Cleveland, Harlan
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The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR HARLAN CLEVELAND Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: February 3, 1999 Copyright 200 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born in Ne York City, raised in the US and S it%erland Princeton University, Oxford University (University College) Visit to Ira, -orld -ar II begins National Institute of Pu.lic Affairs (NIPA)/ Internship 112131141 Congressional staff, Civil 5i.erties Committee Staff, Senate Finance Committee 6arriage Pearl Har.or Board of Economic -arfare/ Staff mem.er, Administration 114131144 6aterial and Trade Issues Post ar plans for Italy 8ome, Italy/ Deputy to Brigadier 9eneral -illiam O: D yer 114431147 Balance of Payments Estimate for post3 ar Italy Allied Control Commission Italian government 8esponsi.ility for Italian economy 6afia Italian environment US Italian policy Allied Control Commission Italian 9overnment composition Political Parties United Nations 8elief and 8eha.ilitation Administration (UN88A) Personnel Soviet Union Communists 1 China/ Director, UN88A 6ission in China 114731148 Yello 8iver Valley project Staff Expenditure Environment -ar recovery 8elief and 8eha.ilitation Small industry development Chinese National 8elief and 8eha.ilitation Administration Chinese Communists Currency changeover Chiang Kai3shek Agency for Economic Cooperation Chief, China Aid Program 114831141 The 6arshall Plan 6cCarthy atmosphere China imports Chinese communists Director, Far Eastern Aid Program 114131152 Tai an development Joint Commission of 8ural 8econstruction South Korea development Averell Harriman 6utual Security Agency 6arshall Plan Deputy Pu.lisher, The 8eporter maga%ine 11523115A Anti36cCarthy Political reporting Dean, The 6ax ell 9raduate School of Citi%enship and Pu.lic Affairs 115A311A1 Pu.lic Administration focus Harris polling The Overseas Americans Studies produced Democratic politics Adlai Stevenson Citi%ens for Kennedy State Department/ Assistant Secretary for International Organi%ations 11A1311A5 Keeping Adlai Stevenson happy Congo Operation 2 Dean 8usk Cu.a 6issile Crisis Bay of Pigs Joe Sisco President Kennedy Organi%ation of American States United Nations 9eneral Assem.ly Ara.3Israel Dag HammarskjBld murder Kennedy3Stevenson relationship Kennedy assassination 5yndon Johnson succession Civil 8ights issue 8alph Bunche Paris, FranceC Brussels, BelgiumD US Am.assador to NATO 11A5311A1 Charles de 9aulle French Am.assador Pierre De 5ouisse NATO move to Brussels 9reece3Turkey relationship Cyprus Soviet threat 6ultilateral Force (65F) -ar 9ames Nuclear eapons France and NATO 9eorge Ball France3US relations AuthorD NATOD The Transatlantic Bargain President Nixon President, The University of Ha aii 11A131174 Institution building Student EstrikesF Security Claire Booth 5uce Peace Corps Training Description of University Students and faculty Ha aiian students East3-est Center Director, International Program, the Aspen Institute 117431180 Princeton Head,uarters 3 Hu.ert Humphrey School of Pu.lic Affairs, the University of 6innesota/ Organi%er and Professor Emeritus 118031188 Organi%ation and description 8elations ith the university 8ethinking International 9overnance INTERVIEW HNoteD This intervie as not edited by Am.assador ClevelandI $: Today is the third of February, 1999, and this is an interview with Harlan Cleveland. I am Charles Stuart Kennedy. This is being done on behalf of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. Harlan, could you start out by telling us when and where you were born and something about your family. C5EVE5ANDD I as born in the middle of Ne York City, in 1118. The ar as still going on, the First -orld -ar. 6y father at that time as an Army chaplain, but his profession as being an Episcopal minister and actually an Episcopal student chaplain by trade. Shortly after I as born, he as the Episcopal student chaplain at Princeton University, and then he moved to the University of -isconsin, in 6adison, and ound up in charge of a complex of Episcopal operations thereD a boys school and a sisterhood, here he died hen I as eight because he as gassed during the ar. He never really recovered from that. Although he had these jo.s, he as, e gather, deteriorating pretty rapidly. $: Were you aware of this? I mean, what sort of a figure was he for you? C5EVE5ANDD I remem.er him ith hite hair, hich didnKt seem to be very astonishing at the time. I kne he had to be terri.ly old, if he as my father. He actually died hen he as 2A, I think. The people at the hospital said they couldnKt believe he asnKt in his A0s, at least. I donKt have a very clear recollection of him. 6y brother and I ere acolytes in the churches and chapels here he... so e kind of gre up ith that around us, but he really died before I got to kno him as a person. $: What about your mother? C5EVE5ANDD She as a very strong person. Her name as 5auren Van Buren. Her mother came from Virginia. Her father had been consul general in Nice. That as before they moved consuls general around so much as they do no . He must have been there for the better part of t o decades. She, judging from her stories a.out Nice as sort of ,ueen of the roost at least hen the Hconsul generalI as in to n. -e got to kno her very ell .ecause she had a place on Cape Cod hich had started as an old fishing shack on the .luff, a place called Har.orKs Point. Then various ne sections of the house had been 4 .uilt as the family gre , and eventually houses ere built on other parts of the land that she o ned on that bluff. -e al ays ent back for Sunday breakfast, for example. $: That was your grandmother. C5EVE5ANDD Yes. She ould really put on the dog ith real silver and then she had some.ody aiting on ta.le, that sort of thing. So she as still acting as though she as the Hconsul general:s ifeI, hich at any rate she as. 6y mother as ,uite tall/ she must have been close to 5K10L, a striking oman. Her early pictures indicated she as a very beautiful oman. -hen my father died, one thing she decided she didnKt ant to do as to stay in Vandalia, Ohio, HnearI Cincinnati, hich as full of Clevelands. She didnKt ant to be just an appendage of the Cleveland clan. She had .een ,uite ill during the last year he as alive, so her doctor as recommending that she move south and get out of the bad eather, the inters and so on. Her story is, she said to him, ho ould the south of France be. That surprised him and he ans ered that ould .e all right. The first 12 years of her life she lived in Nice. She as fluent in French and also spoke 9erman and S iss39erman. Every time she ent on vacation, she ent to S it%erland. I remem.er her singing lulla.ies in Sch eit%erdeutsch. Once I learned a little 9erman and heard the S iss39erman talking, I ondered ho anything so guttural ith so many consonants in it could be converted into a lulla.y that rhymes. So e moved to a very lovely little to n. There as a school run by a British group, but in French. So e learned French. $: This would have been you started there in the mid,-20s? C5EVE5ANDD This ould have been 112A, or K27 pro.a.ly. During the hole inter, I kno this sounds ridiculous/ e moved to 9eneva. I had an older brother and sister, t ins, just 18 months older, so e ere all gro ing up together/ and a much younger .rother five and a half years younger. 6y brother as a Foreign Service officer as a matter of fact. Then I ent to school hich as a.out an hours commute from 9eneva, overlooking 5ake 9eneva, a place called Coupe. 6y sister as put in a school in 5ausanne. 6y younger brother ho as very young, a.out five or so as put into a little .oarding school. I am not exactly sure ho all of this as managed since she as living on a ministerKs pension. $: I was just going to say that... C5EVE5ANDD She didnKt have a lot of resources of her o n, but her grandmother had some relationship ith 6rs. Proctor of Proctor and 9am.le. $: Who came from the Cincinnati area. 5 C5EVE5ANDD But that asnKt the connection. I donKt kno hat the connection as, but she had inherited from her some Proctor and 9am.le stock. That as split up among the four of us, but that stock today, our ,uarter of a ,uarter roughly, ith all the splits and stock market increases, is orth something around a million dollars to my astonishment. So that stock has al ays been in my hole life kind of an anchor. -e ere very careful ith it/ e didnKt sell it. -e borro ed against it, and that by far turned out to be the best strategy. All of my si.lings have all of theirs and they havenKt run into trou.le themselves. 6y mother did not have much income, but she certainly had some backup from my grandmother. Apparently in those days the dollar must have been relatively strong even though it as depression times because it ent ,uite a ays getting us into private schools and so on. So e ere t o years in S it%erland. -hen I as 12, I as essentially completely .ilingual in French. I kept rusting over and reviving and then rust over some more. 6y French has al ays had a little bit of an accent from the canton near 9eneva. They ere good schools except for the fact that I got the impression that the metric system as so natural that it must be universal.