ditions of such membership shall be as prescribed by the District of Columbia; all other members are nonres­ the Board, provided that no person shall be elected to ident. All members other than honorary members shall such membership who is more than 34 years of age on be citizens of the United States or permanent residents January 1 of the year in which his or her election would of the United States who have made application to be­ take place, and that of the total number of persons come citizens. elected each year no more than 60 shall be age 31 or A member may be dropped or suspended from mem­ over, and that so long as their term continues such bership for a period of six months or more only by a members will have the full rights and privileges of unanimous vote of those Directors attending a meeting Council membership. of the Board at which a quorum is present and voting, The Board of Directors may establish such other spe­ for any violation of the By-Laws or rules or regulations cial categories of membership having such rights and of the Board of Directors, or for any conduct even privileges, and subject to such conditions, as the Board though not in actual violation of a By-Law or rule that, may designate. in the opinion of the Board, is nevertheless prejudicial to Of the total membership of the Council, the stated the best interests, reputation, and proper functioning of membership shall not exceed 3,500. Stated member­ the Council. A member's privileges may be suspended

113 BY-LAWS OF THE COUNCIL

for a period of up to six months by action of the Presi­ vided into five equal classes, each class to serve for a dent subject to approval by the Chair of the Board. term of five years and until their successors are elected and take office. Each class shall consist of three Direc­ II It is an express condition of membership in the tors elected directly by the membership at large and Council, to which condition every member accedes by three Directors appointed by the Board. Following each virtue of his or her membership, that members will ob­ Annual Election but prior to the commencement of the serve such rules and regulations as may be prescribed term of the new Directors, the Board shall appoint three from time to time by the Board of Directors concerning Directors to serve in the same class as the three Direc­ the conduct of Council meetings or the attribution of tors elected at the Annual Election. statements made therein, and that any disclosure, pub­ B. At each Annual Election of the Council, lication, or other action by a member in contravention three Directors shall be elected to replace the outgoing thereof may be regarded by the Board of Directors in its class of elected Directors. Terms of all Directors, both sole discretion as ground for termination or suspension elected and appointed, shall commence on the first day of membership pursuant to Article I of the By-Laws. of September next following their election or appoint­ ment. A Director, whether elected or appointed, who 111 Members other than honorary members of the has served three years or more of a five-year term shall Council shall pay the following dues per annum: be eligible subsequently for election or appointment to a single consecutive term. Business Nonbusiness RESIDENT C. Directors are expected faithfully to attend Under 30 $ 600 $170 Board and Board Committee meetings to which they are 30-39 1,220 300 assigned. A Director who fails to attend two-thirds of all 40 and Over 2,400 550 such regularly scheduled Board and Board Committee meetings in any two consecutive calendar years shall be WASHINGTON, D.C. deemed to have submitted his or her resignation to be Under 30 $ 370 $150 accepted at the pleasure of the Chair of the Board. The 30-39 770 220 Board shall have the power to fill any vacancy in its 40 and Over 1,550 330 membership. A Director appointed to fill a vacancy cre­ ated by the retirement, resignation, or death of a Direc­ NONRESIDENT tor previously elected by the membership at large shall Under 30 $ 300 $100 be nominated by the Nominating Committee as the sole 30-39 500 150 candidate in the next Annual Election to complete the 40 and Over 1,100 250 balance of the unexpired term. For purposes of this By-Law, nonbusiness members are those who are regular members of the faculty of any ac­ V A. The Annual Meeting of Members shall be credited educational institution, who are in the public held in New York City as soon as practicable after the service, who are on the staff of a voluntary organiza­ end of the fiscal year, as determined by the Chair of the tion, or who are accredited writers, commentators, Board. At this meeting the Board of Directors shall pre­ journalists, or other media correspondents. All other sent a report of the activities of the Council during the members, except honorary members, are business past year, and such other business shall be considered members. as shall be brought forward by or with the sanction of All dues shall be paid semiannually in equal install­ the Board of Directors and that shall have been stated in ments in advance. Default in the payment of any dues the notice convening the meeting. for a period of 60 days may be deemed to be equivalent One-third of the voting members of the Council to resignation. shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of busi­ ness. Members may be represented by proxy. IV A. There shall be a Board of not more than 31 B. The Annual Election of Directors of the Directors. The President of the corporation shall be a Council shall be held at a meeting in New York City on Director, ex officio. The remaining members shall be di­ a date set by the President or the Chair of the Board

114 BY-LAWS OF THE COUNCIL

within 13 months of the preceding meeting at which members of the Board as the Committee Chair deems Directors were elected. Directors shall be elected by bal­ appropriate. The Committee shall have the power to co- lot. Ballots will be mailed to all members in advance of opt no fewer than eight additional members. The Com­ the Annual Election and may be returned by mail or mittee shall have general supervision of the investment may be delivered in person or by proxy. The ballot shall of the funds of the Council and of its financial affairs, contain (i) the name of each member who is nominated and shall present the budget at the Spring meeting of by the Nominating Committee as a candidate for the the Board. class of Directors scheduled for election in that year, (ii) The Committee on Corporate Affairs and Develop­ the name of any member appointed to a vacancy in the ment shall be composed of five members of the Board Board and nominated by the Nominating Committee as and such other members of the Board as the Committee the sole candidate to complete the balance of the unex­ Chair deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the pired term, (iii) the name of any member who is nomi­ power to co-opt no fewer than 20 additional members. nated in each class by a petition signed by not fewer The Committee shall help to plan, implement, and than ten members, and (iv) the name of any member oversee the Corporate Program and the Council's finan­ who received not fewer than ten write-in votes in the cial development programs. preceding election. Members may cast one vote for each The Committee on Meetings and Media Projects ol as many candidates as there are vacancies to be filled shall be composed of five members of the Board and on the Board, and the candidates with the highest num­ such other members of the Board as the Committee ber of votes in each class will be declared elected as Di­ Chair deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the rectors. One-third of the voting members of the Council power to co-opt no fewer than ten members who shall shall constitute a quorum at the Annual Election Meet­ not be members of the Board. The Committee shall ing. Administrative details necessary to implement the have responsibility for overseeing the Council's program Council's nomination and election procedures shall be of general meetings and institutional outreach activities as prescribed by the President in consultation with the involving electronic and other broadcast media. Chair of the Board. The Committee on Washington and National Pro­ grams shall be composed of five members of the Board Vl The Board shall constitute such Committees as and such other members of the Board as the Committee may from time to time be appropriate, including an Ex­ Chair deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the ecutive Committee, a Committee on Finance and Bud­ power to co-opt no fewer than ten additional members get, a Committee on Corporate Affairs and who shall not be members of the Board. The Commit­ Development, a Committee on Meetings and Media Pro­ tee shall have responsibility for overseeing programs, jects, a Committee on Washington and National Pro­ activities, services, and other initiatives to enhance par­ grams, a Committee on Membership, a Nominating ticipation in the Council by members in Washington Committee, a Committee on Foreign Affairs, and a Com­ and regions other than New York City. mittee on Studies. Elections of Board members to Com­ The Committee on Membership shall be composed mittees shall be held at Annual Meetings of the Board, of five members of the Board and such other members except that, on the nomination of the Chair of the of the Board as the Committee Chair deems appropri­ Board, a Director may be elected at any meeting of the ate. The Committee shall co-opt two members who Board to fill a Committee vacancy. shall not be members of the Board and who shall be The Executive Committee shall be composed ol the under the age of 40 when co-opted, and shall have Chair and Vice Chair of the Board, the Chairs of the power to co-opt no fewer than eight additional mem­ standing committees of the Board, and such other bers of any age who are not members of the Board. All members of the Board as the Executive Committee names proposed for membership in the Council shall Chair deems appropriate. During intervals between be referred to the Committee for its consideration, and meetings of the Board, the Committee may exercise the the Committee shall submit to the Board its nomina­ powers of the Board to the extent permitted by law. tions for election to membership. The Committee on Finance and Budget shall be The Nominating Committee shall be composed of composed of five members of the Board and such other five members of the Board. The Committee shall pre-

115 BY-LAWS OF THE COUNCIL

sent names for Directors, Officers, and Committee pointed, shall constitute a quorum at any meeting of members. For the purpose of nominating candidates to any Committee. Participation by conference telephone, stand for election to the Board, the Committee shall co- or similar communication equipment allowing all per­ opt ten additional members who shall not be members sons participating in the meeting to hear each other at of the Board. Members of the Nominating Committee the same time, shall constitute presence in person at a shall serve single four-year terms so staggered that in meeting. each year at least one Board member and two non- Board members shall be elected or co-opted to the VII The Officers of the corporation shall be a Chair Committee, as the case may be. The Chair of the Nomi­ of the Board, a Vice Chair, a President, one or more nating Committee shall be selected by the Chair of the Vice Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and such other Board from among the Board members on the Commit­ Officers as in the Board's judgment may be required. tee. Neither the Chair of the Board nor the President The Board shall annually fix their compensation. The shall be an ex officio member of the Nominating Com­ Chair of the Board shall be elected for a term of five mittee. Both in co-opting members to its own body and years and shall be eligible for reelection to a second in nominating candidates for each year's Board election, term. The Chair shall be eligible to complete any such the Nominating Committee is charged to keep in mind term without regard to By-Law limitations on the num­ the need for diversity with regard to age, sex, race, geo­ ber or tenure of Directors. The other Officers of the cor­ graphical representation, and professional background. poration shall be elected annually by the Board of In nominating candidates for each year's Board election, Directors. the Committee is also charged (i) to solicit the entire The Chair of the Board, or in his or her absence the membership for the names of possible candidates and Vice Chair, may call meetings of the Board and shall (ii) except as provided in By-Law IV(C) to nominate preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors. twice as many candidates as there are directorships to The President, subject to the overall direction of the be filled at the election by the membership at large. Board of Directors, shall be the Chief Executive Officer The Committee on Foreign Affairs shall be composed of the corporation. of five members of the Board and such other members The Vice Presidents in order of seniority shall dis­ of the Board as the Committee Chair deems appropri­ charge the duties of the President in his or her absence, ate. The Committee shall have the power to co-opt no and shall perform such other duties as from time to fewer than 15 additional members, at least 10 of whom time shall be assigned them by the Board of Directors. are not members of the Board. All matters relating to The Treasurer shall have custody of the funds of the the oversight and management of the magazine shall be corporation. referred to the Committee. The Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of The Committee on Studies shall be composed of five the corporation, and shall keep its records. members of the Board and such other members of the Board as the Committee Chair deems appropriate. The VI11 The Board shall appoint the Editor of Foreign Committee shall have power to co-opt no fewer than 15 Affairs and the Director of Studies, if any, and shall an­ additional members, at least 10 of whom are not mem­ nually fix their compensation. bers of the Board. All suggestions relating to matters of research shall be referred to it, and it shall be responsi­ IX The funds of the corporation shall be invested ble for the initiation of research projects. The Commit­ by the Committee on Finance and Budget or shall be tee on Studies shall submit regular reports of its deposited with trust companies or banking institutions activities to the Board. designated by either the Board of Directors or the Com­ Except as otherwise provided above, a co-opted mittee on Finance and Budget. Disbursements shall be Committee member shall serve for such term as the made only upon checks or vouchers approved by any Committee co-opting him or her shall determine, and one of the following for amounts up to $1,000.00 and during such term shall have the same rights and obliga­ by any two of the following for amounts of $1,000.00 tions as other Committee members. One-third of the and over: the President, any Vice President, the Treasur­ Directors and co-opted members, duly elected or ap­ er, the Secretary, the Director of Finance, the Editor of

116 BY-LAWS OF THE COUNCIL

Foreign Affairs, and such other employees of the corpo­ XII Any person made, or threatened to be made, a ration as may from time to time be designated by the party to any action or proceeding, whether civil or Committee on Finance and Budget. criminal, by reason of the fact that he or she, his or her testator or intestate, is or was a Director or Officer of X. The Annual Meeting of the Board shall be held the Council, shall be indemnified by the Council, and as soon as practicable after the first day of September, his or her expenses incurred in defending such an ac­ as determined by the Chair of the Board. One-third of tion or proceeding shall be advanced by the Council, to the Directors in office shall constitute a quorum at any the full extent authorized or permitted by law. meeting of the Board.

XI These By-Laws may be amended at any meet­ ing of the Board of Directors, provided notice of the proposed amendment shall have been given at a previ­ ous meeting or circulated in writing to the members of the Board not less than five days in advance.

117 RULES, GUIDELINES, AND PRACTICES

he following items describe important Rules, "Full freedom of expression is encouraged at Council Guidelines, and Practices of the Council on meetings. Participants are assured that they may speak T Foreign Relations, with which members and openly, as it is the tradition of the Council that others staff should familiarize themselves. will not attribute or characterize their statements in public media or forums or knowingly transmit them to Rule on Foreign Policy Positions persons who will. All participants are expected to honor The following has been the policy of the Council since that commitment. its origin, reconfirmed by resolution of the Board of Di­ "An appropriate officer of the Council may, however, rectors on September 11, 1973: by advance announcement declare this Rule inapplica­ "The Council shall not take any position on ques­ ble in whole or in part to any particular Council meet­ tions of foreign policy, and no person is authorized to ing, and the presentation portion of the meeting may be speak, or purport to speak, for the Council on such recorded and broadcast on electronic media and/or cov­ matters." ered in the print media with the agreement of the speaker and advance announcement to other partici­ Rule on Non-Attribution pants. "The Council is a research and educational institution. "Notwithstanding the above Rule, the Board of Di­ Everyone who participates in a Council meeting is en­ rectors may, from time to time, prescribe rules govern­ couraged to use and disseminate ideas and information ing the subsequent release of any Council records. developed in the meeting. It is recognized, at the same "While the substance of the above Rule has been in time, that many Council guests and members are, by effect since the formation of the Council, its present for­ reason of their governmental or other institutional affilia­ mulation was adopted by the Board of Directors on tions, subject to inevitable constraints upon their latitude June 6, 1977, on the recommendation of a special Advi­ to express opinions, take positions, or offer tentative sory Panel on the Non-Attribution Rule, and subse­ judgments on public affairs issues if they are speaking in quently amended on June 7, 1994. The minutes of the a public forum or if their statements will be later attrib­ June 1977 meeting contain the following explanatory uted to them in public media or a public forum. comments about the Rule:

118 RULES, GUIDELINES, AND PRACTICES

"The report recognizes that 'media' and 'public "2. Meetings chairmen are expected to stimulate open forum' are vague terms. But they can nevertheless be ra­ expression of opinion by all participants and should not tionally interpreted in the light of the purpose of the attempt to mute controversy or stifle differences of Rule. For example, the reformulation would make it le­ viewpoint where they exist. To this end it is the respon­ gitimate for a U.S. governmental official to report by sibility of chairmen to see to it that all viewpoints ex­ memo to his colleagues and superiors what he learned pressed are treated with respect and that parliamentary at a Council meeting. Similarly, the reformulation rec­ decorum is maintained. ognizes that a lawyer may give such a memo to his part­ "3. Principal speakers should expect to be questioned ners, or a corporate officer to other corporate officers. It vigorously on any point relevant to their intellectual in­ would not be in compliance with the reformulated terest, experience, or expertise in international affairs. It Rule, however, for any meeting participant (i) to pub­ is recognized, however, that some speakers, particularly lish a speaker's statement in attributed form in a news­ those holding official positions, may not feel free to an­ paper; (ii) to repeat it on television or radio, or on a swer some questions, and, in such case, their declina­ speaker's platform, or in a classroom; or (iii) to go be­ tion will be respected." yond a memo of limited circulation, by distributing the Apart from the traditional meetings for spouses and attributed statement in a company or government for sons and daughters of the members, occasional agency newsletter. The language of the Rule also goes meetings are also open to guests of members. Guest out of its way to make it clear that a meeting participant privileges are for those who have special expertise or is forbidden knowingly to transmit the attributed state­ experience that relates directly to the meeting, as well ment to a newspaper reporter or other such person who as the general qualifications of potential candidates for is likely to publish it in a public medium. The essence Council membership. Members bringing guests should of the Rule as reformulated is simple enough: partici­ complete a "guest notice card" and acquaint their guests pants in Council meetings should not pass along an at­ with the Council's Non-Attribution Rule governing tributed statement in circumstances where there is what is said at meetings. substantial risk that it will promptly be widely circulat­ ed or published." Rule on Conflicts of Interest Guidelines on Meetings By resolution of the Council's Board of Directors, adopt­ ed January 28, 1992, the following policy concerning By resolution adopted on February 28, 1972, as subse­ actual or potential conflicts of interest was approved: quently amended, the Board of Directors has prescribed the following Guidelines governing Council meetings: " 1. It is the policy of the Council on Foreign Relations "The purpose of meetings sponsored by the Council that the Board, officers, and staff of the Council be sen­ on Foreign Relations is to promote understanding of in­ sitive to conflict-of-interest issues. ternational affairs through the free interchange of ideas "2. Any potential conflict of interest shall be disclosed among participants. to an Officer of the Board by the person concerned. "In order to encourage to the fullest a free, frank, and When relevant to a matter requiring action by the open exchange of ideas in Council meetings, the Board Board, the person concerned shall absent him- or her­ of Directors has prescribed, in addition to the Non-At­ self from the final discussion of such matter, and shall tribution Rule, the following guidelines. All participants not vote thereon, and the minutes of the meeting shall in Council meetings are expected to be familiar with so disclose. When there is doubt as to whether a con­ and adhere to these Guidelines. flict of interest exists, the matter shall be resolved by " 1. Since the Council invites guests representing many vote of the Board, excluding the person concerning different viewpoints, since it selects topics regardless of, whose situation the doubt has arisen. or because of, their controversiality, and since there is a "3. This resolution shall remain in full force and effect wide divergence of viewpoints among members, it is to unless and until modified by vote of the Board, and a be expected that Council meetings will sometimes be copy hereof shall be furnished to each officer or direc­ marked by sharp dispute. tor at the time of his or her election or appointment to

119 RULES, GUIDELINES, AND PRACTICES

or by the Board and any renewal thereof, and to each use during library hours at the Harold Pratt House, person who is now or hereafter may become a member subject to the following proviso: of the staff. The policy shall in an appropriate manner "As a condition of use, the officers of the Council be reviewed annually for the information and guidance shall require each user of Council records to execute a of directors, officers, and staff." prior written commitment that he or she will not direct­ ly or indirectly attribute to any living person any asser­ Archival Practice tion of fact or opinion based upon any Council record By resolution of the Council's Board of Directors, adopt­ without first obtaining from such person his or her ed December 17, 1974, all substantive records of the written consent thereto." Council more than 25 years old are open for reference

120 COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD, 1996-97

Executive Finance and Budget Meetings and Term Membership Peter G. Peterson William J. McDonough Media Projects David K. Y Tang Chair Chair Richard C. Holbrooke Chair Maurice R. Greenberg Jessica P Einhorn Chair Esther Diane Brimmer Vice Chair Vice Chair Garrick Utley Deborah K. Burand Paul A. Allaire Roger C. Altman Vice Chair Carol V Evans Martha Finnemore Kenneth W Dam Mario L. Baeza Alan R. Batkin Stephen E. Flynn Thomas R. Donahue Thomas R. Donahue Thomas E. Donilon Jon M. Huntsman, Jr. Carla A. Hills Gail Fosler Peggy Dulany Lehmann Li Richard C. Holbrooke Stephen Friedman Jose W Fernandez Brian E Mathis Karen Elliott House J. Tomilson Hill Conrad K. Harper Kenneth A. Moskow Louis V Gerstner, Jr. JonM. Huntsman, Jr. + Robert D. Hormats April Oliver William J. McDonough Roger M. Kubarych Morton L. Janklow Frances J. Seymour Robert B. Zoellick Sharon I. Meers+ Melanie Kirkpatrick Joel W Motley Bette Bao Lord Corporate Affairs Priscilla A. Newman Richard Plepler Nominating and Development Stephen Robert John M. Hennessy Carla A. Hills Paul A. Volcker Enid C. B. Schoettle Chair Paul A. Allaire Ron Silver Chair Mario L. Baeza Foreign Affairs George Soros Vice Chair Odeh Aburdene Kenneth W Dam John E. Bryson John P Birkelund Membership Robert E Erburu Chair Linda Chavez Lynn Forester Lee Cullum Karen Elliott House Paula J. Dobriansky Bart Friedman Vice Chair Chair Thomas R. Donahue William H. Donaldson Rita E. Hauser Fouad Ajami Robert D. Hormats David R. Gergen Karen N. Horn Michael R. Beschloss Vice Chair Helene L. Kaplan John B. Hurford John Lewis Gaddis Fouad Ajami Steven R. Koltai Morton L. Janklow Rita E. Hauser Lee Cullum Robert H. Legvold Hanya Marie Kimt Jim Hoagland George A. Dalley George J. Mitchell Robert M. Kimmitt Richard C. Holbrooke Merit E. Janow Steven L. Rattner Vincent A. Mai Karen Elliott House Richard Mallery James B. Sitrick Brian Pierre Mathist Charlayne Hunter-Gault Philip A. Odeen Gordon C. Stewart Judy Hendren Mello JeaneJ. Kirkpatrick John B. Rhinelander Stephen A. Orlins Kirk Kraeutlert Frank Savage Lester Pollack Donald F McHenry Ann Brownell Sloane Warren B. Rudman Rodney Nichols Theodore C Sorensen Ronald K. Shelp Felix G. Rohatyn David K. Y. Tang Maurice Sonnenberg Elisabeth Sifton Katrina vanden Heuvel Carl Spielvogel Paula Sinclair! Nancy Young Enzo Viscusi Theodore C. Sorensen Robert C. Waggoner Garrick Utley John H. Watts Paul D. Wolfowitz

121 COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD, 1996-97

Studies Washington and Louis V Gerstner, Jr. National Programs Chair Robert B. Zoellick Hanna Holborn Gray Chair Vice Chair John E. Bryson Lisa Anderson Vice Chair Alan R. Batkin Judith Hippler Bello Betsy Biemannt Daniel Bobt Kenneth W Dam John E Cooke Stephen W Bosworth Lee Cullum Lori Fisler Damrosch Jessica R Einhorn Jack David Richard W Fisher David B. H. Denoon Hanna Holborn Gray James E Hoge, Jr.* Susan B. Levine Samuel E Huntington James T. Laney Gary C. Hufbauer* George J. Mitchell Arnold Kanter Michael H. Moskow Roger M. Kubarych Ambler H. Moss, Jr. Joshua Lederberg Philip A. Odeen Edward D. Mansfield+ William D. Rogers Martha T. Muse Peter R. Rosenblatt Claudia Nierenberg Josette Shiner J. Thomas Ratchford Angela E. Stent Gordon C. Stewart Richard H. Ullman Robert B. Zoellick

* ex officio t designated term member

122 HISTORICAL ROSTER OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

Directors Arthur H. Dean 1955-72 C. Peter McColough 1978-87 Isaiah Bowman 1921-50 Charles M. Spofford 1955-72 Richard L. Gelb 1979-88 Archibald Cary Coolidge 1921-28 Adlai E. Stevenson 1958-62 Graham T. Allison, Jr. 1979-88 Paul D. Cravath 1921-40 William C. Foster 1959-72 William D. Ruckelshaus 1979-83 John W Davis 1921-55 Caryl P Haskins 1961-75 James E Hoge, Jr. 1980-84 Norman H. Davis 1921-44 James A. Perkins 1963-79 George E Shultz 1980-82 Stephen P. Duggan 1921-50 William P Bundy 1964-74 William D. Rogers 1980-90 John H. Finley 1921-29 Gabriel Hauge 1964-81 Walter B. Wriston 1981-87 Edwin E Gay 1921-45 Carroll L. Wilson 1964-79 Lewis T. Preston 1981-88 David E Houston 1921-27 Douglas Dillon 1965-78 Warren Christopher 1982-91 Otto H. Kahn 1921-34 Henry R. Labouisse 1965-74 Alan Greenspan 1982-88 Frank L. Polk 1921-43 Robert Y Roosa 1966-81 Robert A. Scalapino 1982-89 Whitney H. Shepardson 1921-66 Lucian W Pye 1966-82 Harold Brown 1983-92 William R. Shepherd 1921-27 Alfred C. Neal 1967-76 Stanley Hoffmann 1983-92 Paul M. Warburg 1921-32 Bill Moyers 1967-74 Juanita M. Kreps 1983-89 George W Wickersham 1921-36 Cyrus R. Vance 1968-76, Brent Scowcroft 1983-89 Allen W Dulles 1927-69 1981-87 Clifton R. Wharton, Jr. 1983-92 Russell C. Leffingwell 1927-60 Hedley Donovan 1969-79 Donald E McHenry 1984-93 George O. May 1927-53 Najeeb E. Halaby 1970-72 B. R. Inman 1985-93 Wesley C. Mitchell 1927-34 Bayless Manning 1971-77 JeaneJ. Kirkpatrick 1985-94 Owen D. Young 1927-40 W Michael Blumenthal 1972-77, Peter Tarnoff 1986-93 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928-72 1979-84 Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. 1986-92 Charles P Howland 1929-31 Zbigniew Brzezinski 1972-77 Ruben E Mettler 1986-92 Walter Lippmann 1932-37 Elizabeth Drew 1972-77 James E. Burke 1987-95 Clarence M. Woolley 1932-35 George S. Franklin 1972-83 Richard B. Cheney 1987-89 Frank Altschul 1934-72 Marshall D. Shulman 1972-77 1993-95 Philip C. Jessup 1934-42 Martha Redfield Wallace 1972-82 Robert E Erburu 1987- Harold W Dodds 1935-43 Paul C. Warnke 1972-77 Karen Elliott House 1987- Leon Fraser 1936-45 Peter G Peterson 1973-83, Glenn E. Watts 1987-90 John H. Williams 1937-64 1984- Thomas S. Foley 1988-94 Lewis W Douglas 1940-64 Robert O. Anderson 1974-80 James D. Robinson III 1988-91 Edward Warner 1940-49 Edward K. Hamilton 1974-83 Strobe Talbott 1988-93 Clarence E. Hunter 1942-53 Harry C. McPherson, Jr. 1974-77 John L. Clendenin 1989-94 Myron C. Taylor 1943_59 Elliot L. Richardson 1974-75 William S. Cohen 1989-97 Henry M. Wriston 1943-67 Franklin Hall Williams 1975-83 Joshua Lederberg 1989- Thomas K. Finletter Nicholas deB. Katzenbach 1975-86 John S. Reed 1989-92 William A. M. Burden 1944-67 Paul A. Volcker 1975-79, Alice M. Rivlin 1989-92 Walter H. Mallory 1945-74 1988- William J. Crowe, Jr. 1990-93 Philip D. Reed 1945-68 Theodore M. Hesburgh 1976-85 Thomas R. Donahue 1990- Winfield W Riefler 1945_69 Lane Kirkland 1976-86 Richard C. Holbrooke 1991-93 David Rockefeller 1945-50 George H. W Bush 1977-79 1996- W Averell Harriman 1949-85 Lloyd N. Cutler 1977-79 Robert D. Hormats 1991- Joseph E. Johnson 1950-55 Philip L. Geyelin 1977-87 John E. Bryson 1992- Grayson Kirk 1950-74 Henry A. Kissinger 1977-81 Maurice R. Greenberg 1992- Devereux C. Josephs 1950-73 Winston Lord 1977-85 Karen N. Florn 1992-95 Elliott V Bell 1951-58 Stephen Stamas 1977-89 James R. Houghton 1992-96 John J. McCloy 1953-66 1953-72 Marina v.N. Whitman 1977-87 Charlayne Hunter-Gault 1992-

123 HISTORICAL ROSTER OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

Kenneth W Dam 1992- Presidents Senior Vice Presidents Donna E. Shalala 1992-93 John W Davis 1921-33 Alton Frye 1993- Alton Frye 1993 George W Wickersham 1933-36 Kenneth H. Keller 1993-95 Richard N. Cooper 1993-94 Norman H. Davis 1936-44 Larry L. Fabian 1994-95 Rita E. Hauser 1993-97 Russell C. Leffingwell 1944-46 Michael E Peters 1995- E. Gerald Corrigan 1993-95 Allen W Dulles 1946-50 Leslie H. Gelb 1993- Henry M. Wriston 1951-64 Executive Directors Paul A. Allaire 1993- Grayson Kirk 1964-71 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1922-28 Robert E. Allen 1993-96 Bayless Manning 1971-77 Malcolm W Davis 1925-27 Theodore C. Sorensen 1993- Winston Lord 1977-85 Walter H. Mallory 1927-59 Garrick Utley 1993- John Temple Swing* 1985-86 George S. Franklin 1953-71 Carla A. Hills 1994- Peter Tarnoff 1986-93 Helene L. Kaplan 1994-96 Alton Frye 1993 Secretaries Frank G. Zarb 1994-96 Leslie H. Gelb 1993- Edwin E Gay 1921-33 Robert B. Zoellick 1994- Allen W Dulles 1933-44 Les Aspin 1995 Honorary President Frank Altschul 1944-72 Mario L. Baeza 1995- Elihu Root 1931-37 John Temple Swing 1972-87 Peggy Dulany 1995- Judith Gustafson 1987- Jessica P Einhorn 1995- Executive Vice President William J. McDonough 1995- John Temple Swing 1986-93 Treasurers Frank Savage 1995- Edwin E Gay 1921-33 George Soros 1995- Vice Presidents Whitney H. Shepardson 1933-42 Hannah Holborn Gray 1995- Paul D. Cravath 1921-33 Clarence E. Hunter 1942-51 George J. Mitchell 1995- Norman H. Davis 1933-36 Devereux C. Josephs 1951-52 Louis V Gerstner, Jr. 1995- Edwin E Gay 1933-40 Elliott V Bell 1952-64 Lee Cullum 1996- Frank L. Polk 1940-43 Gabriel Hauge 1964-81 Vincent A. Mai 1997- Russell C. Leffingwell 1943-44 Peter G. Peterson 1981-85 Warren B. Rudman 1997- Allen W Dulles 1944-46 C. Peter McColough 1985-87 Laura DAndrea Tyson 1997- Isaiah Bowman 1945-49 Lewis T. Preston 1987-88 Henry M. Wriston 1950-51 James E. Burke 1988-89 Chairmen of the Board David Rockefeller 1950-70 David Woodbridge 1989-94 Russell C. Lelfingwell 1946-53 Frank Altschul 1951-71 Janice L. Murray 1994- John J. McCloy 1953-70 Devereux C. Josephs 1951-52 David Rockefeller 1970-85 David W MacEachron 1972-74 Editors of Foreign Affairs Peter G. Peterson 1985- John Temple Swing 1972-86 Archibald Cary Coolidge 1922-28 Alton Frye 1987-93 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928-72 Vice Chairmen of the Board William H. Gleysteen, Jr. 1987-89 William E Bundy 1972-84 Grayson Kirk 1971-73 John A. Millington 1987-96 William G. Hyland 1984-92 Cyrus R. Vance 1973-76, Margaret Osmer-McQuade 1987-93 James E Hoge, Jr. 1992- 1985-87 Nicholas X. Rizopoulos 1989-94 Douglas Dillon 1976-78 Karen M. Sughrue 1993- Directors of Studies Carroll L. Wilson 1978-79 Abraham E Lowenthal 1995- Percy W Bidwell 1937-53 Warren Christopher 1987-91 Janice L. Murray 1995- Philip E. Mosely 1955-63 Harold Brown 1991-92 David J. Vidal 1995- Richard H. Ullman 1973-76 B. R. Inman 1992-93 Ethan B. Kapstein 1995-96 Abraham F Lowenthal 1976-77 JeaneJ. Kirkpatrick 1993-94 Frederick C. Broda 1996-97 John C. Campbell 1977-78 Maurice R. Greenberg 1994- Kenneth Maxwell 1996 Paul H. Kreisberg 1981-87 Gary C. Hufbauer 1997- William H. Gleysteen, Jr. 1987-89 David Kellogg 1997- Nicholas X. Rizopoulos 1989-94 Paula J. Dobriansky 1997-

124 HISTORICAL ROSTER OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

Kenneth H. Keller* 1994-95 Ethan B. Kapstein 1995-96 Kenneth Maxwell 1996 Gary C. Hufbauer 1997- Directors of Meetings George S. Franklin 1949-50 William Henderson 1952-54, 1955-56 Melvin Conant 1954-55,* 1956-57,* 1957-59 George V H. Moseley III 1959-62 Harry Boardman 1962-69 Zygmunt Nagorski, Jr. 1969-78 Marilyn Berger 1978-79 Margaret Osmer-McQuade 1979-93 Karen M. Sughrue 1993-

* Pro-lempore

125 1 STAFF

EXECUTIVE OFFICE ALLISON L. Associate Director of Studies LESLIE H. GELB President C. DE CERRENO MICHAEL P. PETERS Senior Vice President, and CAROL RATH Assistant to the Vice President Chief Operating Officer and Director of Studies ALTON FRYE Senior Vice President RICHARD K. BETTS Senior Fellow and Director, JANICE L. MURRAY Vice President and Treasurer, National Security Studies and Deputy Chief Operating ROBERT D. BLACKWILL Senior Fellow Officer SALIH BOOKER Senior Fellow, Africa Studies JUDITH GUSTAFSON Secretary to the Corporation BENEDICTE CALLAN Fellow, International Political APRIL WAHLESTEDT Special Assistant to the President Economy MICHAEL HOLTZMAN Director of Public Affairs JEROME A. COHEN C. V Starr Senior Fellow for MARIE X. STRAUSS Assistant to the Senior Asia Studies, and Director Vice President and Chief ROBERT DEVECCHI Adjunct Senior Fellow, Refugee Operating Officer and Immigration Issues JENNIFER ATWOOD Assistant to the Vice President PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY George F Kennan Senior Fellow and Treasurer, and Deputy for Russian and Eurasian Studies Chief Operating Officer ELIZABETH ECONOMY Fellow, China Studies, and JOHN A. MILLINGTON Counselor to the Chairman Deputy Director for Asia Studies and President ALBERT FISHLOW Paul A. Volcker Senior Fellow JOHN TEMPLE SWING Of Counsel for International Economics, and Director ALTON FRYE Senior Fellow FOREIGN AFFAIRS RICHARD GARWIN Philip D. Reed Senior Fellow Editorial for Science and Technology JAMES E HOGE, JR. Editor; Peter G. Peterson Chair MICHAEL GREEN Olin Fellow, Asia Security FAREED ZAKARIA Managing Editor Studies ALICE PHILLIPS Associate Editor HENRY GRUNWALD Senior Fellow JACOB KRAMER Associate Editor MORTON H. HALPERIN Senior Fellow and Task Force WILLIAM DOBSON Associate Editor Coordinator ROSEMARY HARTMAN Assistant to the Editor JOHN HILLEN Olin Fellow, National Security DEBORAH MILLAN Assistant to the Managing Editor Studies AMY ROWE Copy Editor MARIE-JOSEE KRAVIS Adjunct Fellow CHARLES A. KUPCHAN Senior Fellow, Europe Studies Publishing MICHAEL MANDELBAUM Director, Project on East-West DAVID KELLOGG Publisher Relations DAWN M. ALBANO Circulation Director ANN MARKUSEN Senior Fellow DAVID J. HILMFR Advertising Director KENNETH MAXWELL Nelson and David Rockefeller CYNTHIA R. VOUGHT Promotion Manager Senior Fellow for Inter- CHRISTOPHER GRASS Circulation Assistant American Studies, and Director, CAROL MCKUSICK Custom Anthologies Program Eatin America Program Coordinator RICHARD W. MURPHY HasibJ. Sabbagh Senior Fellow MARIE MAGDALA ROKER Assistant Account Executive for the Middle East CAROL J. SCHAPIRO Advertising Assistant JONATHAN S. PARIS Fellow, U.S./Middle East Project JAMES PISCATORI Adjunct Senior Fellow STUDIES PROGRAM NICHOLAS X. Senior Studies Editor RIZOPOULOS GARY C. HUFBAUER Maurice R. Greenberg Chair, Olin Fellow and Deputy Director, Vice President and Director GIDEON ROSE National Security Studies of Studies 126 STAFF

BARNETT R. RUBIN Senior Fellow and Director, ANYA SCHMEMANN Assistant Director, Center for Center for Preventive Action Preventive Action HENRY SIEGMAN Senior Fellow and Director, MARGARET SLOANE Research Associate U.S./Middle East Project SUSAN TILLOU Research Associate, National BRUCE STOKES Senior Fellow, Economic Security Studies Studies: Trade Visiting Fellows Senior Fellow RUTH WEDGWOOD KENNETH L. CAIN IAF m Residence, 1997-98 Senior Fellow and Deputy JENNIFER SEYMOUR COLONEL FRANK G. USAF Military Fellow, 1997-98 Director, National Program WHITAKER KLOTZ Senior Fellow Emeritus JOHN C. CAMPBELL LT. COLONEL USMC Military Fellow, Senior Fellow Emeritus WILLIAM DIEBOLD, JR. (COLONEL SELECT) 1997-98 Research Associate, Emerging DOOLEY ADCROFT GEORGE J. FLYNN Markets ADAM SCHWARZ Edward R. Murrow Press NANA-OYE ADDO-YOBO Research Associate, Center for Fellow, 1997-98 Preventive Action TONY SMITH Whitney H. Shepardson Fellow, SUSANNA CAMPBELL Research Associate, Center for 1997-98 Preventive Action NOMI COLTON-MAX Research Associate, Middle East NATIONAL PROGRAM Research Associate, Interna­ SEAN COSTIGAN JENNIFER SEYMOUR Deputy National Director tional Political Economy and WHITAKER Industrial Politics COLIN WHEELER Research Associate RAFAEL Research Associate, DOCAVO-MALVEZZI International Economics ERIC DRABIUK Research Associate, Economics: PROJECT FOR DIVERSITY Trade IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS TRACEY DUNN Research Associate, Director DAVI D J. VIDAL Vice President and Director of of Studies Office and East-West Diversity Programs Studies SALIH BOOKER Senior Adviser EDWARD FOGARTY Research Associate, Director of LISA M. DOLBERRY Program Associate Studies Office MARILYN GAYTON Research Associate, Africa Studies VANESSA GUEST Research Associate, China Studies PROGRAMS AND MEDIA PROJECTS FABIENNE HARA Research Associate, Center for KAREN M. SUGHRUE Vice President, Programs and Preventive Action Media Projects BRIAN IBBOTSON Research Associate, National ERIKA H. BURK Associate Director, Programs Security and Media Projects KRISTEN LOMASNEY Research Associate EVA CANOUTAS Assistant Director, Programs HILARY MATHEWS Research Associate, Muslim JEFFREY REINKE Assistant Director, Corporate Politics Programs BARBARA MCCURTAIN Assistant to the Senior Fellow IRINA FASKIANOS Assistant Director, Media Projects and Director, U.S./Middle East JEFFREY HALSEY Events Manager Project MARK HUDSON Assistant Events Manager LUIS JIMENEZ MCINNIS Research Associate, Latin CATHERINE HENSHAW Assistant to the Vice President America Studies SAADIA ALEEM Program Associate YING MA Research Associate, Asia MEHERJAN Program Associate Studies PEGGY PAPADAKIS Program Associate AKIHISA NAGASHIMA Research Associate, Asia Security Studies WASHINGTON PROGRAM DELPHINE PARK Research Associate, Europe Studies PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY Vice President and Director

127 STAFF

LINDA HARSH Associate Director VERA LANGLEY Accounting Associate DAVID A. BLOOM Assistant Director KATHLEEN HOGAN Assistant to the Director DANIEL P. FATA Assistant to the Director RAFAELA LOPEZ Accounts Payable Associate JUDITH KIPPER Director, Middle East Forum MERCEDES GALINDO Program Associate, Middle East HUMAN RESOURCES Forum JAN MOWDER HUGHES Director KATE HOLLAND Associate Director CHRISTI HAMILTON Human Resources Associate DAVID KELLOGG Vice President, Communica­ tions and Corporate Affairs Reception LISA SCHELLE Reception Supervisor CORPORATE PROGRAM ELIZABETH E. HUCKER Receptionist JACQUI SELBST SCHEIN Director, Corporate Affairs JEFFREY REINKE* Assistant Director, Corporate FACILITIES MANAGEMENT Programs CHRISTOPHER SMITH Facilities Manager SAADIA ALEEM* Program Associate PHIL FALCON Supervisor, Mail and JEAN HARRIS WALL Corporate Membership Associate Duplicating Services IAN NORAY Printer PUBLICATIONS ANTHONY RAMIREZ Mailroom Assistant PATRICIA LEE DORFF Managing Editor GWENEVERE SETTLERS Mailroom Assistant SARAH THOMAS Assistant Editor HECTOR SHOJGREEN Mailroom Assistant DEREK VELEZ Mailroom Assistant COMMUNICATIONS ANTHONY SUAREZ Senior Porter DANIEL KOHNS Communications Coordinator GILBERT FALCON Porter SANTO INE ALERS Porter MARIO PEDRAZA Porter JANICE L. MURRAY Vice President and Treasurer

MEMBERSHIP AND FELLOWSHIP AFFAIRS LIBRARY AND RESEARCH SERVICES ELISE LEWIS Director LILITA V GUSTS Director MYOUNG HEE LEE Program Associate MARCIA L. SPRULES Associate Director REBECCA L. O'BRIEN Program Associate BARBARA K. MILLER Documents Librarian and JACQUELINE STRASSER Program Associate Archivist JAMES YAO Program Associate CONNIE M. STAGNARO Public Services Associate MING ER QIU Technical Services Associate DEVELOPMENT EVAN HARRIS Library Assistant ELIZABETH KURDYS Director of the Annual Fund and Major Gifts INFORMATION SERVICES ALICIA WERBLE Associate Director DE LA CAMPA of Development CHARLES DAY Director ARLEEN O'BRIEN Program Associate DEEPAK TRIVEDI Associate Director LENA MOY Program Associate JAMES BECKMEYER Network Systems Administrator VIRGINIA ROLSTON Training and Documentation FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES PARROTT Specialist ALICE MCLOUGHLIN ANDREW R. LUDWICK Director Assistant to the Director of ANA FIGUERAS Manager of Financial Services Information Services PETER TYNDALE Accounting Manager CHRIS O. SIERRA Help Desk Technician LINDA COPELAND Accounting Associate

'Reports to Vice President, Programs and Media Projects. Note: Staff shown as of August 31,1997, unless otherwise specified.

128 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

A Alpern, Alan N. Aronson, Jonathan D. Baldwin, David A. Beard, Ronald S. Altman, Roger C. Art, Robert J. Baldwin, H. Furlong Beattie, Richard I. Aaron, David L. Altschul, Arthur G Arthurs, Alberta Baldwin, Robert E. Becherer, Hans W Abbot, Charles S. Altshuler, David Artzt, Edwin L. Baldwin, Sherman Beckler, David Z. Abboud, A. Robert Alvarado, Donna M. Asencio, Diego C. Bales, Carter E Bedrosian, Gregory R.t Abboud, Labeeb M. Alvarez, Jose E. Asher, Robert E. Balick, Kenneth D.* Beeman, Richard E. Abegglen, James C. Ames, Oakes Ashton, Sarah Scott Baliles, Gerald L. Begley, Louis Abel, Elie Amos, Deborah Asmus, Ronald D. Band, Laurence Merrill Behrman, Jack N. Abernethy, Robert John Andelman, David Assevero, Vicki-Ann E. Barber, Charles E Beim, David O. Abram, Morris B. Andersen, Harold W. Assousa, George E. Barber, James A., Jr. Beim, Nicholas E+ Abramowitz, Morton I, Anderson, Craig B. Atherton, Alfred L., Jr. Bardel, William G. Beinecke, William S. Abrams, Elliott Anderson, David Atwood,J. Brian Barger, Teresa C. Beitler, Ruth Margolies Abshire, David M. Anderson, John B. Auer, James E. Barkan,Joel D. Belfer, Robert A. Aburdene, Odeh Anderson, Joseph A. Augustine, Norman R. Barker, John E Bell, Burwell B. Ackerman, Peter Anderson, Lisa Auspitz, Josiah Lee Barnds, William J. Bell, David E. Adams, Gordon M. Anderson, Marcus A. Ausubel, Jesse Huntley Barnes, Harry G., Jr. Bell, Gordon R Adams, Robert Anderson, Paul E Avedon, John E Barnes, Michael D. Bell, Holley Mack McCormick Anderson, Robert O. Avery, John E. Barnet, Richard J. Bell, J. Bowyer Adelman, Carol C. Andreas, Dwayne O. Axelrod, Robert M. Barnett, A. Doak Bell, Peter D. Adelman, Kenneth L. Andreas, Terry Ayers, H. Brandt Barr, Michael S.+ Bell, Steve Agnew, Harold M. Andrews, David R. Barr, Thomas D. Bell-Rose, Stephanie Agostmelli, Robert E Ansour, M. Michael Barrett, Barbara Bellamy, Carol Agronsky, Martin Anthoine, Robert McConnell Bellinger, John B., Ill Ahmad, Kamalt Anthony, John Duke Barrett, John A. Bello, Judith Hippler Aho, C. Michael Apgar, David Puschel B Barrett, Nancy Smith Benbow, Terence H. Aidinoff, M. Bernard Apodaca, Jerry Babbitt, Bruce Barry, John L. Bender, Gerald J. Ajami, Fouad Aponte, Mart Carmen Babbitt, Eileen E* Barry, Lisa B. Benedict, Kennette M. Akins, James E. Appiah, Kwame Babbitt, Harriet C* Barry, Thomas C. Bennet, Douglas J., Jr. Albright, Alice Patterson Anthony Bacot,J. Carter Barshay Jill Bennett, Andrew Albright, Madeleine Apter, David E. Bader, William B. Bartholomew, Reginald Bennett, SusanJ. Alderman, Michael H. Araskog, Rand V Baer, M. Delal Bartlett, Joseph W Benson, Lucy Wilson Aldrich, George H. Archambeau, Shellye L.+ Baeza, Mario L. Bartlett, Thomas A. Beplat, Tristan E. Alexander, Robert J. Arciniega, Tomas A. Bailey, Charles W Bartley Robert L. Bereuter, Douglas K. Alexander, Sarah Arcos, Cresencio S. Bains, Leslie E. Basek, John T Bergen, Peterf Elizabeth Arledge, Roone Baird, Charles E Basora, Adrian A. Berger, Marilyn Alford, William E Armacost, Michael H. Baird, Peter W+ Bass, Peter E. Berger, Samuel R. Allaire, Paul A. Armstrong, Anne Baird, Zoe E. Bassow, Whitman Berger, Suzanne Allbritton, Joe L. Armstrong, C. Michael Baker, Howard H., Jr. Batkin, Alan R. Bergsten, C. Fred Allen, Jodie T. Armstrong, John A. Baker, James E. Bator, Francis M. Berkowitz, Bruce D. Allen, Lew, Jr. Arnavat, Gustavot Baker, James Edgar Battaglia, Charles Berman, Howard L. Allen, Robert E. Arnhold, Henry H. Baker, John R. Bauer, Joanne R. Bemdt, John E. Allison, Graham T., Jr. Arnold, Millard W. Baker, Pauline H. Baumann, Carol Edler Bernstein, David S. Allison, Richard C. Aron, Adam M. Baker, Stewart A. Baumann, Roger R. Bernstein, Peter W Almond, Michael Aronson, Bernard W. Balaran, Paul Bean, Atherton Bernstein, Robert L.

* Elected to membership in 1997. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1997.

129 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Bernstein, Tom A. Blum, John A. Branson, William H. Brzezinski, Mark F+ Callen, Michael A. Berresford, Susan Vail Blumenthal, Sidney Brauchli, Marcus W Brzezinski, Zbigniew Calleo, David R Berris, Jan Blumenthal, W Michael Braunschvig, David* Buchman, Mark E. Campbell, Colin G. Beshar, Peter Justus Blumrosen, Alexander B. Breck, Henry R. Buckley, William E, Jr. Campbell, John C. Bessie, Simon Michael Bob, Daniel E. Breindel, Eric M. Buergenthal, Thomas Campbell, Kurt M.* Best, William A., Ill Bobbitt, Philip Bremer, L. Paul, III Bugliarello, George Campbell, Thomas J. Bestani, Robert M. Bodea, Andy Sorin Breslauer, George W Bullock, Mary Brown Campbell, W Glenn Bestor, Theodore C. Bodie, William C. Bresnan, John J. Bundy William R Canavan, Christopher Betts, Richard K. Boeker, Paul H. Brevnov, Gretchen Bunzel, Jeffrey H. Canfield, Franklin O. Beutner, Austin M. Bogert, Carroll R. Wilson Burand, Deborah K. Cappello, Juan C. Bewkes, Jeffrey Boggs, Michael D. Brewer, John D. Burgess, John A. Carbonell, Nestor T. Beyer, John C. Bohen, Frederick M. Breyer, Stephen G. Burke, James E. Carey, Hugh L. Bialer, Seweryn Bohlen, Avis T Briggs, Everett Ellis Burkhalter, Holly J. Carey, John Bialkin, Kenneth J. Bohn, John A. Brimmer, Andrew E Burlingame, Edward L. Carey, Sarah C. Bicksler, Barbara Boiling, Landrum R. Brimmer, Esther Diane Burns, Patrick Owen Carey, William D. Biel, Eric R* Bollinger, Martin J. Brinkley David Burns, R. Nicholas Carlos, Manuel Luis Biemann, Betsy Bond, George C. Brinkley Douglas G* Burns, William E Carlson, Steven E. Bienen, Henry S. Bond, Jean Carey Britt, David V B. Burns, William J. Carlucci, Frank C, III Bierley John C. Bond, Robert D. Brittenham, Raymond L. Burt, Richard R. Carmichael, William D. Biggs, David J. Bonime-Blanc, Andrea Broadman, Harry G Burton, Daniel E, Jr. Carnesale, Albert Bilder, Richard B. Bonney, J. Dennis Broda, Frederick C. Busbee, Rodgers Carothers, Thomas* Binger, James H. Booker, Salih* Carozza, Paolo G. Brody Christopher W Christopher Binkley Nicholas B. Bookout, John E Carr, John W* Brody Kenneth D. Bushner, Rolland Binnendijk, Hans Boren, David Lyle Carr, Marion M. Dawson Broitman, Elanat Bussey Donald S. Birdsall, Nancy* Boschwitz, Rudy Carrington, Walter C Brokaw, Tom Bussey John Birenbaum, David E.* Bossert, Philip A., Jr. Carnon-Rexach, Bromley, D. Allan Butler, George Lee Birkelund, John E Bosworth, Stephen W Bronfman, Edgar M. Butler, Samuel C. Richard L. Birnbaum, Eugene A. Botts, John C. Brookins, Carol Butler, William J. Carroll, J. Speed Bishop, Sanford D., Jr. Bouis, Antonina W. Brooks, Harvey Buxbaum, Richard Carruth, Reba Anne Bissell, Richard E. Bouton, Marshall M. Brower, Charles N. Buyske, Gail* Carson, C. W, Jr. Bjornlund, Eric C. Bovin, Denis A. Brown, Alice L. Byrne, Patrick M. Carswell, Robert Black, Joseph E. Bowen, Vincent E., HIT Brown, Brian A. Carter, Ashton B. Black, Shirley Temple Bowen, William G. Brown, Carroll Carter, Barry E. Black, Stanley Warren Bower, Joseph L. Brown, Cynthia Carter, George E. Blacker, Coit Dennis Bowie, Robert R. Brown, Frederic J. Carter, Hodding, III BlackwellJ. Kenneth Bowman, Frank Lee Brown, Gwendolyn Carter, Jimmy Blackwell, James A., Jr. Bowman, Richard C. Brown, Harold Carter, Mark Andrew Blackwill, Robert D. Boyd, Charles G. Cabot, Elizabeth Brown, L. Carl Carter, Marshall N. Blahous, Charles P, Hit Bracken, Paul Cabot, Louis W Brown, Lester R. Carter, Theodore N. Blake, Robert O. Brademas, John Cabranes, Jose A. Brown, Michael E. Casper, Gerhard Blank, Stephen Bradford, Zeb Caesar, Camille M. Brown, Richard P, Jr. Cattarulla, Elliot R. Blechman, Barry M. Bradley, Bill* Cahill, Kevin M. Brown, Tobias Josef Catto, Henry E., Jr. Bleier, Edward Bradley, Edward R. Cahn, Anne H. Browne, Robert S. Caulfield, Matthew R Blendon, Robert J. Bradley, William L. Calabia, Dawn T. Bruce, Judith Cave, Ray Blinder, Alan Stuart* Brady, Linda Parrish Bruemmer, Melissa L.S. Calder, Kent Eyring Blinken, Donald Brady, Nicholas E Bruemmer, Russell J. Caldwell, Dan Cebrowski, Arthur K. Bloch, Julia Chang Brady, Rose* Bryan, Greyson L. Caldwell, Philip Celeste, Richard E Bloom, Evan Todd* Brainard, Lawrence J. Bryant, Ralph C. Califano, Joseph A., Jr. Cerjan, Paul G. Bloomfield, Lincoln P Bramlett, David A.* Bryson, John E. Callaghy Thomas M. Chace, James Bloomfield, Richard J. Branscomb, Lewis M. Brzezinski, IanJ.t Callahan, David L. Chafee,John H. Callander, Robert J. Challenor, Herschelle S.

130 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Chambers, Anne Cox Clark, Mark E.t Connaughton, James L. Crowe, William J. Davis, Vincent Chan, Gerald L. Clark, Noreen Conners, Leila Crown, Lester* Davison, Daniel E Chan, Ronnie C. Clark, Susan Lesley Connolly, Gerald E. Crystal, Lester M. Davison, Kristina Perkin Chang, Gareth C.C.* Clark, Wesley K. Connor, John T.,Jr. Cullum, Lee Davison, W Phillips Chanin, Clifford Clark, William, Jr. Considine, Jill M. Culver, John C. Dawisha, Karen Lea Chanis, Jonathan A. Clarke, J.G. Constable, Pamela Cuneo, Donald Dawkins, Peter M. Chao, Elaine L. Clarkson, Lawrence W Conway, Jill Cuomo, Kerry Kennedy Dawson, Christine L. Chao, Victor Tzu-Ping Clemons, Steven C. Cook, Frances D. Cuomo, Mario M. Dawson, Horace G, Jr. Chapman, Margaret Holt Cleveland, Harlan Cook, Gary M. Curran, R.T. Dawson, Horace G, 111 Charles, Robert B. Cleveland, Peter M. Cook, Gretchen R.+ Curtis, Charles B. Day, Anthony Charney, Jonathan I. Clifford, Donald K., Jr. Cooke, Goodwin Curtis, Gerald L. Day, Arthur R. Charpie, Robert A. Cline, William R. Cooke, John E Cutler, Lloyd N. Day, Robert A. Chartener, Robert* Clinger, William E, Jr. Coolidge, Nicholas J. Cutler, Walter L. Days, Drew Saunders, HI* Chatterjee, Purnendu Clinton, Bill Coombe, George W, Jr. Cutshaw, Kenneth A. Deagle, Edwin A., Jr. Chaves, Robert J. Cloherty, Patricia M. Coombs, Philip H. Cutter, W Bowman Dean, Jonathan Chavez, Linda Cloonan, Edward T. Coon, Jane Abell Cyr, Arthur Dean, Robert W Chavira, Ricardo Cloud, Stanley Wills Cooney, Joan Ganz Debevoise, Eli Whitney, II Chayes, AbramJ. Clough, Michael Cooper, Charles A. de Borchgrave, Amaud Chayes, Antonia Cobb, Charles E., Jr. Cooper, Chester L. Debs, Barbara Knowles Cooper, James H.S. Debs, Richard A. Handler Cobb, P Whit, Jr. Cooper, John Milton DeBusk, E Amanda Checki, Terrence J. Cochran, Barbara S. Cooper, Kerry DeCrane, Alfred C, Jr. Cheever, Daniel S. Coffey, C. Shelby, III Dahlman, Michael K. Cooper, Richard N. Decter, Midge Chen, Kimball C. Coffey, Joseph 1. Dale, William B. Cordesman, Anthony H. Decyk, Roxanne J. Chenault, Kenneth I. Cohen, Ariel* Dallara, Charles H. Cornelius, Wayne A. Dedrick, Fred T. Cheney, Richard B. Cohen, BenjaminJ. Dalley George A. Corrigan, E. Gerald Deffenbaugh, Cheney, Stephen A. Cohen, Betsy H. Dallmeyer, Dorinda G. Cohen, Eliot A. Cott, Suzanne Cherne, Leo Dalton, Gregory Ralston H., Jr. Cohen, Herman J. Cotter, William Chickering, A. Lawrence Dalton, James E. Deibel, Terry L. Cohen, Jerome Alan Courtney, William H. Choharis, Peter Charles Dam, Kenneth W dejanosi, Peter E. Cohen, Joel E. Cousens, Elizabeth M.+ Cholmondeley Paula H. J. Dam, Marcia W* de la Garza, Rodolfo O. Cohen, Roberta Cowal, Sally Grooms Chorlins, Marjorie+ Damrosch, Lori Fisler Delaney, Andrew John Cohen, Stephen B. Cowan, L. Gray Choucri, Nazli Danforth, William H. del Olmo, Frank Cohen, Stephen E Cowhey, Peter E Chow, Jack C. Daniel, Ana R. Deltoro, Carlos Cohen, Stephen S. Cox, Edward E Christensen, Thomas J. Daniel, D. Ronald de Menil, George Cohen, William S. Cox, Robert G. Christiansen, John E Danner, Mark D. de Menil, Lois Pattison Colbert, Evelyn Crahan, Margaret E. Christianson, Geryld B. DaSilva, Russell J. Deming, Rust M. Colby, Jonathan E. Craner, Lome W * Christman, Daniel David, Jack Denham, Robert E.* Cole, Johnnetta Crawford, John E William Davidson, Daniel I. Denison, Robert J. Coleman, Isobel Cressey Roger W Christman, Walter L. Davidson, Ralph K. Dennis, Everette E. Coleman, Lewis W Crile, George, III Christopher, Warren Davidson, Ralph R Denny, Brewster C. Coleman, William T., Jr. Crittenden, Ann Churchill, Buntzie Ellis Davis, Evan A. Denoon, David B.H. Coles, Julius E. Crocker, Chester A. Cisneros, Henry G. Davis, Jacquelyn K. Denton, E. Hazel Collier, David Cromwell, Adelaide Cisneros, Marc A. Davis, Jerome DePalma, Samuel Collins, Joseph J. Cross, June V Clapp, Priscilla A. Davis, Kathryn W Dergham, Raghida Combs, Richard E., Jr. Cross, Sam Y. Clark, Dick Davis, Lynn E. Denan, Patricia Murphy Comstock, Philip E., Jr. Cross, Theodore Clark, Howard L. Davis, Maceo N. Derr, Kenneth T. * Cone, Sydney M., Ill Crossette, Barbara Clark, J. H. Cullum Davis, Nathaniel Derryck, Vivian Lowery

* Elected to membership in 1997. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1997.

131 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Desai, Padma Drobnick, Richard Edwards, Howard L. Finnemore, Martha DeShazer, MacArthur Drucker, Joy E. Edwards, Mickey* Finney, Paul B. Destler, I. M. Druyan, Ann Edwards, Robert H. Fabian, Larry L. Firmage, Edwin B. Deutch, John M. Duberstein, Kenneth M. Edwards, Robert H., Jr. Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr. Fischer, David J. DeVecchi, Robert E Dubin, Seth H. Eggers, Thomas E. Fairbanks, Richard M., Ill Fischer, Stanley Devine, Caroline Maury DuBrul, Stephen M., Jr. Ehrlich, Thomas Falco, Mathea Fisher, Cathleen S. Devine, Thomas J. Duersten, Althea L. Eichengreen, Barry Falcoff, Mark Fisher, Peter Ryerson de Vries, Rimmer Duffey Joseph Eilts, Hermann Falk, Pamela S. Fisher, Richard W DeYoung, Karen Duffy, Gloria Charmian Frederick Falk, Richard A. Fisher, Roger Dickey, Christopher S. Duffy, James H. Einaudi, Luigi R. Falkenrath, Richard A. Fishlow, Albert Dicks, Norman D. Dugan, Michael J. Einhorn, Jessica R Fallows, James FitzGerald, Frances Didion, Joan Dukakis, Michael S. Einhorn, Robert J. Fanning, Katherine W Fitzgibbons, Harold E. Diebold, John Duke, Robin Chandler Eisendrath, Charles R. Fanton, Jonathan F Fitz-Pegado, Lauri J. Dtebold, William, Jr. Dulany Peggy Eizenstat, Stuart E. Farer, Tom J. Flaherty, Peter Diehl, Jackson Duncan, Charles W, Jr. Eliason, Leslie Carol Farmer, Thomas L. Flanagan, Stephen J. Dilenschneider, Duncan, John C. Ellingwood, Susan K. Fascell, Dante B. Flanigan, Peter M. Robert L. Dumgan, R Andrew Elliott, Inger McCabe Fawaz, Leila Fleischmann, Alan H. Dillon, Douglas Dunkerley, Craig G. Elliott, Osborn Feaver, Peter D. Fleishman, Rachel Di Martino, Rita Dunlop, Joan Banks Ellis, James R. Feierstein, Mark Flournoy Michele A. Dine, Thomas A. Dunn, Kempton Ellis, Patricia Feiner, Ava S. Flynn, Stephen E. Dmkins, David N. Dunn, Lewis A. Ellison, Keith R Feinstein, Lee Foege, William H.* DiPaola, Joseph, Jr. t Dunn, Michael M.* Ellsberg, Daniel Feissel, Gustave Fogleman, Ronald R. Djerejian, Edward P Dur, Philip A. Ellsworth, Robert E Feist, Samuel H. Foley, S. R., Jr. Dobriansky, Paula Dutton, Frederick G. Ely, John Hart Feith, Douglas J. Foley, Thomas S. Dodd, Christopher J. Duval, Michael Raoul Ely-Raphel, Nancy Feldman, Mark B. Foote, Edward T, II Dyke, Nancy Bearg Feldstein, Martin S. Ford, Gerald R. Dodge, William S. Halliday Dyson, Esther* Feltman, Jeffrey Ford, Paul B., Jr. Doebele, Justin Embree, Ainslie T. Ferguson, Charles Forester, Lynn Doerge, David J. Emerson, Alice F Forman, Shepard Doherty William C, Jr. Enthoven, Alain Henry* Forstmann, Theodore J. Dominguez, Jorge I. Epstein, Barbara* Ferguson, Glenn W Fosler, Gail Donahue, Thomas R. Epstein, Jason Ferguson, James L. Foster, Brenda Lei Donaldson, Robert H. Epstein, Jeffrey E. Ferguson, Ronald E. Fowler, Henry H. Donaldson, William H. Eagleburger, Lawrence S. Epstein, Joshua M. Fernandez, Jose W Fox, Donald T. Donilon, Thomas E. Earle, Ralph, II Erb, Guy E Ferrari, Frank E. Fox, Eleanor M. C. Donnell, Ellsworth East, Maurice A. Erb, Richard D. Ferraro, Geraldine A. Fox, Joseph C. Donnelly, H.C. Erbsen, Claude E. Ferre, Antonio Luis Easum, Donald B. Fraga, Arminio* Doran, Charles E Erburu, Robert E Ferre, Maurice A. Eberhart, Ralph E. Franck, Thomas M. Dornbusch, Rudiger Ercklentz, Alexander T. Fesharaki, Fereidun Eberle, William D. Francke, Albert, III Dorsen, Norman* Espy, Charisset Feshbach, Murray Eberstadt, Nicholas N. Frank, Andrew D. Doty, Grant R.+ Estabrook, Robert H. Fessenden, Hart Echols, Marsha A. Frank, Barney Dougan, Diana Lady Estrada, Alfredo Fields, Bertram M.* Eck, Bailey Morris Frank, Charles R., Jr. Douglass, Robert R. Esty Daniel C. Fields, Craig I.* Economy, Elizabeth C. Frank, Isaiah Dowling, John N.f Evans, Carol V Fife, Eugene V Ecton, Donna R. Frank, Richard A. Doyle, James S. Evans, Gail H.* Fifield, Russell H. Eddy, Randolph R Frankel, Francine R. Doyle, Michael William Evans, Harold M. Finberg, Barbara D. Edelman, Albert I. Frankel, Jeffrey A. Draper, William H., Ill Evans, Rowland, Jr. Finger, Seymour Edelman, Gerald M. Franklin, Barbara Drayton, William, Jr. Everingham, Susan M.S. Edelman, Marian Wright Maxwell Drell, Sidney D. Ewing, Anthony R t Drew, Elizabeth Edelstein, Julius C.C. Finkelstein, Lawrence S. Hackman Dreyfuss, Joel Edington, Mark D.W Finlayson, Grant Ellis Franklin, William E.* Edley, Christopher, Jr. Finn, James Frazer, Jendayi E.

132 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Fredericks, J. Wayne Gadiesh, Orit B.* Georgescu, Peter A. Goldberger, Marvin L. Graham, Katharine Fredman, Jonathan M. Gaer, Felice Gephardt, Richard A. Golden, James R. Graham, Lawrence Otis Freedman, Eugene M. Gaines, James R. Gerber, Louis Golden, William T. Graham, Thomas, Jr. Freeman, Bennett Galbraith, Evan G. Gergen, David R. Goldgeier, James M. Graham, Thomas Freeman, Harry L. Gallagher, Dennis Gerhart, Gail M. Goldin, Harrison J. Wallace Freeman, Roger C.t Gallucci, Robert L. Germain, Adrienne Goldman, Charles N. Grant, Stephen A. Freidheim, Cyrus F, Jr. Garvin, John R. Gerschel, Patrick A. Goldman, Emily O. Graubard, Stephen R. Frelinghuysen, Peter H.B. Galvis, Sergio J. Gershman, Carl Goldman, Guido Graves, Howard D. Fremont-Smith, Ganguly, Sumit Gerson, Allan Goldman, Marshall I. Gray, Charles D. Marion R. Gann, Pamela Gerson, Ralph J. Goldman, Merle Gray, Hanna Holborn Frey Donald N. Gannon, John C* Gerstner, Louis Y, Jr. Goldmark, Peter C, Jr. Grayson, Judy S. Freytag, Richard A. Ganoe, Charles S. Getler, Michael Goldschmidt, Neil Greathead, R. Scott Fribourg, Michel Gantcher, Nathan Geyelin, Henry R. Goldsmith, Jack Green, Bill Fribourg, Paul Garcia-Passalacqua, Juan Geyelin, Philip L. Landman, III Green, Carl J. Fried, Edward R. Manuel Geyer, Georgie Anne Goldstein, Gordon Green, Ernest G. Friedberg, Aaron L. Gard, Robert G, Jr. Gfoeller, Joachim, Jr. * Goldstein, Jeffrey A. Green, Jerrold D. Friedman, Bart Gardels, Nathan P Gfoeller, Michael Goldwyn, David L. Green, Michael Jonathan Friedman, Benjamin M. Gardner, Anthony Gfoeller, Tatiana C. Golob, Paul Greenberg, Arthur N. Friedman, Jordana D. Laurence Ghiglione, Loren Gomory Ralph E. Greenberg, Evan G. Fnedman, Stephen Gardner, James A. Gibbons, John H. Gompert, David C. Greenberg, Karen J. Friedman, Stephen J. Gardner, Nina Luzzatto Gibbs, Nancy Reid Goodby, James E. Greenberg, Maurice R. Friedman, Thomas L. Gardner, Richard N. Gibney, Frank B. Goodman, George J. W Greenberg, Sanford D. Frieman, Wendy Garment, Leonard Giffen, James H. Goodman, Herbert I. Greenberger, Robert S. Friend, Theodore Garment, Suzanne Gilbert, Jackson B. Goodman, Nancy E Greene, Joseph N., Jr. Froman, Michael B.G. Gart, Murray J. Gilbert, Jarobin, Jr. Goodman, Roy M. Greene, Margaret L. Fromkin, David Garten, Jeffrey E. Gilbert, Steven J. Goodman, Sherri Greene, Wade Fromm, Joseph Garthoff, Raymond L. Gillespie, Michael J. Wasserman Greenfield, James L. Frost, Ellen L. Garwin, Richard L. Gilmore, Kenneth 0. Goodpaster, Andrew J. Greenfield, Meg Fry, Earl H. Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Gilmore, Richard Gordon, Albert H. Greenspan, Alan Frye, Alton Gates, Philomene A. Gilpin, Robert G., Jr. Gordon, John A. Greenwald, Joseph A. Fukushima, Glen S. Gates, Robert M. Gingrich, Newton L. Gordon, Lincoln Greenway, H.D.S. Fukuyama, Francis Gati, Charles Ginsberg, Marc Charles Gordon, Michael R. Gregg, Donald E Fuld, Richard S.,Jr. Gati, Toby Trister Ginsburg, David Gordon, Philip H. Gregorian, Vartan Fuller, Kathryn S. Gaudiani, Claire Lynn Ginsburg, Jane C. Gorelick, Jamie S.* Gregson, Wallace C. Fuller, William P Cause, F Gregory, III* Ginsburg, Ruth Bader Gorman, Joseph T. Grenier, Richard Fullerton, William Gay, Catherine Glauber, Robert R. Gornick, Alan L. Griego, Linda Bewick Gebhard, Paul R.S. Gleysteen, William H., Jr. Gotbaum, Victor Griffin, Anne-Marea Fung, Victor K. K. Gedo, Inget Globerman, Norma Gottemoeller, Rose E. Griffith, William E. Furlaud, Richard M. Geertz, Clifford Gluck, Carol Gottfried, Kurt Grimes, Joseph A., Jr. Futter, Ellen V Geier, Philip O. Gluck, Frederick W Gottlieb, Gidon AG. Grose, Peter Geithner, Timothy F Glusker, Peter H.+ Gottsegen, Peter M. Gross, Patrick W Gejdenson, Sam Godchaux, Frank A., III Gould, Peter G. Grove, Brandon H, Jr. Gelb, Bruce S. Godwin, I. Lamond Gourevitch, Peter A. Groves, Ray J. G Gelb, Leslie H. Goekjian, Samuel V Graff, Henry F Grundfest, Joseph Gelb, Richard L. Goheen, Robert F Graff, Robert D. Grunwald, Henry A. Gabriel, Charles A. Gell-Mann, Murray Coins, Charlynn Graham, Bob Guerra-Mondragon, Gaddis, John Lewis Gellman, Barton David Goldberg, Ronnie Lee Graham, Carol Lee Gabriel

* Elected to membership in 1997. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1997.

133 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Guisinger, Stephen E. Hansell, Herbert J. Heimbold, Charles A., Jr. Hight, B. Boyd Horlick, Gary N. Gullion, Edmund A. Hansen, Carol Rae Heimowitz, James B. Hill, J. Tomilson Hormats, Robert D. Gutfreund, John H. Hanson, Thor Heineman, Hill, James T* Horn, Garfield H. Guth,John H.J. Hantz, Giselle R Benjamin W, Jr. Hill, Pamela Horn, Karen N. Guthman, Edwin O. Harari, Maurice Heintz, Stephen B. Hillen, John Horn, Miriam Gutmann, Henning R Harding, Harry Heintzen, Harry L. Hillenbrand, Martin J. Horn, Sally K. Gwertzman, Bernard M. Hardt, John P Heinz, Teresa Hillgren, Sonja Horner, Matina S. Gwin, Catherine Hargrove, John Helander, Robert C. Hills, Carla A. Hornik, Richard H. Lawrence Heldring, Frederick Hills, Laura Hume Horowitz, Irving Louis Harleston, Bernard W Heifer, Ricki Rhodarmer Hilsman, Roger Horton, Alan W Harman, Jane Heller, Richard M. Hilton, Robert E Horton, Scott H Harman, Sidney Hellman, F Warren Himes, James A. Hosmer, Bradley C. Harmon, James A. * Hellmann, Donald C. Hinerfeld, Ruth J. Hoston, Germaine A. Haas, Peter E. Harpel, James W Helms, Richard Hines, Rachel Hottelet, Richard C. Haas, Robert D. Harper, Conrad K. Helprin, Mark Hinshaw, Randall Houghton, Amory Jr. Haass, Richard N. Harris, Irving B. Hendnckson, David C. Hinton, Deane R. Houghton, James R. Habsburg-Lothringen, Harris, John M. Henkin, Alice H. Hirschman, Albert O. House, Karen Elliott Inmaculada De Harris, Joseph E. Henkin, Louis Ho, Christine M.Y. Hovey J. Allan, Jr. Haddad, Yvonne Hams, Martha Caldwell Hennessy, John M. Hoagland.Jim Howard, A. E. Dick Hoar, Joseph R Howard, John R. Yazbeck Harrison, Selig S. Henninger, Daniel E Hobbs, Tammany D. Howard, M. Hadley, Stephen J. Harsch, Joseph C. Henrikson, Alan K. Hoch, Frank W Hafner, Joseph A., Jr. Harshberger, Edward R. Hentges, Harriet William, Jr.* Hoeber, Amoretta M. Haggard, Stephan Hart, Augustin S., Jr. Herberger, Roy A., Jr. Howell, Ernest M. Hoehn, William E., Jr. Hahn, Keith D. Hart, Gary Hermann, Charles F Howell, Peter* Hoenlein, Malcolm Haig, Alexander M., Jr. Hart, Parker T. Hernandez, Antonia Hoyt, Mont R Hoepli, Nancy L. Hakim, Peter Hart, Todd C. Hernandez-Colon, Hrynkow, Sharon Hoffenberg, Mark R. Halaby, Najeeb E. Hartman, Arthur A. Rafael Hemond Hoffman, Adonis Hale, David D.* Haskell, John H. E,Jr. Herskovits, Jean Huber, Richard L. Hall, C. Barrows Haskins, Caryl E Herter, Christian A., Jr. Edward Huberman, Benjamin Hall, John P Hatfield, Robert S. Herter, Frederic E Hoffmann, Stanley Hudson, Manley O., Jr. Hallingby, Paul, Jr. Hauge, John R. Hertzberg, Arthur Hoge, James F,Jr. Hudson, Michael C. Halperin, David R. Hauser, Rita E. Hertzberg, Hendrik Hoge, Warren Hudson, Stewart J. Halperin, Morton H. Hauser, William L. Herz, Barbara Hoguet, George R. Huebner, Lee W Halsted, Thomas A. Havell, Theresa Ann Herzfeld, Charles M. Hohenberg, John Hufbauer, Gary C. Haltzel, Michael H. Hawkins, Ashton Herzstein, Robert E. Hoinkes, Mary Elizabeth Huffington, Roy M. Hamburg, David A. Hawley E William Hesburgh, Theodore M. Holbrooke, Richard C. Hufstedler, Shirley Hamburg, Jillt Hayek, Alexandre Heslrn, Sheila N.f Holcomb, M. Staser Hughes, John Hamburg, Margaret Ann Hayes, Margaret Daly Hess, John B. Holgate, Laura S. Hayes Hughes, Justin Hamilton, Ann O. Haynes, Fred Hessler, Curtis A. Holl, Jane E. Hughes, Thomas L. Hamilton, Charles V Haynes, Ulric, Jr. Hewitt, William A. Hollick, Ann L. Huizenga, John W Hamilton, Daniel Hayward, Thomas B. Hewlett, Sylvia Ann Holloway Dwight F, Jr. Hultman, Tamela Hamilton, Edward K. Healy, Harold H., Jr. Hiatt, Fred* Holmes, H. Allen Hume, Ellen Hamilton, Lee H. Heck, Charles B. Hicks, Irvin Holmes, Kim R. Hummel, Arthur W, Jr. Hamilton, Michael E Hedstrom, Mitchell W. Hicks, Irvin, Jr. Holt, Fat M. Hunsberger, Warren S. Hamilton, Ruth Simms Heep-Richter, Barbara D. Hicks, John F, Sr. Holum, John D. Hunter, Robert E. Hammonds, D. Holly Heginbotham, Stanley J. Hicks, Kathleen H.t Hooks, Benjamin L. Hunter, Shireen T. Hancock, Ellen Hehir, J. Bryan Higgmbotham, F Hoopes, Townsend W Hunter-Gault, Hand, Scott M. Heifetz, Elaine E Hope, Judith R. Michael Charlayne Handelman, Stephen Heilbrunn, Jacob E. Hope, Richard O. Higgins, Robert F Huntington, Patricia S.* Hanscom, Patricia L. Heimann, John G. Horelick, Arnold L. Highet, Keith Huntington, Samuel R

134 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Huntsman, Jon M., Jr. Jackson, Jesse L. Jordan, Eason* Kapp, Robert A. Kendall, Donald M. Hurewitz, J.C. Jackson, John H. Jordan, Vernon E., Jr. Kapstein, Ethan B. Kenen, Peter B. Hurford, John B. Jackson, Lois M. Joseph, Gen M. Karalekas, Anne Keniston, Kenneth Hurlock, James B. Jackson, Sarah Joseph, Ira Benjamin Karamanian, Susan L* Kennan, Christopher J. Hurst, Robert J. Jackson, William E. Joseph, James A. Karatnycky, Adnan Kennan, Elizabeth T Hurwitz, Seth L. Jacob, John E. Joseph, Richard A. Karatz, Bruce Kennan, George E Hurwitz, Sol Jacobs, Eli S. Josephson, William Karis, Thomas G. Kennedy, Craig Hutchings, Robert L.* Jacobs, Nehama Joyce, John T. Karl, Terry Lynn Kenney F Donald Hutchins, Glenn H. Jacobson, Harold K. Jumper, John P Karnow, Stanley Kent, William H. Hutzler, Charles Jacobson, Jerome Junz, Helen B. Karns, Margaret E Keohane, Nannerl O. Huyck, Philip M. Jacoby, Tamar Juster, Kenneth I. Kartman, Charles Keohane, Robert O. Hyland, William G. Janis, Mark W. Kasdin, Robert Kern, Paul J. Hyman, Allen I. Janklow, Morton L. Kass, Stephen L. Kerr, Ann Z. Janow, Merit E. Kassalow, Jordan S. Kerry, John F Jansen, Manus B. Kassof, Allen H. Kessler, Martha Neff Jaquette, Jane S. K Katz, Abraham Kester, John G. Jarvis, Nancy A. Kaden, Lewis B. Katz, Daniel Roger Kester, W Carl Jastrow, Robert Kadlec, Robert Katz, Ronald S. Khalilzad, Zalmay M. Jebb, Cindy R. Katz, Stanley N. Khuri, Nicola N. Ignatius, David Kagan, Robert W Jeffries, Bradley C. Katzenstein, Peter J. Kiermaier, John Ikenberry, G. John Kahan, Jerome H. Jervis, Robert L. Kaufman, Daniel J. Kiernan, Robert Ikle, Fred C. Kahin, George McT. Jessup, Alpheus W Kaufman, Henry Ilchman, Alice S. Kahler, Miles Edward, III Jessup, Philip C, Jr. Kaufman, Robert R. Inderlurth, Karl E Kahn, Harry Kiley, Robert R. Jeter, Howard E* Kaufmann, William W Ingersoll, Robert S. Kaiser, Philip M. Kim, Andrew B. Joffe, Robert D. Kaysen, Carl Inman, B.R. Kaiser, Robert G. Kim, Hanya Marie Johns, Lionel Skipwith Kazemi, Farhad Intriligator, Michael D. Kalb, Bernard Kimmitt, Robert M. Johnson, Howard W Kea, Charlotte G. Irvin, Patricia L. Kalb, Marvin Kimsey James V* Johnson, James A. Kean, Christopher Irwin, John N., II Kalicki, Jan Kinde, Lawrence John Johnson, Jay L* Kean, Thomas H. Irwin, Steven M. Kalil, Thomas Amadeus King, Charles Johnson, L. Oakley Kearney, Jude Isaacs, Maxine Kamarck, Andrew M. King, Henry L. Johnson, Larry D. Kearns, David T Isaacson, Walter Kamarck, Elaine Ciulla King, John A., Jr. Johnson, Lionel C. Keel, Alton G.,Jr. Iselin, John Jay Kaminer, Peter H. King, Kay Johnson, Nancie S. Keene, Lonnie S. Isenberg, Steven L. Kaminsky Howard Kipper, Judith Johnson, Robbin S. Keeny, Spurgeon M., Jr. Isham, Christopher Kampelman, Max M. Kirk, Grayson L. Johnson, Robert H. Kelleher, Catherine M. Ispahani, Mahnaz Z. Kamsky, Virginia A. Kirkland, Lane Johnson, Robert W, IV Kellen, Stephen M. Istel, Yves-Andre Kanak, Donald Perry Kirkland, Richard I., Jr. Johnson, Thomas S. Keller, EdmondJ. Itoh, William M. Kandell, Jonathan Kirkpatrick, Jeane J. Johnson, W Thomas Keller, Kenneth H. Izlar, William H., Jr. Kanet, Roger E. Kirkpatrick, Melanie Jones, Alan Kellerman, Barbara Kang, C. S. Eliott Kissinger, Henry A. Jones, Anita K.* Kelley R X. Kann, Peter R. Kizer, Karin L. Jones, David C. Kelly, James P Kanter, Arnold Kleiman, Robert Jones, James R. Kelly, John H. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss Klein, David Jones, Kerri-Ann* Kelman, Herbert C. Kaplan, Gilbert E. Klein, Edward Jones, Sidney R. Kemble, Eugenia Kaplan, Harold J. Klein, George Jabber, Paul Jones, Thomas V Kemp, Geoffrey Kaplan, Helene L. Klein, Joe Jacklm, Nancy P Jones, Thomas W* Kempe, Frederick Kaplan, MarkN. Klurfeld, James Jackson, Bruce P Jordan, Amos A. Kempner, Maximilian W Knight, Edward S. Jackson, Eric K. Kaplan, Stephen S.

* Elected to membership in 1997. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1997.

135 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Knight, Jessie J., Jr. Kubarych, Roger M. Lasser, Lawrence J. Levine, Susan B. Litt, David G. Knight, Robert Kubisch, Jack B. Lateef, Noel V Levinson, Marc Little, David Huntington Kuchins, Andrew Lauder, Leonard A. Levitas, Mitchel Litwak, Robert S. Knoppers, Antonie T. Carngan Laudicina, Paul A. Levy, Marion J., Jr. Liu, Eric P Knowlton, William A. Kuniholm, Bruce R. Lauinger, Philip C, Jr. Levy, Reynold Livingston, Robert Knox, John H.t Kunstadter, Geraldine S. Laurenti, Jeffrey* Levy, Samuel J.t Gerald Koch, Wendy M. Kupchan, Charles A. Lautenbach, Ned C. Levy, Walter J. Llewellyn, J. Bruce Kogan, Richard J. Kupchan, Clifford A.* Laventhol, David A. Lewis, Anthony Lodal, Jan M. Kohut, Andrew Kupperman, Robert H. Lavin, Franklin L. Lewis, Bernard Lodge, George C. Kolbe, James T. Kurth, James R. Lawrence, Richard D. Lewis, David A. Loeb, Marshall Kolodziej, Edward A. Kurtzer, Daniel C. Lawrence, Robert Z. Lewis, Edward T. Logan, Francis D. Kolt, George Kwoh, Stewart Lawson, Eugene K. Lewis, Flora Long, Susan M. Koltai, Steven R. Layne, Christopher Lewis, John E Long, William J.* Komisar, Lucy Lazarus, Steven Lewis, John Wilson Longstreth, Bevis Kondracke, Morton Leach, James Lewis, Loida Nicolas Loranger, Donald E., Jr. Korb, Lawrence J. LeClerc, Paul* Lewis, Samuel W Lord, Belte Bao Korbonski, Andrzej Lederberg, Joshua Lewis, Stephen R. Lord, Winston Korn, Jessica+ Laber, Jeri Lederer, Ivo John Lewis, W Walker Lorentzen, Oivind, III Korry, Edward M. Labrecque, Thomas G. Lee, Ernest S. Lewy Glen S. Louis, William Roger Kotecha, Mahesh K. Lader, Philip Lee, Janet Li, Lehmann Lovejoy Thomas E. Kraar, Louis Ladner, Joyce A. Lee, William L. Li, Victor H. Lovelace, Jon B. Kraemer, Lillian E. LaFleur, Vinca S.f Lee-Kung, Dinah Libby, I. Lewis Low, Stephen Kraeutler, Kirk Lagon, Mark R Leebron, David W Lichtblau, John H. Lowenfeld, Andreas E Kramek, Robert E. Laipson, Ellen Leeds, Roger S. Lichtenstein, Cynthia C. Lowenstein, James G. Kramer, Helen M. Laird, Vanessa Lefever, Ernest W Lieber, James Edmund Lowenthal, Abraham E Kramer, J. Reed Lake, W Anthony Leghorn, Richard S. Lieber, Robert J. Loy Frank E. Kramer, Jane Lake, William T. Legvold, Robert H. Lieberman, Jodi B. Lozano, Ignacio E., Jr. Kramer, Mark Nathan Lall, Betty Goetz Lehman, John E Lieberman, Joseph I. Lubin, Nancy Kramer, Michael Lamar, Stephen E. Lehman, Orin Lieberman, Nancy A. Lubman, Stanley B. Kramer, Steven Philip Lamb, Denis Lehman, Ronald E, II Lieberthal, Kenneth Lucas, C. Payne Krasner, Stephen D. Lambeth, Benjamin S. Lehrer, Jim Lifton, Robert K. Luce, Charles E Krasno, Richard M. Lamm, Donald S. Leich, John Foster Light, Timothy Luck, Edward C. Krause, Lawrence B. Lamont, Lansing Leigh, Monroe Lighthizer, Robert E. Lucy William Krauss, Clifford Lampley Virginia A. Leland, Marc E. Lilienthal, Sally Luers, Wendy W Krauthammer, Charles Lampton, David M. Lelyveld, Joseph Lilley, James R. * Luers, William H. Kravis, Henry R. Lancaster, Carol J. LeMelle, TildenJ. Lincoln, Edward J. Luke, John A., Jr. Kreisberg, Paul H. Landau, George W LeMelle,WilbertJ. Lind, Michael E. Lumpe, Lora Krens, Thomas Landers, James M. Lempert, Robert J. Lindsay, Franklin A. Lustick, Ian S. Krepinevich, Andrew E Landy, Joanne Lenzen, Louis C. Linen, Jonathan S. Luttwak, Edward N. Krepon, Michael Laney James T. LeoGrande, William M. Link, Troland S. Lyall, Katharine C. Kreps, Juanita M. Langdon, George D., Jr. Leonard, James E Lmowes, David E Lyman, Princeton Krisher, Bernard Langlois, John D. Leone, Richard C. Linowitz, Sol M. Nathan Kristoff, Sandra Jeanne Lansner, Kermit I. Lemer-Lam, Eva Lipper, Kenneth Lyman, Richard W Kristol, Irving LaPalombara, Joseph Lesch, Ann Mosely Lippman, Thomas W Lynch, Edward S. Kross, Walter Lapham, Lewis H. Lesser, Ian O.* Lipscomb, Thomas H. Lynch, William, Jr. Krueger, Anne O. Lapidus, Gail W Levin, Gerald M. Lipset, Seymour Martin Lynk, Myles V Krueger, Harvey Lardy, Nicholas R. Levin, John A. Lipsky John E Lynn, James T. Kruidenier, David Larrabee, E Stephen Levin, Michael S. Lipsky Seth Lynn, Laurence E., Jr. Krulak, Charles C. Larson, Charles R. Levfne, Irving R. Lissakers, Karin M. Lyon, David W Ku, Charlotte Lash, Jonathan Levine, Mel Litan, Robert E.* Lyons, Gene M.

136 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Lyons, James E. Mansfield, Edward Matteson, William B. McKinney Robert Meyer, Cord Lyons, Richard K. Deering Mattox, Gale A. McLaughlin, David T. Meyer, Edward C. Marans,J. Eugene Matuszewski, Daniel C. McLean, Sheila Avrin Meyer, John R. Marcum, John Arthur Maxwell, Kenneth McLin, Jon B. Meyer, Karl E. Marder, Murrey May, Ernest R. McManus, Doyle* Meyerman, Harold J. Margolis, David I. May, Michael M.* McManus, Jason D. Meyerson, Martin M Mark, David E. Mayer, Claudette McNamara, Kathleen R.t Michaels, Marguerite Ma, Christopher Yi-Wen Mark, Hans M. Mayer, Gerald M., Jr. McNamara, Robert S. Mickiewicz, Ellen E Mabus, Raymond Mark, Rebecca E Mayer, Lawrence A. McNaugher, Thomas L. * Midgley Elizabeth Edwin, Jr. Marks, Leonard H. Mayhew, Alice E. McPeak, Merrill A. Mihaly Eugene B. MacCormack, Charles E Marks, Paul A. Maynes, Charles William McPherson, M. Peter Mikell, Gwendolyn MacDonald, GordonJ. Marks, Russell E., Jr. Mazarr, Michael J. McQuade, Lawrence C. Miles, Edward L. MacDonald, Shawn A. Markusen, Ann R. Mazur, Jay McWade, Robert S. Miller, Charles D. MacDougal, Gary E. Marlin, Alice Tepper McAfee, W Gage Meacham, Jon Miller, David Charles, Jr. MacFarquhar, Emily Marmor, Theodore R. McAllister, Jef Olivarius Mead, Dana G. Miller, Debra L. MacGillivray, Adrien+ Marr, Phebe A. McCaffrey, Barry R. Mead, Walter R.* Miller, Franklin C. Mack, Kathryn S. Marron, Donald B. McCain, John* Meagher, Robert E Miller, J. Irwin Mackay, Leo S., Jr. Marshall, Andrew W McCall, H. Carl Mearsheimer, John J. Miller, Judith MacLaury, Bruce K. Marshall, Anthony D. McCann, Edward Medina, Kathryn B.* Miller, Ken* Macomber, John D. Marshall, Dale Rogers McCartan, Patrick E Medish, Mark C. Miller, Linda B. Macomber, William B. Marshall, Katherine McCarthy, James R Meers, Sharon I. Miller, Marcia E. Macy Robert M., Jr. Marshall, Ray McCarthy, John G. Mehta, Ved Miller, Matthew L. Madrid, Arturo Marshall, Z. Blake McCarthy, Paul B.t Meissner, Doris M. Miller, Paul David Maguire,John D. Martin, Daniel R. McCauley John E Meister, Irene W Miller, Roberta Balstad Mahaney Mark S. Martin, Lisa L. McCloy,JohnJ.,II Melby, Eric D. K. Miller, William Green Mahnken, Thomas G. Martin, Lynn McCormack, Elizabeth J. Mello, Judy Hendren Miller-Adams, Michelle Martin, Susan Forbes McCouch, Donald G. Melloan, George R. Mahoney Catherine E Beth Martin, William E McCracken, Paul W Melville, Richard A. Mahoney, Margaret E. Millett, Allan R. Martin-Brown, Joan McCurdy, Dave K. Mendelson, Sarah E.t Mahoney, Thomas EL, IV Millington, John A. Martinez, Armando McDermott, James A. Mendez, Jose E Mai, Vincent A. Mills, Bradford Maier, Charles S. McDonald, Alonzo L. Mendlovitz, Saul H. Bravo Mills, Karen Gordon Makins, Christopher J. McDonough, William J. Menges, Carl B.* Martinuzzi, Leo S., Jr. Mills, Susan Mako, William E McDougal, Myres S. Menke, John R. Marton, Kati Minis, Valerie A. Malek, Frederic V McDougall, Gay J. Merkling, Christian Marx, Anthony Minow, Newton N. Malm, Clement B. McEntee, JoanM. Meron, Theodor Masin, Michael T. Miranda, Lourdes R. Malley Robert* McFarlane, Jennifer A. * Merow, John E. Mason, Elvis L. Mirsky Yehudah Mallery, Richard McFarlane, Robert C. Merrill, Philip Massey, L. Camille Mishkin, Alexander+ Malmgren, Harald B. McFate, Patncia Ann MerrittJackN. Massey, Walter E.* Mitchell, Arthur M., Ill Malmgren, Philippa McGiffert, David E. Merszei, Zoltan Massie, Suzanne Mitchell, George H, Jr. Mamdam, Mahmoud McGillicuddy John E Mesa-Lago, Carmelo Mathews, Jessica T. Mitchell, George J. Manca, Marie McGovern, George S. Meselson, Matthew Mathews, Michael S. Mitchell, Wandra McGowan, Alan Messner, William Mathews, Sylvia M. Mize, David M. Antoinette McGrath, Eugene R. Mathias, Charles Mochizuki, Kiichi Mandelbaum, Michael McGuire, Raymond J. Curtis, Jr. Mochizuki, Mike Masato Manilow, Lewis McC.Jr. McGurn, William* Mestres, Ricardo A., Jr. Moe, Sherwood G. Mann, Michael D. Mathis, Brian Pierre McHale, Thomas R. Metcalf, George R. Moffett, George* Mann, Thomas E. Matlock, Jack E McHenry Donald E Mettler, Ruben E Manning, Bayless Matsui, Robert T Metzl, Jamie E + Molano, Walter Thomas

* Elected to membership in 1997. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1997.

137 m

MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Molinari, Susan K. Murase, Emily Moto Newman, Priscilla A. O'Connor, Sandra Day Mondale, Walter E Muravchik, Joshua Newman, Richard T. O'Connor, Walter E Montgomery, George Murdoch, Rupert Newsom, David D. Odeen, Fhilip A. Faal, Douglas H. Cranwell Murdy William E* Newton, Quigg Odell, JohnS. Pachon, Harry E Montgomery, Parker G. Murphy, Caryle Marie Ney Edward N. Odom, William E. Fackard, George R. Montgomery, Philip Murphy, Joseph S. Nicholas, N.J.Jr. Oettinger, Anthony G. Paine, George C, II O'Bryan, III Murphy, Richard W Nichols, Carole Offit, Moms W Pais, Abraham Moock, Joyce Lewinger Murphy, Thomas S. Nichols, Nancy OFlaherty J. Daniel Pakula, Hannah C. Moody, Jim Murray, Allen E. Stephenson Ogden, Alfred Palmer, Mark Moody, William S. Murray, Douglas E Nichols, Rodney W Ogden, William S. Palmer, Ronald D. Moore, John J., Jr. Murray, Ian P Niehuss, John M. Oh, Kongdan Palmieri, Victor H. Moore, John M. Murray, Janice L. Niehuss, Rosemary O'Hare, Joseph A. Panofsky Wolfgang K. H. Moore, John Norton Murray, Lori Esposito Neaher Okawara, Merle Aiko Pardee, Scott E. Moore, Jonathan Muse, Martha T. Nielsen, Nancy* Oksenberg, Michel Pardew, James W, Jr. * Moore, Julia A. Myerson, Toby S. Nielsen, Waldemar A. Okun, Herbert S. Parent, Alexandra Moore, Paul, Jr. Nierenberg, Claudia Oliva, L. Jay Parker, Barrington D.,Jr. Moorman, Thomas S., Jr. Nilsson, A. Kenneth Oliver, April Parker, Jason H. Moose, George E. Nimetz, Matthew Olmer, Lionel H. Parker, Karen E.f Moose, Richard M. N Nitze, Paul H. Olmstead, Cecil J. Farker, Maynard Mora, Alberto J. Nitze, William A. Olson, William C. Parker, Richard B. Olvey Lee D. Moragoda, Milinda Nachmanoff, Arnold Nix, Crystal Parkinson, Roger O'Malley Cormac K. H. Moran, Theodore H. Nacht, Michael Noam, Eli M.* Parsky, Gerald L. Omestad, Thomas E. Morrell, Gene E Nadiri, M. Ishaq Nolan, Janne E. Farsons, Richard D. O'Neill, Michael J. Morris, Max K. Nagorski, Andrew Noland, Marcus Passer-Muslin, Juliette M. Opel, John R. Morris, Milton D. Nagorski, Zygmunt Nolte, Richard H. Passrn, Herbert Oppenheimer, Franz M. Pastor, Ed Morrisett, Lloyd N. Namkung, KA. Nooter, Robert H. Oppenheimer, Michael E Pastor, Robert A. * Morse, Edward L. Nasher, Raymond D. Norman, William S. O'Frey, Kevin E Patrick, Hugh T. Morse, Kenneth E Nathan, Andrew J. Norton, Augustus Orlms, Stephen A. Patncof, Alan J. Mortimer, David Nathan, James A. Richard Ornstein, Norman J. Patrikis, Ernest T. Mosbacher, Robert A. Nathoo, Raffiq A. Norton, Eleanor Holmes Orr, Robert C.T Patterson, Gardner Moses, Alfred H. Natt, Ted M. Nossel, Suzanne Et Orszag, Peter R. Paul, Michael G. Mosettig, Michael Nau, Henry R. Noto, Lucio A. Osborne, Richard dej. Paul, Roland A. Moskow, Kenneth A. Navab, Alexander Nuechterlein, Jeffrey D.* O'Shaughnessy Elise Pavel, Barry Moskow, Michael H. Naylor, Rosamond Lee Nugent, Walter Osisek, Elizabeth M.f Payne, Donald M. Moss, Ambler H, Jr. Neal, Stephen L. Nussbaum, Bruce Osmer-McQuade, Pearlstine, Norman Motley, Joel W Negroponte, John D. Nye, J. Benjamin Pearson, John E. Mottahedeh, Roy Neier, Aryeh Nye, Joseph S., Jr. Margaret Pearson, Scott D. Motulsky Dan T. Nelson, Anne Osnos, Peter Pedersen, Richard E Moynihan, Daniel E Nelson, Daniel N. Osnos, Susan Sherer Pederson, Rena Mroz, John Edwin Nelson, Jack Ostrander, E Taylor Pell, Claiborne Nelson, Merlin E. Otero, Joaquin E Mudd, Margaret E Pelletreau, Robert H.Jr. Ovitz, Michael S. Mujal-Leon, Eusebio Nenneman, Richard A. Pelson, Victor A. Owen, Henry Mulford, David C. Neuman, Stephanie G. Oakes, John B. Penfield, James K. Owen, Roberts B. Mulholland, William D. Neustadt, Richard E. Oakes, John GH. Penn, Mark* Owens, James W Muller, Henry Newberg, Esther R. Oakley, Phyllis E. Percy, Charles H. Owens, William A. Muller, Steven Newburg, Andre WG. Oakley, Robert B. Perea-Henze, Raul Oxman, Stephen A. Mundy Carl E., Jr. Newcomb, Nancy Oberdorfer, Don Perella, Joseph Robert Oxnam, Robert B. Munger, Edwin S. Newell, Barbara W O'Brien, Dennis J. Peretz, Don Oye, Kenneth A. Munroe, George B. Newhouse, John OCleireacain, Carol Perkin, Linda J. Munyan, Winthrop R. Newman, Constance B. O'Connell, Mary Ellen

138 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Perkins, Edward J. Pinkerton, W. Stewart Price, Hugh Rappaport, Alan H. Richard, Anne C Perkins, James A. Pino, John A. Price, John R., Jr. Rasmussen, Nicholas J. Richards, Paul G Perkins, Roswell B. Pipes, Daniel Price, Robert Ratchford.J. Thomas Richards, Stephen H. Perkovich, George Pipes, Richard E. Pritzker, Penny Rather, Dan Richardson, David B. Perle, Richard N. Pisano, Jane G. Pruitt, Lisa R.f Rathjens, George W Richardson, Elliot L. Perlman, Janice E. Piatt, Alan A. Pryce, Jeffrey F Ratner, Steven R. Richardson, HenryJ., Ill Perlmutter, Amos Piatt, Alexander Hartley Pryce, William T. Rattner, Steven L. Richardson, John Perlmutter, Louis Piatt, Nicholas Puchala, Donald J. Rattray, Gregory J. Richardson, Richard W Perry, Robert C. Platz, Stephanie S.t Puckett, Allen E. Rauch, Rudolph S. Richardson, William B. Peters, Arthur King Plepler, Richard Pucketl, Robert H. Raul, Alan Charles Richardson, William R. Peters, Aulana L. Plimpton, Calvin H. Pulling, Thomas L. * Ravenal, Earl C. Richardson, Yolonda Peters, Michael P Ploumpis, Valerie Purcell, Susan Kaufman Ravenholt, Albert Richman, Joan F Peterson, Holly Plumeri, Joseph J., II* Pursley Robert E. Ravitch, Richard Richter, Anthony H. Peterson, Peter G. Poats, Rutherford M. Pusey, Nathan M. Raymond, David A. Ridgway, Rozanne L. Peterson, Rudolph A. Pocalyko, Michael N. Pustayjohn S. Raymond, Jack Rieff, David Petree, Richard W Podhoretz, Norman Putnam, Robert D. Raymond, Lee R. RiellyJohnE. Petree, Richard W, Jr. Pogue, Richard W. Pye, Lucian W Redman, Charles E.* Ries, Hans A. Petri, Thomas E. Polk, William R. Pyle, Cassandra A. Reed, Charles B. Rifkind, Robert S. Petschek, Stephen R. Pollack, Gerald A. Pyle, Kenneth B. Reed, Joseph Verner Riley, Jack Pettibone, Peter J. Pollack, Kenneth M.f Reese, William S. Rindskopf, Elizabeth R. Petty, John R. Pollack, Lester Regan, Edward V Riordan, Michael L. Peyronnin, Joseph Polsby Nelson W Reichert, William M. Ritch,JohnB.,III Pezzullo, Lawrence A. Pond, Elizabeth Reid, Ogden Rivers, Richard R. Pfaltzgraff, Robert L., Jr. Poneman, Daniel B. Reimer, Dennis J. Rivkin, Donald H. Pfeiffer, Jane Cahill Pool, MarquitaJ. Reinhardt, John E. Quandt, William B. Rivlin, Alice M. Pfeiffer, Steven B. Pope, Clara A. Reinke, Fred W Quester, George H. Rizopoulos, Nicholas X. Pham, Kien D. Popkin, Anne Brandeis Reisman, WM. Quigley Kevin E E Robb, Charles S. Pharr, Susan J. Popoff, Frank P Reiss, Mitchell B.* Quigley Leonard V Robbms, Carla Anne Phelan, John J., Jr. Porter, John Edward Renfrew, Charles B. Quinn, Jane Bryant Robert, Joseph E., Jr. Phillips, Cecil M.* Portes, Jonathan D. Rennie, Milbrey Robert, Stephen Phillips, Christopher H. Portes, Richard D. Rennie, Renate Roberts, Chalmers M. Phillips, Russell A., Jr. Porzecanski, Arturo C. Reppy Judith V Roberts, John J. Picker, Harvey Posen, Barry R. Resor, Stanley R. Roberts, Walter R. Pickering, Thomas R. Posner, Michael H. Rey Nicholas A. Robinson, Barbara Paul Pieczenik, Steve R. Posvar, Wesley W Reynolds, Carolyn A.f Rabb, Maxwell M. Robinson, David Z. Piedra, Alberto M.,Jr. Potter, William C. Rhinelander, John B. Rabinowitch, Alexander Robinson, Davis R. Piel, Gerard Powell, Colin L. Rhodes,JohnB.,Sr. Rabinowitch, Victor Robinson, Eugene Pierce, Lawrence W Powell, Jerome H. Rhodes, Thomas L. Radway, Laurence I. Pierce, Ponchitta Power, Philip H. Rhodes, William R. Harold Raines, Franklin D. Piercy Jan Powers, Averill L. Ribicoff, Abraham A. Robinson, James D., Ill Raisian,John Pierre, Andrew J. Powers, Thomas Moore Rice, Condoleezza Robinson, Leonard H.,Jr. Ralph, Regan Elisabeth Pigott, Charles M. Pranger, Robert J. Rice, Donald B. Robinson, Linda S. Ramirez, Lilia L. Pike, John E. Prasso, Sherit Rice, Donald S. Robinson, Pearl T. Ramo, Simon Pilling, Donald L. Precht, Henry Rice, Joseph A. Robinson, Randall Rangel, Charles B. Pilliod, Charles J., Jr. Press, Frank Rice, Susan E. Robison, Olin C. Ranis, Gustav Pincus, Lionel I. Pressler, Larry Rich, John H., Jr. Roche, James G Rankin, Clyde E., Ill Pincus, Walter H. Prewitt, Kenneth Rich, Michael D. Rockefeller, David Raphel, Robin Lynn Rockefeller, David, Jr.

* Elected to membership in 1997. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1997.

139 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Rockefeller, John D., IV Ross, James D. Sagan, Scott D. Schlefer, Mark E* Selin, Ivan Rockefeller, Nicholas Ross, Robert S.* Said, Edward Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr. Serfaty, Simon Rockefeller, Rodman C. Ross, Roger Sakoian, Carol Knuth Schlesmger, Jacob M. Sesno, Frank Rockwell, Hays H. Ross, Thomas B. Salacuse, Jeswald W Schlesinger, James R. Sestanovich, Stephen R. Rodman, Peter W Rosso, David J. Salerno, Frederic V Schlesinger, Stephen SewallJohnO.B. Rodriguez, Rita M. Rossotti, Charles O. Salomon, Richard E. Schlosser, Herbert S. Sewall, Sarah Bulkeley Rodriguez, Vincent A. Rostow, Elspeth Davies Salomon, William R. Schmertz, Herbert Sewell, John W Roett, Riordan Rostow, Eugene V Salzman, Anthony D. Schmidt, Benno, Jr. Seymour, Frances J. RoffJ. Hugh, Jr. Rostow, Nicholas Sample, Steven B. Schmoke, Kurt L. Shafer, D. Michael Rogers, William D. Rostow, Walt W Samuels, Barbara C, II Schneider, Jan Shaffer, Gail S. Rogers, William P Rotberg, Robert I. Samuels, Michael A. Schneider, William Shalala, Donna E. Rogoff, Natasha Lance Roth, Katherine+ Samuels, Nathaniel Schneier, Arthur Shalikashvili, John M. Rohatyn, Felix G. Roth, Kathryn G. Samuels, Richard J. Schoen, Douglas E.* Shapiro, Eli Rohlen, Thomas R Roth, Kenneth Sanchez, Miguel A. Schoettle, Enid C.B. Shapiro, Harold T. Rokke, ErvinJ. Roth, Stanley Owen Sanchez, Nestor D. Schorr, Daniel L. Shapiro, Isaac Roman, Nancy E. Roth, William M. Sandel, Michael J. Schrage, Elliot J. Shaplen, Jason T. Romberg, Alan D. Roth, William V, Jr. Sander, Alison Schroeder, Sharp, Daniel A. Romero, Philip J. Rothkopf, David J. Sanders, Edward G. Christopher M. Shattuck, John Romero-Barcelo, Carlos Rovine, Arthur W Sanders, J. Stanley Schubert, Richard E Shayne, Herbert M. Rondeau, Ann E. Rowen, Henry S. Sanders, Robin Renee Schuh, G. Edward Sheffield, Jill W Roney, John H. Rowny, Edward L. Sanford, Terry Schuker, Jill Sheinbaum, Stanley K. Roosevelt, Theodore, IV Rubin, Barnett R. Santos, Charles Edward Schulhof, Michael R Sheinkman, Jack Rose, Daniel Rubin, James E Sapolsky Harvey M. Schulz, William E* Sheldon, Eleanor Bernert Rose, Elihu Rubin, Nancy H. Sargeant, Stephen T. Schumacher, Edward* Shelley, Sally Swing Rose, Frederick E Rubin, Robert E. Sassen, Saskia Schumer, Charles E. Shelp, Ronald K. Rosecrance, Richard Rubin, Seymour J. Satloff, Robert Barry Schwab, Susan C. Shelton, Joanna Reed Rosen, Arthur H. Rubin, Trudy Sato, Kumi Schwartz, Eric Paul Shelton-Colby, Sally A. Rosen, Daniel H.t Rudenstine, Neil L. Saul, Ralph S. Schwartz, Ethan Shenk, George H. Rosen, Jane K. Rudman, Warren B. Saunders, Harold H. Schwarz, Benjamin C. Shepard, Stephen B. Rosen, Robert L. Rudolph, Lloyd I. Saunders, FaulJ.t Schwarz, Sherman, Michael Rosen, Stephen E* Rudolph, Susanne Hoe- Saunders, Phillip C.t Frederick A.O., Jr. Sherman, Wendy R. * Rosenblatt, David S.t ber Savage, Frank Schwarzer, William W Sherry, George L. Rosenblatt, Lionel Ruebhausen, Oscar M. Sawhill, John C. Schwarzman, Stephen A. Sherwood, Ben* Rosenblatt, Feter R. Ruenitz, Robert M. Sawoski, Mark Schwebel, Stephen M. Sherwood, Elizabeth D. Rosenblum, Mort Ruggie, John G. Sawyer, Diane Sciolino, Elaine E Shestack, Jerome J. Rosenfeld, Stephen S. Runge, Carlisle Ford Scalapino, Robert A. Scott, David Wilson Shiffman, Gary M.t Rosenfield, Patricia L. Rupp, George* Schacht, Henry B. Scowcroft, Brent Shiner, Josette Rosenstock, Robert Russm, Elisabeth Schachter, Oscar Scranton, William W Shinn, James J. Rosenthal, A. M. Ruttan, Vernon W Schaffer, Howard B. Seaborg, Glenn T. Shipley, Walter V Rosenthal, Douglas E. Rutzen, Douglas Schaffer, Teresita C* Seagrave, Norman E Shire, Jacquelinet Rosenthal, Jack Ryan, Arthur E Schake, KoriN.* Seamans, Robert C.,Jr. Shirk, Susan L. Rosenthal, Joel H. RyanJohnT., Ill Schaufele, William E., Jr. Seaton, James B., Ill* Shlaes, Amity Rosenzweig, Robert M. Schecter, Jerrold Segal, Sheldon J. Shoemaker, Christopher Rosin, Axel G. Scheffer, David J. Segal, Susan L. Cole Roskens, Ronald W Scheinman, Lawrence Seibold, Frederick C, Jr. Shoemaker, Don Rosovsky, Henry s Schell, Orville H. Seidenberg, Ivan Shore, Jennifert Ross, Alison K. Schick, Thomas Seigenthaler, John L. Shorr, David Ross, Arthur Sachs, Jeffrey D. Schiff, Frank W Seitz, Frederick Showalter, VincaT Ross, Christopher WS. Sacks, Paul M. Schifter, Richard Sekulow, Eugene A. Shriver, Donald W, Jr. Ross, Dennis B. Safran, Nadav Schilling, Warner R. Selin, Douglast Shubert, Gustave H.

140 • MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Shulman, Colette Smith, Clint N.+ Sonnenberg, Maurice Stein, Paul E. Strausz-Hupe, Robert Shulman, Marshall D. Smith, David S. Sonnenfeldt, Helmut Steinberg, David J. Stremlau, John J. Shultz, George R Smith, DeWitt C.,Jr. Sonnenfeldt, Richard W Steinberg, James B. Strmecki, Marin J.* Shuman, Stanley S. Smith, Edwin M. Sorensen, Gillian Martin Steinberg, Richard H. Strock, James M.* Sick, Gary G. Smith, Gaddis Sorensen, Theodore C. Steinbruner, John D. Stroock, Thomas E Siegman, Henry Smith, Gare A. Soros, George Steiner, Daniel Strossen, Nadine Sifton, Elisabeth Smith, Hedrick L. Soros, Paul Steiner, Joshua L. Stroud, Joe H. Sigal, Leon V Smith, Jeffrey H. Southwick, James D.T Stempel, John D. Studeman, William O. Sigmund, Paul E. Smith, John T, II Sovern, Michael I. Stent, Angela E. Styron, Rose Silas, C.J. Smith, Larry Spain, James W Stepan, Alfred C. Sudarkasa, Michael E. M. Silberman, Laurence H. Smith, Leighton W, Jr. Spalter, Jonathan Stern, Ernest Sudarkasa, Niara Silkenat, James R. Smith, Malcolm B. Spangler, Scott M. Stern, Fritz Sughrue, Karen M. Silver, Allison* Smith, Michael B. Spar, Debora L. Stern, H. Peter Suleiman, Ezra N. Silver, Daniel B. Smith, Perry M. Spector, Leonard S. Stern, Jessica E.* Sulkin, Seth R.+ Silver, Ron Smith, Peter Hopkinson Speedie, David C. Stern, Paula Sullivan, Gordon Russell Silvers, Robert B. Smith, R. Jeffrey Speidel, Kirsten Elizabeth Stern, Walter R Sullivan, Leon H. Simes, Dimitn K. Smith, Richard M. Spencer, Edson W Sterner, Michael E. Sullivan, Louis W* Simmons, Adele Smith Smith, Stephen G. Spencer, John H. Sternlight, David Sullivan, Margaret C. Simmons, R J.t Smith, Theodore M. Spencer, William C. Stetson, Anne Sullivan, William H. Simmons, Ruth J.* Smith, Tony Spero, Joan E. Stevens, Charles R. Summers, Harry G., Jr. Simon, Francoise L. Smith, W. Y. Speth, James Gustave Stevens, James W Summers, Lawrence H. Simon, William E. Smith, Wayne S. Speyer, Jerry 1. Stevens, Paul Schott Sunderland, Jack B. Simons, Julie A.f Smith, Wmthrop H., Jr. Spielvogel, Carl Stevenson, Adlai E., Ill Suslow, Leo A. Sims, Albert G. Snider, Don M. Spiers, Ronald I. Stevenson, Charles A. Sutterlin, James S. Sims, Robert B. Snow, Robert Anthony Spindler, J. Andrew* Stewart, Donald M. Sutton, Francis X. Sinclair, Paula Snowe, OlympiaJ. Spiro, Herbert J. Stewart, Gordon C. Swank, Emory C. Sinding, Steven W Snyder, David M. Spratt, JohnM., Jr. Stewart, Ruth Ann Swanson, David H. Sinkin, Richard N. Snyder, Jack L. Springer, Jennyt Stiehm, Judith Hicks Sweitzer, Brandon W Sisco, Joseph J. Snyder, Jed C. Squadron, Howard M. Stiglitz, Joseph E.* Swenson, Eric P Sisk, Timothy D. Snyder, Richard E. Stacks, John Stiles, Deborah F* Swid, Stephen C. Sitrick, James B. Sobol, Dorothy Meadow Standi, Donald L. Stiles, Ned B. Swiers, Peter Bird Skidmore, Thomas E. Soderberg, Nancy E. Stalson, Helena Stith, Kate Swing, John Temple Skinner, Elliott P Sofaer, Abraham David Stamas, Stephen Stobaugh, Robert B. Szanton, Peter L. Skinner, Kiron Kanina Sohn, Louis B. Stankard, Francis X. Stockman, David A. Szporluk, Roman Skolnikoff, Eugene B. Solarz, Stephen J. Stanley, Peter W Stoessinger, John G. Slade, David R. Solbert, Peter OA. Stanton, Frank Stofft, William A. Slater, Joseph E. Solnick, Steven L. Staples, Eugene S. Stoga, Alan Slaughter, Anne-Marie Solomon, Andrew W Starr, S. Frederick Stokes, Bruce Slawson, Paul S. Solomon, Anne G.K. Stassen, Harold E. Stokes, Louis T Sloane, Ann Brownell Solomon, Anthony M. Steadman, Richard C. Stone, Jeremy J. Taft, Julia V Slocombe, Walter B. Solomon, Joshua N. Stedman, Louellen Stone, Randall Taft, William H, IV Sloss, Leon Solomon, Peter J. Steel, Ronald Stone, Roger D. Tagliabue, Paul Small, Lawrence M. Solomon, Richard H. Steiger, Paul E. Straus, Donald B. Tahir-Kheli, Shirin R. Smalley, Patricia T. Solomon, Robert Stein, David Fred Straus, Oscar S., II Talbot, Phillips Smart, S. Bruce, Jr. Sonenshine, H. Marshall Stein, Elliot, Jr. Straus, R. Peter Talbott, Strobe Smith, Andrew E Sonenshine, Tara Stein, Eric Strauss, Robert S. Talwar, Puneet Smith, Clint E. Sonne, Christian R. Stein, Mark Brian Strauss, Simon D. Tang, Angelicat

* Elected to membership in 1997. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1997.

141 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Tang, David K.Y. Todman, Terence A. u Veliotes, Nicholas A. Walker-Huntley, Mary Tanham, George K. Toll, MaynardJ., Jr. Vermilye, Peter H. Lynn Tannenwald, Theodore, Jr. Tomlinson, Alexander C. Udovitch, A.L. Vernon, Raymond Wallander, Celeste A. Tanner, Harold Ton, Tuong-Vyf Uhlig, Mark Verstandig, Toni Grant Wallerstein, Mitchel B. Tanter, Raymond Topping, Audrey Ullman, Richard H. Verville, Elizabeth G. Wallich, Christine* Tapia, Raul R. Ronning Ulman, Cornelius M. Vessey, John W Wallison, Peter J. Tarnoff, Peter Topping, Seymour Ulrich, Marybeth Viccellio, Henry Walsh, Michaela Tasco, Frank J. Torano, Maria Elena Peterson Vidal, David J. Walters, Barbara Taubman, William Torres, Art Ungar, SanfordJ. Viebranz, Curtis G. Walton, Anthony J. Taylor, Arthur R. Torres, Esteban Edward Unger, David Viederman, Stephen Walton, Reginald K.t Taylor, Kathryn Pelgnft Torres, Raidza M. Unger, Leonard Viets, Richard Noyes Waltz, Kenneth N. Taylor, William J., Jr. Torricelli, Robert G. Upton, Maureen T. Vila, Adis Maria Ward, Jennifer C. Tedstrom, John E. Toth, Robert C. Urban, Thomas N. Villar, Arturo Ward, Katherine T. Teece, David J. Trachtenberg, Stephen Uriu, Robert M. Viorst, Milton Ward, Patrick Joseph Teeley Peter B. Joel Usher, William R. Viscusi, Enzo Ware, Carl Teeter, Robert M. Train, Harry D., II Utgoff, Victor A. Vitale, Alberto Warner, Edward L., Ill Teeters, Nancy H. Train, John Utley, Garrick Voell, Richard A. Warner, Volney J. Teitelbaum, Michael S. Train, Russell E. Utton, Albert E. Vogel, Ezra F Warnke, Paul C. Telhami, Shibley Trainor, Bernard E. Vogelgesang, Sandy Warren, Gerald L. Tellis, Ashley J. Trani, Eugene E Vogelson,Jay M.* Warren, Lewis, Jr. Tempelsman, Maurice Travis, Martin B., Jr. Vojta, George J. Washburn, Abbott M. Tennyson, Leonard B. Treat, John Eltmg Volcker, Paul A. Washburn, John L. Terracciano, Anthony R Trebat, Thomas J. Volk, Stephen R. Wasserstein, Bruce Terry, Sarah M. von Eckartsberg, K. Trenkle, Timothy Paul Vagliano, Alexander M. Waterbury, John Theobald, Thomas C. Treverton, Gregory E Vagliano, Sara Gayle Waters, Cherri D. Thiessen, Marc A.t Trezise, Philip H. Vagts, Detlev E von Hippel, Frank Watson, Alexander F Thoman, G. Richard Trice, Robert H, Jr. Vaky Viron P von Lipsey, Rod Wattenberg, Ben J. Thomas, Barbara S. Trimble, Charles R.* Valenta, Jiri von Mehren, Robert B. Watts, Glenn E. Thomas, Brooks Trojan, Vera M.* Valentine, Debra A. Votaw, Carmen Watts, John H. Thomas, Evan W, III Trooboff, Peter D. Valenzuela, Arturo Delgado Watts, William Thomas, Franklin A. Trowbridge, Alexander B. Vance, Cyrus R. Vuono, Carl E. Way, Alva O. Thomas, James R+ Truitt, Nancy Sherwood Van Cott, Donna Lee Weatherstone, Dennis Thomas, Lee B., Jr. Truman, Edwin M. Vande Berg, Marsha Weaver, David R. Thompson, Robert L. Tsipis, Kosta VanDeMark, Brian Webb, Hoyt K.f Thompson, W Scott Tucher, H. Anton Vanden Heuvel, Jonf Weber, Vin Thomson, James A. w Tuck, Edward Hallam vanden Heuvel, Katrina Webster, William H. Thomson, James C., Jr. Tucker, Katherine K.f Wechsler, William F+ vanden Heuvel, William J. Wachner, Linda Joy Thornburgh, Dick Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf Wedgwood, Ruth van der Vink, Gregory E.* Waddell, Rick Thornell, Richard P Tucker, Richard E Weeks, Jennifer R. Van Dusen, Michael H. Wadsworth-Darby, Mary Thornton, Thomas E Tucker, Robert W Wehrle, Leroy S. Van Dyk, Ted Waggoner, Robert C. Thoron, Louisa Tuminez, Astnd S.f Weidenbaum, Murray L. Van Evera, Stephen W Wais, Marshall Ivan, Jr. Tien, Chang-Lin Tung, Ko-Yung Weigel, George Van Fleet, James A. Wakeman, Frederic E., Jr. Tierney, Paul E., Jr. Turck, Nancy B. Weiksner, George B., Jr. Van Vlierden, Constant M. Waldron, Arthur Nelson* Tillman, Seth P Turkevich, John Weil, Frank A. van Voorst, L. Bruce Wales, Jane Timothy, Kristen Turner, J. Michael Weinberg, John L. Varela, Marta B. Walker, Charls E. Timpson, Sarah L. Turner, Robert E Weinberg, Steven Veblen, Tom C. Walker, G.R. Tipson, Frederick S. Turner, Stansfield Weinberger, Caspar W Vecchi, Sesto* Walker, Jenonne Tisch, Laurence A. Turner, William C. Weiner, Myron Vecchio, Mark S. Walker, John L. Tobias, Randall L. Tyrrell, R. Emmett, Jr. Weinert, Richard S. Veit, Carol M. Walker, Nancy J. Todd, Maunce Linwood Tyson, Laura D'Andrea Weinrod, W Bruce Veit, Lawrence A. Walker, William N.

142 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Weinstein, Michael M. White, Julia A. Williamson, Irving A. Wood, Suzanne Yu, Peter M. Weintraub, Sidney White, Maureen Williamson, Woods, Ward W Yudkm, Richard A. Weisberg.Jacobt White, Peter C. Thomas S., Jr. Woodward, Susan L. Yzaguirre, Raul Weisman, Steven White, Robert J. Willrich, Mason Woolf, Harry Weiss, Andrew S. White, Robert M. Wilmers, Robert G. Woolsey, R. James Weiss, Charles, Jr. White, Timothy J. Wilson, Don M., Ill Woon, Eden Weiss, Cora White, Walter H„ Jr. Wilson, Donald M. Wray Cecil, Jr. Weiss, Edith Brown Whitehead, John C. Wilson, Ernest James, III Wriggins, W Howard Weiss, Stanley A. Whitehouse, Charles S. Wilson, Margaret Wright, L. Patrick Zaccaro, Donna A. Weiss, Thomas G. Whitman, Christine Scarbrough* Wright, Robin Zagoria, Donald S. Weitz, Peter R. Todd Wilson, Percy C* Zakheim, Dov S. Welch, C. David Whitman, Marina v.N. Wilson, Serena Lynn Zaleski, Michel* Welch, Jasper A., Jr. Whitney, Craig R. Wimpfheimer, Jacques D. Zarb, Frank G. Welch, John E, Jr. Whittemore, Frederick B. Wing, Adrien Katherine Zartman, I. William Welch, Larry D. Whyman, William E. Winner, Andrew C. Zegart, Amy B.t Wells, Damon, Jr. Wiarda, Howard J. Winokur, Herbert S., Jr. Yacoubian, Mona Zeikel, Arthur* Wells, Herman B. Wiener, Carolyn Seely Winship, Thomas Yalman, Nur Zelikow, Philip D. Wells, Louis T., Jr. Wiener, Jonathan Baert Winston, Michael R. Yang, James Ting-Yeh Zelnick, C. Robert Wells, Samuel E, Jr. Wiener, Malcolm H. Winterer, Philip S. Yang, Linda Tsao Zemmol, Jonathan Wender, Ira T. Wiesel, Elie Winters, Francis X. Yankelovich, Daniel Zilkha, Ezra K. Wendt, Allan Wieseltier, Leon Wirth, John D. Yanney Michael B. Zimmerman, Edwin M. Wertheim, Mitzi M. Wildenthal, C. Kem Wirth, Timothy E. Yarmolinsky, Adam Zimmerman, Peter D. Wesbrook, Stephen D. Wiley, Maya D. Wisner, Frank G. Yee, Melinda C. Zimmerman, William Weschler, Joanna Wiley Richard A. Wisner, Graham G. Yergin, Daniel H. Zimmermann, Wesely, Edwin J. Wilhelm, Harry E. Witkowsky Anne A. Yochelson, John N. Warren West, J. Robinson Wilhelm, Robert E. Witunski, Michael Yoffie, David B. Zinberg, Dorothy S. West, Togo D., Jr. Wilkerson, Thomas L. Woerner, Fred E Yordan, Jaime E. Zinder, Norton D. Weston, Burns H. Wilkie, Edith B. Wofford, Harris L. Yoshihara, Nancy Akemi Zinser, Alan Wexler, Anne Wilkins, Roger W Wohl, Richard H. Yost, Casimir A. Zoellick, Robert B. Weymouth, Lally G. Wilkinson, Sharon Wohlstetter, Roberta Young, Alice Zogby, James J. Whalen, Charles W, Jr. Williams, Aaron S. Wolf, Charles, Jr. Young, Andrew Zolberg, Arislide R. Whalen, Richard J. Williams, Christine Wolf, Milton A. Young, Edgar B. Zonis, Marvin Wharton, Clifton R., Jr. Williams, Earle C. Wolfensohn, James D. Young, George H., Ill Zorthian, Barry Wheeler, John K. Williams, Eddie Nathan Wolff, Alan Wm. Young, M. Crawford Zuckerman, Harriet Whitaker, C. S. Williams, H. Roy Wolfowitz, Paul D. Young, Michael K. Zuckerman, Mortimer E Whitaker, Jennifer Williams, Harold M. Wolin, Neal S. Young, Nancy Zumwalt, Elmo R., Jr. Williams, Haydn Wolosky, Lee S.f Young, Peter Joel C. Seymour Zwick, Charles J. Williams, Reba White Wolpe, Howard Youngblood, Kneeland C. Whitaker, Mark Zysman, John Williamson, Edwin D. Wood, Joseph R. Yu, Frederick T.C. White, John P

* Elected to membership in 1997. f Elected to five-year term membership in 1997.

143 CREDITS

PHOTO CREDITS

ERIC CHARBONNEAU: 22 bottom THOMAS DALLAL: 78 top left

DANIEL KOHNS: 7, 9, 12 top, 12 bottom, 14, 16 top, 19 top, 22 center right, 25 center left and right, 32 center, 32 bot­ tom, 34, 37 center, 37 bottom, 40, 46 top, 46 center left and right, 51 top right, 51 center left and right, 55 center left and right, 59 center right, 59 bottom, 65 top right, 65 center, 65 bottom, 66 center, 66 bottom, 68 top, 68 center, 68 bottom, 71 top, 71 bottom, 72 top, 72 bottom, 78 bottom, 103 top, 103 center, 103 bottom, back cover top left, back cover center right, back cover bottom left and right

KEN LEVINSON: 8, 10, 11 right, 19 bottom, 22 top, 22 center left, 25 top, 25 bottom, 65 top left, 66 top, back cover top right TRACY L. LITT: 78 center, back cover center left ODETTE LUPIS: 71 center left, 72 top right, 46 bottom JOHN MAGUIRE: 6 ELSA RUIZ: 10, 11 left, 37 top, 71 center right, 72 center, back cover center KAVEH SARDARI: 12 center, 16 center, 16 bottom, 19 center, 32 top, 42 top, 42 center right, 42 bottom, 55 top, 57, 83 top, 83 center left and right, 83 bottom, 84 top, 84 middle, 84 bottom

Editors MICHAEL WEBER, PATRICIA LEE DORFF Production GENE CROFTS Assistant Editor SARAH THOMAS Production Consultant VIRGINIA ROLSTON PARROTT Intern SARAH PARK Cover Design ANN GREENFIELD Front Cover Illustration WALKER O. CAIN

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