COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

ANNUAL REPORT

July 1,1997 -June 30,1998

Main Office Washington Office The Harold Pratt House 1779 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021 Washington, DC 20036 Tel. (212) 434-9400; Fax (212) 861-1789 Tel. (202) 518-3400; Fax (202) 986-2984

Web Site www.foreignrelations.org E-mail [email protected] OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, 1998-99

Officers Directors Term Expiring 2003 Peter G. Peterson Term Expiring 1999 Peggy Dulany* Chairman of the Board Carla A. Hills Martin S. Feldstein Maurice R. Greenberg Robert D. Hormats Bette Bao Lord Vice Chairman William J. McDonough Vincent A. Mai* Leslie H. Gelb Theodore C. Sorensen Michael H. Moskow* President George Soros Garrick Utley Michael P. Peters Senior Vice President, Chief Operating PaulA.Volcker Leslie H. Gelb Officer, and National Director ex officio Term Expiring 2000 Paula J. Dobriansky Vice President, Washington Program Jessica P. Einhorn Honorary Officers David Kellogg Louis V. Gerstner Jr. and Directors Emeriti Vice President, Corporate Affairs, Maurice R. Greenberg Douglas Dillon and Publisher George J. Mitchell Caryl P. Haskins Lawrence J. Korb Warren B. Rudman Charles McC. Mathias Jr. Vice President, Studies Diane Sawyer* James A. Perkins Abraham F. Lowenthal David Rockefeller Vice President Term Expiring 2001 and Deputy National Director Honorary Chairman Lee Cullum Anne R. Luzzatto Robert A. Scalapino Mario L. Baeza Vice President, Programs Cyrus R.Vance and Media Projects Thomas R. Donahue Glenn E. Watts Janice L. Murray Richard C. Holbrooke Vice President and Treasurer Peter G. Petersont Judith Gustafson Robert B. Zoellick Secretary Term Expiring 2002 Paul A. Allaire Roone Arledge* John E. Bryson Kenneth W. Dam Frank Savage Laura D Andrea Tyson

* Appointed in 1998 by the Board of Directors. t Elected in 1996 by the Board of Directors to serve a five-year term as Chairman, in accordance with By-LawVII. Note: The list of Officers and Directors is current as of September 1,1998. CONTENTS

Officers and Directors 2 Mission Statement 5 Letter from the Chairman 6 The President's Report 8 A Council Role: Adding Value 10 Studies 22 National Security 24 International Economics 26 Asia 27 Africa 29 Europe 30 Latin America 30 Middle East 31 Preventive Action 34 Science and Technology 35 Other 37 Fellows and Named Chairs 38 Special Fellowships 49 1998-99 International Affairs Fellowships 51 Meetings 53 Program Highlights 54 Great Debates 61 Policy Impact Panels 62 Council Policy Initiative Debates 62 Lectureships 64 Washington 65 Program Highlights 67 National 70 Program Highlights 70 Corporate 73 Program Highlights 75 Corporate Program Members 77 Term Member Program 79 Foreign Affairs 84 Publishing 87 Books, Reports, Web Site 87 CONTENTS

Development 90 Endowment Gifts, Bequests, Term Grants, and Other Restricted Gifts 92 Annual Giving Donors 93 1998 Board Election 99 Committees of the Board, 1997-98 100 International Advisory Board 102 By-Laws of the Council 103 Rules, Guidelines, and Practices 107 Historical Roster of Directors and Officers 109 Budget and Finance 112 Staff 120 Membership 124 Membership Selection Procedure 125 Membership Roster 127

The Council's Annual Report is designed to focus attention on the in­ tellectual substance of the organization's activities. A detailed listing of all programs and events is available on the Council's web site at www.foreignrelations.org. MISSION STATEMENT

he Council on Foreign Relations was founded in tional security. The Council does this in many ways. Coun­ 1921 by businessmen, bankers, and lawyers deter­ cil Policy Initiatives (CPIs) identify major foreign policy is­ mined to keep the United States engaged in the sues and present policy choices for addressing these issues Tworld. Today, the Council is composed of men and women in language Americans can readily understand. Council- from all walks of international life and from all parts of sponsored independent task forces are convened to ad­ America dedicated to the belief that the nation's peace and dress urgent foreign policy issues with the aim of prosperity are firmly linked to that of the rest of the world. producing meaningful consensus. Great Debates and Poli­ From this flows the Council's mission: to foster America's un­ cy Impact Panels (PIPs) bring together experts to debate, derstanding of other nations, near and far, their peoples, cul­ discuss, and clarify timely foreign policy issues. And Foreign tures, histories, hopes, quarrels, and ambitions, and thus to Affairs, the preeminent journal on international relations, serve America's global interests through study and debate, often anticipates future foreign policy problems and edu­ private and public. cates its international readership. The Council is a national membership organization and 2. To transform the Council into a truly national organization. think tank with headquarters in New York, offices in Wash­ More and more Council members now live outside the ington, D.C., and programs that extend across the country. Its New York and Washington, D.C., areas. As Council mem­ widely respected and recognized research staff—with back­ bership continues to grow and diversify, the Council cre­ grounds in government and scholarship in almost every in­ ates new ways to involve these members in its intellectual ternational subject—regularly meets with Council members dialogue. The four principal means of involvement are and other leaders and thinkers. These exclusive sessions, through a special members' area of the Council's web site; known as study groups or roundtables, form the intellectual at an annual National Conference; at studies seminars in core of the Council. Their aim is to develop new insights into key cities around the country; and, soon, via a videoconfer­ international affairs and new ideas for U.S. foreign policy, encing system. particularly national security and foreign economic policy. 3. To find and nurture the next generation of foreign policy Council Fellows produce books, articles, manuscripts, and leaders and thinkers. The Council does this primarily op-ed pieces, and regularly appear on television for expert through a special term membership program for younger commentary. Americans and a "Next Generation Fellows" program that The Council also publishes Foreign Affairs. This magazine brings outstanding younger scholars onto the Council has been host to the most important articles about world af­ staff, as well as the International Affairs Fellowships and fairs in this century. several other fellowships. The aim is to spark interest and The Council's 3,400 members are divided almost equally involvement in world affairs and U.S. foreign policy. among New York, Washington, D.C., and the rest of the nation. In recent months, Council members have heard Jiang They include nearly all current and former senior U.S. govern­ Zemin, Robert E. Rubin, and Tung Chee Hwa examine U.S.­ ment officials who deal with international matters, renowned China relations; Kim Dae Jung, Anwar bin Ibrahim, and scholars, and leaders of business, media, humanitarian, and Michel Camdessus assess the Asian crisis; Edward Said, other nongovernmental groups. Council members choose new Richard Butler, and Nizar Hamdoon search for solutions to members, who aim to educate themselves and then others. crises in the Middle East; Bill Richardson and Christiane The Council is host to the widest possible range of views Amanpour expound on American engagement in the world; and advocate of none. It cultivates an atmosphere of nonparti- Colin L. Powell and Zbigniew Brzezinski evaluate the National sanship and nonideological engagement among members and Security Council on its 50th birthday; Henry H. Shelton and staff. The views expressed in task force reports, by members of George J. Tenet present challenges facing the military and in­ study groups, or in articles in Foreign Affairs are solely the re­ telligence communities, respectively, at the turn of the century; sponsibility of the respective authors or groups. This tradition Mary Robinson review human rights progress; Hun Sen pon­ of impartiality enables the Council to gather contending voices der Cambodia's future; Robert Gabriel Mugabe report on trade for serious and civil debates and discussions. That special con­ and investment opportunities in Africa; I.K. Gujral take up vening power is almost unique in American society. ways to improve U.S.-India relations; Ernesto Samper Pizano In keeping with its mission, membership, and heritage, the comment on Colombia's foreign policy; and Madeleine K. Al­ Council now pursues three goals: bright reflect on U.S. foreign policy as Foreign Affairs turned 75. 1. To add value to the public debate on international affairs, As much as at any time during its nearly eight decades, the especially in the Council's three major areas of research Council on Foreign Relations today serves its members and focus—Asia, international economics, and rethinking na­ the nation with ideas for a better and safer world. FROM THE CHAIRMAN

ver the last year we continued to make prog­ members across the country will also be able to work to­ ress in a direction that the Board believes is gether on valuable Council study groups and other small Oessential to the Council's role as we move into group discussions. the 21st century: becoming a more national and more di­ We devoted the better part of Council Board meetings verse organization. As you may know, we now have more this year to reflecting on how we can give greater value members outside New York than inside New York, and we to our nation's knowledge of and thinking about the continue to expand our membership among women, mi­ world. Out of this has come the sense that we ought to norities, and younger people with their eyes on the future. provide better information and ideas to those who in­ We also continue to expand our form and make decisions for the membership among thinkers and public. This means working with our doers from many diverse fields who, own members and providing fair, in another era, might not have been lively, and nonpartisan discussion thought of (or might not have and research for Congress, the thought of themselves) as really rele­ media, and community leaders— vant to foreign policy. Because of the and the means of doing all this with dynamic created by globalization, our usual reliability, accuracy, and however, these people are right in avoidance of partisanship. We are, as the thick of it now. we say, home to many views and ad­ An important new development vocate of none. last year was the decision to imple­ To help us through this evolution­ ment a sophisticated state-of-the- ary process, we invited Dan art videoconferencing capability in Yankelovich, Mac Destler, Dave Ger- our new building. This center will gen, Norm Ornstein, Gerry Ferraro, weave the Council together as a Vin Weber, and others to talk to the genuinely national organization, al­ Board about public opinion (and the lowing our members all over the lack of public involvement in foreign country and, indeed, wherever they policy), Congress, the media, and are in the world, to participate in our how foreign policy is shaped and meetings and discussions. It will also Peter G. Peterson made today. They gave us much offer us broader access to speakers provocative food for thought on the and provide them with the opportunity to address a larg­ new relationships between accelerating globalization on er national audience and communicate with the leaders the one hand, and increasing domestic-focused thinking of American society who are our members. Council on the other. As evidence of these trends, we need look no LETTER FROM THE CHAIRMAN

further than recent congressional votes on fast-track au­ thority, IMF funding, and paying our U.N. dues. The Board has been working hard with Council Presi­ dent Les Gelb and his extremely able staff on many new initiatives over the last year that allow key issues to be de­ bated, while honoring the Council's established tradition of not taking specific positions on particular issues. Most of you know about the terrific debates we've been holding: Fred Bergsten and Bob Torricelli on economic sanctions; Charlie Rangel and Elliott Abrams on Cuba, just to name a few. We also had an especially interesting "mock" NSC meeting prior to President Jiang Zemin's visit to the United States, where members such as Win Lord and John Deutch, who had been such key figures in the China de­ bate these last years, played their parts before a Council audience. Whenever possible and agreed to by the speak­ ers, we try to have C-SPAN cover these events. I want to give special thanks here to Karen Sughrue, our Vice Presi­ dent for Meetings and Media these past five years, for her Maurice R. Greenberg and Peter G. Peterson at the November 17, great contributions to our programs. We will miss her lively 1997, John Train Lecture, "A Blueprint for the Future of the U.S. and engaging personality and wish her well back at CBS. Armed Services." We also believe we continue to add more and more value every year to the public debate through the superb Director Chris Smith, and esteemed Council member efforts of Editor Jim Hoge and Managing Editor Fareed Fred Rose have been pulling together and building what Zakaria at Foreign Affairs. This magazine remains the they and the Board have decided to call the Peterson leader worldwide in thoughtful discussion of global is­ Center for International Studies. I am flattered and sues. Foreign Affairs, too, has been instrumental in bring­ deeply honored by this decision. ing divergent views into its pages in lively debates. The new center, adjoining our fabled Harold Pratt Among the memorable pieces this year were some of the House, will be home to our excellent Studies Department, best articles published anywhere about the Asian finan­ where our Senior Fellows, as well as our expanding pro­ cial crisis and its implications. gram of younger Fellows, have brought new vitality to our Our partnership with the Pacific Council on Interna­ organization. The new center will also house a hall that tional Policy and Abe Lowenthal, its President, contin­ will nearly double our cunent capacity, which recent over­ ues to thrive. Beyond this, we continue to build the flow crowds demonstrate we badly need. It also will Council's membership and programming outside New house the videoconferencing capability I described earlier. York and Washington. Les Gelb has asked his deputy, In closing, let me extend particular thanks to Hank Mike Peters, to head this effort, and Mike has been Greenberg, the Council's devoted Vice Chairman, to our doing a fine job. David Kellogg, Vice President for Cor­ Board Directors (I've never seen a Board more dedicated porate Affairs and Publisher of Foreign Affairs, and Leigh and helpful), and to Les Gelb and all those who work Gusts, Director of Library and Research Services, have with him. And thank you all for your terrific contributions done a splendid job leading the effort to get our new and support. web site up. Log onto it, and you will see a good deal of what we do (www.foreignrelations.org). Soon, if your computer has the right capability, you'll also be able to see and hear willing Council speakers on your own computer. Last, not least, and perhaps closest to my heart, Les Peter G. Peterson Gelb, Mike Peters, Vice President Janice Murray, Facilities Chairman of the Board THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT

mericans this year began to see that man cussions, books, and Foreign Affairs articles. But to this cannot live by globalization alone, and that traditional package of activities—which still accounts for A globalization does not eliminate the need to the great bulk of Council events—we have added some have a foreign policy. Everyone is saying that now, but focus and some new wrinkles. not a year ago. The majority of our Meetings and Studies sessions The Council has been hammering at this reality for now concentrate on Asia, international economic issues, some time, with only modest dents in the public debate and rethinking national security. We still devote as much until . . . the Asian miracles turned into something less attention as before to other issues and areas such as Eu­ miraculous . . . Israeli-Palestinian rope, Latin America, Africa, Russia, talks stalled at high cost to eco­ technology, the environment, and the nomic development. . . India, then like. We have added staff to give us Pakistan, popped off nuclear explo­ an extra push on our new priorities. sions at risk of losing desperately The new wrinkles have given the needed economic aid. Americans Council energy, reach, and relevance. began to realize that the world is Debates, hearings, simulated Nation­ still a dangerous place, in some al Security Council meetings, and ways more so than during the Cold fU^* f news conferences on Council studies War. They realized as well that se­ have received good attention. Our in­ curity problems are not about to credibly able group of Fellows has disappear in the mist of the produced insightful op-ed pieces and Shangri-la of globalization. made sensible appearances on televi­ No one delights in this turn of sion. We are putting together reports awareness. But the Council takes on major policy issues, focused on the turn as an opportunity to press policy choices, and staging debates ahead with its efforts to energize its around the country. members and the interested public Also, don't forget the new web in thinking about the post-Cold sites for the Council and Foreign Af­ War world. fairs, now with audio and video capa­ Adding value to America's un­ Leslie H. Gelb bility as well. The reports of meetings, derstanding of the world and con­ conferences, and studies on the web tributing ideas to U.S. foreign policy have always been site are phenomenal. And coming in January with the central to the Council's mission. That is what the Council completion of the Peterson Center, we will have the best has been doing in more than 75 years of meetings, dis- videoconferencing capability around. Even as we do what THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT

we always have done, these new wrinkles represent the future. No one set of policy or ideological messages comes out of this process. Our membership spans the political and perspective spectrum, and so do our programs and studies. We try hard to ensure that what we produce provides fair and accurate background to issues and a fair accounting of the policy choices. This fairness and nonpartisanship remain at our core. A wonderful example of this fairness and accuracy has been Alton Frye. After a quarter century of man­ aging the Washington Program, Alton this year pre­ vailed upon me to relieve him of his management position as Senior Vice President in order to return to a full-time research-oriented role at the Council. I was pleased to announce in June that Alton has become the first Presidential Senior Fellow. As such, he has focused on the Council's "Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy" program—a series of roundtables for congres­ sional staffers—which is receiving rave reviews. Another clear indicator of the Council's dedica­ tion to providing fair and accurate information is Foreign Affairs, which just celebrated its 75th an­ niversary. This jewel in our crown still remains cen­ tral to the Council's impact on thinking about Speaker George }. Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, Presider R. James foreign policy. For which thanks go to James F. Woolsey, and Leslie H. Gelb at the March 5, 1998, Meeting, "Future Intelligence Hoge Jr. and Fareed Zakaria. Challenges" We can judge the Council's value by Foreign Af­ fairs, by our programs to reinvolve younger Ameri­ cans in international matters, by those who still want to speak to our members, by who our mem­ bers are, by the intellectual sparks our Fellows ig­ nite, by the leadership of Council Chairman Peter G. Peterson and Vice Chairman Maurice R. Green- berg, and by the quality and intensity of our efforts to understand the world and share that under­ standing with others. We reaffirm our commitment to do even better at informing and energizing our­ selves and all those we are asking to listen.

Leslie H. Gelb President A COUNCIL ROLE: ADDING VALUE

he Council on Foreign Relations pursues three synthesize arguments, and often suggest new policy di­ main goals—adding value to the understand­ rections. The Council's role is always as a forum for di­ Ting of world affairs and thinking about U.S. verse foreign policy thought—not as a pulpit for any foreign policy, becoming a truly national organization, institutional position. and finding and nurturing the next generation of foreign Tying together several of these methods for adding policy leaders and thinkers. This year, the Council high­ value, the Council this year introduced two initiatives lights its efforts to provide new ideas, information, and aimed at the heart of the challenges now facing America analysis that respond creatively to changes and chal­ and the world—those arising at the nexus of global eco­ lenges in the world. The post-Cold War era brought a nomic and security matters. One such enterprise was the shift in the international security architecture, as well as Council Policy Initiative (CPI), which produced concise, a greater emphasis on economic relations among na­ focused options for Americans on defense and trade tions. These changes have made foreign policy more dif­ policies. The second was the Council's immediate re­ ficult and dynamic than it has been in years, thus fueling sponse to the Asian crisis, demonstrating a cross-cutting the debate and adding to its complexity and importance. approach to major international issues. The Council makes its contribution to understand­ The Council convened several major events that drew ing international affairs through a vast variety of pro­ directly on the three main research areas that the Coun­ grams, including meetings and debates, articles and cil has recently emphasized: rethinking national security, books, op-eds, and other novel methods for engaging international economics, and Asia. A major corporate the minds of those who care about U.S. foreign policy conference—The Asia Crisis: Economic and Political Im­ and international affairs. Meetings are the Council's plications—attracted senior experts in foreign policy, in­ historic method of bringing together significant leaders ternational economics, and Asia, including government and thinkers—who often are Council members—with officials, senior business and nongovernmental organi­ other members on a major topic. Debates at the Coun­ zation leaders, and academics. At separate events, Inter­ cil offer distinct, opposing positions on topics of current national Monetary Fund (IMF) Managing Director importance with the aim of advancing civil dialogue. Michel Camdessus defined his approach to the crisis as Writings by Council staff and members confirm facts, part of a review of the response by international insritu-

10 A COUNCIL ROLE: ADDING VALUE

1) Phyllis E. Oakley, Ruth Wedgioood, and Toby Trister Gati at the October 31,1997, Policy Impact Panel, "The NSC at 50: Past, Present, and Future!'

2) Presider George R. Stephanopoulos and Leslie H. Gelb at the December 17,1997, Annual Daughters and Sons Event, "Why World News Matters."

3) Fareed Zakaria, Henry A. Kissinger, and James F. Hogejr. at the September 30,1997, Foreign Affairs 75th Anniversary Dinner.

11 A COUNCIL ROLE: ADDING VALUE

1) Speaker Elliott Abrams, President, Ethics and Public Policy Center, and Speaker Charles B. Rangel, U.S. Representative (D-N.Y), at the February 2,1998, Great Debate, "U.S. Policy Toward Cuba: Is It Time for a Change?"

2) Richard C. Holbrooke and George Soros at the January 20, 1998, Meeting of the Board of wk. •/v Directors. :.• V^ * III 3) R. Keith Walton and Mora McLean at the April 8,1998, Term Member Seminar, "Press Coverage of Sub-Saharan Africa."

CSB •- ill v"IMIlff* " '.*••• ••:• 1

4) Speaker John F. Lehman, Chairman, J.F. Lehman & Company, Speaker John D. Steinbruner, Senior Fellow, the Brookings Institution, and Speaker Richard N. Perle, Resident Fellow, American Enterprise Institute, at the May 11,1998, Council Policy Initiative, "Future Visions for U.S. Defense Policy." A COUNCIL ROLE: ADDING VALUE

tions, especially the IMF; Council Board Vice Chairman to a broader public were successful this year. The Council Maurice R. Greenberg provided a CEO's view on the published books on major international policy topics, in­ economic climate in Asia; and U.S. House Minority cluding Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy, edited Leader Richard A. Gephardt delivered his views on the by Richard N. Haass; The Reluctant Sheriff: The United IMF's role in Asia and presidential fast-track trade-nego­ States After the Cold War, by Haass; The City and the World: tiating authority. Like all Council events, these meetings New York's Global Future, edited by Margaret E. Crahan stirred debate across traditional issue boundaries, while and Alberto Vourvoulias-Bush; The Expanding Role of State also exposing new strata, unions, and divisions in the and Local Governments in U.S. Foreign Affairs, by Earl H. policies affecting Asian security and development, and Fry; Fires Across the Water: Transnational Problems in Asia, Asia's impact on the rest of the world. edited by James Shinn; The New Russian Foreign Policy, The Council's efforts to bring the foreign policy debate edited by Michael Mandelbaum; Trade Strategies for a New

RODOLFO DE LA GARZA ular interest, they will be reflected in how those activities are Mike Hogg Professor of Community Affairs, defined. By involving minorities in the activities of the tradi­ University of Texas-Austin tional foci, you need to alter the content of those traditional activities. I'm part of the study group on the book being done by I think it's essential to expand the Council along a variety of Tony Smith on ethnics and dimensions—the gender and regional issues are very impor­ foreign policy. It illustrates tant. I know that New Yorkers don't like this, but the world the Council's fundamental really doesn't end at the river. There is a lot out there. And work, bringing together ex­ what is more important, it has changed in ways that are not perts in a variety of fields necessarily evident. There are differences in priorities, and to assist in the develop­ the social forces accelerating change in America are different ment of a manuscript that in the Southwest, the Northwest, and the East. If the Council has contemporary ele­ is committed to being meaningfully engaged with the ments. This project in par­ American public so as to influence the national debate on ticular is relevant because these things, it has to move beyond New York. there is the suggestion that the ethnics—the new eth­ I would like to emphasize that the incorporation strategy that nics particularly—really Les is taking is ultimately the only way for it to work. But it is are going to be different from the old ethnics and somehow very easy to do a separate but equal strategy. That's the sim­ undermine national coherence, the national purpose, and plest one to do. The other one is hard because it involves the national interest. And the book itself is addressing both breaking up or expanding established networks. You know the old ethnics—-the Irish, the Italians—as well as the new the people with whom you work very well. How do you get ethnics—the Asians, the Latinos. The topic is important be­ people in that you don't know, and when you get them in, cause it raises to the forefront the definition of the national will the people with whom you normally work be receptive interest: What are we about? How do new groups shape to expanding or rethinking how they view an issue? It's a America? How do they participate in a meaningful way if problematic exercise and it is very time-consuming. their demands, their interests, the way they view the world are challenged as fundamentally threatening the nation? One of the benefits of this outreach is that, in my case, for ex­ A • A • A • A. ample, I learned immensely from that meeting and a few oth­ The Council recently began an effort to expand its member­ ers I attended, and have used that information in talks with ship in a variety of ways. One of those is along ethnic di­ colleagues and community groups. Another message that be­ mensions. There are two ways to do that: one is to have a comes different when you travel is how the nation and its subset of activities for ethnic groups; the other is to incorpo­ leaders view the question of immigration. In New York it is rate ethnic groups into ongoing activities and broaden their not a salient issue in the way it is in California or in many definition to make certain that if those groups have a partic­ other Western states. But that is a lesson learned and shared.

13 A COUNCIL ROLE: ADDING VALUE

Era: Ensuring U.S. Leadership in a Global Economy, edited threats. Defense policy was chosen because of the radical by Geza Feketekuty with Bruce Stokes; and Sustaining the shifts in security requirements and threats to the United Transition: The Social Safety Net in Postcommunist Europe, States since the Cold War's end. However, during that edited by Ethan B. Kapstein and Michael Mandelbaum. interval, U.S. defense policy and the structure of military Council publications such as these, its flagship journal, forces have remained generally unchanged, though Foreign Affairs, and reports, articles, and op-eds in news­ today's forces are significantly smaller. papers and magazines as well as on the Council web site The defense CPI produced four major alternatives for reflected a range of perspectives on international affairs consideration: first, meet current and future threats seri­ more diverse than any other organization could offer. ously by building up forces with a 10 percent spending Over the last year, here are some of the additional increase; second, anticipate breakthroughs in military ways the Council sought to enrich the debate: technology by possible future adversaries and concen­ trate now on U.S. technological superiority at about pre­ sent spending levels; third, focus more on low-level but serious threats from terrorists and civil/ethnic wars and COUNCIL POLICY answer these threats with great reliance on our allies and international organizations, like NATO or the United INITIATIVES Nations, and cut expenditures by 15 percent to 20 per­ cent; and fourth, maintain present capabilities and hold The first of the newly offered Council Policy Initiatives spending at about $250 billion annually. focused on U.S. defense policy. The defense CPI consid­ Entitled Future Visions for U.S. Defense Policy, the de­ ered the nation's ability to respond to current and future fense CPI book had its debut at a debate in Washington

TOM DONILON the leadership of the State, Defense, and Treasury Depart­ Partner, ments five to ten years from now. O'Melveny & Myers The mock NSC meetings we have had thus far on China and The Congressional Round- Iran have been quite successful—and quite realistic. The for­ table series is a terrific op­ mat—where former officials play various policymaking portunity to build a foreign roles and represent the interests of the various depart­ policy organization on ments—has been an innovative way to impart a great deal Capitol Hill where profes­ of information to members. The NSC program has provided sionals from both sides of the membership the opportunity to see the multifaceted na­ the aisle can exchange ture of the foreign policy deliberative process, watching the views on current and long- political, press, economic, and security perspectives interact. term foreign policy chal­ A *v •?». !? .*. s" .1. lenges. I think it will be an The new Peterson Center is a terrific addition for a number important permanent part of reasons. First, it will allow members from around the of the Council. country to participate in programs that to date have been A • A • A W A available only to members from New York and Washington. With co-chair Ken Duber- It will allow study groups to have much broader participa­ stein, we have established a tion because the barriers of time, expense, and distance can number of roundtables in specific areas, including interna­ be eliminated. Second, it has tremendous possibilities in tional trade, Asian politics and security, and national securi­ terms of interacting with foreign policymakers. Third, the ty. We are working hard to ensure that the program is not program also has real bridging possibilities, allowing parties just a speaker series, but rather an opportunity for profes­ who wouldn't normally talk to each other to work face-to- sional interaction. In the Council's tradition it is uniquely face on problem-solving. I think it's one of the most exciting nonpartisan. These are the professionals who will constitute developments at the Council.

14 A COUNCIL ROLE: ADDING VALUE

A GLOSSARY OF COUNCIL GROUPS

Task Forces dent could give, with a cover memo as if written by a key presidential adviser summarizing the choices and The Council sponsors an independent task force giving the necessary historical and political back­ when (1) an issue of current and critical importance to ground. Once the text is published and posted on the U.S. foreign policy arises, and (2) it seems that a Council web site, the Council sponsors debates in key group diverse in backgrounds and perspectives may, cities nationwide. The Council takes no institutional nonetheless, be able to reach a meaningful consensus position on CPIs. Its aim is to make the best case for on a policy through private and nonpartisan delibera­ each alternative. tions. Several task forces are established each year. Typically, a task force meets two to five times over a brief period to ensure the relevance of its work. Study Groups Upon reaching a conclusion, a task force issues a Study groups, the traditional form of Council small- report, and the Council publishes its text and posts it group discussions, are convened for the sole purpose on the Council web site. Task force reports can take of helping a Council Fellow or other designated au­ three forms: (1) a strong and meaningful policy con­ thor write a book, serious article, or scholarly mono­ sensus, with task force members endorsing the gen­ graph. The idea is for the Fellow to write short papers, eral policy thrust and judgments reached by the outlines, or chapters, as appropriate, distribute them group, though not necessarily every finding and rec­ before study group meetings, and use these written ommendation; (2) a report stating the various policy materials as the basis for discussion. In this way, the positions, each as sharply and fairly as possible; or (3) Fellow benefits from the ideas and knowledge of a"chairman's report," where task force members who Council members and others to improve his or her agree with the chairman's report may associate them­ written work. The quality of participants in these selves with it, while those who disagree may submit study groups has been a prime reason for scholars dissenting statements. Upon reaching a conclusion, and policy experts to join the Council staff as opposed task forces may also ask individuals who were not to other think tanks. members of the task force to associate themselves Study groups meet as often as the Fellow deems with the task force report to enhance its impact. The necessary. Senior Fellows are strongly encouraged to task force is solely responsible for its report. The hold some meetings outside New York and Washing­ Council takes no institutional position. ton, D.C., to gain the perspective of Council members across the nation on their work. Council Policy Initiatives The Council undertakes a Council Policy Initiative Roundtables when a foreign policy issue is of current and critical Roundtables are informal discussion groups com­ importance, but where it seems highly unlikely that posed principally of Council members and run by a clashing views can be reconciled in a meaningful con­ Council Fellow to track an issue of interest to the Fel­ sensus by a task force. The aim of a CPI is to spark de­ low or to a significant number of Council members. bate among interested Americans on key foreign Typically, roundtables meet every four to six weeks policy and international issues by presenting the is­ over a nine-month stretch. Roundtable series allow sues and policy choices in ways that can be easily un­ Council members to keep abreast of important sub­ derstood by informed nonexperts. To this end, the jects such as Latin America or terrorism. Historically, Council will publish a concise text containing the they have also provided Fellows with ideas and infor­ choices written usually as speeches that a U.S. presi­ mation to write short articles such as op-ed pieces.

15 A COUNCIL ROLE: ADDING VALUE

66 FOREIGN AFFAIRS" MAGAZINE Much remains uncertain about the post-Cold War that the mechanics of democracy, particularly elections, world. Contention abounds about the nature of were being used in some states to strengthen central­ emerging challenges and what ought to be done ized regimes, erode liberties, and heighten ethnic com­ about them. The environment thus is ripe for debate. petition with a resulting increase in conflict and war. A In that spirit Foreign Affairs presented differing opin­ point of contention was whether strengthening consti­ ions on such topical issues as travails in Asia, the tutional liberalism and civil society was a necessary pre­ strains of globalization, rising ethnic conflict, the cursor or a simultaneous companion to fostering prospects of democracy, and the push for further Eu­ democracy. (Managing Editor Fareed Zakaria's essay, ropean unification. "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy," which kicked off the Foreign Affairs published several articles and re­ debate in the November/December 1997 issue, was a fi­ sponses assessing the Asian financial crisis and reme­ nalist for a National Magazine Award. See pages 84-86 dies applied to it. Optimistic predictions of resumed for a full listing of 1997-98 Foreign Affairs articles.) growth within several years were offset by warnings of The problems of great states—China, Russia, Japan, further economic deterioration that could trigger and India—and of hot spots—Bosnia, Algeria, and In­ global decline, as well as major political and social un­ donesia—received attention as did the global manage­ rest. The International Monetary Fund was both taken ment problems of human rights, drug trafficking, to task and defended for its performance. peacekeeping, humanitarian aid, and environmental Advances toward an expanded NATO, an enlarged protection. European Union, and a common currency found sup­ Finally, in commemoration of the 50th anniversary port but also raised concerns that the Old Continent of the Berlin airlift, Foreign Affairs published a special was buying unintended political and economic trou­ section on the city's historic role and its prospects for bles in its drive toward increased unity. the future. The magazine also marked its own 75th Globalization was scrutinized for its redistributive ef­ anniversary with a special issue and a gala September fects on governmental powers and the backlash it pro­ gathering at which Secretary of State Madeleine Al­ voked from workers left behind. Democracy, its bright gave the featured address. prospects and its misuse, was a topic of sustained de­ James F. Hoge Jr. bate through several issues. A warning flag was raised Editor

before an audience of members, key defense experts, presidential leadership to gain some support for regional and journalists. John F. Lehman, Richard N. Perle, and and multilateral trade liberalization; second, pause John D. Steinbruner each presented an alternative that strategically to develop a better way of dealing with the represents a departure from present U.S. policy. Regional inevitable challenges of globalization (for example, dis­ CPI debates on defense policy are scheduled to be held placed workers, the U.S. trade deficit, the environment, in San Francisco, Houston, and elsewhere. and workers' rights); or, finally, accept the elimination of The second CPI focused on international trade and fast track and make Capitol Hill more responsible and the U.S. congressional unwillingness to extend fast-track thus accountable for trade policy. trade-negotiating authority. Heightened concerns fol­ To examine the trade issue and present alternatives, lowing the Asian financial crisis raised the issue's salien- the Council chose experts with diverse perspectives: C. cy throughout the year. Fred Bergsten of the Institute for International Econom­ The trade CPI produced three options for breaking ics, William A. Niskanen of the Cato Institute, Jeff Faux of the U.S. policy deadlock on trade: first, provide new the Economic Policy Institute, and Pat Choate, the 1996

16 A COUNCIL ROLE: ADDING VALUE

1) Carole Nichols and Cora Weiss at the February 2,1998, Great Debate,"U.S. Policy Toward Cuba: Is It Time for a Change?"

2) Peter G. Peterson, Speaker Anwar bin Ibrahim, Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister of Malaysia, and Presider Maurice R. Greenberg at the April 15,1998, Keynote Luncheon of the Corporate Conference, "The Asia Crisis: Economic and Political Implications"

3) Speaker Richard A. Gephardt, Democratic Leader and Member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Mo.), and Presider William J. McDonough at the March 3,1998, Meeting "Preserving World Capitalism for the Next Century: A Plan for Action"

17 A COUNCIL ROLE: ADDING VALUE

: 1) Speakers Robert G. Torricelli, 1 w &'" U.S. Senator (D-N.J.), and ^1 • C. Fred Bergsten, Director, f Br ^ •ft Institute for International Economics, at the April 20, PP—>. • r v^-sA^HI m WW 1998, Great Debate, "Sanctions |v Against Rogue States: Do They Work?"

2) Frank Savage at the March I7,1998,Meeting,"The /* i Economic Climate in Asia: «3 firM A CEO's View." MpE1 * *"

3) June V. Cross, Richard Mattery, and Albert E. Utton at the June 5,1998, National Conference, "U.S. Trade and Defense: Is America Moving Forward or Backward?"

4) Presider Robert L. Bartley and Speaker Bill Richardson, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, at the September 15, 1997, Meeting,"The U.S.-U.N. Relationship in the 21st Century." A COUNCIL ROLE: ADDING VALUE

Reform Party vice presidential candidate. Each wrote a TASK FORCES concise memo presenting an alternative for the trade CPI, entitled Future Visions for U.S. Trade Policy. The topic was With North Korea's deteriorating situation and the recent discussed at a Council event featuring a speech by AFL- election of a South Korean president who favors broaden­ CIO President John Sweeney and at a debate in Atlanta. ing contacts with the North, an independent task force The CPI topics were the core of the agenda for the sponsored by the Council recommended that the United Council's third annual National Conference, at which States move fast to improve relations with Korea, includ­ members from around the country considered the alter­ ing removing economic sanctions against the North—all natives and deliberated which would best serve future this on the condition that North Korea take steps to re­ U.S. foreign policy. duce threats to the South and on the assumption that the

JOEL MOTLEY Because of technological changes, videoconferencing, and Managing Director, the pace of globalization, people are much more aware of their connectedness to other parts of the country, as well as Carmona Motley Hoffmann, Inc. to other parts of the world. So I think it's easier to sell the The Council brings together Council and its importance to people who don't normally a lot of different kinds of come to New York or Washington. And even though the people: businesspeople, Council is probably not going to set up offices in Houston academics, military profes­ and Los Angeles, I think people today, at the end of the sionals, and all sorts of 1990s, are more likely to say, "Even though I'm in Houston, I other people from very dif­ travel enough to New York or am on the phone enough with ferent cultures within our people in other parts of the country and the world that it society. And increasingly makes sense for me to be a part of this." that's true about age differ­ ences. The term member- The Council is an educational organization for the members, sn •Ld^B^H B^B^L ip effort has substantially and everything is designed to improve the members' under­ B --t^m/wX increased the number of standing of foreign affairs and America's role in the world. B young people in the Coun- One of the most clear examples of this process was the BV cil. I suppose that one of the NATO trip. I went over there very much with the mind-set ^^^^^™ ^^^^ most important things that so many years after the end of the Cold War we could about the organization is its ability to bring these different certainly begin to draw down our presence in Europe and kinds of people together. save money. I came back feeling the opposite was true. There A V A • A • A was a very clear need for us to be there for stability, and that New members ought to participate in as many events as perspective was not the result of what the American NATO they can, in as many different types of events as they can— personnel were saying, but it was what I was hearing from whether it's study groups or meetings—and to push to be a the European generals within NATO. When they talked part of things that might interest them. I think that there are about each other, it made it absolutely clear to me that if some people who become members and take a much more there was not an American in charge of NATO, it would fall passive role and perhaps don't realize what can be gained apart and the tensions that have always been so much a part from participation on a more active basis. For younger of European history would once again start to become large members, it may be easy to feel somewhat intimidated or problems. And that was an insight that I would never have excluded, that somehow there's an inner circle going on that absorbed from reading. But hearing these different generals they're not a part of, and it will be ten or fifteen years before talk about how untenable it would be to see one of their op­ they can become a part of it. I think the reality of the Council posite European number as the supreme commander made it is that that's not true, and that the Council readily embraces absolutely clear to me that we had a fair amount of unfin­ those who are enthusiastic and able and interested. ished work there.

19 A COUNCIL ROLE: ADDING VALUE

United States and South Korea will move together with a House effort to promote economic relations and a more unified strategy in dealing with the North. comprehensive policy approach that integrates foreign Economic engagement was the heart of a recommen­ assistance, trade and investment, and debt reduction. dation issued by a Council-sponsored independent task Other ongoing independent task forces sponsored by force addressing U.S. relations with Africa. The Africa the Council include reducing the risk of nuclear war, re­ task force found that recent initiatives to strengthen U.S. sponding to the Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests, and policy toward Africa fall short of what is needed. The task the future of transatlantic relations. force recommended both a more effective White

KENNETH ROTH reflect the new ways in which foreign policy in fact is Executive Director, Human Rights Watch made. No longer can you think about foreign policy as the product of a tiny club of government officials and classic One of the things I like think-tankers. There are many others, from journalists to about the Council, which is NGOs to businesspeople, who have a direct impact on for­ illustrated by a roundtable eign policy. The Council, because of its prestige, its neutral­ it convened of business and ity, and its confidentiality, can play a convening role that human rights leaders to none of us alone could play. This mix, which is unique to discuss issues of common the Council, helps all of us to develop a more sophisticated concern, is that it is such a understanding of the problems we confront and to better good place to assemble understand each other's perspective, so that what emerges people who otherwise is better foreign policy—policy shaped by exposure to a might not speak with each broad range of perspectives rather than the isolated or nar­ other. There is a tendency row views that might have gone into it if each of us were for all of us to live in self- off on our own. reinforcing worlds and to speak with people who I find valuable the opportunity to test out ideas before an in­ largely share our own telligent audience but one that may not be as deeply im­ views. The Council puts me in touch with people who mersed in human rights issues as I am. This allows me to see might have a different perspective but are interested in and how arguments are accepted by an audience that reflects the willing to talk through differences—for example, people key universe in which these ideas must ultimately be accept­ who see the intersection of business and human rights as an ed. While we're constantly battling it out in the corridors of important issue and are willing to discuss ideas we might government, or in diplomatic conferences, we also need to have in common, as well as to clarify areas where we might address the public realm. Debates at the Council force each diverge. I find that not only intellectually stimulating but of us to reassess: What are our most important ideas and also practically useful, because it helps me to better formu­ how can we best advance them? They give us a reality late how we should promote human rights in and with the check. For example, when 1 debated U.S. Ambassador David business community. Scheffer about the International Criminal Court, it was use­ ful that Jesse Helms's spokesman was thrown into the mix There are a number of things that make the Council the because, frankly, while I frequently talk to David Scheffer, I ideal place for such discourse. Clearly, the fact that people don't spend a lot of time these days talking to Jesse Helms can speak candidly off the record is very important. The about the ICC. Nonetheless, the arguments he makes are in­ Council has also been very successful in reaching out to fluencing the administration. So to have his voice in the different communities. I credit Les Gelb with moving the room helps illustrate the various kinds of pressures on the Council beyond traditional foreign policy circles to em­ administration, everything from Human Rights Watch to brace people who might be deemed nontraditional actors. Jesse Helms, which is the reality it faces. It's good for people The new kinds of discussions that take place at the Council to see that.

20 A COUNCIL ROLE: ADDING VALUE

THE HONG KONG FORUM The Hong Kong Forum, an organization that the ranging local meetings between Council Fellows and Council helped establish, began operations this year. It Forum members. Also, Council members who visit is an independent, nonpartisan organization that holds Hong Kong may participate in Forum meetings. informal off-the-record meetings between its members The Chairman of the Forum is Council member Vic­ and government officials, scholars, visiting dignitaries, tor K. Fung, Chairman of Prudential Asia and the etc. The Forum has its own rules and regulations, oper­ Hong Kong Trade Development Council. Among the ates independently, and has no legal or financial ties to Forum's key members are Council members Ronnie C. the Council. At the same time, the Forum and the Chan, Virginia Ann Kamsky, William Gage McAfee, Council maintain an ongoing dialogue, including ar­ and Steve A. Orlins.

GREAT DEBATES Through an expert panel questioning a series of wit­ nesses, PIPs seek to establish the facts of important is­ Through "Great Debates," the Council gives interested sues and illuminate U.S. policy options. Council Americans an opportunity to learn about the key inter­ members and invited journalists usually hear presenta­ national issues in an informative, nonpartisan, and en­ tions from several viewpoints and then ask questions. gaging way. Since the autumn of 1996, the Council has This year's PIPs presented a look at the National Secu­ sponsored several Great Debates each year on timely rity Council (NSC) 50 years after its founding, including a and salient topics. speech by National Security Adviser Samuel R. Berger; a Recent debates have featured U.S. Senator Robert G. mock NSC meeting prior to the Clinton-Jiang summit; a Torricelli and economist C. Fred Bergsten on the ques­ look at the spread of democracy worldwide; and diverse tion of the U.S. use of economic sanctions in response to perspectives on the U.S. role as the sole superpower. actions taken by rogue or terrorist states; former Assis­ tant Secretary of State Elliott Abrams and U.S. Represen­ tative Charles B. Rangel on U.S. policy toward Cuba; Rashid Khalidi and Robert B. Satloff on prospects for the CONGRESS AND Middle East peace process; and Kenneth Roth and David J. Scheffer, with commentary by Marc A. Thiessen, on U.S. FOREIGN POLICY whether the United States should support an indepen­ Responding to calls for better, more reflective, and non­ dent International Criminal Court. partisan development of U.S. foreign policy, the Council These debates are open to journalists and have been inaugurated its Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy Pro­ carried on C-SPAN and other major television and radio gram this year. The aim is to bring together select Capitol networks or stations. Transcripts of these special, on-the- Hill foreign policy staff in meetings on essential issues. record gatherings are posted on the Council's web site In the opening months of the project, some one hundred (www.foreignrelations.org). staff members of both parties and both houses partici­ pated in the project's roundtables on Asian politics and security, chaired by R. James Woolsey; U.S. national secu­ POLICY IMPACT PANELS rity, chaired by Stephen J. Hadley; and international trade, chaired by Thomas E. Donilon and Robert B. Zoel- As part of its effort to bring foreign policy ideas and Coun­ lick. Howard H. Baker Jr., Thomas S. Foley, George J. cil expertise to a wide audience and to make a contribution Mitchell, and Vin Weber serve as conveners of the pro­ to current policy debates, the Council conducts a series of ject. Thomas E. Donilon and Kenneth M. Duberstein are televised hearings called Policy Impact Panels (PIPs). co-chairmen of the effort.

21 STUDIES PROGRAM

The Studies Program dedicates itself to advancing understanding of world affairs and con­ tributing ideas to U.S. foreign policy. To these ends, the Studies staff seeks to analyze the rules and rhythms of the international system and the behavior of international actors of all kinds, to define American interests and relate them to American power, and to examine ways and in­ stitutions to manage the course of international events.

n 1997-98, the Council's Studies Program took focus on Asia. An integrative focus enabled the depart­ new strides to broaden and deepen its expertise ment to contribute in important ways to the Council's pro­ I on foreign policy issues. The department bolstered gramming on the Asian financial crisis and its aftermath. its intellectual resources with the addition of both estab­ The Studies Program's broader body of work shares lished experts and the "next generation" of scholars. The this interdisciplinary flavor. Activities on Africa, Europe, burgeoning Washington component of the program re­ Latin America, and the Middle East, as well as subject flects this evolution, with the arrival of veteran practi­ areas such as Peace and Conflict, and Science and Tech­ tioners and thinkers Morton I. Abramowitz, Robert A. nology, acknowledge that globalization often makes it Manning, and Daniel K. Tarullo, as well as Next Genera­ impractical to study a single region or topic in isolation. tion Fellows Michael J. Green, John Hillen, and Jessica E. Instead, the Studies Program has sponsored ever more Stern. The growing pool of knowledge and experience meetings in New York, Washington, D.C., and around the within the Studies Program has advanced the Council's country to stimulate debate on these interrelated sub­ capacity to inform the foreign policy debate across a jects. Cross-fertilization of ideas across research areas range of issues and perspectives. has fostered innovative scholarship, enlarging the whole Looking ahead to the foreign policy agenda for the next of the Studies Program beyond the sum of its parts. decade, the Studies Program emphasizes three intercon­ The Fellows who anchor the Studies Program consti­ nected areas—rethinking national security, international tute the Council's "think tank." Drawn from academic, economics, and Asia—recognizing that past and future policy, and private-sector communities, they are leaders economic growth in Asia poses profound economic and in their respective fields. Fellows contribute to the for­ security challenges and opportunities for the United eign policy debate by directing research projects; writing States, and the diversification of security issues and the books, articles, and op-ed pieces; and commenting emerging concept of "economic security" have inextricably through electronic media, congressional testimony, and linked U.S. international economic and security policies. speaking engagements. The Council has tried to recruit Projects often address two or more of these areas in tan­ scholars who come from diverse backgrounds in an ef­ dem, as in recent study groups on the U.S.-Japan alliance, fort to nurture the next generation of foreign policy U.S. commercial diplomacy in Asia, and energy with a leaders.

22 STUDIES PROGRAM

7) Presider Charles A. Kupchcm and Speaker John Gerard Ruggie, United Nations, at the March 26,1998, Term Member Roundtable, "Multilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy: A View front the United Nations."

2) Rocio Silverio and Wislene Charles at the May 11,1998, Global Kids Roundtable, "Refugees: The Implications of Humanitarian Crises and Migration."

3) Speaker Robert D. Hormats, Goldman, Sachs International, Speaker Daniel K. Tarullo, Council on Foreign Relations, and Moderator Bruce Stokes at the May 11,1998, G-8 Press Briefing.

23 STUDIES PROGRAM

Studies activities fall into three broad categories: NATIONAL SECURITY • study groups, designed to help Council Fellows write RICHARD K. BETTS books and articles; Senior Fellow and Director, National Security Studies • roundtable series, designed to survey a policy field and meet quickly in response to current events; and John J. McCloy Roundtable on Setting the New • conferences, held over a period of one or more days, National Security Agenda designed to consider various aspects of a broad for- eign policy topic. PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD K. BETTS Monthly sessions of this ongoing roundtable seek to Studies Fellows also play leading roles in other Coun­ identify the critical post-Cold War questions that require cil activities such as independent task forces and Council more detailed study by the Council. Subjects are chosen Policy Initiatives, helping to design the conceptual con­ as the sessions proceed, to take advantage of ideas that tours and acting as project directors. come out of discussion. Sessions in 1997-98 considered The Council subjects proposed projects to rigorous in­ issues such as political intervention through covert ac­ ternal review to ensure that they either address an emerg­ tion and human rights policy; military strategy in South­ ing topic or bring new perspective to a familiar issue. east Asia; strategic defense programs; economic aspects Studies activities enlist the specialized knowledge of the of national security policy; information warfare; how to Council's national membership as well as nonmembers. A think about Chinese power; NATO military planning glimpse at the list of projects undertaken this year demon­ after enlargement; and whether UNSCOM can fulfill its strates the breadth of Studies activities: the regionalization mission even without Iraqi intelligence. of Africa, post-Suharto Indonesia, investment in emerging economies, environmental NGOs in Latin America, Iran's Henry A. Kissinger Roundtable on Terrorism regional foreign policy, humanitarian demining, and refugees and the displaced. In every case, participants with PROJECT DIRECTOR: GIDEON ROSE diverse views and backgrounds are sought to ensure the The ongoing Roundtable on Terrorism provides a forum broadest range of ideas. Fellows and commissioned au­ to discuss the new generation of terrorist threats. Schol­ thors use these ideas to produce books or other publica­ ars, policymakers, and interested members participating tions that contribute valuable insight into policy issues. in this year's sessions considered several topics, including To showcase its research, the Studies Program utilizes the use of biological weapons in terrorist attacks, the fu­ the Council's web site (www.foreignrelations.org), where ture of counterterrorism, and terrorist behavior during accessibility and interactivity are hallmarks. Both Council hostage crises. members and the public at large have access to the full text of many Council publications as well as other intel­ Study Group on Defense Industry Globalization, lectual output of the Studies staff. The Council has Conversion, and the Arms Trade launched a pioneering "on-line study group" that repre­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: ANN R. MARKUSEN sents the possibilities for engaging the Council's national CHAIR: RICHARD RAVITCH (RAVITCH, RICE AND CO.) membership via the Internet. The Studies Program—and This two-year study group has undertaken an interna­ the Council as a whole—is harnessing the Internet to tional comparative study of "supply-side resistance" to broaden and deepen the national debate on foreign poli­ defense downsizing and considered potential national cy issues. A detailed listing of all meetings can be found and multilateral strategies for countering resistance. Ses­ on the Council's web site. sion topics have included the degree of success in in­ Gary C. Hufbauer creasing the dual-use capability on the private sector Maurice R. Greenberg Chair, Director of Studies side; the extent to which remaining capacity is depen­ June 1997-August 1998 dent on arms exports; and implications for national se­ curity, arms proliferation, and economic prosperity. A resulting book, due in late 1998, will document the na­ ture of the problem and its variation across the countries

24 STUDIES PROGRAM

under scrutiny; search for "best practice" cases of defense Japan about issues in the Middle East and elsewhere that downsizing, conversion, and curtailment of arms ex­ influence economic development and security in Asia ports; and propose policy responses. and the Americas. Discussions center on policy issues such as energy security, nuclear proliferation, high tech­ nology, and economic coordination as well as population Energy Security Group pressures on energy requirements, development, and the PROJECT DIRECTOR: JUDITH KIPPER environment. Founding Chairman William D. Rogers of COSPONSORED WITH THE JAPAN ATOMIC INDUSTRIAL FORUM, INC. Arnold & Porter, and current Chairman William F. Mar­ In cooperation with the Japan Atomic Industrial Forum, tin of Washington Policy and Analysis, Inc., provide lead­ Inc. (JAIF), the Energy Security Group promotes better ership in consultation with the Energy Security Group's mutual understanding between the United States and Japanese partners.

JOHN HlLLEN bounce your ideas off a lot of different people. And that dis­ Olin Fellow, National Security Studies, connect from the immediacy of events is what initially at­ Council on Foreign Relations tracted me. If you want new thinking, The beauty of the Defense Policy Review project is that it J/jfk ^fa^ sometimes you need new asks a very fundamental question. Eight years on from the jM WL thinkers. So a whole new end of the Cold War, we've all been talking the talk of funda­ JF generation of Council Fel- mental change. But in essence what's happened in this enor­ I H lows at this particular time mous bureaucracy that we call the national security in American foreign policy establishment is that it's been on autopilot and has essential­ W~ opens up the possibility that ly been responding to the bureaucratic imperatives of how you may be getting people much money it gets every year. The Department of Defense whose fundamental core has less money, but it thinks it needs to keep going in gener­ beliefs and experiences are ally the same direction. So we went back and asked, "Why not necessarily so deeply do you have it in the first place? And what direction should embedded in the old ways; it go?" We came up with four very different directions for fu­ they might perhaps have ture U.S. defense policy. That's the intellectual content. The good, different ideas. Some stylistic advantage, I think, is that the project appeals to a lot may not be good, some may of people who are going to be influential in the decisions that just be different. But you really need to go to a new genera­ are going to be made but don't necessarily get down into the tion of thinkers to get a new generation of ideas. weeds and deal with the minutiae of putting dollars into pro­ grams and programs into budgets. As a Next Generation Fellow, I can approach issues with a cer­ A • A • A • A tain irreverence about the past. It's not gratuitous irreverence, Our institutional advantage is that we're not responsible for but it's healthy in the sense that I'm not completely bound by implementing these policies, so we can dissect it all. We can those old rules. We're responding to different events. afford to talk in these terms, but on the other hand, the members who will be debating this in our debates and the I was drawn to the Council by the long history of deep people who will be reading the book and talking about it in thinking on a lot of issues. Other think tanks are meant to in­ Council programs are precisely the people who make these fluence the policy of process that day. The Council is re­ decisions. So, hopefully, we've managed to pull them away moved from that sort of immediacy. You actually get a a little bit from all the constricting bureaucratic imperatives chance to reflect, to think, to look a little bit deeper, to that influence them.

25 STUDIES PROGRAM

INTERNATIONAL adapt to a more polarized environment where questions of trade, U.S. financial commitments abroad, and the ECONOMICS deepening U.S. engagement in the global economy have become particularly contentious. The goal was to provide ALBERT FISHLOW a forum for a regular, informal, bipartisan exchange of Program Director/Paul A. Volcker Senior Fellow views about U.S. foreign economic policy. This round- for International Economics table has been folded into the Council's broader Con­ gress and U.S. Foreign Policy program. Study Group on After the Uruguay Round: The Politics, the Issues, the Rules W. Averell Harriman Transatlantic Economic PROJECT DIRECTOR: BRUCE STOKES Agenda Project CHAIR: HARALD B. MALMGREN (MALMGREN GROUP) PROJECT DIRECTOR: BRUCE STOKES This study group was a joint Council and Royal Institute This project has created a research network of interna­ of International Affairs (RIIA) effort to analyze trade pol­ tional affairs think tanks on both sides of the Atlantic to: icy choices and policymaking after the completion of the (1) assess the implications of deepening and widening Uruguay Round and the creation of the World Trade Or­ the transatlantic economic relationship, especially its ganization. The project built on the extensive trade policy impact on key sectors of the economy, other countries, research already completed or underway at the Council and the global trading system; and (2) widen the circle and the RIIA. The study group culminated in the publi­ of economists and policy analysts engaged in such an cation of the book Trade Strategies for a New Era (1998), assessment to ensure that a diversity of views informs edited by Geza Feketekuty with Bruce Stokes. government deliberations on this subject. On June Capitol Hill Roundtable—Trade 22-23, 1998, the Council and the Royal Institute of In­ ternational Affairs cosponsored a conference in London, PROJECT DIRECTOR: BRUCE STOKES "Cyberbusiness: European and U.S. Perspectives on the The Capitol Hill Roundtable sought to help Congress Coming Revolution in Electronic Commerce."

KAREN HORN Those of us who are in international business come back Senior Managing Director, from Council meetings better able to set a context for our ac­ Bankers Trust Company tivities around the world. And for those in the political arena, where many Council members are active, the Council The Council is a gathering is a relatively safe place to discuss views. place for people interested in foreign policy issues. We I was pleased when the Council decided to put an increas­ interact in both structured ing emphasis on economics. I believe that economics and and unstructured settings politics are inextricably bound up. The increased interaction to exchange ideas. There on these subjects has further enriched Council meetings. are many programs featur­ ing an expert or a panel of One of the most fascinating meetings I have attended was experts discussing the the mock-NSC meeting preparatory to the Clinton-Jiang most pressing topics of the summit. It was a particularly interesting session because the day, followed by a ques- panel brought out differences in views. The panelists knew tion-and-answer period. one another well enough to feel comfortable expressing dis­ And equally important is agreements. Because of this, it really did lay bare the major the opportunity to speak issues. In the weeks following the Council meeting, I was informally with these ex­ able to interpret the media coverage of these issues in very perts and other Council members. useful ways. ATA A • A

26 STUDIES PROGRAM

C. Peter McColough Series principal form of foreign commitment—direct participa­ on International Economics tion as opposed to more limited financial instruments— PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALBERT FISHLOW and the impact of these investments on host countries COSPONSORED WITH THE CORPORATE PROGRAM and local economies. For the third consecutive year, this series of monthly lunches has brought together leading international econ­ omists, academics, government officials, and business- people to discuss salient matters in international ASIA economics and how they affect (and are affected by) U.S. ROBERT A. MANNING policy. Topics this year included the global implications of Senior Fellow and Director, Asia Studies the European Economic and Monetary Union; the next wave of economic reforms in Latin America; and the role Winston Lord Roundtable on Asia, of labor and environmental standards in U.S. trade policy. the Rule of Law, and U.S. Foreign Policy Study Group on Big Emerging Economies PROJECT DIRECTOR: JEROME A. COHEN PROJECT DIRECTOR: MARIE-JOSEE KRAVIS This ongoing roundtable examines the many meanings CHAIR: W. BOWMAN CUTTER (E.M. WARBURG, PINCUS & CO., LLC) of the "rule of law" and the role of law and legal culture in Asian countries' economic growth, institution build­ This study group surveyed the realignment that the rise ing, attraction of foreign capital, and protection of of countries such as India, Indonesia, Brazil, South human rights. Participants also discuss the relevance of Korea, and Thailand is forcing in U.S. foreign policy as the rule of law to U.S. foreign policy and what measures well as the allocation of U.S. foreign aid and diplomatic the public and private sectors in this country might adopt resources. The group will generate a major article or to foster desired developments. monograph as its end product in the second half of 1998. Study Group on Economic Strategy Study Group on Preparing for Post-New Order and Foreign Policy Indonesia PROJECT DIRECTORS: JONATHAN S. PARIS AND ADAM SCHWARZ PROJECT DIRECTOR: PATRICK J. DESOUZA CHAIR: JOHN J. BRESNAN (COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY) CO-CHAIRS: J. CARTER BEESE JR. (BROWN INTERNATIONAL) AND EUGENE A. SEKULOW (NYNEX CORPORATION) This study group addressed the forces and constituencies This study group explored the growing synthesis of U.S. likely to emerge in Indonesia in the post-Suharto era. Can international economic and security policies. The study the United States work with the International Monetary group surveyed general matters such as globalization Fund and international community to help Indonesia re­ and concepts of security as well as specific issues like cover economically while simultaneously urging Indonesia neomercantilism, exchange rate volatility, the role of the to reform its political system? Organized into four sessions WTO, and regional actors such as China, Mercosur, and on challenges facing Indonesia—including the economic the European Union. crisis, religion and ethnicity, politics and civil society, and the role of the military—the study group assessed dynam­ Roundtable on Private Investment ics within Indonesia to develop a forward-looking frame­ in Emerging Economies work for U.S. policy on Indonesia. The group will release its findings in a volume due out in early 1999. PROJECT DIRECTOR: HANYA MARIE KIM (INTREPID INTERNATIONAL GROUP, LLC) CHAIR: ALBERT FISHLOW Asia Energy Roundtable Series This ongoing roundtable stimulates discussion on the PROJECT DIRECTOR: ROBERT A. MANNING investment climate in emerging markets in the wake of The Asia Energy Roundtable surveyed the energy needs of the Asian financial crisis and other regional fluctuations. China, India, and the Asia-Pacific countries, whose choices Particular stress is placed on geographic variations in the are destined to shape world markets, security dynamics,

27 STUDIES PROGRAM

1) Speaker Howard F. Jeter, U.S. Department of State, M. William Howard Jr., and Donald F. McHenry at the January 30,1998, Conference on Nigeria.

2) Presider Kenneth R. Maxwell and Speaker Jesus Reyes Heroles, Mexican Ambassador to the United States, at the April 23,1998, Meeting of the Latin America Update Series, "Cross­ ing the Border: Understanding Mexican-U.S. Migration."

3) Speaker Susan E. Rice, U.S. Department of State, at the December 2,1997, Meeting, "New Africa, New Policy."

4) David M. Abshire, David M. Lampton, Leslie H. Gelb, Dimitri K. Simes, Maurice R. Greenberg, and Richard N. Haass at the November 10, 1997, Maurice R. Greenberg Chair Installation Dinner. STUDIES PROGRAM

and environmental concerns in the 21st century. The U.S.-China Update Series roundtables addressed three axes of the energy picture: PROJECT DIRECTOR: ELIZABETH C ECONOMY commercial and security issues in the period to 2020; oil, gas, and nuclear power; and East Asian countries as major The ongoing U.S.-China Update Series features promi­ drivers of demand. The meetings defined the focus of an nent U.S. and Chinese experts who track the complex ensuing study group that is exploring in more depth the and evolving relationship between the present and future various aspects of the Asian energy and security picture superpowers. Meeting topics this year included Chinese against a background of environmental considerations. banking reform, East Asian security dynamics, village elections in China, Hong Kong one year after reversion to Study Group on Asian Energy-Security Chinese control, and the two Clinton-Jiang summits. in the 21st Century Asia-Capitol Hill Roundtable PROJECT DIRECTOR: ROBERT A. MANNING PROJECT DIRECTOR: BRUCE STOKES CO-CHAIRS: R. JAMES WOOLSEY (SHEA & GARDNER) AND EDWARD L. MORSE (ENERGY INTELLIGENCE GROUP) The Asia-Capitol Hill Roundtable, launched in conjunction Following on the preliminary inquiries of the Asia Ener­ with several congressional offices, facilitated interaction be­ gy Roundtable Series, the Study Group on Asian Ener­ tween experts in the field and Hill staff aides responsible gy-Security in the 21st Century is undertaking an for framing legislation on Asia issues. The roundtable ses­ in-depth analysis of the impact of Asia's burgeoning en­ sions dealt with a range of Asia-related concerns on the ergy demand on global energy markets and regional se­ Washington policy agenda, including the U.S.-Japan al­ curity dynamics. The study group is assessing the energy liance and China's bid to join the World Trade Organiza­ strategies of—and possible supply competition among— tion. These roundtables have been folded into the Council's China, India, Japan, Korea, and ASEAN countries over broader Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy program. the next quarter century, and identifying the relevant for­ eign policy challenges for the United States. Walter Hochschild Roundtable AFRICA on the Asian Economies SALIH BOOKER PROJECT DIRECTOR: BENEDICTE CALLAN Program Director/Senior Fellow, Africa Studies This roundtable explored the challenges facing East Asian economies as they headed toward, and now seek Africa Roundtable Series to recover from, economic crisis. Meetings focused on PROJECT DIRECTOR: SALIH BOOKER domestic economic problems or the progress of the inte­ gration of Asian markets and regional organizations. Africa Roundtables in New York and Washington, D.C., provide Council members and others engaged in work on Asia and the Environment Roundtable Series Africa regular opportunities for critical analysis of urgent developments in Africa and elaboration of U.S. policy op­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: ELIZABETH C ECONOMY tions. The New York discussions focus on U.S. business re­ Through an ongoing series of roundtable discussions, lations with Africa, while the Washington series addresses this project explores the scope of regional and global en­ topical subjects relating to security, democracy, and sus­ vironmental threats emerging from industrializing Asia. tainable development. Recent topics included democracy Participants in this past year's roundtables discussed the in Nigeria, the post-Mandela era in South Africa, and re­ preservation of biodiversity in the tropical forests of gional economic cooperation in East Africa. Southeast Asia; compliance with international environ­ mental treaties in India, China, and Japan; the environ­ Study Group on Thinking Regionally in Africa mental impact of the Three Gorges Dam project; and the PROJECT DIRECTOR: SALIH BOOKER environmental records of China and Japan. This multidisciplinary study group is tracking develop­ ments in which African governments and nonstate ac-

29 STUDIES PROGRAM tors are increasingly pursuing subregional cooperation to LATIN AMERICA address various political and economic challenges. The study group, which has clustered U.S. and African spe­ KENNETH R. MAXWELL cialists on each of Africa's five subregions, plans to con­ Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Inter- struct a framework for U.S. policy toward each subregion American Studies, and Director, Latin America Program and develop criteria for prioritizing U.S. interests in Africa by subregion and function (security democracy, Roundtable on U.S.-Mexico Relations and economic development/trade/investment). Salih PROJECT DIRECTORS: KENNETH R. MAXWELL AND RIORDAN ROETT Booker will write a book proposing a new U.S. policy (PAUL H. NITZE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, framework for Africa. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY) The ongoing Roundtable on U.S.-Mexico Relations reviews the current atmosphere in Mexico with particular emphasis on long-term issues such as the post-peso devaluation sta­ EUROPE bilization program and its implications for NAFTA and di­ rect portfolio investment in Mexico; the emergence of CHARLES A. KUPCHAN multiparty democracy; the dramatic increase in drug trans­ Program Coordinator/Senior Fellow, Europe Studies fers and money laundering along the U.S. border; and the future of Mexican immigration to the United States in light Pieter A. Fisher European Studies Series of 1996 U.S. legislation on welfare reform and immigration. PROJECT DIRECTOR: CHARLES A. KUPCHAN The Chase Manhattan Inter-American To keep pace with a rapidly changing European land­ Forthcoming Issues Series: scape, the European Studies Series met regularly over the past year to discuss themes such as the politics of Agenda for the Hemisphere monetary union, the restructuring of European capital­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: KENNETH R.MAXWELL ism, and the future of the left in Europe. Guest speakers, On November 10,1997, the Council conducted a half-day including Robert Solomon of the Brookings Institution, conference on the U.S. agenda for the Western Hemi­ Robert Raymond of the European Monetary Institute, sphere in the run-up to the April 1998 Summit of the and Giuliano Amato of the European University Insti­ Americas in Santiago. Panelists and participants examined tute, led individual sessions, which alternated between U.S. interests in Latin America, the evolving political and New York and Washington. economic trends in the region, and the prospects for and obstacles to hemispheric free trade. The defeat of fast-track Project on East-West Relations legislation in the United States as well as Brazil's economic PROJECT DIRECTOR: MICHAEL MANDELBAUM and political reform agenda dominated the discussion. The ongoing Project on East-West Relations takes an in- depth look at Eurasian subjects of central importance to Reinventing North America: the United States and from which large-scale conflict Tending the Relationship could arise. Since its inception in 1987, the project has PROJECT DIRECTORS: KENNETH R. MAXWELL AND JOHN WIRTH produced 12 books, the most recent of which is The New (NORTH AMERICAN INSTITUTE) Russian Foreign Policy, edited by Michael Mandelbaum. COSPONSORED WITH THE NORTH AMERICAN INSTITUTE (NAMI) An authors' conference for an upcoming book, The New This symposium drew participants from the United Diasporas of Eastern Europe, was held in May. Participants States, Canada, and Mexico to the San Diego/Tijuana discussed the fate of four national groups—Hungarians, metropolitan area to consider the difficulties that have Serbs, Russians, and Albanians—that are scattered un­ emerged three years into NAFTA. On the Canadian side, easily among several sovereign states in postcommunist participants examined why specific issues such as fishing eastern Europe. and the environment sometimes escalate into larger problems. For the United States, congressional matters,

30 STUDIES PROGRAM

particularly the difficulties of building consistent coali­ ca. The seminars are designed to provide prompt, thought­ tions, were the focus of the discussion. The uncertainties ful analysis of rapidly changing political and economic de­ that will accompany growing political pluralism were the velopments in the region. Speakers at this year's sessions focus of the discussion on Mexico. The conference, held included Elio Gaspari, a Brazilian political columnist; Wolf on November 14-15, 1997, concluded a four-year series Grabendorff of the Institute for European-Latin American examining the changing character of North America as a Relations in Madrid; Robert Pastor of the Carter Center; region and resulting implications for U.S. foreign policy. and Enrique Krauze, author of Mexico: Biography of Power.

Study Group on the City and the World: Study Group on U.S. National Interests New York's Global Future in the Western Hemisphere PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALBERTO VOURVOULIAS-BUSH PROJECT DIRECTOR: KENNETH R. MAXWELL CHAIR: MARGARET E. CRAHAN (HUNTER COLLEGE) This study group sought to measure the salience of U.S. This study group examined New York City's status as a interests in the Americas by assessing the prospects for nexus of global and local politics where international three items high on Washington's hemispheric agenda: processes are simultaneously issues of local governance. the Free Trade Area of the Americas; cooperation on Participants analyzed the effects of economic restructur­ questions such as drugs, migration, and the environment; ing and financial flows, immigration and demographic and the deepening of democracy throughout the region. change, the rise of transnational communities and identi­ The study group critiqued background papers, written by ties, the internationalization of crime, and cultural con­ leading U.S. experts on the Western Hemisphere, for a sensus-building and institutional adaptation. The study forthcoming American Assembly volume edited by Albert group produced a book, The City and the World: New Fishlow and James Jones and tentatively titled The Search York's Global Future, edited by Margaret E. Crahan and Al­ for Common Ground. Participants at a May 1998 American berto Vourvoulias-Bush, which elicited a proclamation Assembly meeting, chaired by Raul A. Volcker and Carla from the mayor's office that October 22 is "The City and A. Hills, used the revised papers as the basis for discus­ the World Day" in New York City. sion of forging a broad, bipartisan consensus about U.S. interests, goals, and policies for the region. Conference: The Changing Roles of Environmental NGOs in Latin America PROJECT DIRECTORS: JENNIFER SEYMOUR WHITAKER AND KENNETH R. MAXWELL MIDDLE EAST CHAIR: ALEXANDER F. WATSON (THE NATURE CONSERVANCY) The Council helped organize this October 27,1997, sym­ RICHARD W. MURPHY posium to allow U.S. and Tatin American environmental Program Director/Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow NGOs, environmentalists, and policy analysts to reeval­ for the Middle East uate the role of NGOs in environmental issues in Latin America. Attendees looked at the changing relationship Middle East Forum between Latin American NGOs and donors, northern PROJECT DIRECTOR: JUDITH KIPPER NGOs, governments, and civil society, discussing lessons Under the leadership of former co-chairman Ambas­ learned since the 1992 Rio conference and new direc­ sador Robert S. Strauss and the late Ambassador Philip tions for effective action. A report of the proceedings will C. Habib, and Admiral William J. Crowe Jr. and General be released in the second half of 1998. Joseph P. Hoar, the Middle East Forum in Washington engages a wide range of key figures from many countries Latin America Update Series to probe Middle East issues. The forum encourages a PROJECT DIRECTOR: KENNETH R. MAXWELL blend of immediate analysis and historical perspective in The Latin America Update Series provides timely updates discussions of the substance of policy as well as political on breaking economic and political events in Latin Ameri­ attitudes that affect foreign policy decision-making.

31 STUDIES PROGRAM

Middle East Economic Strategy Group (MEESG) U.S.-European Consultation on the Middle East EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: HENRY SIEGMAN PROJECT DIRECTOR: HENRY SIEGMAN PROJECT DIRECTOR: JONATHAN S. PARIS CO-CHAIRS: HENRY SIEGMAN AND GILLES ANDREANI ECONOMIST: ALBERT FISHLOW (MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, FRANCE) CHAIR: PAUL A. VOLCKER COSPONSORED WITH THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, FRANCE Comprised of experts in international finance, trade, and On February 8-10,1998, senior members of the U.S. De­ development, the Middle East Economic Strategy Group partments of State and Defense and of the intelligence issues annual reports for the U.S./Middle East Project that community, and their European counterparts, joined assess the efficacy of new regional cooperative arrange­ policy experts from the United States and Europe in ments and institutions and recommend policies for re­ Washington, D.C., to discuss U.S. and European ap­ gional economic development. In 1997, the group issued a proaches to Iraq, Iran, and the Arab-Israeli peace report, "Development in the Gulf Countries," that was dis­ process. Participants also discussed the independent task cussed at a plenary session of the Middle East/North force U.S. Middle East Policy and the Peace Process. This Africa (MENA) Economic Summit in Doha. The report consultation followed an initial meeting held in Paris in was the product of two days of meetings in September April 1997 between the U.S./Middle East Project and the 1997 to discuss studies prepared by a dozen Gulf experts. French Foreign Ministry. The next meeting will take place in January 1999 in London. Doha Economic Summit PROJECT DIRECTOR: HENRY SIEGMAN Study Group on U.S. Foreign Policy ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR: JONATHAN S. PARIS and the Muslim World At the request of the government of Qatar and the U.S. PROJECT DIRECTOR/CHAIR: A. RICHARD NORTON Department of State, the U.S./Middle East Project coor­ (BOSTON UNIVERSITY) dinated five programmatic sessions at the 1997 MENA This study group examined the sources of tension in U.S. Economic Summit in Doha, including (1) a session on relationships with the Muslim world and evaluated feasi­ the Palestinian economy on the impact of border clos­ ble policy alternatives for improving relations with indi­ ings in Gaza and the West Bank and specific proposals to vidual countries and the Muslim world as a whole. ameliorate tensions and improve existing economic Meetings addressed topics such as the "Islamic factor" in agreements between Israel and the Palestinian Authori­ U.S. foreign policy, U.S. relations with self-declared gov­ ty; (2) a third Regional Infrastructure Project Presenta­ ernments of God (e.g., Iran and Afghanistan), and recon­ tion Plenary in which senior officials from the Palestinian ciling of the promotion of human rights and democracy Authority, Jordan, Israel, and Egypt proposed joint pri­ with American economic and strategic interests in the vate-sector projects; (3) a plenary session, cosponsored Muslim world. with the IMF, on proposals to attract foreign investment and integrate the Gulf into the global economy outlined in the Middle East Economic Strategy Group report, Study Group on Public Pluralism "Development in the Gulf Countries"; (4) a joint plenary in Muslim Societies session with the World Economic Forum on privatization PROJECT DIRECTOR/CHAIR: CLIFFORD CHANIN issues such as the pace of privatization, the quality of the (ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION) companies being privatized, how private capital can be This study group explored the public activities of individ­ accessed, and how governments minimize social dislo­ uals and institutions within Muslim societies as they re­ cation and mobilize popular support; and (5) a joint spond to the external pressures of new technologies and panel with the World Economic Forum on water, em­ "global ideas."The sessions dealt with democracy and phasizing technological developments in the fields of civil society, contemporary Muslim thinkers, and the im­ desalinization, conservation, and transport. pact of new media and the flow of ideas.

32 STUDIES PROGRAM

1) Presider Jerome A. Cohen, Speaker Cliff Thompson, University of Wisconsin, and Commentator Robert Homick at the March 12,1998, Meeting of the Winston Lord Roundtable on Asia, the Rule of Law, and U.S. Foreign Policy.

2) Marie-Josee Kravis and Presider W. Bowman Cutter at the October 21,1997, Meeting of the Study Group on Big Emerging Economies.

3) Ann R. Markusen, Presider Richard Ravitch, and Speaker John Frankenstein, University of Copenhagen, at the December 12,1997, Meeting of the Study Group on Defense Industry Globalization, Conversion, and the Arms Trade.

33 STUDIES PROGRAM

Middle East Roundtable conflict prevention from the previous year. The proceed­ ings promoted discussion and coordination among those PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD W. MURPHY involved and introduced the idea of preventive action to This roundtable series continues its analysis of timely is­ key U.S. constituencies, represented in part by the Coun­ sues in the region and their impact on Middle Eastern cil membership. The keynote speaker was Bill Richardson, countries. The series expanded its scope in 1997-98, ex­ U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations. The morning amining the status of planning for oil and gas pipelines sessions evaluated three of CPA's case studies—the Great from Central Asia as well as the current political situa­ Lakes region of central Africa, Nigeria, and the south tion in Syria, Turkey, and Jordan. Balkans. The afternoon sessions discussed the role of three types of institutions in conflict prevention—inter­ Gulf Study Group on Iranian Regional national financial institutions, early warning consortia, Foreign Policy and women's organizations. PROJECT DIRECTOR/CHAIR: RICHARD W. MURPHY Following up on last year's independent task force re­ CPA Project on the Great Lakes Region port, Differentiated Containment, this study group moni­ of Central Africa tored the first 100 days of President Khatami's leadership PROJECT DIRECTOR: BARNETT R. RUBIN in Iran. It reviewed the full range of Iranian foreign rela­ The CPA Project on the Great Lakes Region of central Africa tions—with particular emphasis on immediate neigh­ considers strategies for conflict prevention in the area that bors in Turkey, Central Asia, and Pakistan—as well as the includes Burundi, Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of domestic context of Iranian foreign policy. Congo, Tanzania, and Uganda. The Great Lakes Policy Forum, which meets monthly in Washington, D.C., and is open to all, enables international actors working to prevent PREVENTIVE ACTION further violence in the region to exchange information, co­ ordinate strategies, evaluate their activities, and advocate BARNETT R. RUBIN policies to the U.S. and other governments. Other activities Senior Fellow and Director, Center for Preventive Action include the Brussels-based EuroForum on the Great CHAIR: JOHN W. VESSEY, U.S. ARMY (RET.) Lakes—established with the European Centre for Common The Center for Preventive Action (CPA) was established Ground and the International Crisis Group to improve in 1994 to study and test conflict prevention. Many of transatlantic cooperation in the region—and the confiden­ today's most serious international problems—ethnic con­ tial Security Working Group. CPA's evaluation of the inter­ flicts, failing states, and humanitarian disasters—could national community's efforts in Burundi will be released in potentially be averted or ameliorated with effective early late 1998 as one of CPA's Preventive Action Reports. attention. CPA selected four case studies through which to test the viability of conflict prevention: the Great Lakes CPA Project on the Ferghana Valley Region region of central Africa, the Ferghana Valley region of of Central Asia Central Asia, Nigeria, and the south Balkans. CPAs find­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: NANCY LUBIN (JNA ASSOCIATES) ings and recommendations are published in a series of CHAIR: SAM NUNN (KING & SPALDING) Preventive Action Reports. The CPA Project on the Ferghana Valley region of Central CPA Annual Conference Asia assesses the potential for future conflict in the volatile region that cuts across the three newly indepen­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: BARNETT R. RUBIN dent states of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. The CO-CHAIRS: JOHN W. VESSEY, U.S. ARMY (RET), DAVID A. HAMBURG (CARNEGIE COMMISSION ON PREVENTING DEADLY CONFLICT), project has explored the sources of conflict and sought to AND RICHARD C. LEONE (TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND) find ways to move the region in the direction of eco­ COSPONSORED WITH THE CARNEGIE COMMISSION ON PREVENTING nomic and political reform and stability. A report will be DEADLY CONFLICT AND THE TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND released in fall 1998 as the fourth Preventive Action Re­ The Center for Preventive Action held its fourth annual port that drew upon the group's research and findings conference in December 1997 to survey the lessons of from a trip to the region in March 1997.

34 STUDIES PROGRAM

CPA Project on Nigeria use of economic instruments to promote innovation and better use of demining technologies in the field. PROJECT DIRECTOR: PETER M. LEWIS (AMERICAN UNIVERSITY) CHAIR: PEARL T. ROBINSON (TUFTS UNIVERSITY) Study Group on Global Warming Technology This project promotes sustainable democratic reform in Policy for the United States Nigeria through evaluation of the role of Nigerian civil society in preventing ethnic, religious, and regional con­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: DAVID G. VICTOR flict. CPA and the Africa Studies Program collaborated With U.S. industry accounting for one-fifth of annual on a January 1998 conference to study the components global emissions of 22 billion tons of carbon dioxide—the of Nigerian civil society and to debate U.S. policy toward leading cause of global warming—this study group is ex­ Africa's most populous country. Drawing on the confer­ ploring U.S. policies that directly target the development ence, a 1997 study mission to Nigeria, and related meet­ and deployment of less carbon-intensive energy tech­ ings, the Nigeria project released the third of CPA's nologies. Since cutting emissions will require massive Preventive Action Reports, Stabilizing Nigeria: Sanctions, technological change toward clean, carbon-free fuels, the Incentives, and Support for Civil Society (1998). group set its sights on long-term technological solutions for the United States and other industrial countries as well CPA Project on the South Balkans as the developing world. Products will include an options PROJECT DIRECTOR: DAVID L. PHILLIPS (COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY) paper for U.S. policy as well as a detailed monograph. CHAIR: SEYMOUR TOPPING (COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY) Roundtable on the Management and Disposition The CPA Project on the South Balkans studied the many of Excess Nuclear Weapons Materials problems left unresolved by the 1995 Dayton Accords that halted the war in the former Yugoslavia. The work­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD L. GARWIN ing group ended this year with follow-up work from its CHAIR: JESSICA T. MATHEWS (CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE) 1996 report, Toward Comprehensive Peace in Southeast Eu­ rope: Conflict Prevention in the South Balkans, edited by This series fosters discussion on how to ensure excess Barnett R. Rubin. fissile material from decommissioned nuclear weapons is not converted back into weapons, notably by terrorists. The focus has been on the former Soviet Union, where disposition options include the support by Western gov­ SCIENCE ernments for Russian fuel fabrication plants to reprocess excess plutonium as well as the outright U.S. purchase of AND TECHNOLOGY five hundred tons of high-enriched uranium from Russ­ ian weapons. On the U.S. side, participants discussed the RICHARD L. GARWIN merits of privatizing the U.S. Enrichment Corporation, Program Coordinator/Philip D. Reed Senior Fellow which manages the flow of materials for use in U.S. civil­ for Science and Technology ian nuclear reactors.

Roundtable on Humanitarian Demining: Study Group on the Information Revolution Can We Stop the Slaughter of Innocents? and American Strategy in the 21st Century PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD L. GARWIN PROJECT DIRECTORS: JOHN P. HALL (J.P. MORGAN AND COMPANY, INC.) CHAIR: MICHAEL J. DUGAN, U.S. AIR FORCE (RET.) AND GORDON GOLDSTEIN (COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY) This roundtable took stock of the existing effort in the CO-CHAIRS: FREDERICK S. TIPSON (AT&T) AND United States (military and nonmilitary) and through the MICHAEL F. OPPENHEIMER (MULTINATIONAL STRATEGIES, INC.) United Nations to reduce the huge number of civilian ca­ This study group launched an examination of the infor­ sualties from antipersonnel mines. Sessions focused on mation revolution—the explosive growth and interaction technological opportunities to lower the cost of removal of communications networks, computing capabilities, and organizational needs to improve coordination of the and content creation—and its implications for American international effort. Participants considered the possible foreign policy. Phase I surveyed the broad political and

35 STUDIES PROGRAM

1) Speaker Samuel R. Berger, National Security Council, and Salih Booker at the April 13, 1998, Meeting, "Africa on the U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda: A Follow-Up on the President's Trip."

2) Speaker Dennis B. Ross, U.S. Department of State, at the February 9,1998, U.S./Middle East Project's U.S.-European Consultation on the Middle East.

3) Speaker Harold K. Jacobson, University of Michigan, Presider Elizabeth C. Economy, and Speaker Edith Brown Weiss, Georgetown University, at the January 29,1998, Meeting, "International Environmental Treaties: Do They Work? With a Special Focus on China, India, and Japan."

4) Speaker Robert Frowick, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and Vladislav Jovanovic at the March 10, 1998, Meeting of the International Organizations and Law Roundtable.

36 STUDIES PROGRAM

economic ramifications of the information revolution Three distinct questions will be addressed: What factors and, specifically, its consequences for American wealth are crucial for consolidation, and under what circum­ and power in the coming decades. Phase II, planned for stances? How manipulable are those factors by outside fall 1998, will thoroughly examine those challenges and actors? What specific U.S. foreign policy initiatives in this their implications for American strategy and foreign pol­ area are thus in order? Gideon Rose plans to write a icy. The group will issue a paper in September 1998 on monograph based on the group's findings. the findings from its initial phase. Global Kids Roundtable PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALLISON L. C. DE CERRENO OTHER COSPONSORED WITH THE LATIN AMERICA PROGRAM AND GLOBAL KIDS, INC. Roundtable on Refugees and the Displaced The Global Kids Roundtable is a community outreach PROJECT DIRECTOR: ROBERT P. DEVECCHI initiative that introduces high school sophomores and juniors to international relations issues with the hope The ongoing Roundtable on Refugees and the Displaced that some will pursue degrees or careers in this area. In brings together policymakers, practitioners, and analysts conjunction with Global Kids, Inc., the roundtable brings in a face-to-face dialogue on issues concerning refugees together a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically di­ and the internally displaced. Meetings around the coun­ verse group of students from all five boroughs of New try, including New York and Washington, D.C., seek to York City and younger Council staff to explore broad for­ bring greater specificity on key emerging issues regard­ eign policy issues such as democratization, multicultural- ing refugee policy and the delivery of services to ism, security, and refugee issues. refugees, and to conduct a thorough review of refugee relief, protection, asylum, and domestic resettlement policies. The roundtable targets younger Fellows, term Studies Seminar Series members, and staff of the Council interested in refugee PROJECT DIRECTOR: GARY C HUFBAUER and humanitarian issues. The ongoing Studies Seminar Series provides an infor­ mal forum for Council Fellows and research staff in New International Organizations and Law Roundtable York and Washington, D.C., to discuss individuals' cur­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: RUTH WEDGWOOD rent research topics. Topics this year included Japan's re­ This ongoing series presents current topics in interna­ sponse to the Asian financial crisis, the prosecution of tional law and organizations. Speakers this past year war crimes, the evolution of weapons of mass destruc­ have included Stephen Schwebel, President of the Inter­ tion threats, and foreign investment in North Korea. national Court of Justice; Biljana Plavsic, President of the Bosnian Serb Republic; and Jayantha Dhanapala, U.N. Term Member Roundtable Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament Affairs. PROJECT DIRECTOR: CHARLES A. KUPCHAN Study Group on Democratic Consolidation To help foster the next generation of foreign policy lead­ ers, the Term Member Roundtable regularly convenes PROJECT DIRECTOR: GIDEON ROSE meetings of younger Council members on a wide array The ongoing Study Group on Democratic Consolidation of international issues. Meetings this year included dis­ aims to devise guidelines for U.S. policymakers seeking cussions on multilateralism and U.S. foreign policy with to promote consolidation in the many transitional John Ruggie of the United Nations, the evolution of Iran democracies around the world. The group will try to set with Elaine Sciolino of the New York Times, and a debate priorities among important factors such as economic lib­ between Charles Kupchan and Fareed Zakaria of Foreign eralization, a vibrant civil society, and the rule of law. Affairs on liberalism and democracy.

37 STUDIES PROGRAM

Shepardson Fellowship Roundtable (particularly NAFTA and APEC issues), international tax­ ation, and economic sanctions. He served as Deputy As­ PROJECT DIRECTOR: NICHOLAS X. R1ZOPOULOS sistant Secretary for the U.S. Treasury from 1977 to 1980, This ongoing roundtable allows the current year's Shep­ and was responsible for trade and investment negotia­ ardson Fellow to get feedback from relevant experts on tions during the Tokyo Round. His publications include discussion papers/chapters drawn from a book-in- Unfinished Business: Telecommunications after the Uruguay progress. This year's Fellow was Tony Smith of Tufts Uni­ Round (coeditor, 1997), Flying High: Liberalizing Civil Avia­ versity whose book will address multiculturalism in U.S. tion in the Asia Pacific (coeditor, 1996), Fundamental Tax foreign policy. Reform and Border Tax Adjustments (1996), NAFTA: An As­ sessment (coauthor, 1994), and Economic Sanctions Recon­ sidered (coauthor, second edition, 1990).

FELLOWS MORTON I. ABRAMOWITZ C.V STARR SENIOR FELLOW FOR ASIA STUDIES II LAWRENCE J. KORB Before joining the Council, Morton Abramowitz was Presi­ VICE PRESIDENT/MAURICE R. GREENBERG CHAIR, dent of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace DIRECTOR OF STUDIES (FROM AUGUST 1998) from 1991 to 1997. He joined the Foreign Service in 1960, Before joining the Council, Lawrence J. Korb was Director after attending Stanford and Harvard and serving in the of the Center for Public Policy Education and Senior Fel­ U.S. Army. Prior to joining the Carnegie Endowment he low in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings was Ambassador to Turkey. He also has served as Assistant Institution. Previously he served as Dean of the Graduate Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research; U.S. Am­ School of Public and International Affairs at the University bassador to the Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction Ne­ of Pittsburgh, and as Vice President of Corporate Opera­ gotiations in Vienna; Ambassador to Thailand; Deputy tions at the Raytheon Company. Mr. Korb also served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Inter-American, East Assistant Secretary of Defense from 1981 through 1985, for Asian, and Pacific Affairs; and Special Assistant to the Sec­ which he was awarded the Department of Defense's retary of Defense. He also served in Hawaii as political ad­ medal for Distinguished Public Service. Mr. Korb has held viser to the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific, in the early academic positions at the University of Dayton, the U.S. 1970s. He is the author (with Richard Moorsteen) of Mov­ Coast Guard Academy, the U.S. Naval War College, and ing the Glaciers: The Two Koreas and the Powers (1973), Fast Georgetown University. He served on active duty for four Asian Actors and Issues (1973), and Remaking China Policy years as a naval flight officer and retired from the Navy Re­ (1972). Since 1991 he has published numerous articles and serve with the rank of captain. Among Mr. Korb's 15 books essays on subjects ranging from American foreign policy to on national security issues are American National Security: issues in the former Yugoslavia, which have been pub­ Policy and Process (1993), The Pall and Rise of the Pentagon lished in the New York Times, Washington Post, Newsweek, (1979), and The Joint Chiefs of Staff: The First Twenty-five and others. He is the recipient of numerous awards, includ­ Years (1976). His articles have appeared in Foreign Affairs, ing the Joseph C. Wilson Award for International Service Public Administration Review, the New York Times Sunday from the University of Rochester; the President's Award for Magazine, Naval Institute Proceedings, and International Secu­Distinguished Federal Service in 1981,1985, and 1988; and rity. He received his M.A. from St. John's University and the Director General's Cup of Foreign Service. He serves on his Ph.D. from the State University of New York at Albany. the boards of many nonprofit organizations, including the International Rescue Committee, the National Democratic GARY C. HUFBAUER Institute, and the International Crisis Group. VICE PRESIDENT/MAURICE R. GREENBERG CHAIR, DIRECTOR OF STUDIES 0UNE 1997-AUGUST 1998) RICHARD K. BETTS SENIOR FELLOW AND DIRECTOR, NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES Gary Hufbauer, a noted international economist, came to the Council from the Institute for International Econom­ A former staff member of the Senate Select Committee ics. His recent research has focused on international trade on Intelligence and the National Security Council,

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Richard Betts is Professor of Political Science and Direc­ gress (1983-86 and 1990) and as a Program Officer for tor of the Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia the Ford Foundation in eastern and southern Africa University. He was a Senior Fellow at the Brookings In­ (1986-88). He was also an Associate Director for Catholic stitution until 1990 and has taught at Harvard and the Relief Services' Southern Africa Office (1991), and a Leg­ Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies islative Assistant for TransAfrica (1980-83). Mr. Booker is at Johns Hopkins University. His books include Military author of the UNDP's first two Development Cooperation Readiness (1995); Soldiers, Statesmen, and Cold War Crises Reports on South Africa (1992 and 1993), and has pub­ (1991); Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Balance (1987); and lished articles and opinion pieces for Current History, the Surprise Attack (1982). His recent articles have been on Africa Policy Information Center, Business Day, Africa News the implications for U.S. foreign policy of collective secu­ Service, Africa Report, Southern Africa Political Economy rity institutions, the evolving balance among great pow­ Monthly, TransAfrica Forum Journal, Washington Post, and ers in Asia, Vietnam's strategic vulnerabilities, and various other U.S. and international newspapers. He was intervention in ethnic conflicts. He received a Ph.D. from educated at Wesleyan University, the University of Ghana Harvard University. (Legon), and the London School of Economics and Politi­ cal Science. ROBERT D. BLACKWILL SENIOR FELLOW JEROME A. COHEN C.V. STARR SENIOR FELLOW FOR ASIA STUDIES Robert Blackwill, Belfer Lecturer in International Securi­ ty, teaches foreign and defense policy, political organiza­ Jerome Cohen divides his time between the Council and tion and analysis, and public management at the John F. his law practice at the international law firm of Paul, Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison. He has taught at where he is also faculty chairman of the school's Execu­ the University of California at Berkeley and formerly tive Programs for Members of the Russian State Duma, served as Professor, Director of East Asian Legal Studies, Russian General Officers, and Senior Chinese Military and Associate Dean at Harvard Law School. Currently, Officers. A career diplomat from 1967, he served as Di­ he teaches courses at New York University Law School rector of West European Affairs on the National Security that examine the legal problems of doing business in Council staff and U.S. Ambassador and Chief Negotiator China and East Asia. At the Council, he is presently lead­ at the negotiations with the Warsaw Pact on convention­ ing an ongoing roundtable series on Asia and the rule of al armed forces in Europe. He was Special Assistant to law. He has published extensively on Asia, including sev­ the President for European and Soviet Affairs during the eral books: Investment Laws in Vietnam (1990), Contract Bush administration. His most recent publications are Laws of the People's Republic of China (1988), People's China Allies Divided: Transatlantic Policies for the Greater Middle and International Law (with Hungdah Chiu, 1974), Taiwan East (1997) and Engaging Russia: Arms Control and the and American Policy (1971), and The Criminal Process in U.S.-Russian Relationship (report of an independent task the People's Republic of China (1968). He received an A.B. force, 1996). and a J.D. from Yale University.

SALIH BOOKER ROBERT P. DEVECCHI SENIOR FELLOW, AFRICA STUDIES ADJUNCT SENIOR FELLOW FOR REFUGEES AND THE DISPLACED Salih Booker has directed the Council's Africa Studies Robert DeVecchi came to the Council in 1997 after 22 Program since Novemeber 1995. He has worked in years of service with the International Rescue Committee Africa and the United States as a consultant to the Unit­ (IRC). In 1975 he joined the IRC as its Indochina Refugee ed Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Ford Program Coordinator responsible for establishing refugee Foundation, Carnegie Corporation, Bernard van Leer resettlement offices in the United States and emergency Foundation, the African Development Foundation, and medical programs in Southeast Asia. From 1980 to 1985, Africare. He twice served as a Professional Staff Member he was Program Director for IRC's worldwide resettle­ of the Committee on Foreign Affairs in the U.S. Con­ ment and relief operations. He became IRC's Executive

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Director in 1985, President in 1992, and President Emeri­ ELIZABETH C. ECONOMY tus in 1997. He was a Foreign Service Officer from 1956 FELLOW, CHINA STUDIES, AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF ASIA STUDIES to 1967, posted in Washington, at NATO in Paris, and the American embassies in Warsaw and Rome. He was Euro­ Elizabeth Economy is Director of the Council Round- pean Director of the Conference Board (1968-72) and table on Asia and the Environment and the U.S.-China New York Director of Save the Children (1972-75). In ad­ Update Series. She also serves as the Council's liaison dition to being a member of the Board of Directors of the with the Hong Kong Forum and coordinator for the an­ IRC, Mr. DeVecchi is on the Advisory Committee for the nual U.S.-China Dialogue with the Chinese People's In­ Council's CPA, the boards of Refugees International, the stitute of Foreign Affairs and the National Committee on Foundation for a Civil Society, and the National Coalition U.S.-China Relations. This fall, she will be initiating a for Haitian Rights, and the advisory committees of the study group on governance in China. Dr. Economy's re­ Refugee Policy Group, the International Center for Mi­ cent publications include a book, The Internationalization gration, Refugees, and Citizenship at the New School for of Environmental Protection (co-editor, 1997); a forthcom­ Social Research, and the Pew Fellowship in International ing volume co-edited with Michel Oksenberg, China Journalism. He is a graduate of Yale University and the Joins the World: Progress and Prospects (1998); and several Harvard School of Business Administration. articles and book chapters on Sino-American relations and Chinese environmental issues. Dr. Economy also co- chairs the Woodrow Wilson Center Working Group on PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY China and the Environment, serves on the Executive VICE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR OF THE WASHINGTON Board of the Program for International Studies in Asia, PROGRAM/GEORGE F. KENNAN SENIOR FELLOW consults frequently for various foundations and U.S. FOR RUSSIAN AND EURASIAN STUDIES government agencies, and this past fall taught a course Before coming to the Council, Paula Dobriansky was co- on China and global politics at the Paul H. Nitze School host of the foreign affairs program WorldWise on Na­ of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins tional Empowerment Television and served as Foreign University. She received a BA. from Swarthmore Col­ Policy Coordinator of Senator Bob Dole's 1996 presiden­ lege, an A.M. from Stanford University, and a Ph.D. from tial campaign. She was also Senior International Affairs the University of Michigan. and Trade Adviser at the law firm of Hunton & Williams, where she advised the firm on political, economic, and ALBERT FISHLOW trade trends in central/eastern Europe, the former Soviet PAUL A. VOLCKER SENIOR FELLOW Union, and Asia. Previously, she was Associate Director FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS for Policy and Programs at the United States Information Agency, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Human Albert Fishlow joined the Council staff after an academic Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, Deputy Head of the career at the University of California, Berkeley, and Yale U.S. Delegation to the 1990 Copenhagen Conference on University. He has also served as Deputy Assistant Secre­ Security and Cooperation in Europe, adviser to the U.S. tary of State for Inter-American Affairs and has been ac­ Delegation to the 1985 UN. Decade for Women Confer­ tive in a series of public commissions on Latin America. ence in Nairobi, Kenya, and Director of European and At the Council, he is focusing on cross-regional issues, Soviet Affairs at the NSC. She is Vice Chairman of the such as the comparison of Asian and Latin American free National Endowment for Democracy Board. She has trade areas and the contrast in recent wage behavior of written several journal articles and book chapters on a the industrial economies. Among his recent publications wide range of foreign affairs-related topics. She is a Ful- are "Is the Real Plan for Real?," in Susan Purcell and Ri- bright-Hays scholar, Ford and Rotary Foundation Fellow, ordan Roett, Brazil Under Cardoso (1997); "NAFTA: What a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and the recipient of vari­ Kind of Future?," in Gerry Helleiner et al., Poverty, Pros­ ous awards, including the State Department's Superior perity and the World Economy (1995); "Inequality, Poverty Honor Award. She holds a B.S.F.S. summa cum laude and Growth: Where Do We Stand?," in World Bank, An­ from Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service nual Conference on Development Economics, 1995; and "Fu­ and an MA. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. ture Sustainable Latin America Growth: A Need for

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1) H. Roy Williams and Winston Lord at the November 25,1997, Meeting of'the Roundtable on Refugees and the Displaced.

2) Richard W. Murphy and Presider Lisa Anderson at the February 3,1998, Meeting, "Algeria's Crisis: Roles and Responsibilities"

3) Fouad Makhzoumi and Henry Siegman at the September 25, 1997, Meeting of the U.S.-Middle East Project.

4) Richard L. Carwin and Edward L. Morse at the April 22,1998, Meeting "Information Technology Strategies in Asia after the Currency Crisis"

41 STUDIES PROGRAM

Savings," in Review of Black Political Economy (Summer or coauthor of numerous papers in science, technology, 1995). He received a B.A. from the University of Pennsyl­ and policy, and of many books, including The Future of vania and a Ph.D. from Harvard University. U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy (1997), Feux Toilets et Champignons Nucleaires (1997), Management and Disposi­ ALTON FRYE tion of Excess Weapons Plutonium (1994), and The Future of PRESIDENTIAL SENIOR FELLOW the U.S.-Soviet Nuclear Relationship (1991). He has a B.S. in Physics from Case Western Reserve University and a Formerly a staff member at RAND, Alton Frye directed a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. U.S. Senate staff and taught at Harvard and the University of California, Los Angeles. He has published widely on MICHAEL J. GREEN national security and foreign policy, and is a frequent con­ sultant to both the legislative and the executive branches OLIN FELLOW, ASA SECURITY STUDIES of the U.S. government. Among his works are "Banning Michael Green directed the Independent Task Force on Ballistic Missiles" in Foreign Affairs (November/December Managing Change on the Korean Peninsula. Before 1996) and A Responsible Congress: The Politics of National coming to the Council, Dr. Green was with the Institute Security (1975). He is currently leading the new Council for Defense Analyses and served as special adviser to the program on Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy. He has also Office of Asia-Pacific Affairs in the Pentagon. Dr. Green served the Council in numerous executive capacities, in­ also teaches at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced In­ cluding as President and as Senior Vice President/National ternational Studies at Johns Hopkins University (SAIS), Director, and as Director of the Washington office for 25 where he is acting director of the Reischauer Center for years. He received a B.S. from St. Louis University and a East Asian Studies. His previous experience includes a Ph.D. from Yale University. number of positions in both the public and private sec­ tors in Japan or related to U.S.-Japan relations. He has RICHARD L. GARWIN written extensively on Japan, Korean affairs, and security PHILIP D. REED SENIOR FELLOW FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and politics in Asia, including Arming Japan: Defense Pro­ duction, Alliance Politics and the Post-War Search for Auton­ Richard Garwin joined the Council staff in August 1997. omy (1995), and contributed to Engaging China: The He is also IBM Fellow Emeritus in the IBM Research Di­ Management of a Rising Power (1998) and Restructuring the vision, Yorktown Heights, NY., and is Adjunct Professor U.S.-Japan Alliance (1997). He is co-editor of a forthcom­ of Physics at Columbia University. He chairs the Arms ing Council book on the U.S.-Japan alliance and will be Control Advisory Committee for the Arms Control and working on a book on Japanese foreign policy over the Disarmament Agency. Physicist and engineer by educa­ next year. Dr. Green received his B.A. from Kenyon Col­ tion, he has worked extensively with the U.S. govern­ lege and his MA. and Ph.D. from SAIS. ment and its agencies since 1950 on military and civil technology, and on policy for technology, national secu­ MORTON H. HALPERIN rity, and arms control. In 1998 he served as a member of SENIOR FELLOW AND TASK FORCE COORDINATOR the nine-person Commission to Assess the Ballistic Mis­ sile Threat to the United States. His contributions to nu­ Before joining the Council as a Senior Fellow, Morton clear weapons and nuclear arms control and to Halperin was Special Assistant to the President and Se­ conventional weapons and intelligence were recognized nior Director for Democracy on the National Security by the 1996 R.V. Jones Intelligence Award of the U.S. Council staff (1994-96). He is now conducting a study Government Foreign Intelligence Community and the for the Council on nuclear policy, as well as coordinating 1996 Enrico Fermi Award of the President and the De­ independent task forces. Currently Senior Vice President partment of Energy. From 1952 to 1993 he was with the of The Century Foundation/Twentieth Century Fund, he IBM Corporation, and has been Professor of Public Poli­ previously served as a Senior Associate of the Carnegie cy at Harvard University. He has also worked extensively Endowment for International Peace (1992-94) and a Se­ in transportation, including air traffic control. His inven­ nior Fellow at the Brookings Institution (1969-73). From tions have received 42 U.S. patents. He has been author 1975 to 1992, he worked for the American Civil Liberties

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Union, heading the Center for National Security Studies MARIE-JOSEE KRAVIS and serving as Director of its Washington office. From ADJUNCT SENIOR FELLOW, ECONOMICS 1966 to 1969, he served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense and as a Senior Staff member of the National Marie-Josee Kravis is an economist specializing in public Security Council. He has taught and conducted research policy analysis and strategic planning. She is a columnist at Harvard, Columbia, MIT, Yale, and George Washington for the Financial Post (a Canadian business journal). Her University (where he now teaches), and has received other publications include Western European Adjustment many awards, including being named a MacArthur Fel­ to Structural Economic Problems (coauthor, 1986) and low (1985-1990). He is the author and coauthor of nu­ Canada HAS a Future (1978). The Executive Director of merous books and articles on foreign policy, including the Hudson Institute of Canada in Montreal from 1973 Self-Determination in the New World Order (coauthor, to 1994, she is a member of the Board and Senior Fellow 1992), Nuclear Fallacy (1987), and Bureaucratic Politics and of the Hudson Institute (Indianapolis). Foreign Policy (1974). He received a B.A. from Columbia CHARLES A. KUPCHAN University and a Ph.D. from Yale University. SENIOR FELLOW, EUROPE STUDIES JOHN HILLEN Charles Kupchan is also an Associate Professor of Inter­ OLIN FELLOW, NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES national Relations at Georgetown University. His current John Hillen came to the Council from the Heritage research focuses on regionalism, the evolution of the Eu­ Foundation, where he was a Fellow and Defense Policy ropean Union and NATO, and structural change and its Analyst. A former U.S. Army officer, Dr. Hillen served in implications for international order. He served as Direc­ Europe, the Pacific, and southwest Asia, and was awarded tor for European Affairs on the National Security Council the Bronze Star for his actions in combat during the Per­ staff from 1993 to 1994, before which he taught politics sian Gulf War. He is the editor of the 1997 Council Policy at Princeton University. He is the author of Nationalism Initiative Future Visions for U.S. Defense Policy, and is the and Nationalities in the New Europe (1995), The Vulnerabili­ author of Blue Helmets: The Strategy of UN Military Opera­ ty of Empire (1994), The Persian Gulf and the West (1987), tions (1998). He is a contributing editor at National Re­ and numerous articles on international and strategic af­ view and has published in journals such as Foreign fairs. He received a B.A. from Harvard University and his Affairs, Orbis, and others. Dr. Hillen is currently planning M.A. and Ph.D. from Oxford University. a Council study group on "The Revolution in Military Af­ MICHAEL MANDELBAUM fairs" that will run in 1998-99. He graduated with a Ful- bright Scholarship from Duke University, earned his DIRECTOR, PROJECT ON EAST-WEST RELATIONS Master's degree from King's College, London, and his Michael Mandelbaum is also the Christian A. Herter Pro­ doctorate from Oxford University. fessor of American Foreign Policy at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at the Johns JUDITH KIPPER Hopkins University in Washington, D.C He has taught at DIRECTOR, MIDDLE EAST FORUM Harvard University, Columbia University, and the U.S. Naval Academy. He is the author of numerous articles and Judith Sapper established and directs the Council's Mid­ books and is editor of eight volumes published by the dle East Forum. She is also Codirector of the Middle East Council on Foreign Relations, including The New Russian Studies Program at the Center for Strategic and Interna­ Foreign Policy (1998), Sustaining the Transition: The Social tional Studies, and a consultant to ABC News on interna­ Safety Net in Postcommunist Europe (1997), Postcommunism: tional affairs. She is the co-editor of The Middle East in Four Perspectives (1996), and The Strategic Quadrangle: Rus­ Global Perspective [a journal] and is a frequent commenta­ sia, China, Japan, and the United States in East Asia (1995). tor on regional issues. A graduate of the University of California at Los Angeles, she previously focused on U.S.-European relations and on the former Soviet Union.

43 STUDIES PROGRAM

ROBERT A. MANNING KENNETH R. MAXWELL SENIOR FELLOW AND DIRECTOR, ASIA STUDIES NELSON AND DAVID ROCKEFELLER SENIOR FELLOW FOR INTER-AMERICAN STUDIES, AND DIRECTOR, Robert Manning joined the Council in October 1997. Be­ LATIN AMERICA PROGRAM fore coming to the Council, he was a Senior Fellow at the Progressive Policy Institute, where he was responsi­ Kenneth Maxwell came to the Council after teaching at ble for overseeing foreign policy, defense, and trade is­ Yale, Princeton, and Columbia Universities and serving sues. From 1989 to 1993 he was a policy adviser at the six years as program director of the Tinker Foundation. U.S. Department of State and the Office of the Secretary His recent publications include The Making of Portuguese of Defense. Previously, he was a research associate at the Democracy (1995), Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment Gaston Sigur Center at the George Washington Univer­ (1995), and The New Spain: From Isolation to Influence sity School of International Relations. He is the author of (coauthor, 1994). He is currently a member of the advi­ Asian Polio/: The New Soviet Challenge in the Pacific (1988), sory committee of Human Rights Watch/Americas, the as well as many book chapters, journal articles, and op­ Consultative Council of the Luso-American Develop­ ed pieces. ment Foundation, and the Board of Advisers of the Latin America Program at Princeton University. He is book re­ ANN R. MARKUSEN view editor for the Western Hemisphere for Foreign Af­ fairs and contributes to the New York Review of Books and SENIOR FELLOW, INDUSTRIAL POLITICS other publications. He received a B.A. and M.A. from St. Ann Markusen is also Director of the Project on Region­ John's College, Cambridge University, and an M.A. and al and Industrial Economics and State of New Jersey Ph.D. from Princeton University. Professor of Urban Planning and Policy Development at Rutgers University. She is the author and coauthor of WALTER RUSSELL MEAD several books on the defense industrial base and high SENIOR FELLOW, U.S. FOREIGN POLICY technology, including Trading Industries, Trading Regions (1993), Dismantling the Cold War Economy (1992), The Rise Walter Mead, who joined the Council at the beginning of of the Gunbelt (1991), and Regions: The Economics and Poli­ 1998, is a political economist engaged in the study of the tics of Territory (1987), as well as numerous academic and evolving global economy and its implications for Ameri­ magazine articles and op-eds. Professor Markusen re­ can society and foreign policy. In addition to his position ceived a B.A. from Georgetown University and her M.A. at the Council, he is a Senior Contributing Editor at and Ph.D. from Michigan State University, and has held Worth magazine, a contributing editor for the opinion faculty positions at the University of Colorado, Universi­ section of the Los Angeles Times, and a frequent contribu­ ty of California at Berkeley, and Northwestern Universi­ tor of articles to other leading newspapers and maga­ ty. She has been awarded a Brookings Institution zines. He is the author of Mortal Splendor: The American Economic Policy Fellowship and a Fulbright Lectureship Empire in Transition (1987) and is currently writing a in Brazil, has consulted for the World Bank and the Or­ book on American foreign policy. ganization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and has been an economic adviser to the city of Chicago, RICHARD W. MURPHY the states of Michigan and California, and the Clinton HASIB J. SABBAGH SENIOR FELLOW FOR THE MIDDLE EAST administration. Her current research is on the impact of Richard Murphy was Assistant Secretary of State for military spending on American technology, industry, Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs from 1983 to 1989. economic, and foreign policy, and a comparative study of He earlier served as U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, post-Cold War defense downsizing among significant the Philippines, Syria, and Mauritania, and, just prior to Cold War protagonists. joining the Council, he was the John Adams Memorial Lecturer in the United Kingdom on a grant from the Ful­ bright Commission. He is President of the Chatham House Foundation (United States), Chairman of the

44 STUDIES PROGRAM

••#•. W^X lute J

Named Chairs 1) Morton I. Abramowitz, C. V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Studies II 2) Jerome A. Cohen, C. V. Stan- Senior Fellow for Asia Studies 3) Raula J. Dobriansky, George F. Kennan Senior Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies 4) Albert Fishlow, Paul A. Volcker Senior Fellow for International Economics 5) Richard L. Garwin, Philip D. Reed Senior Fellow for Science and 8) Kenneth R. Maxwell, Nelson 10) Daniel K. Tarullo, Linda J. Technology 11) David G.Victor, Robert W. and David Rockefeller Senior Fel­ Wachner Senior Fellow in U.S. Johnson, Jr., Fellow for Science and 6) James F. Hoge Jr., Peter G. Peter­ low for Inter-American Studies Foreign Economic Policy Technology son Chair, Editor, Foreign Affairs 9) Richard W. Murphy, HasibJ. 7) Lawrence J. Korb, Maurice R. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for the Greenberg Chair, Director of Studies Middle East

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Middle East Institute, and Trustee of the American Uni­ and then The National Interest in 1985-87. He holds a B.A. versity of Beirut. He received a B.A. from Harvard Uni­ from Yale University and a Ph.D. from Harvard University. versity and an A.B. from Emmanuel College, Cambridge University. BARNETT R. RUBIN SENIOR FELLOW AND DIRECTOR, CENTER FOR PREVENTIVE ACTION JONATHAN S. PARIS Barnett Rubin has been Associate Professor of Political Sci­ FELLOW, U.S./MIDDLE EAST PROJECT ence and Director of the Center for the Study of Central Jonathan Paris coordinates programs of the U.S./Middle Asia at Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political East Project and was codirector of the Study Group on Science at Yale University, and a Jennings Randolph Peace Preparing for Post-New Order Indonesia. He was a visit­ Fellow at the United States Institute of Peace. He studied ing lecturer at Yale University. His publications include under a Fulbright Fellowship at the Ecole des Hautes "Minority Rules: How Indonesia's Chinese Can Sur­ Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris. He is the author and vive," in The New Republic 0uly 1998); "Will Democracy editor of several books, including Cases and Strategies for Lead to Peace in the Middle East?," in Israel Studies Bul­ Preventive Action (1998), Toward Comprehensive Peace in letin (Fall 1997); and "Step by Step Towards Indonesian- Southeast Europe (1996), and The Fragmentation of Israeli Relations," in Israel Affairs (Winter 1996). He Afghanistan (1995). He received a B.A. from Yale University, previously practiced law in Indonesia at Coudert Broth­ and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. ers and investment banking at Salomon Brothers and European Investors, Inc. He received a B.A. from Yale HENRY SIEGMAN University and a J.D. from Stanford Law School. SENIOR FELLOW AND DIRECTOR, U.S./MIDDLE EAST PROJECT

NICHOLAS X. RIZOPOULOS Henry Siegman directs the Council's U.S./Middle East Project, a "Track II" diplomacy initiative that promotes new SENIOR STUDIES EDITOR coalitions between government and the private sector in Nicholas Rizopoulos is also an Adjunct Professor of In­ Arab countries, Israel, and the United States and private- ternational Politics at Adelphi University, and was the Se­ sector investment, trade, and commerce. He founded the nior Consulting Editor of the four-volume Encyclopedia of International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consul­ U.S. Foreign Relations (1997). He was Director of Studies tations in 1968, directed the American Association for at the Council from 1989 to 1994 and Executive Director Middle East Studies and edited its quarterly publication of the Lehrman Institute from 1972 to 1987. He had pre­ from 1958 to 1963; and was Executive Director of the viously taught diplomatic history at Yale University, from American Jewish Congress for 16 years. The author of over which he also received his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees. 100 articles and op-ed pieces, he was a Resident Scholar at the Rockefeller Study Center in Bellagio, Italy, and re­ GIDEON ROSE ceived a B.A. from the New School for Social Research. OLIN FELLOW AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR, NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES JESSICA E. STERN NEXT GENERATION FELLOW Gideon Rose runs the Council's Roundtable on Terrorism and the Study Group on Democratic Consolidation. He Formerly an International Affairs Fellow at the Council directed the Henry A. Kissinger Study Group on Exit and Director for Russian, Ukrainian, and Eurasian affairs Strategies and American Foreign Policy and the indepen­ at the National Security Council, Jessica Stern has also dent task force on U.S. policy toward India and Pakistan, been a National Fellow at the Hoover Institution and a and was Rapporteur for an independent task force on U.S. Research Fellow at Lawrence Livermore National Labo­ policy toward Iran and Iraq. During 1996-97 he lectured ratory. She has written widely on terrorism and weapons on American foreign policy at Princeton University. He of mass destruction and is author of the forthcoming previously served as Associate Director for Near East and book The Ultimate Terrorists. She holds a B.A. from South Asian Affairs on the National Security Council staff Barnard College, an M.S. from MIT, and a Ph.D. from in 1994-95, and as Assistant Editor of The Public Interest Harvard University.

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BRUCE STOKES DAVID G. VICTOR SENIOR FELLOW, ECONOMIC STUDIES: TRADE ROBERT W. JOHNSON, JR., FELLOW IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Bruce Stokes is currently leading a study group on the David Victor joined the Council in January 1998. He is or­ U.S.-Japan trade relationship and directing a project on ganizing a study group to examine policies that could re­ the transatlantic economic agenda. Formerly, he was a cor­ duce global warming by spurring the development of respondent for the National Journal, where he now serves new technologies. He will also lead a project on interna­ as a contributing editor. His publications include Future Vi­ tional regulation of biotechnology. Prior to coming to the sions for U.S. Trade Policy (1998), The Tests of War and the Council, he directed a project on implementation of inter­ Strains of Peace: The U.S.-Japan Security Relationship (1998)nationa, l environmental treaties at the International Insti­ and Trade Strategies for a New Era: Ensuring U.S. Leadershiptut e for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, in a Global Economy (1998). He was a member of the Presi­ Austria. His recent publications include a book on treaty dential Commission on United States-Pacific Trade and implementation (co-edited with Kal Raustiala and Eu­ Investment Policy. He is a graduate of the School of For­ gene B. Skolnikoff, 1998) and an article coauthored with eign Service of Georgetown University and the Paul H. Andreas Schafer in Scientific American that projects world­ Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at the wide passenger mobility to the year 2050. He has a B.A. Johns Hopkins University, and he attended Columbia from Harvard University and a Ph.D. from MLT. University's Graduate School of Journalism. RUTH WEDGWOOD DANIEL K. TARULLO SENIOR FELLOW, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND LAW LINDA J. WACHNER SENIOR FELLOW Ruth Wedgwood directs Council programs on the United IN U.S. FOREIGN ECONOMIC POLICY Nations, international law, and peacekeeping. She is also Daniel Tarullo came to the Council to research the Asian Professor of Law at Yale Law School and on the faculty of financial crisis, U.S.-European relations, and the political Yale's International Security Studies Program. Her Coun­ challenges of a global economy. Until March of this year, cil series "Lessons Learned in Peacekeeping" was the first he was Assistant to the President for International Eco­ held on Capitol Hill. She directed "American National In­ nomic Policy, responsible for coordinating the internation­ terest and the United Nations," a five-city independent al economic policy of the administration. He was a task force, and an international conference on the Bosn­ principal on both the National Economic Council and the ian peace process. She recently argued before the Yu­ National Security Council. Previously he had been Deputy goslav War Crimes Tribunal in the Hague, as amicus curiae, Assistant to the President for Economic Policy. From 1993 on the question of how the tribunal can obtain military to early 1996 he was Assistant Secretary of State for Eco­ information from sovereign states. Professor Wedgwood nomic and Business Affairs. In March 1995, President writes frequently for the Christian Science Monitor, Inter­ Clinton appointed Tarullo as his personal representative national Herald Tribune, and Washington Post. She serves as ("sherpa") to the G-7 group of industrialized nations, a member of the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee charged with directing U.S. preparations for the annual G- on International Law, and is also an expert in arms con­ 7 summit meetings in 1995,1996, and 1997. Prior to join­ trol and the use of arbitration in international dispute res­ ing the administration in 1993, Tarullo practiced at the law olution. Before returning to Yale, she was a federal firm of Shearman & Sterling in Washington. He taught at prosecutor (her prosecution of a Bulgarian intelligence Harvard Law School, and held government positions in agent resulted in negotiations for the release of Andrei the Antitrust Division of the Justice Department, as Special Sakharov and Natan Sharansky), and was a Supreme Assistant to the Undersecretary of Commerce, and as a Court law clerk. She holds a B.A. from Harvard University chief counsel to Senator Edward M. Kennedy. He is a and a J.D. from Yale Law School, where she was Executive graduate of the University of Michigan Law School. He re­ Editor of the Yale Law Journal. ceived his A.B. from Georgetown University and an MA. from Duke University.

47 STUDIES PROGRAM

1) Peter G. Peterson, Presider Gary C. Hufbauer, and Speaker Minxin Pel, Princeton University, at the October 2,1997, Meeting, "Chinese Banking Reform: How Far Will It Go?"

2) Presider Richard K. Betts at the March 4,1998, Meeting of the John J. McCloy Roundtable on Setting the New National Security Agenda, "Bosnia: Is Partition the Lesser Evil?"

3) Presider Carroll R. Bogert and Speaker Richard W. Burkholder, The Gallup Organization, at the December 4,1997, Meeting, "Tracking Consumer Trends: A Gallup Survey Comparison Between China and India."

4) Michael}. Green and Chairman James T. Laney at the May 8,1998, Meeting of the Independent Task Force on Managing Change on the Korean Peninsula. STUDIES PROGRAM

JENNIFER SEYMOUR WHITAKER Council, participating in Council programs while work­ SENIOR FELLOW AND DEPUTY NATIONAL DIRECTOR ing on a book or other significant publication on a major foreign policy issue. Jennifer Whitaker previously served as Director of the The 1997 Shepardson Fellowship was awarded to Council's Committees on Foreign Relations Program, Se­ Tony Smith of Tufts University, who is writing a book on nior Fellow for Africa, and Codirector of the Committee on multiculturalism and U.S. foreign policy. African Development Strategies (a joint Council-Overseas The 1998 Shepardson Fellow is John Mearsheimer. Development Council program), and Associate Editor of Foreigii Affairs. Her research interests focus on the environ­ Walter Levy Fellowship ment, public opinion and public policy, and Africa. Her The Walter Levy Fellowship is awarded to those who are publications include Salvaging the Land of Plenty (1994) and expected to assume increasingly important roles in their How Can Africa Survive? (1989). She received a B.A. from own countries, who would benefit from an opportunity Trinity College and an M.A. from Stanford University. to meet with Americans concerned with international af­ fairs, and who can contribute to the Council's substantive work. These brief fellowships are spent in New York and Washington, D.C., and various cities nationwide, where SPECIAL Fellows address Council on Foreign Relations members. FELLOWSHIPS The Studies department administers the Shepardson Next Generation Fellowship and the Walter Levy Fellowships. The Next Generation Fellowship focuses on nurturing outstanding thinkers from a variety of fields who have Intelligence Fellowship the potential to become policy leaders. The principal mis­ This year, the Council established a fellowship for mem­ sion of the Fellows will be frontier scholarship, leading to bers of the intelligence community. The Intelligence Fel­ at least one major published article, monograph, or book lowship, which is modeled after the Council's successful during the fellowship tenure. Fellows are also expected Military Fellowships, provides an opportunity for an out­ to hold study group meetings to examine the work in standing person on the cusp of a senior position to ex­ progress. pand his or her knowledge of international relations Fellows are housed in the New York and Washington, through a program of individual study, research and re­ D.C., offices of the Council. They are an integral part of flection, extensive participation in the Council's active pro­ the Studies Department staff and have substantial con­ gram of meetings and study groups, and interaction with tact with other Fellows, Council members, and experts in the Council's diverse and knowledgeable membership. their field. In 1998, the Council plans to expand the The inaugural recipient of the Intelligence Fellowship number of Next Generation Fellows to eight, and ulti­ is Matthew J. Burrows. mately to ten per year. Each year, two to four Fellows will be selected, in March and September. Their tenures will Edward R. Murrow Fellowship be flexible, normally two or three years. Each year, the Council offers a resident Fellowship for an The current Next Generation Fellows are Elizabeth C. American foreign correspondent serving abroad. Named Economy, Michael J. Green, John Hillen, Gideon Rose, in honor of Edward R. Murrow and funded by the CBS Jessica E. Stern, and David G.Victor. Foundation, the Fellowship gives the recipient a period of nine months for sustained study and writing, free Whitney H. Shepardson Fellowship from the usual pressure of deadlines that characterize The Whitney H. Shepardson Fellowship is periodically journalistic life. awarded to persons with experience and recognized pro­ The Murrow Fellowship Selection Board, chaired by fessional stature in public or academic affairs related to Lester M. Crystal, Executive Producer, The NewsHour the study of international relations. A Shepardson Fellow with Jim Lehrer, chose the Murrow Fellow for 1997-98, is expected to spend about a year affiliated with the Adam Schwarz, previously the Hanoi Bureau Chief for

49 STUDIES PROGRAM

the Far Eastern Economic Review; and the 1998-99 Mur- cumstances, at the Council offices in Washington, D.C. row Fellow, Elizabeth Neuffer, European Bureau Chief Fellows participate in Council programs, meet with for the Boston Globe. Council members and staff, and engage in studies in conjunction with the Council's Studies Program. They Military Fellowship also assist in arranging several politico-military trips for Each year, the Chiefs of Staff of the Army and the Air Council members during the year. Force, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Comman­ The Military Fellowship Selection Board, chaired in dant of the Marine Corps nominate an outstanding offi­ 1997 by former Defense Secretary Richard B. Cheney cer from their respective services as a candidate for a and in 1998 by former Defense Secretary Caspar W. Military Fellowship. The Council usually awards two or Weinberger, chose the following Military Fellows: three such fellowships annually. The program enables For 1997-98, Marine Corps Col. George J. Flynn and Air the officers selected to broaden their understanding of Force Col. Frank G. Klotz; for 1998-99, Navy Capt. David foreign relations by spending a year in residence at the L. Jones, Air Force Col. Frederick F. Roggero, and Army Council's headquarters in New York, or, in special cir­ Col. W. Montague Winfield.

LINDA BRADY ronmental issues, and so forth. The Council has taken those Chair & Professor, Sam Nunn School changes into account in the way in which it's adapted its of International Affairs programming. You see it in the topics for task forces and study groups; you see it in the addition of Fellows at the Georgia Institute of Technology Council who are working on a much broader array of topics My initial connection to the related to international affairs than 20 years ago. Another Council was through the way in which the Council has adapted is in making an effort International Affairs Fel­ to recruit members from other parts of the country. I was lowship Program. I was an very pleased to have been involved in the effort to bring International Affairs Fellow more Atlanta-area representatives into the Council. in 1978-79. For those of us who are not in the New The other thing I've seen happen in terms of membership is York-Washington corridor, that the Council has endeavored to recruit members from the IAF program was a what we used to call nontraditional fields, people in science wonderful introduction not and engineering, in medicine, people who have expertise in only to Washington but to areas that are particularly relevant now in terms of the kinds the Council as well. of issues we're dealing with. So, I'm pleased to see on the membership front a real effort being made to recruit people I had a wonderful experi­ from outside Washington because of the different perspec­ ence as an International Af­ tives that brings to discussions of international issues, and fairs Fellow. I was fortunate to have worked with Les Gelb also an effort to recruit people from nontraditional fields. when he was Director of Politico-Military Affairs in the State Department. The opportunity to spend a year working at I was part of the group that met in Atlanta with the task the State Department on arms control issues changed my re­ force on the United Nations. It was the first time I had been search focus, as well as my perspective on international af­ to a meeting for Council members in Atlanta, and I was fairs. From that point my research shifted from theoretical amazed to find the number of Council members from At­ international relations to the policy arena. lanta. They included people whom I had interacted with on A • A • A • A a wide range of issues, but it never occurred to me to ask The Council has adapted extremely well to the shifts that them, "Are you a member of the Council?" So for those of have occurred in international affairs over the past 20 years. us in the Atlanta area, it helped acquaint us with other It was clear even before the end of the Cold War that the is­ members and was one of the reasons we decided to try to sues we were dealing with had changed dramatically, with a increase the membership here. growing emphasis on economics, on public health, on envi-

50 STUDIES PROGRAM

Department of State Fellowship program seeks to cultivate American understanding of Japan and to strengthen communication between The Department of State Fellowship is offered to a Foreign emerging leaders of the two nations. Service Officer chosen by a selection committee from can­ The Council organizes monthly roundtable meetings didates nominated by the U.S. State Department. The in Washington, D.C., for the Fellows, including current State Department Fellow spends about a year affiliated and former Military, Department of State, and Edward R. with the Council, with time away from public service to re­ Murrow Fellows, and an annual two-day seminar that flect on issues of foreign policy and to participate in Coun­ offers an opportunity for the Fellows to share the find­ cil programs. The recipient of the 1998-99 Fellowship is ings of their projects. Neil E. Silver, who currently serves as Minister-Counselor Elise Carlson Lewis for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo. Director, Membership and Fellowship Affairs The Office of Membership and Fellowship Affairs ad­ 1998-99 International Affairs Fellows ministers the Intelligence Fellowship, the Edward R. Murrow Fellowship, the Military Fellowships, and the FELLOW Department of State Fellowship. Home Institution Field of Study WILLIAM JOHN ANTHOLIS U.S. Department of State INTERNATIONAL "Democratic Cooperation and Transnational Threats" AFFAIRS FELLOWSHIPS CHRISTOPHER CANDLAND University of California at Berkeley Launched in 1967, the International Affairs Fellowship "Promoting Fair Trade: Raising International Labor Program is designed to advance the professional devel­ Standards through Corporate Codes and Consumer opment of outstanding young Americans between the Campaigns" ages of 27 and 35. Each year, approximately a dozen men THOMAS DROHAN* and women receive an opportunity to broaden their ex­ U.S. Air Force perience in the field of international affairs and to add a "The U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation Guidelines: unique dimension to their careers. The fellowships seek Issues and Options" to bridge the gap between thought and action in foreign THOMAS DUFFY policy by supporting both a variety of policy studies and U.S. Department of State active exposure to policymaking. The distinctive charac­ "U.S. Gulf Policy: Matching Military Operational ter of the program lies in the contrasting experiences it Expectations with Political Realities" provides at the juncture of policy research and policy for­ mulation. Thus, it encourages academics and others from RICHARD A. FALKENRATH the private sector to serve in a policy-oriented environ­ Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University ment through operational experience in public service. "Weapons of Mass Destruction and the European Allies" Conversely, it permits government officials on leave to study key issues in a scholarly atmosphere free from op­ JENDAYI FRAZER erational pressure. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University In 1997, the Council established a new International "Operating from the Margins: Implementing Affairs Fellowship in Japan, sponsored by Hitachi, Ltd., the U.S. National Security Strategy in Africa" to enable a number of outstanding young American PHILIP H. GORDON leaders and thinkers to expand their intellectual and pro­ International Institute for Strategic Studies fessional horizons by working and living in Japan. The "The United States, Europe, and the Greater Middle East"

* International Affairs Fellows in Japan sponsored by Hitachi, Ltd. t Jointly appointed International Affairs Fellow and IAF in Japan.

51 1

STUDIES PROGRAM

DIANA HELWEGt Council Fellows Roundtable Series National Security Council "Engagement Plus Sanctions: An Effective Equation" CHERYL GRAY Interim Director of the Public Sector Group, World Bank STUART KAUFMAN NANCY BOSWELL University of Kentucky Managing Director, Transparency International "Options for Resolution of Europe's Ethnic Wars" DAVID MUSSINGTON MARK P. LAGON Senior Analyst, RAND Corporation Republican Policy Committee "Combating Corruption Around the World: Obstacles "China and the Chattering Classes: Elite Beliefs Influencing and Strategies" U.S.-P.R.C. Relations" PRESIDER: MELANIE BIXBY (IAF, 1996-97) LAUREL MILLER RICHARD N. HAASS Covington & Burling Director of Foreign Policy Studies, the Brookings "Establishing the Rule of Law in Postwar, Post-Socialist Institution Bosnia and Herzegovina" "Does Dual Containment Have a Future?" PRESIDER: REBECCA K.C. HERSMAN (IAF, 1997-98) CARTER PAGE U.S. Navy F. WILLIAM HAWLEY "The New Strategic Significance of the Black Sea Region" Director of International Government Relations, Citicorp/Citibank JAMES SAVAGE* "International Issues as Seen by a Global Financial University of Virginia Institution" "Budgetary Reform in Japan?" PRESIDER: RICHARD A. FREYTAG DOROTHY SHEA L. CRAIG JOHNSTONE (IAF, 1974-75) U.S. Department of State Director of Resources, Plans, and Policy, "The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Office of the Secretary of State Lessons Learned and Implications for Other Transitional "The End of Foreign Policy" Societies" PRESIDER: ANNE C. RICHARD (IAF, 1993-94) DAVID WOLFF* STEVEN SIMON (IAF, 1989-90) Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Director for Global Issues, National Security Council Cold War International History Project "The Emerging Terrorist Threat and the U.S. Response" "Islands of Discord: Okinawa in Japanese-American PRESIDER: JESSICA E. STERN (IAF, 1994-95) Relations" MICHAEL H. VAN DUSEN Democratic Chief of Staff, Committee on International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives "Changing Congressional Perspectives on Foreign Affairs" PRESIDER: ALPHEUS W. JESSUP (MURROW FELLOW, 1952-53)

* International Affairs Fellows in Japan sponsored by Hitachi, Ltd. t Jointly appointed International Affairs Fellow and IAF in Japan.

52 MEETINGS PROGRAM

The Meetings Program at the Council provides members with the opportunity to hear from in­ fluential world leaders, new faces on the international scene, respected experts, and provoca­ tive debaters on American foreign policy, from issues of the moment to forecasts of future dilemmas.

s the year began, a summit between Presi­ were convened regarding both the economic and the polit­ dent Clinton and China's President Jiang ical implications of the currency chaos infecting Asia and AZemin loomed large. Council members spreading globally, including two major conferences in were invited to hear President Jiang himself during his February and April. Speakers included Secretary of State stopover in Washington. The Council's focus on China Madeleine K. Albright; Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin; last fall also included an experiment with a new format Thailand's Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai; the head of the that members applauded. A mock National Security International Monetary Fund, Michel Camdessus; and for Council meeting provided an "inside" look at how presi­ the private-sector view, American International Group dential advice and summit strategies are hashed out. As Chairman Maurice R. Greenberg. with all "theater," casting was crucial and the characters The NATO expansion issue heated up again. Just be­ played roles they knew well. Led by Winston Lord as fore the Senate vote, we heard two opposing views, National Security Adviser, the group included John M. from Senators Joseph R. Biden Jr. and John W. Warner, Deutch as CIA Director, Thomas E. Donilon as Secretary as well as the perspective from Europe with German of State, Ellen L. Frost as Secretary of"Economics/'Jamie Minister of Foreign Affairs Klaus Kinkel. S. Gorelick as Secretary of Defense, and George R. The Middle East was the subject of several "rapid re­ Stephanopoulos as White House spokesman. sponse" meetings reacting to events such as the face-off Our "Great Debates" series continued to take on between Iraq and the United States and the deadlock in some of the toughest issues of the day. The conflict be­ the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. A memorable tween the United States and its allies over economic evening was the annual Sorensen lecture featuring a sanctions was hotly debated by Senator Robert G. Torri- frank presentation by Richard Butler, Executive Chair­ celli and C. Fred Bergsten. Other debates included Rep­ man of the U.N. Special Commission, who had just re­ resentative Charles B. Rangel versus former Assistant turned from a tense mission to Baghdad. A week later, Secretary of State Elliott Abrams on Cuba policy. Iraq's ambassador to the United Nations, Nizar Ham- As the Asian financial crisis emerged and worsened, the doon, presented his government's point of view. Meetings Program featured speakers with a variety of World leaders continue to use the Council as a forum views on the problem. From January onward, meetings for major policy addresses, including Jiang Zemin of

53 MEETINGS PROGRAM

China, Kim Dae Jung of South Korea, I.K. Gujral of PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS India, Robert Gabriel Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Anwar bin Ibrahim of Malaysia, Hun Sen of Cambodia, and Ernesto MADELEINE K. ALBRIGHT Samper Pizano of Colombia. U.S. Secretary of State There were some very special nights at the Council this "A Keynote Policy Address by the Secretary of State year, including the annual Daughters and Sons meeting, of the United States"t where CNN Chief International Correspondent Christiane PRESIDER: HENRY A. KSSINGER Amanpour provided inspiration for young international­ CHRISTIANE AMANPOUR ists. Our periodic meeting with the Joint Chiefs of Staff is Chief International Correspondent, CNN never disappointing and this year's was no exception. "Why World News Matters" Two broad issues, trade and defense, were explored in PRESIDER: GEORGE R. STEPHANOPOULOS depth through Council Policy Initiatives. Over the course ANNUAL DAUGHTERS AND SONS EVENT of the year, we heard trade discussed by former Trade Representative Mickey Kantor, U.S. Representative DON ARGUE Richard A. Gephardt, and AFL-CIO President John President, National Association of Evangelicals THEODORE E. MCCARRICK Sweeney, and held debates in Washington and Atlanta Archbishop of Newark, New Jersey with Undersecretary Stuart E. Eizenstat and economists ARTHUR SCHNEIER Pat Choate and William A. Niskanen. On defense, the President, Appeal of Conscience Foundation Council convened a series of debates that included former "Religion in China: Will It Truly Be Tolerated?" Secretary of the Navy John F. Lehman and former Vice PRESIDER: ELIZABETH C. ECONOMY Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff William A. Owens. While the Council's mission is primarily to anticipate JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR. foreign policy dilemmas, it is not averse to a little histori­ Member, U.S. Senate (D-Del.) cal perspective. Fifty years after World War II, we looked "The Outlook for NATO Enlargement: back at the policymaking apparatus created inside the The Debate in the U.S. Senate"! U.S. government to deal with its new role in the world. A Discussant: Mark D. Danner, Staff Writer, 50th anniversary panel chaired by ABC News correspon­ The New Yorker dent Ted Koppel noted the changes in the role of the PRESIDER: WILLIAM H. LUERS National Security Council, with lively exchanges among RICHARD BUTLER former advisers Colin L. Powell, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Executive Chairman of the U.N. Special Commission Walt W. Rostow, Andrew J. Goodpaster, and Robert C. "An Inside Look at the Crisis in Iraq" McFarlane, followed by a look at the challenges ahead PRESIDER: RICHARD N. GARDNER from current National Security Adviser Samuel R. Berger. THE SORENSEN DISTINGUISHED LECTURE The Council also cosponsored with Home Box Office ON THE UNITED NATIONS the premiere of A Bright Shining Lie, the film version of MICHEL CAMDESSUS Neil Sheehan's book on Vietnam, followed by a discus­ Managing Director and Chairman of the Executive Board, sion of lessons learned with journalist Frances FitzGerald, International Monetary Fund former Assistant Secretary of State Richard C. Holbrooke, "The Asia Crisis and the Role of the IMF"* and Army Colonel (Ret.) Harry G. Summers Jr. PRESIDER: PAUL A. VOLCKER The 1997 program year included six special lecture­ ISMAIL CEM ships, which are detailed at the end of this section. A de­ Minister of Foreign Affairs, Turkey tailed listing of all meetings can be found on the "Turkey: Regional Leader, Global Partner" t Council's web site. PRESIDER: MORTON I. ABRAMOWLTZ Anne R. Luzzatto Vice President, Programs and Media Projects

* A cosponsored event. t Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

54 MEETINGS PROGRAM

1) Moderator Ted Koppel and Panelist Colin L. Powell at the October 31,1997, Policy Impact Panel, "The NSC at 50: Past, Present, and Future"

2) Speaker Joseph R. Biden Jr., U.S. Senator (D-DeL), Joshua Lederberg, and Garrick Utley at the December 1,1997, Meeting, "The Outlook for NATO Enlargement: The Debate in the U.S. Senate"

3) Philomene A. Gates, Seymour Topping, and Speaker Mickey Kantor, Partner, Mayer, Brown & Piatt, at the November 5, 1997, Elihu Root Lecture, "U.S. Trade Negotiations: Lessons Learned, Lessons Applied!'

55 MEETINGS PROGRAM

1) Presider Richard B. Cheney, Speaker Michael E. Ryan, Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force, and Speaker Dennis J. Reimer, Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, at the November 17,1997, John Train Lecture, "A Blueprint for the Future of the U.S. Armed Services."

2) Karen M. Sughrue, Leslie H. Gelb, Presider Jesse L. Jackson, Speaker Robert Gabriel Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe, and David Rockefeller at the September 23,1997, David Rockefeller Lecture on Africa, "Africa's Renaissance: Zimbabwe's Role in the Region and the World."

3) Marie-Louise Slocum, Annabelle K. Gundlach, and Stephen M. Kellen at the December 17,1997, Annual Daughters and Sons Event, "Why World News Matters." MEETINGS PROGRAM

FRANCES FITZGERALD "Military Action Against Iraq: Pros and Cons" Author and Journalist PRESIDER: JUDITH MILLER RICHARD C. HOLBROOKE RICHARD A. GEPHARDT Vice Chairman, Credit Suisse First Boston Corporation Democratic Leader and Member, U.S. House and former Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs of Representatives (D-Mo.) HARRY G. SUMMERS JR. "Preserving World Capitalism for the Next Century: Editor, Vietnam Magazine; U.S. Army (Ret.) A Plan for Action"*! "Premiere Screening of HBO film A Bright Shining Lie"" PRESIDER: WILLIAM J. MCDONOUGH PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB I.K. GUJRAL Prime Minister, India RONALD R. FOGELMAN "India and the United States: The Start of a New Friendship"*! Former Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force PRESIDER: FRANK G. WISNER RICHARD W. MURPHY Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for the Middle East, NIZAR HAMDOON Council on Foreign Relations Permanent Representative of Iraq to the United Nations KENNETH M. POLLACK "Iraq, the United Nations, and the United States: Research Fellow, Washington Institute What Lies Ahead?"t for Near East Policy PRESIDER: BARBARA WALTERS

* A cosponsored event. t Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

ANNE R. L.UZZATTO ogy, we will be able to reach a wider audience and relay Vice President, Programs and Media Projects, what some of the finest minds have to say on the most im­ Council on Foreign Relations portant issues facing the human race today. It will give us an opportunity to bring in voices and faces of those who can't In this age of technology travel to a specific location in the United States. It will create and discovery, we have in­ greater diversity of content and broaden participation formation and data, but we among Council members, who will be able to contribute to often don't have wisdom. discussions from a number of locations around the country. At the Council we are en­ A very significant goal of the Council is to make this organi­ couraged to gather infor­ zation a truly national one—the Peterson Center will be cru­ mation, to examine it, to cial to achieving that goal. think critically about it. A • A • A • A This helps us make better I view the Council as an organization through which mem­ choices about what should bers can engage with others who represent a broad variety be the role of the United of views, but who all care deeply about the U.S. role in the States in the world today. world. It certainly was my experience during the first term The Council is the most in­ of the Clinton administration, when opening markets and teresting and exciting place managing the expansion of the global economy were among to watch and participate in this country's foreign policy priorities—whether at the level this important debate, and the Meetings Program plays an of the White House, the Department of Commerce, or the important role in shaping it. United States Trade Representative—that the Council has been viewed as the most relevant and significant place for The new Peterson Center will further enhance the Council's foreign policymakers to take their message and to hear other contribution to the post-Cold War foreign policy debate in voices. our democratic society. By using videoconferencing technol­

57 MEETINGS PROGRAM

KIM DAE JUNG AMRE MAHMOUD MOUSSA President, Republic of Korea Minister of Foreign Affairs, Egypt "New Challenges on the Korean Peninsula and Northeast "Prospects for Movement Forward in the Middle East Asia, and the Roles of the Republic of Korea and Peace Process"*! the United States"*! PRESIDER: EDWARD BLEIER PRESIDER: BILL RICHARDSON ROBERT GABRIEL MUGABE MICKEY KANTOR President, Zimbabwe Partner, Mayer, Brown & Piatt; former U.S. Secretary "Africa's Renaissance: Zimbabwe's Role in the Region of Commerce; former U.S. Trade Representative and the World" "U.S. Trade Negotiations: Lessons Learned, PRESIDER: JESSE L. JACKSON Lessons Applied"* THE DAVID ROCKEFELLER LECTURE ON AFRICA PRESIDER: JULIA CHANG BLOCH THE ELIHU ROOT LECTURE SADAKO OGATA U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees GOHAR AYUB KHAN "Humanitarian Action Under Siege" Minister of Foreign Affairs, Pakistan PRESIDER: MARTA B. VARELA "Pakistan at 50: Regional Relations and World View"t PRESIDER: ROBERT B. OAKLEY EHUD OLMERT Mayor of Jerusalem and Member of the Knesset KLAUS KINKEL "The Future of Jerusalem and the Politics of Peace" Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs and Federal PRESIDER: MALCOLM HOENLEIN Vice Chancellor, Germany "Germany's Foreign Policy for the Next Century"*t THEODOROS G. PANGALOS PRESIDER: RICHARD C. HOLBROOKE Minister of Foreign Affairs, Greece "Security Challenges in the Balkans and the Aegean"! CHUAN LEEKPAI PRESIDER: MATTHEW NIMETZ Prime Minister, Thailand THE RUSSELL C. LEFFINGWELL LECTURE "Thailand's Response to the Asian Financial Crisis"*! PRESIDER: GEORGE SOROS GEORGE E. PATAKI Governor, State of New York WENDY LUERS "New York and the World"* Founder and President, the Foundation for a Civil Society PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON "Civil Society and Its Enemies in Central and Eastern Europe"* ERNESTO SAMPER PIZANO PRESIDERS: PATRICIA ELLIS, KAREN M. SUGHRUE President, Colombia "Colombia's Foreign Policy"*! GEORGE J. MITCHELL PRESIDER: ROBERT E. DENHAM Chairman of the International Body on Decommissioning of Arms in Northern Ireland; Special Counsel, Verner, STEVEN L. RATTNER Liipfert, Bernhard, McPherson & Hand; Deputy Chief Executive, Lazard Freres & Co. LLC former Majority Leader, U.S. Senate (D-Me.) NORBERT WALTER "Toward Peace in Northern Ireland: The 1998 Referendum" Managing Director, Deutsche Bank Research; PRESIDER: WARREN B. RUDMAN Chief Economist, Deutsche Bank Group "A Single Currency for Europe: An Idea Whose Time ROBERT M. MORGENTHAU Has Come or Gone?"* District Attorney, County of New York PRESIDER: ALAN J. BLINDER "Crime and International Business"* PRESIDER: CONRAD K. HARPER

* A cosponsored event. t Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

58 MEETINGS PROGRAM

1) Presider Barbara Crossette and Commentator Marc A. Thiessen at the May 6,1998, Great Debate, "Should the United States Support a Strong and Independent International Criminal Court?"

2) David Rockefeller, Theodore C. Sorensen, and Gillian Martin Sorensen at the February 24, 1998, Sorensen Distinguished Lecture on the United Nations, "An Inside Look at the Crisis in Iraq."

3) Louis Perlmutter and Arthur Ross at the November 17,1997, John Train Lecture, "A Blueprint for the Future of the U.S. Armed Services."

59 MEETINGS PROGRAM

1) Lee Cullum and James B. Sitrick at the October 9,1997, Meeting, "Kazakhstan and Russia: Reflections on a Council Trip."

2) Speaker Kim Dae Jung, President of the Republic of Korea, at the June 8,1998, Roundtable Luncheon, "New Challenges on the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia, and the Roles of the Republic of Korea and the United States!'

3) Speaker Christine Todd Whitman, Governor of New Jersey, at the April 17,1998, Meeting/New Jersey and the World: Perfect Together."

4) Cyrus R. Vance and Speaker Richard Butler, Executive Chairman of the U.N. Special Commission, at the Tebruary 24, 1998, Sorensen Distinguished Lecture on the United Nations, "An Inside Look at the Crisis in Iraq." MEETINGS PROGRAM

DENNIS J. REIMER DOMINIQUE STRAUSS-KAHN Chief of Staff, U.S. Army Minister of Economy, Finance and Industry, France CHARLES C. KRULAK "The French View of European Economic Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps and Monetary Union"*! MICHAEL E. RYAN PRESIDER: WILLIAM J. MCDONOUGH Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force GEORGE J. TENET DONALD L. PILLING Director of Central Intelligence Vice Chief of Naval Operations, U.S. Navy "Future Intelligence Challenges"! "A Blueprint for the Future of the U.S. Armed Services" PRESIDER: R. JAMES WOOLSEY PRESIDER: RICHARD B. CHENEY THE JOHN TRAIN LECTURE ON THE FUTURE OF THE U.S. MILITARY TUNG CHEE HWA Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, BILL RICHARDSON People's Republic of China U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations "Special Address on Hong Kong Under One Country, "The U.S.-U.N. Relationship in the 21st Century"t Two Systems"! PRESIDER: ROBERT L. BARTLEY PRESIDER: MAURICE R. GREENBERG MARY ROBINSON JOHN W. WARNER U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Member, U.S. Senate (R-Va.) "The 50th Anniversary of the Universal Human Rights "A World of Changing Threats, a Military with Changing Declaration" Missions: From NATO Expansion, to Bosnia, to the Iraqi PRESIDER: ARTHUR SCHLESINGER JR. Crisis"! THE DAVID A. MORSE LECTURE PRESIDER: FRANK C. CARLUCCI ROBERT E. RUBIN U.S. Secretary of the Treasury JIANG ZEMIN "A Policy Address on US.-China Relations"*! President, People's Republic of China* "A Major Foreign Policy Address"! PRESIDER: THOMAS W. JONES PRESIDERS: BARBER CONABLE AND HENRY A. KSSINGER EDWARD W. SAID University Professor of English and Comparative Literature, Columbia University "A Conversation with Edward Said on the Middle East" GREAT DEBATES PRESIDER: LEILA FAWAZ "U.S. Policy Toward Cuba: Is It Time for a Change?"* HENRY B. SCHACHT ELLIOTT ABRAMS Chairman, Lucent Venture Partners President, Ethics and Public Policy Center; former "Business in Emerging Markets: A CEO's Reflection Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, on China, India, and Russia"* U.S. Department of State PRESIDER: RODNEY W. NICHOLS CHARLES B. RANGEL HUN SEN Member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-N.Y.) Second Prime Minister, Cambodia PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB "The Future of Cambodia"t "Fast Track to Where? The Future of Free Trade" PRESIDER: PETER OSNOS STUART E. EIZENSTAT HENRY H. SHELTON Undersecretary for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Affairs, U.S. Department of State "Current Military Challenges: An Update PAT CHOATE from the Chairman"*! Economist; former Reform Party vice presidential candidate PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB

* A cosponsored event. t Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

61 MEETINGS PROGRAM

"Can the Middle East Peace Process Be Saved?" RICHARD LAMBERT RASHID KHALIDI Editor, Financial Times Professor, Middle East History and Director, Center ALI A. MAZRUI for International Studies, University of Chicago Albert Schweitzer Professor in Humanities and Director, ROBERT B. SATLOFF Institute of Global Cultural Studies, Binghamton University, Executive Director, Washington Institute State University of New York for Near East Policy MASARU TAMAMOTO PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB Senior Fellow, World Policy Institute; Visiting Research Fellow, Florida International University "Sanctions Against Rogue States: Do They Work?" ; PRESIDER: CARL SPIELVOGEL ROBERT G. TORRICELLI Member, U.S. Senate (D-N.J.) "Mock National Security Council Meeting C. FRED BERGSTEN on the U.S.-China Summit" Director, Institute for International Economics JOHN M. DEUTCH PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB Institute Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; former Director of Central Intelligence THOMAS E. DONILON Partner, O'Melveny & Myers; former Assistant Secretary of POLICY IMPACT PANELS State for Public Affairs and Chief of Staff to the Secretary of State ELLEN L. FROST "The NSC at 50: Past, Present, and Future"* Senior Fellow, Institute for International Economics; ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI former Counselor to the U.S. Trade Representative Counselor, Center for Strategic and International Studies; JAMIE S. GORELICK former Assistant to President Carter for National Security Vice Chair, Fannie Mae; former Deputy Attorney General; Affairs former General Counsel, Department of Defense ANDREW J. GOODPASTER WINSTON LORD General, U.S. Army (Ret.); Chairman, Atlantic Council Former Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian of the United States; former Staff Secretary and Defense and Pacific Affairs Liaison Officer to President Eisenhower GEORGE R. STEPHANOPOULOS ROBERT C. MCFARLANE Visiting Professor, School of International and Public Affairs, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Global Energy Columbia University; former Senior Adviser Investors; former Assistant to President Reagan to the President for Policy and Strategy for National Security Affairs PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB COLIN L. POWELL General, U.S. Army (Ret.); former Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, former Assistant to President Reagan for National COUNCIL POLICY Security Affairs WALTW.ROSTOW INITIATIVE DEBATES Professor Emeritus of Political Economy, University of Texas at Austin; former Assistant to President Johnson "The Failure of Fast Track: Should Americans Fear for National Security Affairs the Global Economy?"* PRESIDER: TED KOPPEL PAT CHOATE Economist; former Reform Party Vice Presidential Candidate "Has Global Dominance Made the United States WILLIAM A. NISKANEN an Arrogant Power?"* Chairman, Cato Institute JORGE G. CASTANEDA PRESIDER: GARY C. HUFBAUER • ATLANTA Professor of Politics and Latin American Studies, National (COSPONSORED WITH THE SAM NUNN SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL Autonomous University of Mexico and New York University AFFAIRS AT THE GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY;

* A cosponsored event. t Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

62 MEETINGS PROGRAM

1) Presider Barbara Walters, Leslie H. Gelb, and Speaker Nizar Hamdoon, Permanent Representative of Iraq to the United Nations, at the February 25,1998, Meeting/Iraq, the United Nations, and the United States: What Lies Ahead?"

2) Speaker George E. Pataki, Governor of New York, at the October 23,1997, Meeting, "New York and the World."

3) Speaker Henry H. Shelton, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, at the January 15,1998, Meeting, "Current Military Challenges: An Update from the Chairman"

4) Mike Wallace and Jeffrey Bewkes at the May 18,1998, HBO screening of A Bright Shining Lie. !^ * ^m llw I W& ^H ^H :::- Sol BUB I

•• -—* M ^B JL ^H IBM!1 ••"••"•

63 MEETINGS PROGRAM

IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE ATLANTA DISTRICT EXPORT COUNCIL, tin Sorensen, and to commemorate her years of service THE METRO ATLANTA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, AND THE to the United Nations. SOUTHERN CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES) This lecture invites speakers intimately involved with "Future Visions for U.S. Defense Policy" the workings and issues of the United Nations. Richard JOHN F. LEHMAN Butler, Executive Chairman of the U.N. Special Com­ Chairman, J.F. Lehman & Company; former Secretary mission, gave the Sorensen Distinguished Lecture this of the Navy year. RICHARD N. PERLE Resident Fellow, American Enterprise Institute; former The David A. Morse Lecture Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy The Morse lecture was inaugurated in 1994 and supports JOHN D. STEINBRUNER an annual general meeting and dinner with a distin­ Senior Fellow the Brookings Institution; former member, guished speaker. It honors the memory of David A. Defense Policy Board, Department of Defense Morse, an active Council member for nearly thirty years, PRESIDER: GRAHAM T.ALLISON • WASHINGTON, D.C. a lawyer, a public servant, and an internationalist. "Future Visions for U.S. Defense Policy" This lecture invites speakers to focus on one of David LAWRENCE J. KORB Morse's many concerns, which included North-South Director, Center for Public Policy Education and Senior Fellow, relations, human rights, international organizations and Foreign Policy Studies Program, the Brookings Institution labor, conflict resolution, and relations with Asia. U.N. JOHN F. LEHMAN High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson Chairman, JP. Lehman & Company; former Secretary delivered the Morse Lecture this year. of the Navy WILLIAM A. OWENS The David Rockefeller Lecture President, Chief Operating Officer and Vice Chairman, Board This lecture was endowed by the Rockefeller Foundation of Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); in 1985 for an annual African lecturer from either the former Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff governmental or nongovernmental sectors. This year's PRESIDER: RICHARD K. BETTS • NEW YORK Rockefeller lecturer was Robert Gabriel Mugabe, Presi­ dent of Zimbabwe. The Elihu Root Lecture LECTURESHIPS The Elihu Root Lecture was inaugurated in 1958 to honor Elihu Root, a founder of the Council on Foreign The Russell C. Leffingwell Lecture Relations and its Honorary President from 1921 to The Russell C. Leffingwell Lecture, inaugurated in 1969, 1937. was named for a charter member of the Council on For­ This lecture invites a distinguished American to re­ eign Relations who served as its President from 1944 to flect on his or her professional experience and how it 1946 and as Chairman from 1946 to 1953. applies to contemporary American foreign policymak­ This lecture invites a distinguished foreign official to ad­ ing. Mickey Kantor, former U.S. Secretary of Commerce dress Council members on a topic of major international and former U.S. Trade Representative, gave the Root significance. This year the Leffingwell lecturer was Lecture this year. Theodoras G. Fangalos, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Greece. The John Train Lecture The Sorensen Distinguished Lecture The John Train Lecture was inaugurated in 1997 to focus on the United Nations on new issues in military affairs. The first Train Lecture This annual lecture and dinner was established in 1996 featured the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who discussed the fu­ by Theodore C. Sorensen to honor his wife, Gillian Mar­ ture of the U.S. military.

64 WASHINGTON PROGRAM

The Council's second national center is Washington, D.C., where Council membership and an extensive program equal that of New York. More than 1,000 members reside in the capital area, and the range of activities there parallels that of events in the Harold Pratt House. The Council's Washington-based Studies staff now numbers more than 20, including Next Genera­ tion Tellows Michael Green, who directed a ground-breaking project on the future of the Kore­ an peninsula, and John Hillen, who oversaw a major assessment of the future of U.S. defense policy. A notable feature of the Washington Program is the Middle East Porum, directed by Ju­ dith Kipper. In addition, many New York-based Fellows are holding meetings in Washington. New initiatives are broadening the Council's engagement with the resident diplomatic and corporate communities.

xpanding the Washington office and its pro­ abroad. Through a series of connected meetings, key is­ gramming has been one of the Council's key sues such as NATO enlargement, Bosnia, and the Mid­ goals over the last two years. The year began dle East peace process were examined in depth. A witEh the Washington office moving to new spacious detailed listing of all meetings can be found on the quarters in the Carnegie Endowment's building at 1779 Council's web site (www.foreignaffairs.org). Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. This occasion was marked The Washington Program Advisory Committee played by an Inaugural Gala at which Secretary of State an important role this year with its many suggestions, in­ Madeleine Albright welcomed over 400 Council mem­ cluding the popular "Eyewitness to History" series cover­ bers and guests from the diplomatic, media, and acade­ ing German unification: lessons for Korea; the Cuban mic communities. The meetings program was Missile Crisis; the Gulf War; and the Panama Canal Treaty. exceptionally dynamic, with new formats and 63 percent Significantly, this was a year of "firsts": the first Wash­ more events overall. Since September 1997, almost 70 ington Council Holiday Party (attended by over 300 percent of Washington-area members participated in members), the first Washington "Daughters and Sons" Council meetings and an impressive 78 percent of area event, the first time so many guest events (eight) were term members attended at least one program. planned, and the first series of small, intimate embassy The issues addressed and the types of meetings var­ lunches hosted by foreign ambassadors to the United ied: a meeting/dinner with the three Baltic presidents, a States. With a thriving staff and a diverse, dynamic cal­ debate on fast track between Stuart E. Eizenstat and Pat endar of events, the Washington Program has made its Choate, a luncheon discussion on Latin America with mark in our nation's capital. Senator Paul Coverdell, a town hall meeting on Ameri­ Paula J. Dobriansky ca's role in the world today, a mock NSC meeting on Washington Director Iran with Richard R. Burt as National Security Adviser, and a panel debate on how America is viewed from

65 WASHINGTON PROGRAM

1) Speaker Wei Jingsheng, Chinese democracy activist, Paula ]. Dobriansky, and Presider Thomas R. Donahue at the February 2,1998, Meeting, "Democracy and Human Rights: Looking at China's Future."

2) Brandon H. Grove Jr., Philip Merrill, Anne Wexler, and Carla A. Hills at the October 6,1997, Reception to open the new Washington office.

3) Presider Robert S. Strauss and Speaker Shimon Peres, former Prime Minister of Israel, at the November 21,1997, Meeting of the Middle East Forum, "Saving the Peace Process." WASHINGTON PROGRAM

PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS PHILIP M. CONDIT Chairman and CEO, The Boeing Company ANNE APPLEBAUM "Competition and Trade in the Global Economy"* Columnist, Sunday Telegraph, London PRESIDER: KENNETH D. BRODY "Communist Forties in Postcommunist Societies"* ROBERT S. GELBARD PRESIDER: CHRISTOPHER J. MAKINS Special Representative of the President and Secretary of JUDITH HIPPLER BELLO State for Implementation of the Dayton Peace Accords, Executive Vice President, PhARMA U.S. Department of State GEORGE JOULWAN "Bosnia: The Shape of Things to Come" Former Supreme Allied Commander, Europe PRESIDER: CAROL C. ADELMAN KATE O'BEIRNE BRONISLAW GEREMEK Washington Editor, National Review Minister of Foreign Affairs, Poland MARK PALMER "Poland on the Fast Track" President, Capital Development Company PRESIDER: ROBERT E. HUNTER KATHLEEN KENNEDY TOWNSEND (COSPONSORED WITH THE GERMAN MARSHALL FUND Lieutenant Governor, Maryland OF THE UNITED STATES) BEN J. WATTENBERG Senior Fellow, American Enterprise Institute JANE GOODALL "Defining America's Role in the World" Scientist and Director of Science and Research, The Jane PRESIDER: TONY SNOW Goodall Institute "Balancing Global Concerns: Sustainable Development SAMUEL R. BERGER and Human Need" Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, PRESIDER: THOMAS E. LOVEJOY National Security Council "Africa on the U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda: A Follow-up ROSARIO GREEN on the President's Trip"* Secretary of Foreign Relations, Mexico PRESIDER: SALIH BOOKER "Mexico and the United States: Broadening the Dialogue"" PRESIDER: WILLIAM D. ROGERS ALGIRDAS BRAZAUSKAS ALAN GREENSPAN President, Lithuania Chairman, Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System LENNART MERI "Global Finance"* President, Estonia GUNTIS ULMANIS PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON President, Latvia LEE H. HAMILTON "Shaping the Future of the U.S.-Baltic Relationship" Member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Ind.) PRESIDER: ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI "Reassessing U.S. Policy Toward Iran"* PRESIDER: BARBARA S. COCHRAN THOMAS J. CAMPBELL Member, U.S. House of Representatives (R-Calif.) JIANG ZEMIN "America's New Relationship with Africa" President, People's Republic of China PRESIDER: JIM MOODY "A Major Foreign Policy Address by President Jiang Zemin"* WESLEY K. CLARK PRESIDERS: BARBER CONABLE AND HENRY A. KISSINGER U.S. Army, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (COSPONSORED WITH AMERICA-CHINA SOCIETY, NATIONAL "Structuring the New NATO" COMMITTEE ON UNITED STATES-CHINA RELATIONS, ASIA PRESIDER: CASPAR W. WEINBERGER SOCIETY, U.S.-CHINA POLICY FOUNDATION, AND THE (COSPONSORED WITH THE GERMAN MARSHALL FUND COMMITTEE OF 100) OF THE UNITED STATES)

f A cosponsored event.

67 WASHINGTON PROGRAM

1) Presider Peter G. Peterson and Speaker Alan Greenspan, Chairman, Federal Reserve System, at the March 18,1998, Meeting, "Global Finance."

2) Presider Tony Snow at the January 15,1998, Town Hall Meeting, "Defining America's Role in the World."

3) Madeleine K. Albright and Peter G. Peterson at the October 6,1997, Reception to open the new Washington office. WASHINGTON PROGRAM

BORIS JORDAN ROMANO PRODI Founder and CEO, Renaissance Capital, Moscow Prime Minister, Italy VLADIMIR POTANIN "Italy Looks to the Future: The Euro and the Integration President, Uneximbank, Moscow of Europe"* "Financing Russia's Transformation""' PRESIDER: NICHOLAS F. BRADY PRESIDER: SARAH C. CAREY NORODOM RANARIDDH EASON T. JORDAN Prince of Cambodia President, International Networks and "The Future of Cambodia" Global News Gathering, CNN PRESIDER: RICHARD H. SOLOMON "Between Diplomacy and Journalism" WEI JINGSHENG PRESIDER: KENNETH A. CUTSHAW Chinese Human Rights and Democracy Activist ANNUAL DAUGHTERS AND SONS EVENT "Democracy and Human Rights: Looking at China's Future" ALPHA OUMAR KONARE PRESIDER: THOMAS R. DONAHUE President, Mali (COSPONSORED WITH THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT "Mali and the Democratic Challenge: Lessons FOR DEMOCRACY) for the North and South" WILLIAM F. WELD PRESIDER: DONALD M. PAYNE Counsel, McDermott, Will & Emery CHARLES C. KRULAK "Globalization and Domestic Politics" Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps PRESIDER: JOSETTE SHINER "Not Like Yesterday ... Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century" Eyewitness to History PRESIDER: LESTER M. CRYSTAL HOWARD H. BAKER JR. THOMAS F. (MACK) MCLARTY Partner, Baker, Donelson, Bearman & Caldwell; Counselor to the President and Special Envoy former Majority Leader, U.S. Senate for the Americas, the White House "Ratifying the Panama Canal Treaty: 20 Years of Lessons" "The Summit of the Americas: A New Architecture PRESIDER: KENNETH M. DUBERSTEIN for the New Americas" THEODORE C. SORENSEN PRESIDER: MARIO L. BAEZA Partner, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison KOJI OMI PHILIP D. ZELIKOW Minister of Economic Planning, Japan Associate Professor of Public Policy, Harvard University "Pursuing New Developments in the Japanese Economy"* "The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: Lessons for Today" PRESIDER: KARIN M. LISSAKERS PRESIDER: KAREN LEA DAWISHA

SHIMON PERES PAUL D. WOLFOWITZ Founder, the Peres Center for Peace; Dean, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International former Prime Minister, Israel Studies, the Johns Hopkins University "Saving the Peace Process" "What We Did and Why: Reflections of a Gulf War Manager" PRESIDER: ROBERT S. STRAUSS PRESIDER: JOHN HILLEN (MIDDLE EAST FORUM) ROBERT B. ZOELLICK THOMAS R. PICKERING John M. Olin Distinguished Professor, U.S. Naval Academy Undersecretary for Political Affairs, U.S. Department of State "German Unification: Lessons for Korea?"* "American Diplomacy in this Century and the Next" PRESIDER: ROBERT L. GALLUCCI PRESIDER: ELAINE L. CHAO

'' A cosponsored event.

69 1

NATIONAL PROGRAM

As part of the effort to make the Council a truly national organization, the National Program has been working to engage the experience and expertise of our national members in the intel­ lectual work of the Council. With the third annual National Conference, and the expanding program of Studies seminars in a number of cities around the country, our national members are making an important contribution to the Council's substantive agenda. Our western part­ ner, the Los Angeles-based Pacific Council on International Policy (PCIP), has played an im­ portant role in carrying out this new initiative.

he National Program taps the extensive expe­ Deputy Secretary of Defense John Hamre, participants rience and expertise of members outside New pondered how and in what context the United States TYork City and Washington, D.C., by convening ought to consider future trade and defense policy. small roundtable seminars throughout the country that With the continuing tradition of the annual National help shape ongoing Council projects. Organized primar­ Conference and the expanding program of Studies semi­ ily in key cities outside the East Coast with the coopera­ nars in a number of cities, the Council's National Pro­ tion of local institutions, National Program meetings gram is making it possible for members outside New engage an increasingly influential group of Americans York and Washington to play an increasingly important involved in the international arena. Ideas and recom­ role in the Council's substantive agenda. mendations from members in key cities continue to en­ The National Program Studies seminars and National rich and diversify the work of task forces and study Conference are augmented by Council debates orga­ groups on topics ranging from global trade policy in Asia nized by the Programs and Media Projects department and Latin America to reevaluating U.S. nuclear policy. in key cities. Next year the program will be further en­ The Council's western partner, the Los Angeles- hanced with the addition of study groups and meetings based Pacific Council on International Policy (PCIP), has via videoconferencing and the web site. played an all-important role in National Program efforts Jennifer Seymour Whitaker and has organized several additional Studies programs Deputy National Director and meetings throughout the year that have been open to Council members west of the Rockies. At the third annual National Conference in New York, on June 5 and 6, more than 150 members from all over PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS the country came together to discuss the topic "U.S. Trade and Defense: Is America Moving Forward or Back­ Roundtable on Refugees: in Chicago, with USA for ward?" In small breakout groups and plenaries featuring UNHCR; in Miami, with the North-South Center at leading experts on trade and defense including Deputy the University of Miami; in Boston, with the Human Secretary of the Treasury Lawrence H. Summers and Rights Program at Harvard Law School; in Dallas,

70 NATIONAL PROGRAM

1) Lawrence]. Korb, Speakers John F. Lehman, Chairman, J.F. Lehman & Company, and William A. Owens, President, Science Applications International Corporation, at the June 5,1998, National Conference, "U.S. Trade and Defense: Is America Moving Forward or Backward?"

2) John M. Deutch and Jennifer Seymour Whitaker at the February 23,1998, "Regional Review Session of the Task Force on Reducing the Risk of Nuclear War," (in Boston, Mass.).

3) Richard Mallery, Abraham F. Lowenthal, and Nancy A. Jarvis at the June 5,1998, National Conference, "U.S. Trade and Defense: Is America Moving Forward or Backward?"

71 NATIONAL PROGRAM

with the John G. Tower Center for Political Studies at Study Group on Defense Industry, Globalization, Con­ Southern Methodist University. version, and the Arms Trade: in Minneapolis, with the Humphrey Center at the University of Minnesota. Study Group on Free Trade for the Americas and the Task Force on Reducing the Risk of Nuclear War: in At­ Asian Pacific Economic Forum: in Los Angeles, lanta, with the Sam Nunn School of International Af­ cosponsored with the Pacific Council on International fairs at the Georgia Institute of Technology; in Boston, Policy; in Dallas, with the Johnson Center for Eco­ with the John F. Kennedy School of Government at nomic Studies at Southern Methodist University. Harvard University; in San Francisco, cosponsored Study Group on Democratic Consolidation: in Los Ange­ with the Pacific Council on International Policy. les, cosponsored with the Pacific Council on Interna­ Task Force on Managing Change on the Korean Penin­ tional Policy; in Chicago, with the University of Chicago. sula: in Los Angeles, cosponsored with the Pacific Study Group on Preparing for Post-New Order Indone­ Council on International Policy. sia: in San Francisco, cosponsored with the Pacific Council on International Policy.

PACIFIC COUNCIL ON INTERNATIONAL POLICY Western Partner of the Council on Foreign Relations

The Council's Board of Directors voted in 1995 to to remain independent in membership, governance, help several members—including Robert F. Erburu and funding. and John E. Bryson and former Director of Studies During 1997-98, the Pacific Council held some 37 Abraham F. Lowenthal—launch the Pacific Council membership meetings open to all joint CFR/PCIP on International Policy (PCIP), based in Los Angeles members, as well as study group sessions on China and and rooted in the realities and perspectives of the on Mexico, an Annual Members Retreat, and numerous western United States. workshops, mainly on Pacific Rim-focused issues. The The Pacific Council developed rapidly, and in the Pacific Council has also published well-received reports fall of 1997 the PCIP became the "Western Partner" on The Chinese Future, Protecting International Intellectual of the Council on Foreign Relations. We have begun Property, and Latin America Today. to cooperate more closely on meetings programs, to Demonstrating the value of the partnership were reinforce each other's studies and corporate pro­ eight jointly organized meetings, five in Los Angeles grams, to coordinate membership selection, and to and three in San Francisco, most involving mid- increase reciprocal access to selected events. We plan course discussion from New York and Washington- to exchange staff and visiting Fellows from time to based study groups. In addition to the Studies time, for various periods, to share projects-in- seminars highlighted in the list of National Program progress with each other's members, and to help meetings, Council Studies Director Gary C. Hufbauer achieve recognition for each other's products and spoke in Los Angeles on "How Long Will Economic personnel. As part of the partnership, PCIP Founding Policy Be Shaped by the Washington Consensus?"; President Abe Lowenthal serves as a Council on For­ and Council President Leslie H. Gelb spoke in Los eign Relations Vice President and Deputy National Angeles on "The Old World and the New World Director. The partnership strengthens each organiza­ Order" and in San Francisco on "The Middle East and tion's mission, while allowing the Council and PCIP the Gulf: Peace, But Not Now."

72 CORPORATE PROGRAM

The Corporate Program engages over 200 U.S. and foreign corporations, financial institutions, law firms, and other organizations in the activities of the Council. Executives of member com­ panies have the opportunity to exchange views with their peers in the private and public sec­ tors on a wide range of international issues. Participation in small group meetings and a regular series of interactive teleconferences with Council research staff enhance the value that participants draw from—and contribute to—the substantive work of the Council.

hrough the Corporate Program, executives of who may find it difficult to come to programs at the member companies are invited to participate Council's offices in New York and Washington, D.C. Tin over 80 programs each year in New York This year's Corporate Conference, "The Asia Crisis: and Washington. This past year, the Corporate Program Economic and Political Implications," was an extraordi­ sponsored meetings with such leaders as I.K. Gujral, nary event. Wth a keynote address by Anwar bin Ibrahim, Prime Minister of India; Ernesto Samper Pizano, Presi­ Malaysia's Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister, dent of Colombia; Philip M. Condit, Chairman and CEO and 29 speakers representing 9 countries, the event drew of Boeing; Dominique Strauss-Kahn, the French Minis­ an audience of 250 for a full day of discussion and de­ ter of Economy, Finance, and Industry; E.J.P. Browne, bate. We are especially grateful for the support of the Group Chief Executive of British Petroleum; Henry H. conference's sponsors, Archer Daniels Midland Compa­ Shelton, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; Richard A. ny, A.T. Kearney, Citibank, Alliance Capital Management Gephardt, Democratic House leader; Chuan Leekpai, International, American International Group, Inc., Amer­ Prime Minister of Thailand; Alan Greenspan, Chairman ican Express, The Boeing Company, Goldman, Sachs In­ of the Federal Reserve; and Henry B. Schacht, Chairman ternational, Salomon Smith Barney Asset Management, of Lucent Venture Partners. Texaco Inc., Caterpillar, and the Arthur Ross Foundation. In addition, executives with particular expertise on a Looking forward, we will continue the effort begun country or issue have the chance to participate in smaller this year to supplement the regular schedule of programs study group or roundtable discussions with other experts by involving Corporate members in small-group activities from business, government, and academia. directly related to their current business priorities. This past year, the Corporate Program initiated periodic Highlights of the 1997-98 schedule follow. A compre­ interactive teleconferences with Council research fellows hensive listing is available on the Council's web site at on topics of particular concern to member companies. www.foreignrelations.org. These 30-minute to 45-minute exchanges are designed to David Kellogg encourage discussion and to involve corporate members Vice President, Corporate Affairs

73 CORPORATE PROGRAM

1) Frank Savage, Presider Maurice R. Greenberg, and Speaker Anwar bin Ibrahim, Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister of Malaysia, at the April 15,1998, Corporate Conference, "The Asia Crisis: Economic and Political Implications."

: IT? 'pi "; 2) Speaker Robert E. Rubin, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, at the October 27,1997, i Meeting "A Policy Address on i U.S.-China Relations." 3) Paul A. Allaire, Robert Byrne, and Peter G. Peterson at the May 21,1998 /'Reception for I New Corporate Members." i

4) Linda ]. Wachner, Presider Frank G. Wisner, and Speaker IX. Gujral, Prime Minister of India, at the September 23, 1997, Meeting, "India and the United States: The Start of a New Friendship." CORPORATE PROGRAM

PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Commerce; former U.S.Trade Representative "U.S.Trade Negotiations: Lessons Learned, Lessons Applied"* E.J.P. BROWNE PRESIDER JULIA CHANG BLOCH Group Chief Executive, British Petroleum pic MAHN-JEKIM "Corporate Responsibility in an International Context"* Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, PRESIDER: KAREN N. HORN Fbhanglron and Steel Company RICHARD W. BURKHOLDER JR. "The Financial Crisis in Korea" Vice President and Director of International Opera­ PRESIDER: HENRY KAUFMAN tions, Survey Research, The Gallup Organization ANNEO.KRUEGER "1997 Gallup Survey: The People's Republic of Herald and Caroline L. Ritch Professor in Humanities China—Consumer Attitudes and Lifestyle Trends"* and Sciences, Stanford University Senior Fellow, PRESIDER: CARROLL R. BOGERT Hoover Institution ANSON CHAN "Regionalism and the Future of the Multilateral Chief Secretary for Administration of the Hong Kong Trading System"* Special Administrative Region Government PRESIDER JOHN D. NEGROPONTE "Hong Kong One Year After Transition"* NICHOLAS R LARDY PRESIDER: JEROME A. COHEN Senior Fellow, the Brookings Institution WILLIAM M. DALEY MINXINPEI U.S. Secretary of Commerce Assistant Professor of Fblitics, Princeton University "The U.S.-India Relationship: The Next Fifty Years"* "Chinese Banking Reform: How Far Will It Go?"* PRESIDER: BARBARA HACKMAN FRANKLIN PRESIDER GARY C HUFBAUER WASHINGTON, D.C. CHUANLEEKPAI BOYD E. GIVAN Prime Minister, Thailand Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, "Thailand's Response to the Asian Financial Crisis"* The Boeing Company PRESIDER GEORGE SOROS CLIFTON R. WHARTON JR. IRAMAGAZINER Former Chairman and CEO, TIAA-CREF; Senior Adviser to the President for Policy Development former U.S. Deputy Secretary of State 'Technology and Global Change: "Settling Trade Disputes with Asia" Defining the Information Age" PRESIDER: NANCY YOUNG PRESIDER JAMES V KIMSEY MAURICE R. GREENBERG WASHINGTON, D.C. Chairman and CEO, American International Group, Inc. PEDRO S AMPAIO MALAN "The Economic Climate in Asia: A CEO's View"* Minister of Finance, Brazil PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON "Brazil in the Current International Financial Environment''* I.K. GUJRAL PRESIDER JAMES R JONES Prime Minister, India ROBERT M MORGENTHAU "India and the United States: The Start of a New District Attorney County of NewYork Friendship"* "Crime and International Business"* PRESIDER: FRANK G. WISNER PRESIDER CONRAD K HARPER

BRIAN JENKINS AMRE MAHMOUD MOUSSA Special Adviser, International Chamber of Commerce Minister of Foreign Affairs, Egypt "Crime and Conflict at the End of the Twentieth Century"* "Prospects for Movement Forward PRESIDER: JOHN B. HURFO in the Mddle East Peace Process"* MICKEY KANTOR PRESIDER: EDWARD BLEIER Partner, Mayer, Brown & Piatt; former U.S. Secretary

* A cosponsored event. 75 CORPORATE PROGRAM

RICHARD D. PARSONS on China, India, and Russia"* President, Time Warner Inc. PRESIDER: RODNEY W. NICHOLS "The Business of Global Media: Risks and Responsibilities" * HENRY H. SHELTON PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff GEORGE E. PATAKI "Current Military Challenges: An Update Governor, State of New York from the Chairman"* "NewYork and the World"* PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON DOMINIQUE STRAUSS-KAHN PETER G. PETERSON Minister of Economy, Finance, and Industry, France Chairman, The Blackstone Group; Chairman, "The French View of European Economic Council on Foreign Relations and Monetary Union"* DAVID ROCKEFELLER PRESIDER: WILLIAM J. MCDONOUGH Honorary Chairman, Council on Foreign Relations JOHN S. WADSWORTH JR. "Russia and Kazakhstan: Reflections on a Council Trip"* Chairman, Morgan Stanley Asia Limited PRESIDER: MICHAEL P. PETERS "Wall Street, Washington, and the Financial Crisis STEVEN L. RATTNER in Southeast Asia: What Can Be Done to Stop the Panic?"* Deputy Chief Executive, Lazard Freres & Co. LLC PRESIDER: JEROME A. COHEN NORBERT WALTER GRIGORY YAVLINSKY Managing Director, Deutsche Bank Research; Leader, Yabloko Bloc, State Duma of the Russian Federation Chief Economist, Deutsche Bank Group "How the West Can Help Russia's Transition to Democracy"* "A Single Currency for Europe: An Idea Whose Time PRESIDER: ROBERT H. LEGVOLD Has Come or Gone?"* PRESIDER: ALAN J. BLINDER DANIEL H. YERGIN President, Cambridge Energy Research Associates; ROBERT E. RUBIN Vice Chairman, Global Decision Group U.S. Secretary of the Treasury "The Battle for Control of the Global Economy"* "A Policy Address on U.S.-China Relations"* PRESIDER: EDWARD L. MORSE PRESIDER: THOMAS W. JONES HENRY B. SCHACHT Chairman, Lucent Venture Partners "Business in Emerging Markets: A CEO's Reflection

• A cosponsored event.

76 CORPORATE PROGRAM

CORPORATE PROGRAM MEMBERS Corporate Benefactors Bankers Trust Company Fedders Corporation American Express Company Barst & Mukamal Federal Express Archer Daniels Midland Company Bates Worldwide Fiat USA A. T. Kearney, Inc. BEA Associates Fischer Francis Trees & Watts The Chase Manhattan Corporation Bear, Stearns & Co. Ford Motor Company The Chatterjee Group Bell Atlantic France Telecom, Inc. Citibank/Citicorp Bingham Dana LLP The Freedom Forum Credit Suisse First Boston The Blackstone Group French-American Chamber The Walt Disney Company Bloomberg Financial Markets of Commerce Exxon Corporation Booz, Allen & Hamilton GenCorp Aerojet IBM The Boston Consulting Group General Electric Company Lazard Freres & Co. LLC BP Group General Reinsurance Corporation Lucent Technologies, Inc. Bramwell Capital Management, Inc. Goldman, Sachs & Co. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Guardsmark United Technologies British-American Chamber Halcyon/Alan B. Slifka Management Xerox Corporation of Commerce Company L.L.C. Brown & Wood LLP Hitachi Ltd. Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. H.J. Heinz Company ABC, Inc. Cahill Gordon & Reindel HSBC Americas, Inc. Acorn Company LLC Caltex Petroleum Hunton & Williams AGIP Petroleum Company Canon USA, Inc. Industrial Bank of Japan Alleghany Corporation Caxton Corporation ING Barings Allen & Company CDC North America Institute of International Bankers Allen & Overy Center for Contemporary Diplomacy JETRO New York Alliance Capital Management Chevron John A. Levin & Co., Inc. Amerada Hess Corp. CIBC Johnson & Johnson America Online Incorporated Cisneros Group of Companies Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue American Council on Germany Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton J.P Morgan & Co. American International Group, Inc. The CNA Corporation K & M Engineering and Consulting Ameritech The Consulate General of Japan Corporation Amoco Corporation Corning Incorporated Koch Industries Inc. AMR Corporation Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. Andersen Worldwide Dassault Falcon Jet Corp. Korn/Ferry International Apple Core Hotels Debevoise & Plimpton KPMG Peat Marwick L.L.P. Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder, Inc. Deere & Company LadenburgThalmann International, Ltd. Arnold & Porter Deloitte & Touche Lagardere/Matra Hachette ASARCO Incorporated Deutsche Bank AG LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae, L.L.P. Asea Brown Boveri, Inc. Directorship Lehman Brothers AT&T Donaldson Lufkin & Jenrette Lockheed Martin Atlantic Richfield Company Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Loral Space & Communications Avon Products, Inc. Dyson-Kissner-Moran Corporation MBIA-AMBAC International The Baldwin-Gottschalk Group Eastman Kodak Company MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc. Banca di Roma Edward Jones & Co. Mark Partners Banco Mercantil Enron Corp. Marks & Spencer, Inc. Banco Santander Ernst & Young Marriott International, Inc. Bank Audi (USA) Estee Lauder Companies Marsh & McLennan Companies Bank of America EXOR America Marubeni America Corporation The Bank of New York The Export-Import Bank of Japan Marvin & Palmer Associates, Inc.

77 CORPORATE PROGRAM

Mayer, Brown & Piatt PepsiCo Standard & Poor's Ratings Group McKinsey & Company, Inc. Pfizer Standard Chartered Bank Mercedes-Benz of North America Philip Morris Companies, Inc. State Street Bank and Trust Company Merrill Lynch International Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation Stroock & Stroock & Lavan Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Pohang Steel America Corporation Sullivan & Cromwell Milbank,Lweed, Hadley & McCloy PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Summit International Associates Mine Safety Appliances Company The Prudential Insurance Company Swiss Re America Corporation Mobil Corporation of America Texaco, Inc. Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP Rock Creek Corporation Time Warner Multilateral Funding International The Royce Funds Titan Industrial Corporation The Mutual Life Insurance Company RWS Energy Services Toyota Motor Corporate Services of New York Salomon Smith Barney of North America, Inc. NatWest Markets Sara Lee Corporation TRW New York Life International, Inc. SBC Warburg Dillon Read Inc. Unocal New York Stock Exchange, Inc. Scarbroughs Violy, Byorum & Partners LLC Newsweek Schlumberger Limited Volkswagen AG Nippon Steel USA, Inc. Scudder Kemper Investments, Inc. E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Co. Nomura Research Institute America Joseph E. Seagram & Sons Wasserstein Perella Group, Inc. NTT America, Inc. Shearman & Sterling Weil, Gotshal & Manges Occidental Petroleum Shell Oil Company White & Case Oxford Analytica Simpson Thacher & Bartlett Winthrop, Stimson, Putnam & Roberts PaineWebber Incorporated Sony Corporation of America Wyoming Investment Corporation Paribas Soros Fund Management Young & Rubicam Inc. Peak LLC Southern California Edison Company Zephyr Management L.P. Pennzoil Company Sperry Fund Management Corporation

78 TERM MEMBER PROGRAM

One of the Council's principal goals is to find and nurture the next generation of foreign policy leaders and thinkers. Between 1994 and 1996, Council President Leslie H. Gelb established three advisory committees of term members in New York City, Washington, D.C., and Boston. These committees have served as advisory bodies to the Council leadership, while providing term members with the opportunity to help create programs that respond to their interests and areas of expertise. Term members are now some of the most devoted and active members of the Council.

he Term Member Program is a vibrant Council TERM MEMBER SEMINARS program focusing on the next generation of for­ Teign policy leaders and thinkers. The term SVEN ALKALAJ members are an accomplished and dynamic group of Ambassador of Bosnia and Herzegovina younger professionals drawn from a diversity of fields— to the United States diplomacy law, business, the military, academia, and the "Bosnia after Dayton" media. The impressive roster of program activities for this PRESIDER: Jew E. DRUCKER • WASHINGTON, D.C. past year, which have included roundtable discussion RUDIGER DORNBUSCH meetings, informal reading and discussion groups called Ford Professor of Economics and International Term Member Seminars, special luncheons and dinners Management, MIT with senior Council members, and receptions hosted by JOHN LIPSKY Council members for term members, appears below. A Chief Economist, Chase Manhattan Bank subcommittee of term members, headed by Brian P. Math- "The Currency Crisis: What Lies Ahead" is and Hanya Marie Kim, has also worked to increase the PRESIDER: AVERILL L. POWERS • NEW YORK level of participation and term members' contributions to the Council's annual fund, further demonstrating their STEPHEN ENGLEBERG commitment to the institution. A special appeal letter co- Assistant to the Managing Editor, New York Times signed by Nancy R Goodman and Paul Golob, along with MORA MCLEAN a telephone campaign, were part of this effort. A list of President, African-American Institute term member contributors appears on page 83. "Press Coverage of Sub-Saharan Africa" PRESIDERS: JOSHUA L. STEINER AND R. KEITH WALTON • Each year the Board of Directors elects up to 90 indi­ NEWYORK viduals, all U.S. citizens age 34 and under when elected to a five-year term. Today, there are approximately 390 KERRI-ANN JONES term members. Associate Director, National Security and International Elise Carlson Lewis Affairs, Office of Science and Technology Policy, the White House Director, Membership and Fellowship Affairs

79 TERM MEMBER PROGRAM

JOSHUA LEDERBERG JOHN C. OLSEN President Emeritus, Rockefeller University Assistant for Civil-Military Policy, Office of the Assistant "The United States's Critical Interest in Global Health" Secretary of Defense for Strategy and Requirements, PRESIDER: JORDAN S. KASSALOW • NEW YORK Office of Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Assistance ROY WILLIAMS DANIEL H. LAYTON Vice President, Overseas Policy and Planning, Vice President, Marshall Legacy Institute International Rescue Committee

MIKE FROMAN NANCY GOODMAN attendees, so there's more opportunity to participate. Chief of Staff, Attorney, Winslow Moreover, term members get to know each other over the U.S. Department course of the year and are thus more apt to bring up con­ Partners LLC troversial points of discussion. Beside the more traditional of the Treasury forums, term member events are held as breakfasts or after work over a beer. Paula Dobriansky, director of the Wash­ ington Office, has begun hosting different kinds of events that mix term members and regular members, including lunches at embassies and cocktail parties at members' homes. A • A • A • A Goodman: The Council enhances my professional life in two respects. First, as I am involved in investing abroad, conver­ sations with Council members who work on the same coun­ tries in which I'm interested give me a different perspective on some of the issues I may be addressing. Second, being in­ volved in the Council provides me an opportunity to stay engaged in foreign affairs issues. It increases the likelihood that I might be able to make a meaningful contribution to public policy later in my career. Goodman: One of my favorite Council events was the mili­ A • A • A • A tary trip to Parris Island. I had no background in the role of Froman: Washington is a town where young people have a the U.S. military in foreign policy. It was very interesting to disproportionate amount of access and opportunity, start learning about how the marines view their role in an whether it's on Capitol Hill or in the administration. The environment where I could talk to the commandant of the town works them hard and promotes them, so a lot of term Marine Corps as well as to new recruits. members are already in positions of responsibility through­ A • A • A V A out government. Froman: Term member events provide a good opportunity for us to have give-and-take with some of the more interest­ Goodman: One aspect of the Council that I really enjoy is ing figures in Washington. In addition, they are a great that members come from such a wide range of professional forum for meeting people off whom I can informally bounce perspectives—journalists, academics, lawyers, people in­ ideas and with whom I can then work in other contexts. volved in the financial community, the administration, and They create a nice foundation based on an informal ex­ the Hill. change of perspectives. A number of times, I've met some­ A • A • A T A one at a term member event, had an opportunity to get to Froman: I think the Council is doing quite a good job of in­ know them better by exchanging views, and then called corporating nontraditional foreign policy concerns into its them a day or two later and actually moved some policy program, including for example in the area of international process along. economics. In Washington, there is a great need for pro­ grams that help the policy community understand the im­ Goodman: I think the term member events create greater pact of the global economy on traditional foreign policy, and opportunities for frank exchanges. The events have fewer the Council is playing a vital role in that effort.

80 TERM MEMBER PROGRAM

"Military Medical Missions: Are They Effective ADAM SCHWARZ Foreign Policy Instruments?" 1997-98 Edward R. Murrow Fellow, PRESIDER: JORDAN S. KASSALOW • NEW YORK Council on Foreign Relations "Vietnam: Is Time Running Out for Reform? WILLIAM A. NITZE Can Vietnam Still Attain Tiger Status?" Assistant Administrator for International Activities, PRESIDER: JASON T. SHAPLEN • NEW YORK Environmental Protection Agency "Globalization and Environmental Protection: DAI QING Are They Compatible?" Journalist and Activist PRESIDER: SERENA LYNN WILSON • WASHINGTON, D.C. "Current Political Trends in China and Recent Developments in the Three Gorges Dam"* MOEEN A. QURESHI PRESIDER: ELIZABETH C. ECONOMY • NEW YORK Chairman, Emerging Markets Partnership "New Paradigms in International Development" MARK D. GEARAN PRESIDERS: RAFFIQ A. NATHOO AND BRIAN P. MATHIS • Director of the Peace Corps NEW YORK "The Peace Corps in the 21st Century" PRESIDER: ANNE C. RICHARD • WASHINGTON, D.C. GIDEON ROSE Deputy Director of National Security Studies GEORGE C. LODGE and Olin Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations Professor, Harvard Business School JESSICA E. STERN DEBRA SPAR "The New Terrorism: The Role of Weapons Professor, Harvard Business School of Mass Destruction" "The Global Information Infrastructure" PRESIDER: JORDANA D. FRIEDMAN • NEW YORK PRESIDER: ANNE STETSON • BOSTON WALTER B. SLOCOMBE DAVID J. ROTHKOPF Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, U.S. Department President, Newmarket Company, LLC of Defense "In Search of the Next Economic Crisis" "Defense Perspectives at the End of the Century" PRESIDER: CHARLOTTE G. KEA • WASHINGTON, D.C. PRESIDER: JEFFREY F. PRYCE • WASHINGTON, D.C. GARE A. SMITH SPECIAL DINNERS Deputy Assistant Secretary for Labor and External Affairs, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, AND LUNCHEONS U.S. Department of State ROGER FISHER "Labor Rights as Human Rights: The Clinton Professor, Harvard Law School Administration's Labor Policy in Action" BOSTON PRESIDER: DAVID S. BERNSTEIN • WASHINGTON, D.C. KATHARINE GRAHAM SUSAN WELD Chairman of the Executive Committee, Harvard Law School and Boston College Law School the Washington Post Company "A View from the Rim: Hong Kong and Singapore in 1998" WASHINGTON, D.C. PRESIDER: ANNE STETSON • BOSTON WINSTON AND BETTE BAO LORD NEW YORK TERM MEMBER JESSICA T. MATHEWS ROUNDTABLES PRESIDENT, CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, NEW YORK DESAIX ANDERSON Executive Director, KEDO ROBERT S. MCNAMARA NEW YORK

" A cosponsored event.

81 TERM MEMBER PROGRAM

STEVEN L. RATTNER DEBORA L. SPAR Vice Chairman, Lazard Freres & Co. LLC Professor, Harvard Business School NEW YORK ADAM SCHWARZ 1997-98 Edward R. Murrow Fellow, ARTHUR SCHLESINGER JR. Council on Foreign Relations NEW YORK "The Challenge of Governance in a Global World" BERNARD E. TRAINOR MODERATOR: GARY C. HUFBAUER»BOSTON Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps (Ret.); (COSPONSORED WITH THE NATIONAL SECURITY PROGRAM Associate, Belter Center for Science and International Affairs, OF THE JOHN F. KENNEDY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT John R Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY AND THE COMMITTEE BOSTON ON INTERNATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES) TED TURNER Vice Chairman, Time Warner Inc. NEW YORK PAUL A. VOLCKER SPECIAL RECEPTIONS NEW YORK NEW ENGLAND TERM MEMBER FALL RECEPTION WITH LESLIE GELB BOSTON SPECIAL EVENTS NEW YORK TERM MEMBER FALL RECEPTION WITH LESLIE AND JUDY GELB TOUR OF THE UNITED STATES Hosted by the Gelbs HOLOCAUST MUSEUM NEW YORK WASHINGTON, D.C. WASHINGTON TERM MEMBER FALL RECEPTION KENICHI OHMAE WITH LESLIE GELB Founder and Managing Director, Ohmae & Associates Hosted by Michael B.G. Froman and Nancy F. Goodman ERVIN J. ROKKE WASHINGTON, D.C. President, Moravian College; Lieutenant General, WASHINGTON TERM MEMBER U.S. Air Force (Ret.) SUMMER COCKTAILS JOHN G. RUGGIE Hosted by Clint N. Smith Assistant Secretary-General and Special Adviser WASHINGTON, D.C. to the Secretary-General Kofi Annan, United Nations

82 TERM MEMBER PROGRAM

TERM MEMBER ANNUAL GIVING

Kamal Ahmad Jordana D. Friedman RaffiqA. Nathoo Alice P. Albright Michael B.G. Froman Alexander Navab David Altshuler Paul R.S. Gebhard Marcus Noland Joseph A. Anderson Inge Gedo J. Benjamin H. Nye Shellye L. Archambeau James M. Goldgeier Peter R. Orszag Gustavo Arnavat Paul Golob Elizabeth M. Osisek Sherman Baldwin Nancy R Goodman Alexandra Wood Parent Laurence Merrill Band John P. Hall Karen E. Parker John P. Barker Giselle P. Hantz Juliette M. Passer-Muslin Gregory R. Bedrosian Lodd C. Hart Scott D. Pearson Ruth Margolies Beitler Alexandre P. Hayek Holly Peterson Gordon P. Bell James Andrew Himes Kenneth Michael Pollack John B. Bellinger III Christine M.Y. Ho Jeffrey R Pryce Peter Justus Beshar Tammany D. Hobbs Gregory J. Rattray Alexander B. Blumrosen Dwight R Holloway Jr. Elisabeth Read Russin Daniel E. Bob Jon M. Huntsman Jr. Douglas B. Rutzen Andy S. Bodea Steven M. Irwin Miguel A. Sanchez Marcus W. Brauchli Eric K. Jackson Alison B. Sander Mark R Brzezinski Alan Kent Jones Christopher Matthew Schroeder Deborah K. Burand Jordan S. Kassalow Frances J. Seymour Rodgers Christopher Busbee Daniel Roger Katz P.J. Simmons Patrick M. Byrne Hanya Marie Kim Julie Ann Simons Elizabeth Cabot Karin L. Kizer Andrew Wallace Solomon Camille M. Caesar Jessica Korn Joshua N. Solomon Mark Andrew Carter Kirk Kraeutler Debora L. Spar Robert J. Chaves Eric P. Liu Mark Brian Stein Marjorie Ann Chorlins Leo Sidney Mackay Jr. Joshua Linder Steiner Jack C. Chow Thomas G. Mahnken Anne Stetson J. H. Cullum Clark Phillippa Malmgren Angelica O. Tang Betsy Helen Cohen Mahmoud A. Mamdani James P. Thomas Leila Anne Conners Lisa L. Martin Katherine K. Tucker Elizabeth M. Cousens Brian P. Mathis Marybeth Peterson Ulrich Justin Doebele Paul B. McCarthy Maureen T. Upton Grant R. Doty Kathleen Roberta McNamara Brian VanDeMark P. Andrew Dunigan Jon Meacham Nancy J. Walker Randolph P. Eddy III Matthew L. Miller R.Keith Walton Mark D.W. Edington Michelle Miller-Adams Lewis M. Warren Jr. Robert H. Edwards Jr. Yehudah Mirsky Jennifer R. Weeks Samuel H. Feist Walter Thomas Molano Lee S. Wolosky Stephen E. Flynn John J. Moore Jr. MonaYacoubian Jendayi E. Frazer Kenneth A. Moskow George H.Young III Roger C. Freeman DanT. Motulsky Jonathan I. Zemmol

83 r

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

With a paid circulation of over 108,000, the bimonthly Foreign Affairs maintains its position as the world's premier periodical on international politics and economics. The Council's flag­ ship publication is available in foreign language versions in Japan and Brazil (Portuguese); its articles are regularly reprinted in newspapers and magazines around the world; its web site— www.foreignaffairs.org—draws increasing traffic from the United States and abroad; and its articles have become a staple of thousands of university courses each year.

Article Title Author

September/October 1997 ESSAYS Volume 76, Number 5 Has Democracy a Future? Arthur Schlesinger Jr. 75th Anniversary Issue How America Does It Josef Joffe The Erosion of American National Interests Samuel P. Huntington A Geostrategy for Eurasia Zbigniew Brzezinski Is Russia Still an Enemy? Richard Pipes Is Capitalism Too Productive? Paul Krugman The Social Question Redivivus Tony Judt Islamic and Western Values Ali A. Mazrui The Arab Inheritance Fouad Ajami An Asia-Pacific Consensus Kishore Mahbubani The Global Economy and the Nation-State Peter F. Drucker Bits, Bytes, and Diplomacy Walter B. Wriston The Real New World Order Anne-Marie Slaughter Diplomacy Without Diplomats? George F. Kennan Significant Books of the Last 75 Years

November/December 1997 COMMENTS Volume 76, Number 6 Life after Kohl? Robert Gerald Livingston The Cost of Combating Global Warming Thomas C. Schelling Information Intervention Jamie F. Metzl ESSAYS The Rise of Illiberal Democracy Fareed Zakaria Asia's Reemergence Steven Radelet and Jeffrey Sachs

84 FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Article Title Author EMU and International Conflict Martin Feldstein Sanctioning Madness Richard N. Haass Algeria's Long Night Milton Viorst Puerto Rico's Decolonization Ruben Berrios Martinez Is Government Too Political? Alan S. Blinder Global Public Policy Wolfgang H. Reinicke REVIEWS Japan's Full Story Nicholas D. Kristof An American Skeptic in Europe David Calleo

January/February 1998 COMMENTS Volume 77, Number 1 NATO's Expensive Trip East Amos Perlmutter and Ted G. Carpenter Greece and Turkey Marcia Christoff Kurop Christian Democracy Resurgent Adrian Karatnycky Language Follows Power Marshall R. Singer ESSAYS The New Threat of Mass Destruction Richard K. Betts Making Bosnia Work Charles G. Boyd The Exit Strategy Delusion Gideon Rose Is China Democratizing? Minxin Pei The Dalai Lama's Dilemma Melvyn C. Goldstein Fixing the Other Asia Bruce Koppel Commonsense Drug Policy Ethan A. Nadelmann REVIEWS E Pluribus, India Shashi Tharoor The Ultimate Lagging Indicator David J. Rothkopf Runaway Diseases Laurie Garrett Retrogressive Little Wars David Fromkin The Secret of Genscher's Staying Power Josef Joffe

March/April 1998 COMMENTS Volume 77, Number 2 Sidelined on Human Rights Kenneth Roth The Spotlight and the Bottom Line Debora L. Spar The Specter of Secession Hurst Hannum ESSAYS Refocusing the IMF Martin Feldstein Fueling Asia's Recovery DanielYergin, Dennis Eklof, and Jefferson Edwards Europe's Endangered Liberal Order Timothy Garton Ash Toward a Real Global Warming Treaty Richard N. Cooper Africa's New Bloc Dan Connell and Frank Smyth The Rule of Law Revival Thomas Carothers The Remaking of Eurasia Valery V. Tsepkalo REVIEWS Geography as Destiny Barry Eichengreen The Discontinuous Future Alvin Toffler and Heidi Toffler

85 FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Article Title Author

May/June 1998 COMMENTS Volume 77, Number 3 Globalization and Its Discontents Richard N. Haass and Robert Litan The Capital Myth Jagdish Bhagwati The Natural Market Fallacy Bernard K. Gordon ESSAYS A Second American Century Mortimer B. Zuckerman America the Boastful Paul Krugman Americanizing Asia? Donald K. Emmerson Japan's Financial Mess Edward J. Lincoln Russia's Phony Capitalism Grigory Yavlinsky India's Problem Is Not Politics Marshall M. Bouton The Trouble with France Dominique Moisi REVIEWS After the Vultures Roger Cohen All the President's Acumen David C. Hendrickson

July/August 1998 COMMENTS Volume 77, Number 4 Are U.S.Troops in Japan Needed? Morihiro Hosokawa Preventing War in the Taiwan Strait Chas. W. Freeman Jr. Exodus within Borders Roberta Cohen and Francis M. Deng ESSAYS Netanyahu's Safety Belt Ehud Sprinzak Algeria's Army Algeria's Agony Lahouari Addi Peace Now or Hamas Later Khalil Shikaki Kyoto's Unfinished Business Henry D. Jacoby Ronald G. Prinn, and Richard Schmalensee Smashing the Iron Rice Bowl Neil C. Hughes China and the Asian Contagion Nicholas R. Lardy REVIEWS State of Grace? L. Carl Brown Picking Up U.N. Peacekeeping Pieces John Hillen The Berlin Airlift and the Tuture of the City: A Special Commemorative Section America's Berlin Ernest R. May Berlin, the Hauptstadt Gordon A. Craig Spies in Berlin David E. Murphy The Boss of Occupied Germany Peter Grose Germany Moves On Christoph Bertram

Note: The Editor's review of the past year's articles appears on p. 16.

86 PUBLISHING

Both in print and on-line, the Council publishes the results of its Studies activities, informa­ tion about its staff and program activities, and summaries and transcripts of selected events. The Council's web site—www.foreignrelations.org—reaches an evergrowing audience nation­ ally and internationally, while a steady stream of high-quality books and reports is read by increasing numbers of policymakers, scholars, business leaders, and students.

he Council publishes the results of its Studies and the Foreign Affairs site were updated in September activities in a variety of formats and through 1998. Among the new features is the capability to access Tseveral distribution channels. The majority of full-length audio and video files of Council events. publications are released simultaneously in print and on David Kellogg the Council's web site, and an increasing number are Publisher published on the web exclusively. This has helped short­ en the time between manuscript and publication. For shorter publications—including papers and reports—that PUBLICATIONS 1997-98 have limited distribution through traditional commercial channels, on-line publishing has helped the Council Council on Foreign Relations Press Books reach important new audiences, especially overseas. Atlantic Security: Contending Visions, edited by Charles This past year, the Council published eight books, Kupchan (forthcoming). which are marketed through the Brookings Institution to Centralization or Fragmentation? Europe Before the Challenges bookstores and for use in university classrooms. In addi­ of Deepening, Diversity, and Democracy, edited by Andrew tion, the Council published two Council Policy Initia­ Moravcsik (1998). tives, two Task Force Reports, and a number of Study Group papers and reports. China Joins the World: Progress and Prospects, edited by We also saw a rapid expansion of content offered on Elizabeth Economy and Michel Oksenberg (forthcoming). the Council web site, with over 100 original papers, re­ The City and the World: NewYork's Global Future, edited by ports, transcripts, and meeting summaries posted. Margaret E. Crahan and Alberto Vourvoulias-Bush (1997). Named the premier international affairs web site by Lycos, one of the web's leading search engines, the Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy, edited by Council's web site also underwent a major redesign— Richard N.Haass (1998). both graphical and technical. The Council's redesigned The Expanding Role of State and Local Governments in U.S. public web site, members' site (accessible by password), Foreign Affairs, by Earl H. Fry (1998).

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FUTURE VISIONS FOR US. DEFENSE POLICY Four Alternatives Presented as Presidential Speeches iillliil

Fires Across the Water: Transnational Problems in Asia, edited Council Policy Initiatives byJamesShinn(1998). Future Visions for U.S. Defense Policy: Four Alternatives Presented The New Russian Foreign Policy, edited by Michael Mandel- as Presidential Speeches. John Hillen, Project Director (1998). baum (1998). Future Visions for U.S. Trade Policy. Bruce Stokes, Project Di­ The Reluctant Sheriff: The United States After the Cold War, by rector (1998). Richard N.Haass (1998). Sustaining the Transition: The Social Safety Net in Postcommu- Study Group Reports and Papers nist Europe, edited by Ethan B. Kapstein and Michael Man- Exporting U.S. High Tech: Facts and Fiction about the Globaliza­ delbaum (1997). tion of Industrial R&D, by Benedicte Callan, Sean S. Costi- Transatlantic Economic Relations in the Post-Cold War Era, gan, and Kenneth H. Keller (1997). edited by Barry Eichengreen (1998). John}. McCloy Roundtable on the Elimination of Nuclear Trade Strategies for a New Era: Ensuring U.S. Leadership in a Weapons: Chairman's Report, by Larry D.Welch (1998). Global Economy, edited by Geza Feketekuty with Bruce Pirates on the High Seas: The United States and Global Intellec­ Stokes (1998). tual Property Rights, by Benedicte Callan (1998). Independent Task Force Reports Riding the Tigers: American Commercial Diplomacy in Asia, Jeffrey Garten and Robert Zoellick, Chairs; James Shinn, Managing Change on the Korean Peninsula, Report of an In­ Project Director (1998). dependent Task Force. Morton I. Abramowitz and James T. The Tests of War and the Strains of Peace: The U.S.-Japan Laney, Chairs; Michael Green, Project Director (1998). Security Relationship, Richard Armitage and Harold Brown, Promoting U.S. Economic Relations with Africa, Report of an Chairs; Bruce Stokes, Project Director (1998). (A bilingual Independent Task Force. Peggy Dulany and Frank Savage, edition.) Chairs; Salih Booker, Project Director (1998).

88 PUBLISHING

ECONOMIC" FUTURE VISIONS FOR SANCTIONS U.S. TRADE RUSSIA A N D FOREI POLIC . \ M F R DIPI OMACY

MICHAEt MAHOEi B4UM kJLD N.

* COUNCIL PCH.ICY INlTIATtVC

U.S. Commercial Diplomacy, four background papers by Ray­ Other Publications by Council mond J. Albright, Robbin S. Johnson, David J. Rothkopf, and Fellows and Staff Christopher B. Johnstone (1998). The American Encounter: The United States and the Making of The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance in the 21st Century, two the Modem World, edited by James F. Hoge Jr. and Fareed background papers by Michael Green and Mike M. Zakaria, Basic Books (1997). Mochizuki (1998). Blue Helmets, by John Hillen, Brassey's Inc. (1998). Preventive Action Reports Capital Flows and Financial Crises, by Miles Kahler, Cornell Cases and Strategies for Preventive Action, edited by Barnett R. University Press (1998). Rubin, Council on Foreign Relations and the Twentieth Civic Society in the Atlantic Community, edited by Charles Century Fund (1998). Kupchan, Josef Janning, and Dirk Rumberg, Bertelsmann Stabilizing Nigeria: Sanctions, Incentives, and Support for Civil (1998). Society, by Peter M. Lewis, Pearl T. Robinson, and Barnett R. The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environ­ Rubin, Council on Foreign Relations and the Twentieth Century Fund (1998). mental Commitments, edited by David G. Victor, Kal Raus- tiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, MIT Press (1998). Preventing Conflict in Central Asia: The Ferghana Valley, by Nancy Lubin, Keith Martin, and Barnett R. Rubin, Council The Internationalization of Environmental Protection, edited by on Foreign Relations and the Twentieth Century Fund Miranda A. Schreurs and Elizabeth Economy, Cambridge (1998). University Press (1997). Report of the Conference on Nigeria, Council on Foreign Rela­ Post-Soviet Political Order: Conflict and State Building, edited tions and the Twentieth Century Fund (1998). by Barnett R. Rubin and Jack Snyder, Routledge (1998).

All books, Council Policy Initiatives, and task force reports are marketed and distributed by the Brookings Institution. To order, call 1-800-275-1447.

89 DEVELOPMENT

To sustain its rich array of programs, the Council depends in part on the generous support of individuals and institutional donors to supplement income from dues and other sources. The Board and staff gratefully thank those donors who added so much to the financial strength of the organization.

his has been a year of increased engagement During the year, the Council received significant support and involvement in the development process from several foundations, including the Carnegie Corpo­ Tby individual members. Various members vol­ ration of New York, the Ford Foundation, the Horace W. unteered their time and efforts and have helped us im­ Goldsmith Foundation, the W. Alton Jones Foundation, measurably in reaching ever-higher goals. Term the Korea Foundation, the John D. and Catherine T. members, on their own initiative, formed a fund-raising MacArthur Foundation, the John M. Olin Foundation, subcommittee to help with the Annual Fund. Volunteers and the Pew Charitable Trusts. wrote letters and made calls resulting in the best giving Janice L. Murray record ever from term members. Their efforts are covered Vice President and Treasurer more fully in the term member program section on pages 79-83. 75th Anniversary Capital Campaign The Council is extremely fortunate to have almost half This campaign, culminating with the Council's 75th an­ of its members contribute each year. Under the leader­ niversary celebration in 1996, brought $36 million in gifts ship of Maurice Sonnenberg and Lester Pollack, efforts and pledges to the Council, providing major funding for are underway to engage through very personal solicita­ our unrestricted endowment, nine endowed chairs, and tions those members whose giving is more sporadic. a number of fellowships. This year, $3,580,500 in cam­ Special thanks go to all the volunteers who helped to paign gifts and pledge payments were received. The make 1997-98 an extraordinary year, both from the names of those contributors are listed on page 92. standpoint of money raised and increased participation of members. The Maurice R. Greenberg Reception Room In addition to engaging more of its membership, the The Council is indebted to Vice Chairman Maurice R. Council has focused on involving more foundations in Greenberg and the Starr Foundation for two generous its programs. At a time when attention has shifted away grants, one to endow a second chair on Asia with a focus from international affairs, the Council continues to em­ on China, and another toward the construction of our phasize the importance and relevance of foreign policy new Peter G. Peterson Center for International Studies. study and the need for foundation support in this area. At a dinner in November to inaugurate the Maurice R.

90 DEVELOPMENT

Greenberg Director of Studies Chair, the Council dedi­ The Annual Fund cated the main reception room in the Harold Pratt President Leslie H. Gelb sent the fall appeal to the House to Mr. Greenberg in recognition of his outstand­ membership. A letter from Chairman Peter G. Peterson ing generosity. followed in the spring. Term members Faul Golob and New Major Gifts Nancy F. Goodman wrote to term members in the spring with follow-up calls made by a team of volun­ A number of individuals made major gifts to the Coun­ teers. As a result, giving by term members increased cil, and we extend a deep note of appreciation to each of from 27 percent to 35 percent. Paul A. Allaire, Chairman them: Chairman Peter G. Peterson for funding the Peter­ of the Council's Committee on Corporate Affairs and son Center; Mimi and Peter E. Haas for their funding of Development, made a final appeal to previous donors in the Council's outreach program; Stephen M. Kellen for mid-May. his donation to younger and term member program­ Special emphasis was put this year on increasing the ming; and Arthur Ross for his contribution to the Coun­ number of Harold Pratt Associates (Annual Fund donors cil's Rapid Response Fund. of $10,000 or more). Established in 1994 to recognize the The Studies Program received major contributions Council's most generous donors to the Annual Fund, the from Linda J. Wachner to establish a new chair in U.S. Harold Pratt Associates grew this year from 35 to 60. We foreign economic policy; Washington SyCip for South­ are grateful to the members of this group whose yearly east Asia studies; Bandar Bin Sultan Bin Abdulaziz to gifts to the Annual Fund do so much to further the support the Council's work on conflict resolution, the Council's well-being. Their names appear on page 93. state of Qatar for the Council's New Initiatives Program; Member enthusiasm and confidence in the Council and Ronnie C. Chan, Victor K. Fung, and C.C. Tung for produced an all-time high of $1,825,500 contributed to the China Studies Program. this year's Annual Fund from 1,511 members (45 percent The Council received a generous bequest from the es­ of the membership). We are grateful to the members tate of William A.M. Burden. Mr. Burden was a member who multiplied their contributions through 45 corporate of the Board of Directors from 1945 to 1974. The charita­ and foundation matching gifts. Donors are listed on ble lead trust he left will continue to distribute funds for pages 93-98. the next 13 years. A full list of current contributors to a broad range of Council activities appears on page 92.

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ENDOWMENT TERM GRANTS Yosef A. Maiman Fouad Makzhoumi GIFTS AND OTHER George C. Marshall Foundation RESTRICTED Mobil Corporation Gifts and pledge payments to the Council's 75th Musallam Ali Musallam anniversary capital campaign and other endow­ GIFTS Peter G. Peterson ment funds were received from the following John M. Olin Foundation, Inc. donors: Anonymous (2) Orient Overseas International Ltd. AGIP Petroleum Co. Inc. Permanent Mission of the State of Qatar The Blackstone Group Fouad M. T. Alghanim to the United Nations Chase Manhattan Bank HamzaAl-Kholi Louis Perlmutter Credit Suisse First Boston Mohammed ALSager Ploughshares Fund Deloitte& louche LLP BP America Inc. The Christopher Reynolds Foundation, Inc. Fiat USA, Inc. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Smith Richardson Foundation, Inc. General Electric Company Carnegie Corporation of New York Stephen Robert Samuel V. Goekjian Ronnie C Chan Rockefeller Brothers Fund Albert H. Gordon Jerome Alan Cohen The Rockefeller Foundation Maurice R. Greenberg Committee for Free Trade and Economic Robert L. Rosen The Hurford Foundation Growth Arthur Ross Foundation Mary Woodard Lasker Arie and Ida Crown Memorial Theodore C. Sorensen Charitable Trust Ibrahim Dabdoub Carl Spielvogel Edward E. Matthews The William H. Donner Foundation, Inc. The Starr Foundation Mildred H. Morse Mary and Nicholas Eberstadt Bandar Bin Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Cecil J. Olmstead Exxon Corporation The Washington SyCip Family Foundation Paine Webber Group The Ford Foundation Texaco, Inc. Peter G. Peterson Helena Franklin John Train Lester Pollack Stephen & Barbara Friedman Foundation C. C.Tung James D. Robinson III Victor K. Fung Twentieth Century Fund, Inc. David Rockefeller GE Fund United States Institute of Peace Daniel Rose The Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation United Technologies Elihu Rose Miriam and Peter Haas Linda J. Wachner Charitable Trust Frederick P. Rose William A. Hewitt Robert C. Waggoner Ronald K. Shelp J. Tomilson Hill Zubatkin Associates, Inc. Simpson Thacher & Bartlett Hitachi, Ltd. The Starr Foundation Home Box Office The John L. Weinberg Foundation Japan-United States Friendship Commission Wolfensohn Family Foundation Robert Wood Johnson 1962 Charitable Trust BEQUEST Xerox Corporation Ibrahim Kamel Anna-Maria & Stephen Kellen Foundation William A.M. Burden Charitable Lead Trust Nemir A. Kirdar Albert Kunstadter Family Foundation Robert K. Lifton The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Vincent A. Mai

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ANNUAL GIVING DONORS Harold Pratt Peter G. Peterson Jerry I. Speyer Warren Christopher Peter M. Gottsegen Associates Lester Pollack Carl Spielvogel Charles E. Cobb Jr. Katharine Graham Steven L. Rattner David F. Stein Betsy Helen Cohen Bill Green ($10,000+) Stephen Robert Lee B. Thomas Jr. Stephen F. Cohen Patrick W. Gross Anonymous (2) David Rockefeller PaulA.Volcker William T. Coleman Jr. John H. Gutfreund Robert John Abemethy Daniel Rose Ward W.Woods Sydney M. Cone III John H. J. Guth Odeh F. Aburdene Arthur Ross George Crile III Joseph A. Hafner Jr. Paul A. Allaire James Baker Sitrick Sponsors Theodore Cross C. Barrows Hall Dwayne O. Andreas Maurice Sonnenberg Barbara Crossette Edward K. Hamilton ($l,000-$4,999) Roone Arledge Paul Soros W. Bowman Cutter Sidney Harman Henry H. Arnhold The Starr Foundation Anonymous (2) Jack David Irving B. Harris Mario L. Baeza Laurence Alan Tisch A. Robert Abboud Ralph Parsons Davidson Alexandre P. Hayek Jeffrey Bewkes EnzoViscusi Robert F. Agostinelli Robert A. Day F. Warren Hellman John P. Birkelund Robert C. Waggoner M. Bernard Aidinoff George de Menil John B. Hess Patrick M. Byrne Stanley A. Weiss Graham T. Allison Lois Pattison de Menil CarlaAHills Patricia M. Cloherty Malcolm H. Wiener Roger C. Altaian Barbara Knowles Debs Frank W. Hoch Douglas Dillon Robert G. Wilmers David Altshuler Richard A. Debs Robert D. Hormats Jeffrey Epstein Terry Lynn Andreas Caroline M. Devine James R. Houghton Bart Friedman Patrons M. Michael Ansour Paula J. Dobriansky Gary C. Hufbauer Stephen Friedman Stanley S. Arkin Thomas R. Donahue Roy M. Huffington ($5,000-$9,999) Richard L. Gelb C. Michael Armstrong William Donaldson Patricia Skinner Patrick A. Gerschel Robert E. Allen Norman R. Augustine William H. Draper Huntington Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Christopher W. Brody Laurence Merrill Band Robin Chandler Duke Robert J. Hurst Joachim Gfoeller Jr. John E. Bryson Alan R. Batkin Charles William John E. Jacob Maurice R. Greenberg James E. Burke Richard I. Beattie Duncan Jr. Merit E. Janow The Marc Haas John F. Cooke Hans W. Becherer P. Andrew Dunigan Robert D. Joffe Foundation Lester Crown William S. Beinecke Robert F. Ellsworth Wyatt Thomas Johnson James W. Harpel Kenneth W. Dam Robert A. Belfer Geraldine A. Ferraro Thomas V. Jones J. Tomilson Hill Peggy Dulany Peter Justus Beshar Antonio Luis Ferre Howard Kaminsky Richard C. Holbrooke Robert F. Erburu Simon Michael Bessie EugeneV. Fife Virginia Ann Kamsky John B. Hurford Lynn Forester Kenneth J. Bialkin Peter Haherty Andrew B. Kim Ray R. Irani Richard A. Freytag James Henry Binger Arminio Fraga Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Robert Wood Johnson Jr. Teresa Heinz Edward Bleier Harry L. Freeman Henry A. Kissinger Donald Blinken Charitable Trust Karen Elliott House Michel P. Fribourg Robert Huntington W. Michael Blumenthal Henry Kaufman Yves-Andre Istel Paul J. Fribourg Knight John F. Bookout Hanya Marie Kim Morton L. Janklow David Fromkin Mahesh K. Kotecha Denis A. Bovin James V. Kimsey Alan Kent Jones Richard M. Furlaud Harvey Krueger Kenneth D. Brody Henry R. Kravis Harry Kahn Paul R. S. Gebhard Roger M. Kubarych Harold Brown Leonard A. Lauder Helene L. Kaplan Bruce S. Gelb Thomas G. Labrecque Richard R. Burt Gerald M. Levin Stephen M. Kellen Leslie H. Gelb James T. Laney Philip Caldwell John A. Levin Rupert Murdoch Michael Gfoeller David A. Laventhol Robert Carswell Michael Stuart Levin Michael S. Ovitz James Henry Giffen W. Walker Lewis Elliot R. Cattarulla Sherman R. Lewis Jr. Louis Perlmutter Peter Gleysteen John H. Lichtblau Henry E. Catto Vincent A. Mai Lionel I. Pincus Frederick W. Gluck Nancy A. Lieberman Anne Cox Chambers Donald B. Marron Albert V. Ravenholt Frank A. Godchaux III Troland S. Link Jonathan A. Chanis Raymond Donald Nasher Frederick P Rose William T. Golden Kenneth Lipper Robert J. Chaves Open Society Institute John T. Ryan Jr. Memori­ Guido Goldman John P. Lipsky Kenneth I. Chenault The Overbrook al Foundation Jeffrey A. Goldstein Bette Bao Lord Ivan Seidenberg Richard B. Cheney Roy M. Goodman Foundation Winston Lord 93 DEVELOPMENT

Jon B. Lovelace Simon Ramo Maurice Tempelsman Marilyn Berger Alton Frye William Lucy Alan H. Rappaport Anthony P. Terracciano C. Fred Bergsten Orit B. Gadiesh James T. Lynn Richard Ravitch Louisa Thoron Austin M. Beutner Sergio J. Galvis Margaret E. Mahoney John B. Rhinelander Maynard J. Toll Jr. Andy S. Bodea Murray J. Gart Philippa Malmgren Joseph A. Rice Audrey Ronning Topping Robert D. Bond Henry Louis Gates Jr. David I. Margolis Robert S. Rifkind Seymour Topping J. Dennis Bonney Philomene A. Gates Rebecca P. Mark Michael L. Riordan Edward HallamTuck John C. Botts Peter Andrew Georgescu Kati I. Marton Charles S. Robb Laura D Andrea Tyson John Brademas David Ginsburg Jay Mazur John J. Roberts Garrick Utley Henry R. Breck William H. Gleysteen Jr. William Gage McAfee James D. Robinson III Cyrus R.Vance Richard P. Brown Jr. Henry Franklin Graff Patrick F. McCartan Nicholas Rockefeller Katrina vanden Heuvel George Bugliarello Thomas Graham Jr. William J. McDonough William P. Rogers Wlliam J. vanden Heuvel Deborah K. Burand Michael D. Granoff Donald F. McHenry Felix G. Rohatyn Peter H.Vermilye Donald S. Bussey Hanna Holborn Gray Robert Moody McKinney John H. Roney Richard Allen Voell Juan Carlos Cappello Evan G. Greenberg Dana G. Mead Theodore Roosevelt IV Stephen R.Volk Sarah C. Carey Donald P. Gregg Carl Braun Menges Elihu Rose Marshall I. Wais Jr. Frank C. Carlucci Linda Griego Zoltan Merszei A. M. Rosenthal Washington Discussion John W. Carr Henry A. Grunwald Ricardo A. Mestres Jr. Robert E. Rubin Group Gareth C.C. Chang Najeeb E. Halaby Ruben R Mettler Warren B. Rudman Bruce Wasserstein Kimball C. Chen Ellen Hancock Edward C. Meyer Arthur F. Ryan John H. Watts J. G. Clarke Scott M. Hand J. Irwin Miller Richard E. Salomon Frank A. Weil Donald K. Clifford Jr. Herbert J. Hansell George J. Mitchell Barry A. Sanders John L. Weinberg Jonathan E. Colby Robert S. Hatfield David H. Mortimer Frank Savage John C. Whitehead Isobel Coleman Frederick Heldring Kenneth A. Moskow Diane Sawyer Frederick B. Whittemore Lewis W. Coleman Richard McG. Helms RaffiqA. Nathoo Henry B. Schacht Herbert S. Winokur Jr. Philip E. Comstock Jr. John M. Hennessy Alexander Navab Thomas Schick Milton A. Wolf Peter R Cowhey Irvin Hicks Nancy S. Newcomb Arthur Schneier James D. Wolfensohn William J. Crowe Robert F. Higgins Edward N. Ney Michael Peter Schulhof George H.Young III Lee Cullum James F. Hoge Jr. Nancy Stephenson Stephen A. Schwarzman Nancy Young Marcia Wachs Dam George Roberts Hoguet Herbert M. Shayne Eli Whitney Debevoise II Richard C. Hottelet Nichols Michel Zaleski Stanley K. Sheinbaum Robert E. Denham Jon M. Huntsman Jr. Rodney W.Nichols Frank G. Zarb Michael Sherman Kenneth T. Derr Philip M. Huyck Kenneth Nilsson Ezra K. Zilkha WalterV. Shipley Diana Lady Dougan Allen I. Hyman Philip A. Odeen Robert B. Zoellick George P. Shultz Joseph D. Duffey Fred C. Ikle Morris W.Offit Mortimer B. Zuckerman Patricia T. Smalley William D. Eberle Maxine Isaacs Merle Aiko Okawara Richard E. Snyder Jessica P. Einhorn Jerome Jacobson Richard de J. Osborne Dorothy Meadow Sobol Donors Robert J. Einhorn James A. Johnson James W. Owens Peter J. Solomon ($500-$999) Inger McCabe Elliott Thomas S. Johnson Richard D. Parsons H. Marshall Sonenshine Osborn Elliott Vernon E. Jordan Jr. Alan Joel Patricof Theodore C. Sorensen Anonymous Guy F. Erb Mark N. Kaplan Joseph R. Perella Joan E. Spero Labeeb M. Abboud Susan L. Karamanian John J. Phelan Jr. Elliot Stein Fouad Ajami Alexander T. Ercklentz Donald M. Kendall Harvey Picker Joshua Linder Steiner Raul F. Anderson Gail H. Evans Martha Neff Kessler Charles M. Pigott Angela Evelyn Stent John E. Avery Jose W. Fernandez Antonie Theodore Nicholas Piatt Walter P. Stern H. Furlong Baldwin Hart Fessenden Calvin H. Plimpton Donald M. Stewart Carter F. Bales Albert Fishlow Knoppers Colin L. Powell Gordon C. Stewart William G. Bardel Peter M. Flanigan Lillian E. Kraemer Allen E. Puckett Stephen Claar Swid Thomas Corcoran Barry Shepard L. Forman Kirk Kraeutler Thomas L. Pulling PaulTagliabue Gregory R. Bedrosian Eugene M. Freedman Thomas F. Kranz LeonardV. Quigley Frank J. Tasco Louis Begley Cyrus F. Freidheim Geraldine S. Kunstadter Maxwell M. Rabb Gordon P. Bell Peter H. B. Frelinghuysen Kermit I. Lansner

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Philip C. Lauinger Jr. Dan Rather Barbara Walters John R. Baker Nicholas F. Brady Joshua Lederberg Ned Regan R. Keith Walton Robert Edward Baldwin Lawrence J. Brainard Roger S. Leeds William Michael Reisman Jasper A. Welch Jr. Sherman Baldwin David A. Bramlett Susan B. Levine Milbrey Rennie Anne Wexler Kenneth David Balick Marcus W. Brauchli Glen S. Lewy Stanley R. Resor Richard J. Whalen Gerald L. Baliles George William Franklin A. Lindsay John B. Rhodes, Sr. Clifton R. Wharton Jr. Charles F. Barber Breslauer Francis D. Logan William R. Rhodes Marina v.N. Whitman Teresa C. Barger John J. Bresnan Bruce K. MacLaury Condoleezza Rice Anita Volz Wen John P. Barker Andrew F. Brimmer John Dewitt Macomber Donald S. Rice Robert E. Wilhelm William J. Barnds DavidV. B. Britt Murrey Marder Donald H. Rivkin Don M. Wilson III Harry G. Barnes Jr. Raymond L. Brittenham Brian P. Mathis Joseph E. Robert Jr. Alan Wm. Wolff Joseph W. Bartlett Harvey Brooks Michael M. May Barbara Paul Robinson Daniel H.Yergin Thomas A. Bartlett Charles N. Brower Claudette Mayer David Rockefeller Jr. Arthur Zeikel Whitman Bassow Carroll Brown AJonzo L. McDonald Riordan Roett Carol Edler Baumann Frederic J. Brown Patricia Ann McFate Robert S. Ross Contributors David Z. Beckler L. Carl Brown Sharon I. Meers Charles O. Rossotti Richard E. Beeman Robert S. Browne John Merow Elisabeth Read Russin (Up to $499) David O. Beim Judith Bruce Cord Meyer Alison B. Sander Charles S.Abbot Ruth Margolies Beitler Greyson L. Bryan Harold J. Meyerman Robert A. Scalapino Elie Abel Burwcll B. Bell Mark F. Brzezinski Charles D. Miller Oscar Schachter Morris B. Abram Holley Mack Bell Mark E. Buchman Judith Miller Herbert S. Schlosser Morton I. Abramowitz Steve Bell William F. Buckley Jr. John A. Millington Benno Schmidt Jr. Kamal Ahmad Stephanie K. Bell-Rose Thomas Buergenthal Sherwood G. Moe Douglas E. Schoen James E. Akins John B. Bellinger III Mary Brown Bullock John J. Moore Jr. Ronald K. Shelp Alice P. Albright Judith H. Bello William P. Bundy Richard M. Moose C.J.Silas Michael H. Alderman Terence H. Benbow John A. Burgess Bailey Morris -Eck Ron Silver Robert J. Alexander Lucy Wlson Benson Patrick Owen Burns Edward L. Morse Julie Ann Simons Lew Allen Jr. Douglas K. Bereuter Rodgers Christopher George B. Munroe Richard N. Sinkin Richard C. Allison Bruce D. Berkowitz Busbee Winthrop R. Munyan Paul S. Slawson Michael A. Almond John E. Berndt Rolland H. Bushner William F. Murdy Richard M. Smith Jose E. Alvarez Peter W. Bernstein Elizabeth Cabot Richard W. Murphy Abraham David Sofaer Oakes Ames Susan Vail Berresford Louis W. Cabot Thomas S. Murphy Richard W. Sonnenfeldt Harold W. Andersen Jan C. Berris Camille M. Caesar Allen E. Murray Gillian Martin Sorensen Craig B. Anderson Richard K. Betts Dawn T. Calabia Priscilla A. Newman Michael I. Sovern Joseph A. Anderson John C. Beyer Thomas M. Callaghy Paul H. Nitze Helena Stalson Robert Anthoine Betsy Biemann Robert J. Callander L. Jay Oliva Ernest Stern Kwame Anthony Appiah Henry S. Bienen David Patrick Calleo Douglas Haines Paal Anne Stetson Shellye L. Archambeau John C. Bierley John C. Campbell Hannah C. Pakula James W. Stevens Tomas A. Arciniega Richard B. Bilder John Carey Alexandra Wood Parent Donald B. Straus Michael H. Armacost Nicholas Burns Binkley Steven E. Carlson Ernest T. Patrikis Rose Styron Gustavo Arnavat Eugene A. Birnbaum William D. Carmichael Charles H. Percy Gordon R. Sullivan Jonathan David Aronson Joseph E. Black Mark Andrew Carter Roswell B. Perkins David H. Swanson Robert E. Asher Robert O. Blake W. Hodding Carter John R. Petty Brandon W. Sweitzer Alfred Leroy Atherton Jr. Stephen Blank Ray Charles Cave Joseph F. Peyronnin Eric P. Swenson James E. Auer Robert Jay Blendon Elaine L. Chao Philip H. Power Harold Tanner Jesse H. Ausubel Alexander B. Blumrosen Robert Bruce Charles Larry Pressler G. Richard Thoman M. Delal Baer Daniel E. Bob Robert Chartener John R. Price Jr. Richard Frank Tucker Charles Waldo Bailey Avis T. Bohlen Linda Chavez Susan Kaufman Purcell John W.Vessey Charles F. Baird Landrum R. Boiling Daniel S. Cheever Nathan M. Pusey Alberto Vitale Zoe Baird Marshall M. Bouton Stephen A. Cheney Clyde E. Rankin III Jay M.Vogelson James E. Baker Robert R. Bowie Leo Cherne

95 DEVELOPMENT

Paula H. J. Cholmondeley Edwin A. Deagle Jr. Martin S. Feldstein Robert F. Goheen Richard M. Heller Marjorie Ann Chorlins Jonathan Dean Frank E. Ferrari Ronnie L. Goldberg Daniel P. Henninger Jack C. Chow Alfred C. DeCrane Jr. Russell Hunt Fifield James M. Goldgeier Alan K. Henrikson Howard Longstreth Roxanne J. Decyk Barbara D. Finberg Harrison J. Goldin Roy A. Herberger Jr. Clark Ralston H. Deffenbaugh Seymour Maxwell Finger Marshall I. Goldman Christian A. Herter Jr. J. H. Cullum Clark David B. H. Denoon Lawrence S. Finkelstein Merle D. Goldman Arthur Hertzberg Harlan Cleveland Vivian Lowery Derryck James Finn Neil Goldschmidt Charles M. Herzfeld William R. Cline I. M. Destler Paul B. Finney Paul Golob Theodore M. Hesburgh Barbara S. Cochran John Deutch Edwin B. Firmage George J. W. Goodman Sylvia Ann Hewlett C. Shelby Coffey III Robert P. DeVecchi Stanley Fischer Nancy F. Goodman Keith Highet Joseph I. Coffey Joan Didion Stephen E. Flynn Andrew J. Goodpaster Roger Hilsman Ariel Cohen William Diebold Jr. S.R Foley Jr. Lincoln Gordon James Andrew Himes Herman J. Cohen Justin Doebele Edward T. Foote II Joseph T. Gorman Ruth Hinerfeld Johnnetta Cole William C. Doherty Gerald R. Ford Alan L. Gornick Deane R. Hinton Julius E. Coles Robert H. Donaldson Brenda Lei Foster Kurt Gottfried Christine M.Y. Ho Leila Anne Conners Harold C. Donnelly Donald T. Fox Peter G. Gould Jim Hoagland John T. Connor Jr. Grant R. Doty Joseph Carrere Fox Robert D. Graff Tammany D. Hobbs Jill M. Considine Robert R. Douglass Thomas M. Franck Stephen Richards Amoretta M. Hoeber Frances D. Cook Michael W. Doyle Charles R. Frank Jr. Graubard Malcolm I. Hoenlein Gary M. Cook Kenneth M. Duberstein Isaiah Frank R Scott Greathead Warren M. Hoge Goodwin Cooke Seth H. Dubin Barbara Hackman Joseph N. Greene Jr. Mary Elizabeth Hoinkes James H. Duffy Jane E. Holl Philip H. Coombs Franklin Hugh D. S. Greenway Michael J. Dugan Dwight F. Holloway Jr. Chester L. Cooper Jendayi E. Frazer Richard Grenier Kempton Dunn Henry Allen Holmes Suzanne Cott J. Wayne Fredericks Brandon Grove Jr. Donald B. Easum John D. Holum William Harrison Roger C. Freeman Edwin O. Guthman Ralph E. Eberhart Townsend W. Hoopes Courtney Edward R. Fried Bernard M. Gwertzman Randolph P. Eddy III Gary N. Horlick Elizabeth M. Cousens Jordana D. Friedman Robert D. Haas Mark D. W. Edington Karen N. Horn Sally Grooms Cowal Michael B. G. Froman Richard N. Haass Robert H. Edwards Jr. Alan W. Horton Margaret E. Crahan Ellen L. Frost Alexander M. Haig Jr. Robert H. Edwards Bradley C. Hosmer Ann Crittenden Kathryn S. Fuller John P. Hall Karl Eikenberry Amory Houghton Jr. Adelaide McGuinn William P. Fuller PaulHallingbyJr. Hermann Frederick Eilts Lee W. Huebner Cromwell Robert L. Gallucci David R. Halperin Charles R. Eisendrath R. John Hughes Lester M. Crystal Charles S. Ganoe Michael P. Hamilton James Reed Ellis Ellen H. Hume Kenneth A. Cutshaw Jeffrey E. Garten Carl Thor Hanson Patricia Ellis J. C. Hurewitz William B. Dale Charles Gati Giselle P. Hantz Nancy Halliday Sol Hurwitz Charles H. Dallara TobyTrister Gati Conrad K. Harper David R. Ignatius George Albert Dalley Claire L. Gaudiani Todd C. Hart Ely-Raphel Alice Stone Ilchman Dorinda G. Dallmeyer Catherine C. Gay Arthur A. Hartman Ainslie T. Embree Karl F. Inderfurth James E. Dalton Inge Gedo John H. F. Haskell Jr. Jason Epstein B. R. Inman William H. Danforth Philip O. Geier John Resor Hauge Richard D. Erb Michael D. Intriligator Louis Gerber William Locke Hauser D. Ronald Daniel Claude E. Erbsen John N. Irwin II Allan Gerson Fred Haynes Mark D. Danner Robert H. Estabrook Steven M. Irwin Ralph J. Gerson Thomas B. Hayward Russell J. DaSilva Daniel C. Esty John Jay Iselin Michael Getler Charles B. Heck Kathryn W. Davis Douglas Elton Steven Laurence Isenberg Tatiana C. Gfoeller Barbara D. Heep-Richter Nathaniel Davis Fairbanks Jr. Christopher Isham Loren Ghiglione Elaine F. Heifetz W. Phillips Davison Richard M. Fairbanks III Eric K. Jackson Jackson B. Gilbert Stephen B. Heintz Marion M. Dawson Carr Mathea Falco Sarah Jackson Robert R. Glauber Harry Leonard Heintzen Arthur R. Day Katherine W. Fanning Nancy A. Jarvis Norma Globerman Robert C. Helander Arnaud de Borchgrave Jonathan Foster Fanton Alpheus W. Jessup Carol Gluck Ricki Tigert Heifer Peter E. de Janosi Samuel H. Feist

96 DEVELOPMENT

Robert H. Johnson Charles A. Kupchan Clement B. Malin Allan R. Millett William E. Odom David C. Jones Joyce A. Ladner Mahmoud A. Mamdani Bradford Mills Anthony G. Oettinger James R. Jones Betty Goetz Lall Michael Mandelbaum Susan Linda Mills Kongdan Oh Sidney R. Jones Denis Lamb Audrey Forbes Manley Yehudah Mirsky Michel Oksenberg Amos A. Jordan Lansing Lamont J. Eugene Marans George D. Moffett April A. Oliver Geri M. Joseph Virginia A. Lampley David E. Mark Walter Thomas Molano John R. Opel John R Jumper David M. Lampton Hans M. Mark Walter F. Mondale Michael R Oppenheimer Kenneth I. Juster George D. Langdon Jr. Leonard H. Marks William S. Moody Norman J. Ornstein Robert P. Kadlec Joseph LaPalombara Andrew W. Marshall John Norton Moore Peter R. Orszag Philip M. Kaiser Nicholas R. Lardy Anthony D. Marshall Julia A. Moore Elizabeth M. Osisek Bernard Kalb R Stephen Larrabee F. Ray Marshall Paul Moore Jr. F. Taylor Ostrander Jan H. Kalicki Jonathan Lash Katherine Marshall Theodore H. Moran William A. Owens Peter H. Kaminer Ned C. Lautenbach Lisa L. Martin Lloyd N. Morrisett George C. Paine II Donald P. Kanak Richard D. Lawrence Lynn Morley Martin Kenneth P. Morse Abraham Pais Roger E. Kanet Ernest S. Lee Leo S. Martinuzzi Jr. Alfred H. Moses Mark Palmer Arnold Kanter Robert Legvold Jessica T. Mathews Michael David Mosettig Karen E. Parker Stephen S. Kaplan John Foster Leich William B. Matteson Michael H. Moskow Maynard Parker Stanley Karnow Marc E. Leland Ernest R. May Ambler H. Moss Jr. Gerald L. Parsky Margaret P. Karns Richard C. Leone Gerald M. Mayer Jr. Joel W. Motley Juliette M. Passer-Muslin Jordan S. Kassalow Bernard Lewis Barry R. McCaffrey Dan T. Motulsky HughT. Patrick Allen H. Kassof Stephen R. Lewis Jr. Edward McCann Margaret Farris Mudd Roland A. Paul Abraham Katz Cynthia C. Lichtenstein Paul B. McCarthy David C. Mulford Scott D. Pearson Daniel Roger Katz Kenneth G. Lieberthal John J. McCloy II Steven Muller Richard Foote Pedersen Stanley N. Katz Sally L. Lilienthal Elizabeth J. McCormack Douglas P. Murray James K. Penfield Daniel J. Kaufman David F. Linowes Paul W. McCracken Janice L. Murray Don Peretz Carl Kaysen Robert S. Litwak Jennifer A. McFarlane Martha T. Muse Edward J. Perkins Farhad Kazemi Eric P. Liu Alan McGowan Ted M. Natt James A. Perkins Thomas H. Kean J. Bruce Llewellyn David T. McLaughlin John D. Negroponte Robert C. Perry Barbara L. Kellerman Jan M. Lodal Kathleen Roberta Merlin E. Nelson Arthur King Peters Paul X. Kelley George Cabot Lodge Richard A. Nenneman Aulana L. Peters McNamara John H. Kelly Bevis Longstreth Richard E. Neustadt Michael P. Peters M. Peter McPherson Geoffrey Kemp James G. Lowenstein Andre W. G. Newburg Holly Peterson Lawrence C. McQuade Peter B. Kenen Abraham F. Lowenthal Richard T. Newman David H. Petraeus Robert S. McWade William H. Kent Ignacio E. Lozano David D. Newsom Richard W Petree Jon Meacham Robert O. Keohane C. Payne Lucas Quigg Newton Stephen R. Petschek Walter Russell Mead Ann Zwicker Kerr Edward C. Luck Carole Nichols Jane Cahill Pfeiffer Robert F. Meagher W. Carl Kester William H. Luers Rosemary Neaher Steven B. Pfeiffer Irene W. Meister John W. Kiermaier Richard W. Lyman Christopher H. Phillips Eric D. K. Melby Robert M. Kimmitt Christopher Ma Niehuss Russell A. Phillips Jr. Judy Hendren Mello Judith Kipper Charles Frederick Waldemar August Lawrence W. Pierce Saul H. Mendlovitz Melanie M. Krkpatnck Nielsen Andrew J. Pierre John R. Menke Karin L. Kizer MacCormack Matthew Nimetz Donald L. Pilling Theodor Meron David Klein Gary E. MacDougal William A. Nitze Walter H. Pincus William Curtis Messner Jr. Leo Sidney Mackay Jr. Eli M. Noam Rutherford M. Poats George Rich Metcalf William Allen Knowlton William B. Macomber Marcus Noland Richard W. Pogue Martin Meyerson George Kolt Robert M. Macy Jr. Richard H. Nolte Gerald A. Pollack Elizabeth Midgley Jessica Korn John David Maguire J. Benjamin H. Nye Kenneth Michael Pollack Debra L. Miller John C. Kornblum Thomas G. Mahnken Robert B. Oakley Daniel Bruce Poneman Matthew L. Miller Louis Kraar Thomas H. Mahoney TV Don Oberdorfer Marquita J. Pool-Eckert Roberta Balstad Miller Jane Kramer Charles S. Maier Carol O'Cleireacain Arturo C. Porzecanski David Kruidenier Christopher J. Makins Michelle Miller-Adams Walter F O'Connor

97 DEVELOPMENT

Barry R. Posen Michael A. Samuels Malcolm B. Smith Harry D. Train II Charles Weiss Jr. Wesley W. Posvar Miguel A. Sanchez Perry M. Smith Russell E. Train Cora Weiss Thomas Powers Stephen Thomas Louis B. Sohn Eugene P. Trani Edith Brown Weiss Jeffrey F. Pryce Sargeant Stephen J. Solarz Thomas J. Trebat Thomas G.Weiss William T. Pryce Ralph Southey Saul Peter O. A. Solbert Philip H.Trezise Herman B.Wells Robert H. Puckett Harold H. Saunders Andrew Wallace Peter D. Trooboff Samuel F. Wells Jr. Lucian W. Pye Kori Schake Solomon Alexander B. Trowbridge Allan Wendt William B. Quandt Jerrold Schecter Anne G. K. Solomon Edwin M. Truman Mitzi Mallina Wertheim Kevin F. F. Quigley Frank W.Schiff Anthony M. Solomon Katherine K.Tucker Joanna Weschler John Raisian Christopher Matthew Joshua N. Solomon J. Michael Turner C. S.Whitaker Charles B. Rangel Schroeder Robert Solomon William C.Turner Julia A. White Robin Lynn Raphe! Richard F. Schubert Tara Diane Sonenshine Richard H. Ullman Charles S. Whitehouse J. Thomas Ratchford G. Edward Schuh Debora L. Spar Cornelius M. Ulman Christine Todd Whitman Gregory J. Rattray Jill A. Schuker James Gustave Speth Marybeth Peterson Ulrich Richard A. Wiley Jack Raymond Susan Carroll Schwab Ronald I. Spiers Sanford J. Ungar Earle C. Williams Lee R. Raymond William W. Schwarzer Howard M. Squadron Maureen T. Upton Eddie Nathan Wlliams Charles B. Reed Stephen M. Schwebel John Stacks Victor A. Utgoff Harold M. Williams William Sears Reese Brent Scowcroft Stephen Stamas SaraVagliano Howard Roy Williams William M. Reichert Norman P. Seagrave Eugene S. Staples Gregory E. van derVink Edwin D. Williamson Mitchell B. Reiss Robert C. Seamans Jr. Paul E. Steiger Ted Van Dyk Donald M. Wilson Charles Byron Renfrew Sheldon J. Segal Mark Brian Stein James Alward Van Fleet Jacques D. Wimpfheimer Renate Rennie Eugene A. Sekulow John D. Stempel L. Bruce van Voorst Thomas Winship Nicholas A. Rey Frank W. Sesno Alfred C. Stepan Brian VanDeMark Philip S. Winterer Stephen H. Richards Sarah Sewall Paula Stern Marta B.Varela Francis X. Wnters Elliot L. Richardson John W. Sewell Ruth Ann Stewart Nicholas A.Veliotes John D. Wirth Henry J. Richardson III Frances J. Seymour Jeremy J. Stone Toni G.Verstandig Frank G. Wisner II William R. Richardson Donna E. Shalala Roger D. Stone Elizabeth G.Verville Michael Witunski Joan F. Richman Eli Shapiro James M. Strock Richard NoyesViets Charles Wolf Jr. Rozanne L. Ridgway Daniel A. Sharp William H. Sullivan Adis M.Vila Paul D. Wolfowitz Alice M. Rivlin Joanna Reed Shelton James S. Sutterlin Milton Viorst Lee S. Wolosky Walter R. Roberts George H. Shenk Francis X. Sutton George J.Vojta R. James Woolsey David Z. Robinson George L. Sherry John Temple Swing Roderick K. von Lipsey MonaYacoubian Davis R. Robinson Jerome J. Shestack William H.Taft IV Carmen DelgadoVotaw Linda Tsao Yang Hays H. Rockwell Donald W. Shriver Phillips Talbot Carl E.Vuono Daniel Yankelovich William D. Rogers Gustave H. Shubert Angelica O. Tang Frederic E. Wakeman Jr. AdamYarmolinsky Ervin J. Rokke Gary G. Sick Theodore Tannenwald Arthur Waldron John N.Yochelson Alan D. Romberg Robert B. Silvers Raymond Tanter Chads E.Walker David B.Yoffie Arthur H. Rosen Adele Simmons Peter Tarnoff John L. Walker Edgar B.Young Peter R. Rosenblatt P.J. Simmons William Taubman Nancy J. Walker M. CrawfordYoung Patricia L. Rosenfield William E. Simon Michael S.Teitelbaum Anthony John Walton Frederick T. C.Yu Ronald W. Roskens Joseph John Sisco Barbara S.Thomas Volney James Warner Donald S. Zagoria Roger Ross Elliott P. Skinner Franklin A. Thomas Gerald L. Warren Dov S. Zakheim Thomas B. Ross Eugene B. Skolnikoff James P. Thomas Lewis M. Warren Jr. Jonathan I. Zemmol Stanley Owen Roth Joseph E. Slater James A. Thomson William Watts Peter D. Zimmerman Nancy H. Rubin Anne-Marie Slaughter Chang-Lin Tien Dennis Weatherstone Warren Zimmermann Seymour Jeffrey Rubin Ann Brownell Sloane Paul E. Tierney Jr. Jennifer R. Weeks Dorothy Shore Zinberg Neil L. Rudenstine Leon Sloss Terence A. Todman Leroy Snyder Wehrle Marvin Zonis Douglas B. Rutzen Lawrence M. Small Alexander C.Tomlinson George B. Weiksner Jr. Barry Zorthian John Thomas Ryan III S. Bruce Smart Jr. Stephen JoelTrachtenberg Sidney Weintraub E. R. Zumwalt Jr. Steven B. Sample Hedrick L. Smith

98 1998 BOARD ELECTION

he Council's By-Laws provide for a Board con­ pier Bello, Martin S. Feldstein, Thomas W. Jones, James T sisting of 30 Directors (plus the President, ex Laney Bette Bao Lord, and Garrick Utley. On March 31, Tofficio), divided into five classes of six, each Council members were notified of the slate. class to serve a term of five years. In each class, three Di­ At the Annual Meeting for the Election of Directors on rectors are elected by the membership and three are ap­ May 21,1998,1,160 members participated in person or by pointed by the Board. proxy, fulfilling the quorum required by By-Law V. No Directors with terms expiring on August 31, 1998, member's name was written on ten or more ballots cast at were Peggy Dulany Robert F. Erburu, Karen Elliott the meeting, and, therefore, no member was nominated House, Joshua Lederberg, Vincent A. Mai, and Garrick for the 1999 election by the write-in procedure outlined in Utley. Of these, Robert F. Erburu, Karen Elliott House, the By-Laws. Edward F. Cox, Donald H. Rivkin, and Ned and Joshua Lederberg were not eligible for continued B. Stiles served as election overseers. The following nomi­ service, since each had served the maximum number of nees were elected and allocated five-year terms beginning terms permitted by the By-Laws. September 1, 1998, and expiring August 31, 2003: Martin The Nominating Committee was composed of Carla S. Feldstein, Bette Bao Lord, and Garrick Utley. A. Hills (chairman), Mario L. Baeza (vice chairman), John Under current procedures, the Board was then re­ E. Bryson, Linda Chavez, Kenneth W. Dam, Thomas R. quired to complete the class of 2003 by appointing three Donahue, William H. Donaldson, David R. Gergen, He- Directors. Acting on the recommendation of the Nomi­ lene L. Kaplan, Steven R. Koltai, Robert H. Legvold, nating Committee, at its June 4 meeting the Board ap­ Steven L. Rattner, James B. Sitrick, Anne Wexler, and pointed the following three Council members to serve Nancy Young. On January 23, 1998, Carla Hills solicited five-year terms through August 31, 2003: Peggy Dulany, the entire Council membership for names of possible Vincent A. Mai, and Michael H. Moskow The Board also candidates. The Nominating Committee met on March acted to fill vacancies created by the resignation of two 19 to consider a large pool of names suggested by Coun­ sitting Directors, Hanna Holborn Gray in the class of cil members for the three elective vacancies, and, mindful 2000 and Charlayne Hunter-Gault in the class of 2002, of its mandate to consider "the need for diversity with by appointing, respectively, Diane Sawyer and Roone regard to age, sex, race, geographical representation, and Arledge. professional background," the Nominating Committee Michael P. Peters developed the following slate of nominees: Judith Hip- Senior Vice President

99 COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD, 1997-98

Executive Finance and Budget Meetings and Media Term Membership Peter G. Peterson William J. McDonough Richard C. Holbrooke Anne-Marie Slaughter Chairman Chairman Chairman Chairman Maurice R. Greenberg Jessica P. EinhornJ Garrick Utley Esther Diane Brimmer Vice Chairman Vice Chairman Vice Chairman Deborah K. Burand Paul A. Allaire Roger C. Altman:j: Roone Arledge C.Shelby Coffey III Kenneth W. Dam Mario L. Baeza Alan R. Batkin Stephen E. Hynn Thomas R. Donahue Thomas R. Donahue Thomas E. Donilon Jon M. Huntsman Jr. CarlaAHills Gail Fosler Peggy Dulany Lehmann Li Richard C. Holbrooke J. Tomilson Hill:): Jose W. Fernandez Brian P. Mathis Karen Elliott House Jon M. Huntsman Jr.t Conrad K. Harper Kenneth A. Moskow William J. McDonough Thomas W. Jones:) John M. Hennessy April Oliver Laura D'Andrea Tyson Roger M. Kubarych James R Hoge Jr.* Frances J. Seymour Robert B. Zoellick Sharon I. Meerst Robert D. Hormats Joel W. Motley Morton L. Janklow Nominating Corporate Affairs Priscilla A. Newman Melanie Kirkpatrick CarlaAHills and Development Stephen Robert Bette Bao Lord Chairman Richard E. Salomon:): Vincent A. Mai Mario L. Baeza Paul A. Allaire Paul A. Volcker RafiqA. Nathoot Chairman Vice Chairman Holly Petersont John E. Bryson Odeh Aburdene Richard Plepler John P. Birkelund Foreign Affairs Linda Chavez Enid C. B. Schoettle Kenneth W. Dam Robert R Erburu Kenneth W. Dam Ron Silver Lynn Forester Chairman Thomas R. Donahue Bart Friedman Lee Cullum William H. Donaldson Karen N. Horn Vice Chairman Membership David R. Gergen John B. Hurford Fouad Ajami Karen Elliott House Helene L. Kaplan Morton L. Janklow Michael R. Beschloss Chairman Steven R. Koltai Hanya Marie KimT John Lewis Gaddis Robert D. Hormats Robert H. Legvold Robert M. Kimmitt Rita E. Hauser Vice Chairman Steven L. Rattner Vincent A. Mai Jim Hoagland Lee Cullum James B. Sitrick Brian Pierre Mathist Richard C. Holbrooke George A. Dalley Anne Wexler Judy Hendren Mello Karen Elliott House Rodolfo de la Garza Nancy Young Stephen A. Orlins Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Merit E. Janow Lester Pollack Kirk Kraeutlert Richard Mallery Warren B. Rudman Donald R McHenry Michael H. Moskow Frank Savage Rodney Nichols Philip A. Odeen Ronald K. Shelp Felix G. Rohatyn John B. Rhinelander Maurice Sonnenberg Elisabeth Sifton Frank Savage Carl Spielvogel Paula Sinclairt Thomas Schick EnzoViscusi Theodore C. Sorensen Anne-Marie Slaughter Robert C. Waggoner Garrick Utley Theodore C. Sorensen John H. Watts Paul D. Wolfowitz Nancy Young

100 COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD, 1997-98

Studies Washington and Washington Program Advisory Committee Laura D'Andrea Tyson National Programs Advisory Committee on Diversity Chairman Robert B. Zoellick Robert B. Zoellick Mario L. Baeza Graham T. Allison Jr. Chairman Chairman Co-Chairman Jesse Huntley Ausubel John E. Bryson Bernard W. Aronson Linda Chavez Laurence Merrill Band Vice Chairman Pauline H. Baker Co-Chairman Richard R. Burt Judith Hippler Bello Judith Hippler Bello Gordon P. Bellt W. Bowman Cutter Henry S. Bienan Mark F. Brzezinskit Stephanie K. Bell-Rose Kenneth W. Dam Daniel Bobt Linda Chavez Julia Change Bloch David B. H. Denoon John F. Cooke Eliot A. Cohen Mark A. Cartert Padma Desai Lee Cullum Jessica P. Einhorn Herschelle S. Challenor John M. Deutch Edward P. Djerejian Douglas J. Feith Robert J. Chavest Jendayi E. Frazert Jessica P. Einhorn Lauri J. Fitz-Pegado Rodolfo O. de la Garza John Lewis Gaddis James T. Laney Charles Gati MacArthur DeShazer James F. Hoge Jr.* Susan B. Levine Carl Gershman Thomas R. Donahue Gary C. Hufbauer* George J. Mitchell Michael H. Haltzel Patricia Ellis Arnold Kanter Michael H. Moskow Kim R. Holmes Lauri J. Fitz-Pegado Roger M. Kubarych Ambler H. Moss Jr. Bruce P. Jackson Conrad K. Harper Joshua Lederberg Emily Murase Kenneth I. Juster Dwight F. Hollowayt John P. Lipsky Philip A. Odeen Mark P. Lagont Mahnaz Z. Ispahani Abraham F. Lowenthal* William D. Rogers Susan B. Levine Charlotte G. Keat Rebecca Mark Peter R. Rosenblatt Dave K. McCurdy William H. Luers Martha T. Muse Josette Shiner Alberto J. Mora Vincent A. Mai Stephen J. Solarz Philip A. Odeen Gwendolyn Mikell Fritz Stern Mark Palmer Mike Masato Mochizuki Gordon C. Stewart William D. Rogers Richard M. Moose Peter Tarnoff Peter R. Rosenblatt Joel W. Motley Marc Thiessenf Josette Shiner Nancy S. Newcomb Richard H. Ullman Julia V.Taft Eugene H. Robinson Marta B.Varela Terence A. Todman Rita M. Rodriguez Ernest James Wilson III W. Bruce Weinrod PuneetTalwart Frank H. Wisner R. James Woolsey R. Keith Waltont Daniel H.Yergin Alice Young Robert B. Zoellick

* Ex officio t Designated Term Member X Serves also on the Investment Subcommittee

101 INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD

The International Advisory Board (IAB), established by SERGEI A. KARAGANOV (Russia), Deputy Director, In­ the Board of Directors in 1995 under the chairmanship of stitute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences; Chair­ David Rockefeller, meets annually in October. IAB mem­ man, Council on Foreign and Defence Policy bers are invited to comment on institutional programs KYUNG-WON KIM (Republic of Korea), President, Insti­ and strategic directions, and on practical opportunities for tute of Social Sciences collaboration between the Council and institutions YOTARO KOBAYASHI (Japan), Chairman and Chief Ex­ abroad. They also provide invaluable international in­ ecutive Officer, Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. sights into U.S. foreign policy in discussions of a variety RAHMI M. KOC (Turkey), Chairman, Koc Holdings AS. of issues—from the need for new strategies and institu­ OTTO GRAF LAMBSDORFF (Germany), Member of the tions for the 21st century, to the value of multilateral ap­ Bundestag proaches toward world problems, to ways to foster GRACA MACHEL (Mozambique), President, Mozam­ democratization. bique Community Development Foundation JUAN MARCH (Spain), Chairman, Juan March Foundation The IAB includes the following distinguished individ­ MARIA ROSA MARTINI (Argentina), Cofounder and uals: President, Social Sector Forum MARICLAIRE ACOSTA (Mexico), President, Mexican BARBARA MCDOUGALL (Canada), Former Secretary of Commission for the Defense and Promotion of Human State for External Affairs Rights RIGOBERTA MENCHU TUM (Guatemala), Founder, GIOVANNI AGNELLI (Italy), Chairman, Instituto Rigoberta MenchuTum Foundation; 1992 Nobel Peace Finanziario Industriale; Honorary Chairman, Fiat S.p.A. Prize recipient KHALID A. ALTURKI (Saudi Arabia), Chairman, Trading ADAM MICHNIK (Poland), Editor-in-Chief, Gazeta and Development Company (TRADCO) Wyborcza MOSHE ARENS (Israel), Chairman, NTA Ltd.; Chairman, OLUSEGUN OBASANJO (Nigeria), Chairman, Africa Council for Parliamentary Democracy Leadership Forum HANAN ASHRAWI (West Bank), Member, Palestinian ANAND PANYARACHUN (Thailand), Chairman, Saha- National Council Union Public Company Limited PERCY N. BARNEVIK (Sweden), Chairman and Chief MOEEN A. QURESHI (Pakistan), Chairman and Manag­ Executive Officer, ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd. ing Partner, Emerging Markets Partnership CONRAD M. BLACK (Canada), Chairman and Chief EDZARD REUTER (Germany), Former Chairman, Daim­ Executive Officer, Argus Corporation Limited; Chairman, ler-Benz AG Hollinger International, Inc., and The Telegraph pic MICHEL ROCARD (France), President, Commission of GRO HARLEM BRUNDTLAND (Norway), Director Development, European Parliament General, World Health Organization KHEHLA SHUBANE (South Africa), Research Officer, GUSTAVO A. CISNEROS (Venezuela), Chairman and Centre for Policy Studies, University of Witwatersrand Chief Executive Officer, Cisneros Group of Companies PETER D. SUTHERLAND (Ireland), Chairman and Man­ ALEJANDRO FOXLEY (Chile), Member, Senate of the aging Director, Goldman Sachs International; Chairman, Republic of Chile British Petroleum Company pic TOYOO GYOHTEN Qapan), President, Institute for Inter­ WASHINGTON SYCIP (Philippines), Chairman and national Monetary Affairs; Senior Adviser, The Bank of Founder, The SGV Group Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd. SHIRLEY V. T. BRITTAIN WILLIAMS (Great Britain), ABDLATIF Y. AL-HAMAD (Kuwait), Director General Member, House of Lords; Public Service Professor of and Chairman of the Board of Directors, Arab Fund for Electoral Politics, Harvard University Economic and Social Development MUHAMMAD YUNUS (Bangladesh), Founder, Managing ABID HUSSAIN (India),Vice Chairman, Rajiv Gandhi Director, and Chief Executive Officer, Grameen Bank Institute for Contemporary Studies

102 BY-LAWS OF THE COUNCIL

All members of the Council shall be elected by is one whose residence or principal place of business is the Board of Directors. All members elected to the within 50 miles of the Capitol in the District of Colum­ Council, other than those whose term of membership is bia; all other members are nonresident. All members limited by the conditions of their election, remain mem­ other than honorary members shall be citizens of the bers until death, resignation, or action under the last United States or permanent residents of the United paragraph of this By-Law. States who have made application to become citizens. The Board of Directors may elect honorary members A member may be dropped or suspended from with such membership rights, excluding the right to vote membership for a period of six months or more only in Council affairs, as the Board may designate. by a unanimous vote of those Directors attending a In any fiscal year, the Board may elect up to 90 persons meeting of the Board at which a quorum is present and to five-year term membership. The terms and conditions voting, for any violation of the By-Laws or rules or regu­ of such membership shall be as prescribed by the Board, lations of the Board of Directors, or for any conduct provided that no person shall be elected to such mem­ even though not in actual violation of a By-Law or rule bership who is more than 34 years of age on January 1 of that, in the opinion of the Board, is nevertheless preju­ the year in which his or her election would take place, dicial to the best interests, reputation, and proper func­ and that of the total number of persons elected each year tioning of the Council. A member's privileges may be no more than 60 shall be age 31 or over, and that so long suspended for a period of up to six months by action of as their term continues such members will have the full the President subject to approval by the Chairman of rights and privileges of Council membership. the Board. The Board of Directors may establish such other spe­ cial categories of membership having such rights and It is an express condition of membership in the privileges, and subject to such conditions, as the Board Council, to which condition every member accedes by may designate. virtue of his or her membership, that members will ob­ Of the total membership of the Council, the stated serve such rules and regulations as may be prescribed membership shall not exceed 3,500. Stated membership from time to time by the Board of Directors concerning is defined as the total of those members who at the time the conduct of Council meetings or the attribution of of computation are under the age of 70, who are residing statements made therein, and that any disclosure, publi­ within the United States, and who are neither honorary cation, or other action by a member in contravention members nor five-year term members. Of the stated thereof may be regarded by the Board of Directors in its membership, not less than one-third and not more than sole discretion as ground for termination or suspension one-half shall be composed of resident members. A resi­ of membership pursuant to Article I of the By-Laws. dent member is one whose residence or principal place of business is within 50 miles of City Hall in the Borough Members other than honorary members of the of Manhattan, City of New York. A Washington member Council shall pay the following dues per annum:

103 BY-LAWS OF THE COUNCIL

Business Nonbusiness assigned. A Director who fails to attend two-thirds of all RESIDENT such regularly scheduled Board and Board Committee Under 30 $ 600 $170 meetings in any two consecutive calendar years shall be 30-39 1,200 300 deemed to have submitted his or her resignation to be 40 and Over 2,400 550 accepted at the pleasure of the Chairman of the Board. WASHINGTON, D.C. The Board shall have the power to fill any vacancy in its Under 30 $ 370 $150 membership. A Director appointed to fill a vacancy cre­ 30-39 770 220 ated by the retirement, resignation, or death of a Director 40 and Over 1,550 330 previously elected by the membership at large shall be nominated by the Nominating Committee as the sole NONRESIDENT candidate in the next Annual Election to complete the Under 30 $ 300 $100 balance of the unexpired term. 30-39 500 150 40 and Over 1,100 250 V A. The Annual Meeting of Members shall be held in New York City as soon as practicable after the For purposes of this By-Law, nonbusiness members are end of the fiscal year, as determined by the Chairman of those who are regular members of the faculty of any ac­ the Board. At this meeting the Board of Directors shall credited educational institution, who are in the public present a report of the activities of the Council during service, who are on the staff of a voluntary organization, the past year, and such other business shall be consid­ or who are accredited writers, commentators, journalists, ered as shall be brought forward by or with the sanction or other media correspondents. All other members, ex­ of the Board of Directors and that shall have been stated cept honorary members, are business members. in the notice convening the meeting. All dues shall be paid semiannually in equal install­ One-third of the voting members of the Council shall ments in advance. Default in the payment of any dues constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. for a period of 60 days may be deemed to be equivalent Members may be represented by proxy. to resignation. B. The Annual Election of Directors of the Council shall be held at a meeting in New York City on a IV A. There shall be a Board of not more than 31 date set by the President or the Chairman of the Board Directors. The President of the corporation shall be a Di­ within 13 months of the preceding meeting at which Di­ rector, ex officio. The remaining members shall be divided rectors were elected. Directors shall be elected by ballot. into five equal classes, each class to serve for a term of five Ballots will be mailed to all members in advance of the years and until their successors are elected and take office. Annual Election and may be returned by mail or may be Each class shall consist of three Directors elected directly delivered in person or by proxy. The ballot shall contain (i) by the membership at large and three Directors appointed the name of each member who is nominated by the by the Board. Following each Annual Election but prior to Nominating Committee as a candidate for the class of Di­ the commencement of the term of the new Directors, the rectors scheduled for election in that year, (ii) the name of Board shall appoint three Directors to serve in the same any member appointed to a vacancy in the Board and class as the three Directors elected at the Annual Election. nominated by the Nominating Committee as the sole B. At each Annual Election of the Council, three candidate to complete the balance of the unexpired term, Directors shall be elected to replace the outgoing class of (in) the name of any member who is nominated in each elected Directors. Terms of all Directors, both elected and class by a petition signed by not fewer than ten members, appointed, shall commence on the first day of September and (iv) the name of any member who received not fewer next following their election or appointment. A Director, than ten write-in votes in the preceding election. Mem­ whether elected or appointed, who has served three years bers may cast one vote for each of as many candidates as or more of a five-year term shall be eligible subsequently there are vacancies to be filled on the Board, and the can­ for election or appointment to a single consecutive term. didates with the highest number of votes in each class will c. Directors are expected faithfully to attend be declared elected as Directors. One-third of the voting Board and Board Committee meetings to which they are members of the Council shall constitute a quorum at the

104 BY-LAWS OF THE COUNCIL

Annual Election Meeting. Administrative details necessary volving electronic and other broadcast media. to implement the Council's nomination and election pro­ The Committee on Washington and National Pro­ cedures shall be as prescribed by the President in consul­ grams shall be composed of five members of the Board tation with the Chairman of the Board. and such other members of the Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall have VI The Board shall constitute such Committees as the power to co-opt no fewer than ten additional mem­ may from time to time be appropriate, including an Exec­ bers who shall not be members of the Board. The Com­ utive Committee, a Committee on Finance and Budget, a mittee shall have responsibility for overseeing programs, Committee on Corporate Affairs and Development, a activities, services, and other initiatives to enhance par­ Committee on Meetings and Media Projects, a Commit­ ticipation in the Council by members in Washington and tee on Washington and National Programs, a Committee regions other than New York City. on Membership, a Nominating Committee, a Committee The Committee on Membership shall be composed of on Foreign Affairs, and a Committee on Studies. Elections five members of the Board and such other members of the of Board members to Committees shall be held at Annual Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. Meetings of the Board, except that, on the nomination of The Committee shall co-opt two members who shall not the Chairman of the Board, a Director may be elected at be members of the Board and who shall be under the age any meeting of the Board to fill a Committee vacancy. of 40 when co-opted, and shall have power to co-opt no The Executive Committee shall be composed of the fewer than eight additional members of any age who are Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Board, the Chair­ not members of the Board. All names proposed for mem­ men of the standing committees of the Board, and such bership in the Council shall be referred to the Committee other members of the Board as the Executive Committee for its consideration, and the Committee shall submit to Chairman deems appropriate. During intervals between the Board its nominations for election to membership. meetings of the Board, the Committee may exercise the The Nominating Committee shall be composed of powers of the Board to the extent permitted by law. five members of the Board. The Committee shall present The Committee on Finance and Budget shall be com­ names for Directors, Officers, and Committee members. posed of five members of the Board and such other mem­ For the purpose of nominating candidates to stand for bers of the Board as the Committee Chairman deems election to the Board, the Committee shall co-opt ten appropriate. The Committee shall have the power to co- additional members who shall not be members of the opt no fewer than eight additional members. The Commit­ Board. Members of the Nominating Committee shall tee shall have general supervision of the investment of the serve single four-year terms so staggered that in each funds of the Council and of its financial affairs, and shall year at least one Board member and two non-Board present the budget at the Spring meeting of the Board. members shall be elected or co-opted to the Committee, The Committee on Corporate Affairs and Develop­ as the case may be. The Chairman of the Nominating ment shall be composed of five members of the Board Committee shall be selected by the Chairman of the and such other members of the Board as the Committee Board from among the Board members on the Commit­ Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall have tee. Neither the Chairman of the Board nor the Presi­ the power to co-opt no fewer than 20 additional mem­ dent shall be an ex officio member of the Nominating bers. The Committee shall help to plan, implement, and Committee. Both in co-opting members to its own body oversee the Corporate Program and the Council's finan­ and in nominating candidates for each year's Board elec­ cial development programs. tion, the Nominating Committee is charged to keep in The Committee on Meetings and Media Projects shall mind the need for diversity with regard to age, sex, race, be composed of five members of the Board and such geographical representation, and professional back­ other members of the Board as the Committee Chair­ ground. In nominating candidates for each year's Board man deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the election, the Committee is also charged (i) to solicit the power to co-opt no fewer than ten members who shall entire membership for the names of possible candidates not be members of the Board. The Committee shall have and (ii) except as provided in By-Law IV(C) to nominate responsibility for overseeing the Council's program of twice as many candidates as there are directorships to be general meetings and institutional outreach activities in­ filled at the election by the membership at large.

105 BY-LAWS OF THE COUNCIL

The Committee on Foreign Affairs shall be composed The Vice Presidents in order of seniority shall dis­ of five members of the Board and such other members of charge the duties of the President in his or her absence, the Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropri­ and shall perform such other duties as from time to time ate. The Committee shall have the power to co-opt no shall be assigned them by the Board of Directors. fewer than 15 additional members, at least ten of whom The Treasurer shall have custody of the funds of the are not members of the Board. All matters relating to the corporation. oversight and management of the magazine shall be re­ The Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of ferred to the Committee. the corporation, and shall keep its records. The Committee on Studies shall be composed of five members of the Board and such other members of the VI I The Board shall appoint the Editor of Foreign Af­ Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. fairs and the Director of Studies, if any, and shall annual­ The Committee shall have power to co-opt no fewer ly fix their compensation. than 15 additional members, at least ten of whom are not members of the Board. All suggestions relating to I )C The funds of the corporation shall be invested matters of research shall be referred to it, and it shall be by the Committee on Finance and Budget or shall be de­ responsible for the initiation of research projects. The posited with trust companies or banking institutions Committee on Studies shall submit regular reports of its designated by either the Board of Directors or the Com­ activities to the Board. mittee on Finance and Budget. Disbursements shall be Except as otherwise provided above, a co-opted Com­ made only upon checks or vouchers approved by any mittee member shall serve for such term as the Commit­ one of the following for amounts up to $1,000.00 and by tee co-opting him or her shall determine, and during any two of the following for amounts of $1,000.00 and such term shall have the same rights and obligations as over: the President, any Vice President, the Treasurer, the other Committee members. One-third of the Directors Secretary, the Director of Finance, the Editor of Foreign and co-opted members, duly elected or appointed, shall Affairs, and such other employees of the corporation as constitute a quorum at any meeting of any Committee. may from time to time be designated by the Committee Participation by conference telephone, or similar com­ on Finance and Budget. munication equipment allowing all persons participating in the meeting to hear each other at the same time, shall X The Annual Meeting of the Board shall be held constitute presence in person at a meeting. as soon as practicable after the first day of September, as determined by the Chairman of the Board. One-third of VII The Officers of the corporation shall be a the Directors in office shall constitute a quorum at any Chairman of the Board, a Vice Chairman, a President, meeting of the Board. one or more Vice Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and such other Officers as in the Board's judgment vv I These By-Laws may be amended at any meet­ may be required. The Board shall annually fix their ing of the Board of Directors, provided notice of the pro­ compensation. The Chairman of the Board shall be posed amendment shall have been given at a previous elected for a term of five years and shall be eligible for meeting or circulated in writing to the members of the reelection to a second term. The Chairman shall be eli­ Board not less than five days in advance. gible to complete any such term without regard to By- Law limitations on the number or tenure of Directors. vv I Any person made, or threatened to be made, a The other Officers of the corporation shall be elected party to any action or proceeding, whether civil or crimi­ annually by the Board of Directors. nal, by reason of the fact that he or she, his or her testa­ The Chairman of the Board, or in his or her absence tor or intestate, is or was a Director or Officer of the the Vice Chairman, may call meetings of the Board and Council, shall be indemnified by the Council, and his or shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors. her expenses incurred in defending such an action or The President, subject to the overall direction of the proceeding shall be advanced by the Council, to the full Board of Directors, shall be the Chief Executive Officer of extent authorized or permitted by law. the corporation.

106 RULES.GUIDELINES, AND PRACTICES

he following items describe important Rules, in whole or in part to any particular Council meeting, Guidelines, and Practices of the Council on and the presentation portion of the meeting may be TForeign Relations, with which members and recorded and broadcast on electronic media and/or cov­ staff should familiarize themselves. ered in the print media with the agreement of the speak­ er and advance announcement to other participants. Rule on Foreign Policy Positions "Notwithstanding the above Rule, the Board of Direc­ The following has been the policy of the Council since its tors may, from time to time, prescribe rules governing origin, reconfirmed by resolution of the Board of Direc­ the subsequent release of any Council records. tors on September 11,1973: "While the substance of the above Rule has been in "The Council shall not take any position on questions effect since the formation of the Council, its present for­ of foreign policy, and no person is authorized to speak, mulation was adopted by the Board of Directors on June or purport to speak, for the Council on such matters." 6, 1977, on the recommendation of a special Advisory Panel on the Non-Attribution Rule, and subsequently Rule on Non-Attribution amended on June 7, 1994. The minutes of the June 1977 "The Council is a research and educational institution. meeting contain the following explanatory comments Everyone who participates in a Council meeting is en­ about the Rule: couraged to use and disseminate ideas and information "The report recognizes that'media'and'public forum' developed in the meeting. It is recognized, at the same are vague terms. But they can nevertheless be rationally time, that many Council guests and members are, by interpreted in the light of the purpose of the Rule. For reason of their governmental or other institutional affili­ example, the reformulation would make it legitimate for ations, subject to inevitable constraints upon their lati­ a U.S. governmental official to report by memo to his tude to express opinions, take positions, or offer colleagues and superiors what he learned at a Council tentative judgments on public affairs issues if they are meeting. Similarly, the reformulation recognizes that a speaking in a public forum or if their statements will be lawyer may give such a memo to his partners, or a cor­ later attributed to them in public media or a public porate officer to other corporate officers. It would not be forum. in compliance with the reformulated Rule, however, for "Full freedom of expression is encouraged at Council any meeting participant (i) to publish a speaker's state­ meetings. Participants are assured that they may speak ment in attributed form in a newspaper; (ii) to repeat it openly, as it is the tradition of the Council that others on television or radio, or on a speaker's platform, or in a will not attribute or characterize their statements in pub­ classroom; or (iii) to go beyond a memo of limited circu­ lic media or forums or knowingly transmit them to per­ lation, by distributing the attributed statement in a com­ sons who will. All participants are expected to honor that pany or government agency newsletter. The language of commitment. the Rule also goes out of its way to make it clear that a "An appropriate officer of the Council may, however, meeting participant is forbidden knowingly to transmit by advance announcement declare this Rule inapplicable the attributed statement to a newspaper reporter or

107 RULES, GUIDELINES, AND PRACTICES

other such person who is likely to publish it in a public the general qualifications of potential candidates for medium. The essence of the Rule as reformulated is sim­ Council membership. Members bringing guests should ple enough: participants in Council meetings should not complete a "guest notice card" and acquaint their guests pass along an attributed statement in circumstances with the Council's Non-Attribution Rule governing what where there is substantial risk that it will promptly be is said at meetings. widely circulated or published." Rule on Conflicts of Interest Guidelines on Meetings By resolution of the Council's Board of Directors, adopt­ By resolution adopted on February 28, 1972, as subse­ ed January 28, 1992, the following policy concerning ac­ quently amended, the Board of Directors has prescribed tual or potential conflicts of interest was approved: the following Guidelines governing Council meetings: " i. It is the policy of the Council on Foreign Relations "The purpose of meetings sponsored by the Council that the Board, officers, and staff of the Council be sensi­ on Foreign Relations is to promote understanding of in­ tive to conflict-of-interest issues. ternational affairs through the free interchange of ideas among participants. "2. Any potential conflict of interest shall be disclosed to "In order to encourage to the fullest a free, frank, and an Officer of the Board by the person concerned. When open exchange of ideas in Council meetings, the Board relevant to a matter requiring action by the Board, the of Directors has prescribed, in addition to the Non-Attri­ person concerned shall absent him- or herself from the bution Rule, the following guidelines. All participants in final discussion of such matter, and shall not vote there­ Council meetings are expected to be familiar with and on, and the minutes of the meeting shall so disclose. adhere to these Guidelines. When there is doubt as to whether a conflict of interest exists, the matter shall be resolved by vote of the Board, " i. Since the Council invites guests representing many excluding the person concerning whose situation the different viewpoints, since it selects topics regardless of, doubt has arisen. or because of, their controversiality, and since there is a wide divergence of viewpoints among members, it is to "3. This resolution shall remain in full force and effect be expected that Council meetings will sometimes be unless and until modified by vote of the Board, and a marked by sharp dispute. copy hereof shall be furnished to each officer or director at the time of his or her election or appointment to or by "2. Meetings chairmen are expected to stimulate open the Board and any renewal thereof, and to each person expression of opinion by all participants and should not who is now or hereafter may become a member of the attempt to mute controversy or stifle differences of view­ staff. The policy shall in an appropriate manner be re­ point where they exist. To this end it is the responsibility viewed annually for the information and guidance of di­ of chairmen to see to it that all viewpoints expressed are rectors, officers, and staff." treated with respect and that parliamentary decorum is maintained. Archival Practice "3. Principal speakers should expect to be questioned By resolution of the Council's Board of Directors, adopt­ vigorously on any point relevant to their intellectual in­ ed December 17, 1974, all substantive records of the terest, experience, or expertise in international affairs. It Council more than 25 years old are open for reference is recognized, however, that some speakers, particularly use during library hours at the Harold Pratt House, sub­ those holding official positions, may not feel free to an­ ject to the following proviso: swer some questions, and, in such case, their declination "As a condition of use, the officers of the Council shall will be respected." require each user of Council records to execute a prior Apart from the traditional meetings for spouses and written commitment that he or she will not directly or for sons and daughters of the members, occasional indirectly attribute to any living person any assertion of meetings are also open to guests of members. Guest fact or opinion based upon any Council record without privileges are for those who have special expertise or ex­ first obtaining from such person his or her written con­ perience that relates directly to the meeting, as well as sent thereto."

108 HISTORICAL ROSTER OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

Directors Arthur H. Dean 1955-72 C. Peter McColough 1978-87 Isaiah Bowman 1921-50 Charles M. Spofford 1955-72 Richard L. Gelb 1979-88 Archibald Cary Coolidge 1921-28 Adlai E. Stevenson 1958-62 Graham T. Allison Jr. 1979-88 Paul D. Cravath 1921^10 William C. Foster 1959-72 William D. Ruckelshaus 1979-83 John W. Davis 1921-55 Caryl P. Haskins 1961-75 James F. Hoge Jr. 1980-84 Norman H. Davis 1921-44 James A. Perkins 1963-79 George P. Shultz 1980-82 Stephen P. Duggan 1921-50 William P. Bundy 1964-74 William D. Rogers 1980-90 John H. Finley 1921-29 Gabriel Hauge 1964-81 Walter B. Wriston 1981-87 Edwin F. Gay 1921-45 Carroll L. Wilson 1964-79 Lewis T. Preston 1981-88 David F. Houston 1921-27 Douglas Dillon 1965-78 Warren Christopher 1982-91 Otto H. Kahn 1921-34 Henry R. Labouisse 1965-74 Alan Greenspan 1982-88 Frank L. Polk 1921-43 Robert V. Roosa 1966-81 Robert A. Scalapino 1982-89 Whitney H. Shepardson 1921-66 Lucian W. Pye 1966-82 Harold Brown 1983-92 William R. Shepherd 1921-27 Alfred C. Neal 1967-76 Stanley Hoffmann 1983-92 Paul M. Warburg 1921-32 Bill Moyers 1967-74 Juanita M. Kreps 1983-89 George W. Wickersham 1921-36 Cyrus R.Vance 1968-76, Brent Scowcroft 1983-89 Allen W.Dulles 1927-69 1981-87 Clifton R. Wharton Jr. 1983-92 Russell C. Leffingwell 1927-60 Hedley Donovan 1969-79 Donald F. McHenry 1984-93 George O. May 1927-53 Najeeb E. Halaby 1970-72 B. R. Inman 1985-93 Wesley C. Mitchell 1927-34 Bayless Manning 1971-77 Jeane J. Kirkpatrick 1985-94 Owen D.Young 1927-40 W. Michael Blumenthal 1972-77, Peter Tarnoff 1986-93 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928-72 1979-84 Charles McC. Mathias Jr. 1986-92 Charles P. Howland 1929-31 Zbigniew Brzezinski 1972-77 Ruben F. Mettler 1986-92 Walter Lippmann 1932-37 Elizabeth Drew 1972-77 James E. Burke 1987-95 Clarence M. Woolley 1932-35 George S. Franklin 1972-83 Richard B. Cheney 1987-89, Frank Altschul 1934-72 Marshall D. Shulman 1972-77 1993-95 Philip C. Jessup 1934-42 Martha Redfield Wallace 1972-82 Robert F. Erburu 1987-98 Harold W. Dodds 1935-43 PaulC.Warnke 1972-77 Karen Elliott House 1987-98 Leon Fraser 1936^45 Peter G. Peterson 1973-83, Glenn E. Watts 1987-90 John H. Williams 1937-64 1984- Thomas S. Foley 1988-94 Lewis W. Douglas 1940-64 Robert O. Anderson 1974-80 James D. Robinson III 1988-91 Edward Warner 1940^49 Edward K. Hamilton 1974-83 Strobe Talbott 1988-93 Clarence E. Hunter 1942-53 Harry C. McPherson Jr. 1974-77 John L. Clendenin 1989-94 Myron C.Taylor Elliot L. Richardson 1974-75 William S. Cohen 1989-97 Henry M. Wriston 1943-59 1943-67 Franklin Hall Williams 1975-83 Joshua Lederberg 1989-98 Thomas K. Finletter Nicholas deB. Katzenbach 1975-86 John S. Reed 1989-92 William A. M. Burden 1944-67 1945-74 PaulA.Volcker 1975-79, Alice M. Rivlin 1989-92 Walter H. Mallory 1945-68 1988- William J. Crowe Jr. 1990-93 Philip D. Reed Theodore M. Hesburgh 1976-85 Thomas R. Donahue 1990- WinfieldW.Riefler 1945-69 Lane Kirkland 1976-86 Richard C. Holbrooke 1991-93, David Rockefeller 1945-50 George H. W. Bush 1977-79 1996- W. Averell Harriman 1949-85 Lloyd N. Cutler 1977-79 Robert D. Hormats 1991- Joseph E. Johnson 1950-55 Philip L. Geyelin 1977-87 John E. Bryson 1992- Grayson Kirk 1950-74 Henry A. Kissinger 1977-81 Maurice R. Greenberg 1992- Devereux C. Josephs 1950-73 Winston Lord 1977-85 Karen N. Horn 1992-95 Elliott V. Bell 1951-58 Stephen Stamas 1977-89 James R. Houghton 1992-96 John J. McCloy 1953-66 1953-72 Marina v.N. Whitman 1977-87 Charlayne Hunter-Gault 1992-98

109 HISTORICAL ROSTER OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

Kenneth W. Dam 1992- Jeane J. Kirkpatrick 1993-94 Abraham F. Lowenthal 1995- Donna E. Shalala 1992-93 Maurice R. Greenberg 1994- Janice L. Murray 1995- Alton Fiye 1993 DavidJ.Vidal 1995-97 Richard N. Cooper 1993-94 Presidents Ethan B. Kapstein 1995-96 Rita E. Hauser 1993-97 John W. Davis 1921-33 Frederick C. Broda 1996-97 E. Gerald Corrigan 1993-95 George W. Wickersham 1933-36 Kenneth Maxwell 1996 Leslie H. Gelb 1993- Norman H. Davis 1936-44 Gary C. Hufbauer 1997-98 Paul A. Allaire 1993- Russell C. Leffingwell 1944-46 David Kellogg 1997- Robert E. Allen 1993-96 Allen W. Dulles 1946-50 Paula J. Dobriansky 1997- Theodore C. Sorensen 1993- Henry M. Wriston 1951-64 Anne R. Luzzatto 1998- Garrick Utley 1993- Grayson Kirk 1964-71 Lawrence J. Korb 1998- Carta A. Hills 1994- Bayless Manning 1971-77 Helene L. Kaplan 1994-96 Winston Lord 1977-85 Executive Directors Frank G. Zarb 1994-96 John Temple Swing* 1985-86 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1922-28 Robert B. Zoellick 1994- Peter Tarnoff 1986-93 Malcolm W. Davis 1925-27 Les Aspin 1995 Alton Frye 1993 Walter H. Mallory 1927-59 Mario L. Baeza 1995- Leslie H. Gelb 1993- George S. Franklin 1953-71 Peggy Dulany 1995- Jessica P. Einhorn 1995- Honorary President Secretaries William J. McDonough 1995- Elihu Root 1921-37 Edwin F. Gay 1921-33 Frank Savage 1995- Allen W.Dulles 1933-44 George Soros 1995- Executive Vice President Frank Altschul 1944-72 Hannah Holborn Gray 1995-98 John Temple Swing 1986-93 John Temple Swing 1972-87 George J. Mitchell 1995- Judith Gustafson 1987- LouisV. Gerstner, Jr. 1995- Senior Vice Presidents Lee Cullum 1996- Alton Frye 1993-98 Treasurers Vincent A. Mai 1997- Kenneth H. Keller 1993-95 Edwin F. Gay 1921-33 Warren B. Rudman 1997- Larry L. Fabian 1994-95 Whitney H. Shepardson 1933-42 Laura D'Andrea Tyson 1997- Michael P. Peters 1995- Clarence E. Hunter 1942-51 Roone Arledge 1998- Devereux C. Josephs 1951-52 Diane Sawyer 1998- Vice Presidents Elliott V. Bell 1952-64 Martin S. Feldstein 1998- Paul D. Cravath 1921-33 Gabriel Hauge 1964-81 Bette Bao Lord 1998- Norman H. Davis 1933-36 Peter G. Peterson 1981-85 Michael H. Moskow 1998- Edwin F. Gay 1933-40 C. Peter McColough 1985-87 Frank L. Polk 1940-43 Lewis T. Preston 1987-88 Chairmen of the Board Russell C. Leffingwell 1943-44 James E. Burke 1988-89 Russell C. Leffingwell 1946-53 Allen W.Dulles 1944-46 David Woodbridge 1989-94 John J. McCloy 1953-70 Isaiah Bowman 1945-19 Janice L. Murray 1994- David Rockefeller 1970-85 Henry M. Wriston 1950-51 Peter G. Peterson 1985- David Rockefeller 1950-70 Editors of Foreign Affairs Frank Altschul 1951-71 Archibald Cary Coolidge 1922-28 Vice Chairmen of the Board Devereux C. Josephs 1951-52 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928-72 Grayson Kirk 1971-73 David W. MacEachron 1972-74 William P. Bundy 1972-84 Cyrus R.Vance 1973-76, John Temple Swing 1972-86 William G. Hyland 1984-92 1985-87 Alton Frye 1987-93 James F. Hoge Jr. 1992- Douglas Dillon 1976-78 William H. Gleysteen Jr. 1987-89 Carroll L. Wilson 1978-79 John A. Millington 1987-96 Directors of Studies Warren Christopher 1987-91 Margaret Osmer-McQuade 1987-93 Percy W. Bidwell 1937-53 Harold Brown 1991-92 Nicholas X. Rizopoulos 1989-94 Philip E. Mosely 1955-63 B. R. Inman 1992-93 Karen M. Sughrue 1993-98 Richard H. Ullman 1973-76

110 HISTORICAL ROSTER OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

Abraham R Lowenthal 1976-77 Directors of Meetings George V. H. Moseley III 1959-62 John C. Campbell 1977-78 George S. Franklin 1949-50 Harry Boardman 1962-69 Paul H. Kreisberg 1981-87 William Henderson 1952-54, Zygmunt Nagorski Jr. 1969-78 William H. Gleysteen Jr. 1987-89 1955-56 Marilyn Berger 1978-79 Nicholas X. Rizopoulos 1989-94 Melvin Conant 1954-55/ Margaret Osmer-McQuade 1979-93 Kenneth H. Keller* 1994-95 1956-57/ Karen M. Sughrue 1993-98 Ethan B. Kapstein 1995-96 1957-59 Anne R. Luzzatto 1998- Kenneth Maxwell 1996 Gary C. Hufbauer 1997-98 Lawrence J. Korb 1998-

' Pro-tempore

111 BUDGET AND FINANCE

he Council ended this fiscal year with an op­ indefinitely, on the advice of the Investment Subcom­ erating surplus of just over $1,000,000. This is mittee and the approval of the Finance and Budget T the fifth consecutive year that the Council Committee, the Council has moved to diversify its port­ has maintained a surplus. The budget remained firmly in folio, as shown in note 3 on page 116. the black thanks to increased strength in the annual Maintaining a balanced budget by establishing strict fund and Corporate Program; special grants from mem­ priorities, containing costs, and working to diversify and bers, foundations, and other donors; and continuing em­ increase our sources of support are the firm commit­ phasis on cost containment. ments underlying our financial planning. Our annual The strong stock market has, of course, contributed to level of activity is based on a conservative estimate of the Council's financial base in recent years. Recognizing revenues, in hand and projected, for the year. that this desirable state of affairs is unlikely to continue

Statements of Financial Position June 30 1998 1997 Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 8,954,400 $ 5,683,400 Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses 897,800 1,021,400 Grants and contributions receivable, current portion (Note 5) 3,505,100 3,240,800 Inventories, at lower of cost or market 240,400 227,500 Grants and contributions receivable, long-term portion (Note 5) 1,247,900 3,056,700 Contributions receivable for endowment and capital expenditures (Note 5) 4,444,100 7,032,700 Land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, net (Note 6) 16,072,500 11,453,400 Investments (Note 3) 69,605,200 62,243,000 Investments to be held in perpetuity (Note 3) 49,008,700 44,111,800 Total assets $153,976,100 $138,070,700

Liabilities and net assets Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 1,796,000 $ 2,552,600 Deferred subscription revenue 2,335,500 2,495,200 Accrued postretirement benefits (Note 8) 1,815,000 1,797,000 Total liabilities 5,946,500 6,844,800

Commitments (Note 12)

Net assets (Notes 10 and 11): Unrestricted 70,275,000 65,343,500 Temporarily restricted 27,301,800 18,682,200 Permanently restricted 50,452,800 47,200,200 Total net assets 148,029,600 131,225,900 Total liabilities and net assets $153,976,100 $138,070,700

See accompanying notes.

112 BUDGET AND FINANCE

Statement of Activities

Year ended June 30,1998, with summarized financial information for 1997

1998 Temporarily Permanently 1997 Unrestricted Restricted Restricted Total Total Operating revenue, support, and reclassifications Membership dues 2,457,700 2,457,700 2,053,700 Annual giving 1,825,500 1,825,500 1,463,300 Corporate memberships and related income 2,687,700 2,687,700 2,204,600 Meetings 38,700 38,700 165,900 International Affairs Fellowships 530,600 530,600 5,000 Grants and contributions for Studies 299,300 4,357,500 4,656,800 4,983,100 Other grants and contributions 122,200 41,300 163,500 27,000 Foreign Affairs 4,282,000 4,282,000 4,020,600 Book publication 56,600 56,600 102,000 Investment income allocation (Note 4) 2,233,700 898,400 3,132,100 3,421,200 Miscellaneous 394,100 394,100 306,700 Total operating revenue and support 14,397,500 5,827,800 20,225,300 18,753,100 Net assets released from restrictions (Note 10) 5,774,100 (5,774,100) Total operating revenue, support, and reclassifications 20,171,600 53,700 20,225,300 18,753,100

Operating expenses Program expenses: Studies Program 6,012,000 6,012,000 6,128,300 Meetings Program 1,982,200 1,982,200 2,021,400 Foreign Affairs 4,130,200 4,130,200 3,937,400 Book publication 375,000 375,000 257,500 National Program 402,600 402,600 351,900 International Affairs Fellowships 537,300 537,300 436,300 Media 237,800 237,800 167,200 Total program expenses 13,677,100 13,677,100 13,300,000

Supporting services: Management and general 4,085,200 4,085,200 3,218,000 Fund-raising: Development 317,500 317,500 499,900 Membership 292,800 292,800 300,000 Corporate Program 839,300 839,300 587,300 Total fund-raising 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,387,200 Total supporting services expenses 5,534,800 5,534,800 4,605,200

Total operating expenses 19,211,900 19,211,900 17,905,200

Excess of operating revenue, support, and reclassifications over operating expenses 959,700 53,700 1,013,400 847,900

See accompanying notes.

113 BUDGET AND FINANCE

Statement of Activities (continued)

1998 Temporarily Permanently 1997 Unrestricted Restricted Restricted Total Total Nonoperating revenue Investment income earned in excess of spending rate (Note 4) $ 3,971,800 $ 7,545,700 $ 11,517,500 $ 15,715,100 Contributions for capital expenditures 1,020,200 1,020,200 5,000,000 Endowment contributions 3,252,600 3,252,600 3,358,200 Total nonoperating revenue 3,971,800 8,565,900 3,252,600 15,790,300 24,073,300

Change in net assets 4,931,500 8,619,600 3,252,600 16,803,700 24,921,200

Net assets at the beginning of the year, as restated (Note 2) 65,343,500 18,682,200 47,200,200 131,225,900 106,304,700 Net assets at the end of the year $70,275,000 $27,301,800 $50,452,800 $148,029,600 $131,225,900

See accompanying notes.

Statements of Cash Flows

Year ended ] une 30 1998 1997 Operating activities Change in net assets $16,803,700 $ 24,921,200 Adjustments to reconcile change in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation 1,140,800 723,800 Net realized and unrealized gains on investments (11,914,300) (16,544,400) Contributions restricted for capital expenditures (1,020,200) (5,000,000) Contributions restricted for investment in endowment (3,252,600) (3,358,200) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses 123,600 189,100 Grants and contributions receivable, current portion (264,300) (546,000) Inventories (12,900) 133,500 Grants and contributions receivable, long-term portion 1,808,800 (503,200) Accounts payable and accrued expenses (756,600) 1,233,200 Deferred subscription revenue (159,700) 272,400 Accrued postretirement benefits 18,000 38,000 Net cash provided by operating activities 2,514,300 1,559,400

114 BUDGET AND FINANCE

Statements of Cash Flows (continued)

Year ended June 30 1998 1997 Investing activities Purchases of building, building improvements, equipment, and construction in progress (5,759,900) (840,500) Purchases of investments (106,146,800) (136,412,100) Proceeds from sales of investments 105,802,000 130,194,400 Net cash used in investing activities (6,104,700) (7,058,200) Financing activities Contributions restricted for investment in endowment 3,841,200 3,570,400 Contributions for capital expenditures 3,020,200 Net cash provided by financing activities 6,861,400 3,570,400

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 3,271,000 (1,928,400) Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 5,683,400 7,611,800 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 8,954,400 $ 5,683,400

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Non-cash investing and financing activity: Contributions receivable for investment in endowment $ 1,444,100 $ 2,032,700 Contributions receivable for capital expenditures $ 3,000,000 $ 5,000,000 See accompanying notes. Notes to Financial Statements June 30,1998 1. Organization The Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. (the "Council"), headquartered in New York City, is a nonprofit and nonpartisan membership or­ ganization dedicated to improving the understanding of U.S. foreign policy and international affairs through the exchange of ideas. The Council, established in 1921, serves as a center for scholarship and policy analysis, mobilizing resident senior staff, members, and other experts in dialogue, study, and the publications programs. It serves as a membership organization, comprising an ever-more diverse and multiprofessional community of men and women involved in international affairs. The Council also serves as a public education organi­ zation, reaching out nationally and internationally to disseminate ideas and collaborate with other institutions.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Fund Accounting and Net Asset Classifications The Council considers all contributions and grants to be available for unrestricted use unless specifically restricted by the donor or grantor. Endowment contributions are invested; and pursuant to the Council's 5% policy (see Note 4), an investment allocation is made for general purposes (unrestricted) and specific program activities (temporarily restricted). In the accompanying financial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into three net asset classes: unre­ stricted, temporarily restricted, and permanently restricted. Unrestricted net assets represent funds that are fully available, at the discretion of management and the Board of Directors, for the Council to utilize in any of its program or supporting services. Temporarily restricted net assets comprise funds that are restricted by donors for a specific time period or purpose. Permanently restricted net assets consist of funds that must be maintained intact in perpetuity, but permit the Council to expend part or all of the income derived from the investment of the donated assets for either specified or unspecified purposes. As of June 30,1997, a correction of $944,300, which decreased permanently restricted net assets and increased temporarily restricted net assets, was made to properly reflect donor restrictions. 1997 Financial Information The financial statements include certain prior year summarized comparative information in total but not by net asset class. Such infor­ mation does not include sufficient detail to constitute a presentation in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Ac­ cordingly, such information should be read in conjunction with the Council's financial statements for the year ended June 30,1997, from which the summarized information was derived, prior to the restatement noted above. In addition, certain 1997 amounts were reclassified to conform to the 1998 presentation.

115 BUDGET AND FINANCE

Support and Revenue Contributions, including a portion of membership dues, are recorded when received unconditionally, at their fair value. Gifts received with donor stipulations that limit the use of donated assets are reported as either temporarily or permanently restricted support. When a donor restriction expires, that is, when a time restriction ends or purpose restriction is fulfilled, temporarily restricted net assets are re­ classified as unrestricted net assets and reported in the statement of activities as net assets released from restrictions. It is the Council's policy to imply a time restriction on gifts of long-lived assets and contributions to be used to acquire long-lived assets in the absence of explicit donor restrictions to that effect. Conditional contributions, such as grants with matching requirements, are recognized in the appropriate net asset class when the condi­ tions have been met. Payments for subscriptions to Foreign Affairs are recognized as revenue over the period during which the subscriptions are fulfilled. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Council considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less, excluding cash equivalents held as investments, to be cash equivalents. Investments The Council's investments, other than hedge funds, are recorded at their fair values, which are based on quoted market prices for indi­ vidual debt and marketable equity securities, and published unit values for mutual funds. The Council's hedge funds, which consist of interests in investment limited partnerships and investment companies, are carried at cost, which reflects the Council's net contributions to the respective funds. Land, Buildings and Building Improvements, and Equipment The Council follows the practice of capitalizing expenditures for land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, and gener­ ally depreciates these assets on the straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (see Note 6). The fair value of donated property and equipment is similarly capitalized and depreciated. Measure of Operations The Council includes in its definition of operations all revenues and expenses that are an integral part of its programs and supporting activities, including an authorized investment income allocation (see Note 4) and all contributions except for those that are restricted for capital expenditures or have been permanently restricted by donors. Investment income, including net realized and unrealized gains and losses, earned in excess of (or less than) the Council's aggregate authorized spending amount, contributions for capital expenditures, and contributions to permanently restricted net assets are recognized as nonoperating activity. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make esti­ mates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

3. Investments The components of the Council's long-term investments at June 30,1998 and 1997, were as follows: June 30 1998 1997 Cost Carrying Value Cost Carrying Value Domestic equity securities $ 37,624,500 $ 52,185,600 $21,072,500 $ 41,484,300 International equity securities 17,035,200 18,555,700 Foreign and corporate bonds 9,612,500 9,691,300 6,704,700 6,680,600 U.S. government agency obligations 11,088,000 11,404,000 13,221,000 13,312,600 Hedge funds 23,392,500 23,392,500 — — Mutual funds: Equity funds 171,400 164,600 35,595,500 38,242,700 Bond funds — — 3,226,400 3,267,400 Money market funds 3,220,200 3,220,200 3,367,200 3,367,200 Total $102,144,300 $118,613,900 $83,187,300 $106,354,800

The hedge funds in which the Council has invested may trade various financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. These financial instruments include securities sold short and long, options contracts, and foreign currency forward contracts. Such transactions subject the hedge funds, and their investors, to market risk associated with changes in the value of the underlying securities, financial instru­ ments, and foreign currencies, as well as the risk of loss if a counterparty fails to perform. The respective hedge fund managers endeavor to limit the risk associated with such transactions.

116 BUDGET AND FINANCE

4. Investment Allocation It is a Council policy to make an annual investment allocation for the support of operations at 5% of the average market value of the in­ vestments for the three previous years. For fiscal years 1998 and 1997, the Board also approved an additional draw of $161,000 in each year for information systems upgrades. In 1998 and 1997, additional gains of $1,439,000 and $1,232,300, respectively, were also autho­ rized for spending. Investment income has been reported as follows: June 30 1998 1997 Temporarily Unrestricted Restricted Total Total Dividends and interest, net of invest­ ment expenses of $674,900 and $462,600 in 1998 and 1997, respectively $ 1,832,700 $ 902,600 $ 2,735,300 $ 2,591,900 Net realized and unrealized gains 4,372,800 7,541,500 11,914,300 16,544,400 Total return on investments 6,205,500 8,444,100 14,649,600 19,136,300 Investment return used for current operations (2,233,700) (898,400) (3,132,100) (3,421,200) Investment return in excess of amounts used for current operations $ 3,971,800 $7,545,700 $11,517,500 $15,715,100

5. Grants and Contributions Receivable Receivables consist substantially of promises to give and are due from individuals, corporations, and foundations. Contributions receiv­ able for endowment and capital expenditures are primarily due within one year. Grants and contributions receivable at June 30, 1998 and 1997, are due to be collected as follows: June 30 1998 1997 Less than one year $7,949,200 $11,696,900 One to five years 1,133,400 1,466,700 After five years 450,000 600,000 9,532,600 13,763,600 Less discount (using 6% rate) 335,500 433,400 Grants and contributions receivable, net $9,197,100 $13,330,200

6. Land, Buildings and Building Improvements, and Equipment Land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, at cost, are summarized as follows: June 30 Estimated 1998 1997 Useful Life Land $ 1,854,300 $ 1,854,300 Buildings and building improvements 10,581,900 10,572,700 10-55 years Equipment 4,994,200 4,400,300 3-15 years Construction in progress 5,566,800 410,000 22,997,200 17,237,300 Less accumulated depreciation 6,924,700 5,783,900 $16,072,500 $11,453,400

7. Retirement Plan The Council has a defined contribution retirement plan covering all employees who meet the minimum service requirements. Payments, which are 12.5% of each participant's salary, are made to Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association and College Retirement Equity Fund to purchase individual annuities for plan members. The expense for the plan was $599,400 for 1998 and $544,000 for 1997. Em­ ployees must contribute 2.5% of their salaries and have the option to make additional contributions on their own behalf.

8. Other Postretirement Benefits The Council provides certain health care and life insurance benefits for retired employees. Employees are eligible for those benefits when they meet the criteria for retirement under the pension plan. The following table presents the postretirement benefit plan's funded status reconciled with amounts recognized in the Council's state­ ments of financial position:

117 BUDGET AND FINANCE

June 30 1998 1997 Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation: Active employees: Eligible $ 350,000 $ 350,000 Other 182,000 269,000 Total 532,000 619,000 Retirees 1,053,000 1,069,000 1,585,000 1,688,000 Plan assets at fair value Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation in excess of plan assets 1,585,000 1,688,000 Unrecognized net actuarial gain 88,000 109,000 Unrecognized prior service cost 142,000 Accrued postretirement benefit cost $1,815,000 $1,797,000

Net periodic postretirement benefit cost includes the following components: Year ended June 30 1998 1997 Service cost $ 12,000 $ 13,000 Interest cost 122,000 123,000 Amortization of prior service cost (5,000) — Net periodic postretirement benefit cost ^129,000 $136,000

The discount rate used in determining the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation at June 30, 1998 and 1997, and the 1998 and 1997 net periodic postretirement benefit cost, was 7.75%. For purposes of calculating the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation and the net periodic postretirement benefit cost, the aver­ age annual assumed rate of increase in the per capita cost of medical and dental benefits is 7% and 7.5% for 1998 and 1997, respectively, decreasing to 6% in fiscal 2000 and remaining at that level thereafter. Increasing the assumed health care cost trend rate by 1% would increase the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation as of June 30,1998, by $204,000 and the aggregate of the service and interest cost components of net periodic postretirement benefit cost for 1998 by $19,000- 9. Income Taxes The Council is a Section 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization exempt from federal income taxes under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code and is a publicly supported organization as described in Section 509(a)(1) of the Code. The Council is also exempt from state and local income taxes. It is subject to tax on unrelated business income, which has not been significant. 10. Temporarily Restricted Net Assets Temporarily restricted net assets are restricted for the following purposes or time periods: June 30 1998 1997 Studies $14,721,100 $ 9,310,900 International Affairs Fellowships 3,082,100 1,766,800 Meetings 1,774,900 1,221,500 Next Generation 1,703,500 1,383,000 Capital expenditures 6,020,200 5,000,000 $27,301,800 " $18,682,200

In fiscal 1998, temporarily restricted net assets were released from restrictions for fulfillment of the following: Purposes and time periods: Studies $4,365,200 International Affairs Fellowships 460,600 Meetings 627,700 Library 30,000 Other 290,600 $5,774,100

The above amount released from restrictions primarily represents revenue recognized in prior years and expended in 1998.

118 BUDGET AND FINANCE

11. Permanently Restricted Net Assets Permanently restricted net assets are restricted as to income for the following purposes: June 30 1998 1997 Studies $26,211,200 $23,058,100 International Affairs Fellowships 6,066,100 6,066,100 Meetings 3,853,200 3,853,200 Library 156,700 156,700 Unrestricted as to use 14,165,600 14,066,100 $50,452,800 $47,200,200

12. Commitments In fiscal 1997, the Council began refurbishing a recently purchased building. Total construction costs relating to the refurbishment are estimated at $12,500,000. At June 30,1998, the Council's remaining commitment approximated $6,933,200.

13. Year 2000 Issue (Unaudited) The Council has developed a plan to modify its information technology to be ready for the year 2000. The project is expected to be com­ pleted in 1999 and is not expected to have a significant effect on operations.

HI ERNST &YOUNG LLP l Phone: 212 77! 3000

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

Board of Directors Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. We have audited the accompanying statements of financial position of the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., as of June 30, 1998 and 1997, and the related statements of cash flows for the years then ended and the statement of activities for the year ended June 30, 1998. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Coun­ cil's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted au­ diting standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes ex­ amining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and dis­ closures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., at June 30, 1998 and 1997, and its cash flows for the years then ended and the changes in its net assets for the year ended June 30, 1998, in conformity with generally accepted account­ ing principles.

foA^va^y TJOWULLU? August 7,1998

a member of Frnst & Young Ir

119 STAFF

EXECUTIVE OFFICE STUDIES PROGRAM LESLIE H. GELB President Director of Studies Office MICHAEL P. PETERS Senior Vice President, LAWRENCE J. KORB Vice President/Maurice R. Green- Chief Operating Officer, berg Chair, Director of Studies and National Director NANCY D. BODURTHA Associate Director of Studies JANICE L. MURRAY Vice President and Treasurer, and CAROL A. RATH Assistant to the Vice President Deputy Chief Operating Officer and Director of Studies APRIL WAHLESTEDT Director of Communications EDWARD A. FOGARTY Research Associate, Director JUDITH GUSTAFSON Secretary to the Corporation of Studies ERIC WATNIK Special Assistant to the President AMY MINTER Program Associate, Director ELVA MURPHY Assistant to the President of Studies MARIE X. STRAUSS Assistant to the Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Officer, ALTON FRYE Presidential Senior Fellow and National Director DANA STINSON Program Coordinator, Congress CHONG-LIM LEE Assistant to the Vice President and U.S. Foreign Policy and Treasurer NICHOLAS X. RIZOPOULOS Senior Studies Editor JESSICA VANDER SALM Program Associate, HENRY GRUNWALD Senior Fellow Communications JOHN A. MILLINGTON Counselor to the Chairman Africa and President SALIH BOOKER Program Director/Senior Fellow, JOHN TEMPLE SWING Of Counsel Africa Studies MARILYN GAYTON Research Associate, Africa Studies

FOREIGN AFFAIRS Asia Editorial Senior Fellow and Director, ROBERTA. MANNING JAMES F. HOGE JR. Editor; Peter G. Peterson Chair Asia Studies FAREED ZAKARIA Managing Editor Research Associate and SUSAN TILLOU WARREN BASS Associate Editor Coordinator, Asia Studies HELEN FESSENDEN Associate Editor Fellow, China Studies, and ELIZABETH ECONOMY JONATHAN D. TEPPERMAN Associate Editor Deputy Director for Asia Studies ROSEMARY FLARTMAN Assistant to the Editor VANESSA GUEST Research Associate, China Studies DEBORAH MILLAN Assistant to the Managing Editor JEROME A. COHEN C. V Starr Senior Fellow AMY ROWE Copy Editor for Asia Studies TRACEYUHLIG Editorial Assistant YINGMA Research Associate, Asia Studies JOSHUA BROOK Research Assistant MORTON I. ABRAMOWITZ C. V Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Studies II Publishing ANDREA AKOVA Research Associate DAVID KELLOGG Publisher MICHAEL GREEN Olin Fellow, Asia Security Studies DAWN M. TYRRELL Associate Publisher AKIHISA NAGASHIMA Research Associate, CYNTHIA R. VOUGHT Promotion Manager Asia Security Studies DAVID J. HILMER Advertising Director CHRISTOPHER GRASS Advertising Representative International Economics ROSSANA IVANOVA Assistant to the Publisher ALBERT FISHLOW Program Director/Paul A. Volcker JOSEPH D'AMICO Circulation Assistant Senior Fellow for International CAROL MCKUSICK Custom Anthologies Program Economics Coordinator TERESA AGUAYO Research Associate, International Economics

120 STAFF

DANIEL K. TARULLO Linda J. Wachner Senior Fellow BARBARA MCCURTAIN Assistant to the Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Economic Policy and Director, U.S./Middle East MARK PATTON Research Associate, International Project Economics/Europe Studies BRUCE STOKES Senior Fellow, Economic Studies: National Program Trade JENNIFER SEYMOUR WHLTAKER Senior Fellow and Deputy OLIVIA RIVERA Research Associate, Economic National Director Studies: Trade JUSTINE ROSENTHAL Research Associate ANN MARKUSEN Senior Fellow, Industrial Politics HARPREET MANN Research Associate, Industrial National Security Politics/International Organiza­ Senior Fellow and Director, RICHARD K. BETTS tions and Law National Security Studies MARIE-JOSEE KRAVIS Adjunct Senior Fellow, Economics Olin Fellow and Deputy Director, GIDEON ROSE National Security Studies Europe Olin Fellow, National Security JOHN HILLEN CHARLES A. KUPCHAN Program Coordinator/Senior Studies Fellow, Europe Studies Senior Fellow and Task Force MORTON H. HALPERIN MARK PATTON Research Associate, Europe Coordinator Studies/International Economics Research Associate, National SHANE SMITH ROBERT D. BLACKWILL Senior Fellow Security Studies EDWARD A. FOGARTY Research Associate KRISTEN LOMASNEY Research Associate PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY George F. Kennan Senior Fellow JESSICA STERN Next Generation Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies MICHAEL MANDELBAUM Director, Project on East-West Peace and Conflict Relations ROBERT DEVECCHI Program Coordinator/Adjunct TRACEY DUNN Research Associate, East-West Senior Fellow, Refugees and the Studies/Refugees and the Displaced Displaced TRACEY DUNN Research Associate, Refugees and the Displaced/East-West Latin America Studies KENNETH MAXWELL Nelson and David Rockefeller ALLAN GERSON Senior Fellow for International Senior Fellow for Inter-American Law and Organizations Studies, and Director, Latin BARNETT R. RUBIN Senior Fellow and Director, America Program Center for Preventive Action LUIS JIMENEZ MCINNIS Research Associate, Latin America SUSANNA CAMPBELL Research Associate, Studies Center for Preventive Action WALTER RUSSELL MEAD Senior Fellow, U.S. Foreign Policy RUTH WEDGWOOD Senior Fellow, International JULIA SWEIG Senior Program Coordinator Organizations and Law REBECCA O'BRIEN Research Associate, U.S. Foreign HARPREET MANN Research Associate, International Policy Organizations and Law/ Industrial Politics Middle East RICHARD W. MURPHY Program DirectorIHasib J. Science and Technology Sabbagh Senior Fellow RICHARD GARWIN Program Coordinator/Philip D. for the Middle East Reed Senior Fellow for Science HALEH NAZERI Research Associate, Middle East and Technology Studies DAVID VICTOR Robert W. Johnson, jr., Fellow HENRY SIEGMAN Senior Fellow and Director, for Science and Technology U.S./Middle East Project GREGORY LOYD Program Associate JONATHAN S. PARIS Fellow, U.S./Middle East Project

121 STAFF

JOHN C. CAMPBELL Senior Fellow Emeritus WASHINGTON PROGRAM WILLIAM DIEBOLD JR. Senior Fellow Emeritus PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY Vice President and Director Associate Director Visiting Fellows LINDA FLARSH DANIEL P. FATA Assistant to the Director JOHN MLARSHEIMER Whitney H. Shepardson Fellow, REBECCA GOODGAME Program Associate 1998-1999 JUDITH KIPPER Director, Middle East Forum CAPTAIN DAVID L. JONES USN Military Fellow, 1998-99 MERCEDES GALINDO Research Associate, COLONEL FREDERICK F. USAF Military Fellow, 1998-99 Middle East Forum ROGCERRO COLONEL W. MONTAGUE USA Military Fellow, 1998-99 WINFIELD DAVID KELLOGG Vice President, Corporate CAROLINE WADHAMS Program Associate Affairs, and Publisher ROSSANA IVANOVA Assistant to the Vice President, MATTHEW J. BURROWS Intelligence Fellow, 1998-99 Corporate Affairs NEIL E. SILVER State Department Fellow, and Publisher 1998-99 ELIZABETH NEUFFER Edward R. Murrow Press CORPORATE AFFAIRS Fellow, 1998-99 JACQUI SELBST SCHEIN Director, Corporate Affairs KIMBERLY KNOX Corporate Affairs Associate PROGRAMS AND MEDIA PROJECTS MEREDITH R. KURLAND Corporate Affairs Assistant ANNE R. LUZZATTO Vice President, Programs COUNCIL PUBLISHING and Media Projects ERIKA H. BURK Associate Director, Programs PATRICIA DORFF Director of Publishing and Media Projects MAURA FORTESCUE Web Site Coordinator IRINA FASKIANOS Assistant Director, Media Projects MIRANDA KOBRITZ Assistant Editor MARIA FIGUEROA Assistant Director, Programs JEFFREY REINKE Assistant Director, Corporate Programs LIBRARY AND RESEARCH SERVICES MEHER JAN Program Associate LILITAV. GUSTS Director PEGGY PAPADAKIS Program Associate MARCIA L. SPRULES Associate Director ANASTASIA MALACOS Assistant to the Vice President, BARBARA K. MILLER Documents Librarian Programs and Media Projects and Archivist JEFFREY HALSEY Events Manager CONNIE M. STAGNARO Public Services Associate MARK HUDSON Events Manager MING ER QIU Technical Services Associate YUZHEN HUA Library Assistant

122 STAFF

JANICE L. MURRAY Vice President and Treasurer, FACILITIES MANAGEMENT and Deputy Chief Operating CHRISTOPHER SMITH Facilities Director Officer PHIL FALCON Supervisor, Mail and Duplicating Services MEMBERSHIP AND FELLOWSHIP AFFAIRS IAN NORAY Assistant Supervisor ELISE CARLSON LEWIS Director ANTHONY RAMIREZ Mailroom Assistant MYOUNG HEE LEE Assistant Director GWENEVERE SETTLERS Mailroom Assistant GINA CELCIS CONCEPCION Program Associate HECTOR SHOJGREEN Mailroom Assistant LENA KASI Program Associate DEREK VELEZ Mailroom Assistant ALYSON RITCHIE Program Associate SANTO INE ALERS Senior Porter GILBERT FALCON Porter DEVELOPMENT MARIO PEDRAZA Porter ANTHONY SUAREZ Porter BETTY KURDYS Director of the Annual Fund and Major Gifts ALICIA WERBLE Associate Director INFORMATION SERVICES DE LA CAMPA of Development CHARLES DAY Director ARLEEN O'BRIEN Grants Development Associate DEEPAK TRIVEDI Associate Director LENA MOY Program Associate JAMES BECKMEYER Network Systems Administrator VIRGINIA ROLSTON PARROTT Training and Documentation FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES Specialist ANDREW R. LUDWICK Director ALICE MCLOUGHLIN Assistant to the Director PETER TYNDALE Associate Director of Information Services NICOLE MOORE Staff Accountant CHRIS O. SIERRA Help Desk Technician KATHLEEN HOCAN Assistant to the Director LINDA COPELAND Accounting Associate VERA LANGLEY Accounting Associate SIGI SILVANI Accounts Payable Associate

HUMAN RESOURCES JAN MOWDER HUCHES Director KATE M. HOLLAND Associate Director CHRISTI HAMILTON Assistant Director

Reception LINDA KHUMALO Reception Supervisor CRISTY LEMPERLE Receptionist

Note: Staff shown as of August 31,1998.

123 MEMBERSHIP

The Council relies on its members for their active engagement, substantive contributions, and support. It also counts on its members to take the initiative in identifying and proposing quali­ fied prospects. Each candidate is judged on the basis of his or her intellectual attainment; de­ gree of experience, interest, and current involvement in international affairs or in other areas affecting international affairs; promise of future achievement and service in foreign relations; potential contributions to the Council's work with a desire to participate; and community standing. Under the Council's By-Laws, membership is limited to U.S. citizens and permanent residents who have applied to become citizens.

uality, diversity, and balance are the key ob- Profile of the Membership ' jectives sought by the Council in the compo­ As of June 30, 1998, the Council had 3,477 members, an sition of its membership. To that end, the increase of 94 (3 percent) over last year. Broadly catego­ Committee on Membership adheres to established rized, the membership profile is as follows: guidelines and targets intended to achieve the optimal occupational, geographic, and age distribution; to identi­ Number of Percentage of Members Membership fy demographic and other segments in which the mem­ LOCATION bership is deficient; and to generate a proportionate Resident (NewYork) 1,114 32 influx of talented younger people. Washington, D.C. 1,113 32 In furtherance of the Council's goal of becoming a truly Nonresident national organization, the Committee on Membership has 1,250 36 welcomed the efforts of members around the country to (including overseas) 3,477 identify and nominate qualified candidates from key Total 100 cities—Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay area, Chicago, PROFESSION Houston, Atlanta, Dallas, and Boston. Over the next several Business Executives years, we will continue to concentrate our efforts on build­ (including banking) 876 25 ing our membership base in these areas in parallel with ef­ Academic Scholars forts to bring more programming to our national members. and Administrators 731 21 The Membership and Fellowship Affairs Department Nonprofit Institution also administers the International Affairs Fellowship, In­ Scholars and Administrators 653 19 ternational Affairs Fellowship in Japan, Military Fellow­ U.S. Government Officials 542 16 ship, Edward R. Murrow Fellowship, State Department Journalists, Correspondents, Fellowship, and Intelligence Fellowship. Full descriptions and Communications of these fellowships appear at the end of the Studies Executives 363 10 Program section. Lawyers 293 8 Elise Carlson Lewis Other 19 1 Director, Membership and Fellowship Affairs Total 3,477 100 124 MEMBERSHIP

MEMBERSHIP SELECTION which must include the candidate's date of birth and, if foreign-born, a statement that he or she has been natu­ PROCEDURE ralized or is a permanent resident who has made formal application for citizenship. Additionally, the nominator Membership Selection or candidate should submit a list of the names of up to New members are named twice a year by the Board of ten Council members by whom the candidate is well Directors, which invites selected men and women to join known. based on recommendations by the Committee on Mem­ bership. The Committee also meets twice a year and is Rules and Regulations to Keep in Mind composed of six members of the Board and such other A candidate's nominator bears the chief responsibility members as the committee chairman deems appropri­ for seeing to it that filing deadlines for a candidacy are ate. To be considered by the Committee on Membership, met and that all required documents are submitted to candidates must be proposed for membership by Coun­ the Council's membership affairs office in a timely man­ cil members. The roster of members is listed in the annu­ ner. Candidates and/or their nominators are responsible al report. for securing Council members to write seconding letters At every meeting, the Committee on Membership within the content guidelines prescribed below. Council considers significantly more candidates than there are members are advised to commit themselves to support­ vacancies. Thus, it is inevitable that the names of some ing a candidacy only when they can fairly meet the re­ candidates will appear before the Committee on several quirements of the process and the expectations of the occasions. Given the high level of the competition gen­ candidates who depend on them for assistance. Please erally, some candidates may never be elected even also know: though they may be thought by some to have the indi­ vidual qualifications outlined below. • Council membership is restricted to United States cit­ izens (native-born or naturalized). Term Membership • Members of the Council's Board of Directors and Committee on Membership are precluded from nom­ In an effort to reach out to the next generation of lead­ inating, seconding and writing supporting letters on ers, the Board has also established a separate Term any candidate's behalf. Membership Committee. This committee meets annually • A member who is a spouse, close relative (such as in the spring to evaluate candidates age 34 and younger parent, brother or sister, cousin, etc.), or near in-law of for consideration as five-year term members of the a candidate may not formally propose or second that Council. The selection process for term membership is candidate for membership in the Council. Members nearly identical to, although separate from, that for regu­ should also refrain from writing on behalf of clients. lar members. Initiated nearly 30 years ago, the program has grown to the point where the Board has gradually • Members should write only in support of candidates raised the yearly limit on the number of term members whom they know well. who may be elected. At present, the limit is 90 and no more than 60 of these are permitted to be age 31 or over. Nominating Letters Letters nominating a candidate for consideration by the Becoming a Member Committee on Membership should address the follow­ ing criteria, which have always been basic to the Com­ Current procedure requires that every candidate for reg­ mittee's consideration of membership candidates: ular membership be formally nominated in writing by one member and seconded by a minimum of two other individu­ • Intellectual attainment and expertise; als, at least one of whom is a Council member. An additional • Degree of experience, interest, and current involve­ letter or two, from Council members, reflecting different ment in international affairs or in other areas affecting perspectives is welcome but is not technically required. international affairs; Currently, an average candidacy includes four to five let­ • Promise of future achievement and service in foreign ters of support. The nominator or candidate must submit relations; a separate curriculum vitae or chronological resume, • Potential contributions to the Council's work;

125 MEMBERSHIP

• Desire and ability to participate in Council activities; REGULAR MEMBERSHIP • Standing among his or her peers. For prospective regular members, the deadlines for re­ ceipt of all materials for the two yearly meetings of the Seconding Letters Committee to consider regular membership candidates Seconding letters need not be so comprehensive, but are March 1 and September 15. should amplify why, in the opinion of the writer, a given TERM MEMBERSHIP candidate should be considered for Council member­ For prospective term members, the deadline for receipt ship. Thoughtful, candid, and succinct comments are far of all materials for the annual meeting of the Committee more important in seconding and proposing letters than to consider term membership candidates is January 31. formal endorsements of candidates. In seconding letters particularly, writers should express why a given candi­ Notification of Candidates date should be considered for Council membership for reasons beyond the basic criteria above. Candidates recommended by the Committee on Mem­ bership and elected by the Board are so notified, as are While only two seconding letters are required to as­ their nominators and seconders. Candidates who are sure that a candidate's name will be forwarded to the unsuccessful at any given meeting are not notified, as Committee on Membership, one or two additional let­ they remain eligible for consideration at subsequent ters are frequently submitted at the initiative of either meetings of the Committee, and may continue to submit the nominator or the candidate. Such letters are particu­ new materials and secure additional letters of support. larly helpful to the Committee on Membership when The process is entirely one of affirmative selection, i.e., they add information or insights about a candidate not from the large and evolving pool of nominees, the Com­ already contained in a previous letter. All membership mittee and the Board choose a number of members proposing, seconding, and supporting letters should be without prejudice to the candidacies of those remaining mailed to the address indicated at the end of this section. in the pool.

Deadlines Contact for All Membership Matters Strict observance of deadlines is essential to staff support and Correspondence: of the Committee on Membership's work and we re­ quest your continuing cooperation. The preparation of Elise Carlson Tewis individual membership files for submission to the Com­ Director of Membership and Fellowship Affairs mittee on Membership is a continuing process. Candi­ Council on Foreign Relations dates whose files are not completed in time for any given 58 East 68th Street meeting of the Committee have their files carried for­ New York, New York 10021 ward, without prejudice, to the subsequent meeting, but Telephone: (212) 434-9400 Fax: (212) 861-2701 are considered only if completed. E-mail: [email protected]

126 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Almond, Michael A. Armstrong, C. Michael Baird, Peter W. Bartsch, David A. Alpern, Alan N. Armstrong, John A. Jr. Baird, Zoe Basek, John T. Aaron, David L. Alterman, Jon B.t Arnavat, Gustavo Baker, Howard H. Jr. Basora, Adrian A. Abbot, Charles S. Altman, Roger C. Arnhold, Henry H. Baker, James A. Ill* Bass, Peter E.* Abboud, A. Robert Atschul, Arthur G. Arnold, Millard W. Baker, James E. Bassow, Whitman Abboud, Labeeb M. Atshuler, David Aran, Adam M. Baker, James Edgar Batkin, Alan R. Abel, Elie Alvarado, Donna Maria Aronson, Bernard W. Baker, John R. Bator, Francis M. Abercrombie- Alvarez, Jose E. Aronson, Jonathan David Baker, Pauline H. Battaglia, Charles C. Winstanley, Gina* Ames, Oakes Aronson, Michaelt Baker, Stewart A. Bauer, Joanne R. Abernethy, Robert John Amos, Deborah Susan Arredondo, Fabiola R.+ Bakhash, Shaul* Baumann, Carol Edler Abram, Morris B. Andelman, David A. Art, Robert J. Balaran, Paul Beard, Ronald S. Abramowitz, Morton I. Andersen, Harold W. Arthurs, Alberta Baldwin, David A. Beattie, Richard I. Abrams, Elliott Anderson, Craig B. Artzt, Edwin L. Baldwin, H. Furlong Becherer, Hans W. Abshire, David M. Anderson, John B. Asencio, Diego C. Baldwin, Robert Edward Bechky, Perryt Aburdene, Odeh F. Anderson, Joseph A. Asher, Robert E. Baldwin, Sherman Beckler, David Z. Ackerman, Peter Anderson, Laurence Ashton, Sarah S. Bales, Carter F. Bedrosian, Gregory R. Adams, Gordon M. Desaix* Asmus, Ronald D. Balick, Kenneth David Beeman, Richard E. Adams, Robert Anderson, Lisa Assevero,Vicki-Ann E. Baliles, Gerald L. Begley, Louis Assousa, George E. Band, Laurence Merrill Behrman, Jack N. McCormick Anderson, Marcus A. Atherton, Afred L. Jr. Barber, Charles F. Beim, David O. Adelman, Carol C. Anderson, Mark A. Atwood, J. Brian Barber, James Alden Beim, Nicholas F. Adelman, Kenneth L. Anderson, Paul F. Auer, James E. Bardel, William G. Beinecke, William S. Agnew, Harold M. Anderson, Robert O. Augustine, Norman R. Barger, Teresa C. Beitler, Ruth Margolies Agostinelli, Robert F. Andreas, Dwayne O. Auspitz, Josiah Lee Barkan, Joel D. Belfer, Robert A. Ahmad, Kamal Andreas, Terry Lynn Ausubel, Jesse H. Barker, John P. Bell, Burwell B. Aho, C Michael Andrews, David R. Avedon, John F. Barkey, Henri J. Bell, David E. Aidinoff, M. Bernard Andrews, Michael A. Avery, John E. Barnds, William J. Bell, Gordon P. Ajami, Fouad Ansour, M. Michael Axelrod, Robert M. Barnes, Harry G. Jr. Bell, Holley Mack Akins, James E. Anthoine, Robert Ayers, H. Brandt Barnes, Michael D. Bell, J. Bowyer Albright, Alice P. Anthony, John Duke Barnet, Richard J. Bell, Peter Dexter Albright, Madeleine Apgar, David P. Barnett, A. Doak Bell, Ruth Greenspan Alderman, Michael H. Apodaca, Jerry Barr, Michael S. Bell, Steve Aldrich, George H. Aponte, Mari Carmen Barr, Thomas D. Alexander, Robert J. Appiah, Kwame Bell-Rose, Stephanie K. Barrett, Barbara Alexander, Sarah Anthony Bellamy, Carol Elizabeth Apter, David E. Babbitt, Bruce McConnell Bellinger, John B. Ill Alford, Rogert Araskog, RandV. Babbitt, Eileen F. Barrett, John Adams Bello, Judith H. Alford, William P. Archambeau, Shellye L. Babbitt, Harriet C. Barry, John L. Benbow, Terence H. Allaire, Paul A. Arciniega, Tomas A. Bacot, J. Carter Barry, Lisa B. Bender, Gerald J. Allbritton, Joe L. Arcos, Cresencio S. Bader, William B. Barry, Thomas Corcoran Benedict, Kennette M. Allen, Jodie T. Areizaga-Soto, Jaime A.+ Baer, M. Delal Barshay, Jill Bennet, Douglas J. Allen, Lew Jr. Arkin, Stanley S. Baeza, Mario L. Bartholomew, Reginald Bennett, Andrew Owen Allen, Robert E. Arledge, Roone Bailey, Charles Waldo Bartlett, Joseph W. Bennett, Susan J. Alison, Graham T. Armacost, Michael H. Bains, Leslie E. Bartlett, Thomas A. Benson, Lucy Wlson Alison, Richard C. Armstrong, Anne L. Baird, Charles F. Bartley, Robert L. Bereuter, Douglas K.

* Elected to membership in 1998. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1998.

127 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Bergen, Peter Lampert Blahous, Charles P. Boyd, Charles Graham Brown, Lester R. Cabranes, Jose A. Berger, Marilyn Blake, Robert O. Bracken, Paul Brown, Michael A.t Caesar, Camille M. Berger, Samuel R. Blank, Stephen Brademas, John Brown, Michael E. Cahill, Kevin M. Berger, Suzanne Blechman, Barry M. Bradford, Zeb B. Jr. Brown, Richard P. Jr. Cahn, Anne Hessing Bergsten, C. Fred Bleier, Edward Bradley, Bill Brown, Tobias Josef Cain, Kenneth L.+ Berkowitz, Bruce D. Blendon, Robert Jay Bradley, Edward R. Browne, Robert S. Calabia, Dawn T. Berkowsky, Pamelat Blinder, Alan S. Bradley, William L. Bruce, Judith Calder, Kent Eyring Berman, Howard L. Blinken, Alan John Brady, Linda Parrish Bruemmer, Russell J. Caldwell, Dan Berndt, John E. Blinken, Donald Brady, Nicholas F. Bryan, Greyson L. Caldwell, Philip Bernstein, David Scott Bloch, Julia Chang Brady, Rose Bryant, Ralph C. Califano, Joseph A. Jr. Bernstein, Peter W. Bloom, Evan T. Brainard, Lawrence J. Bryson, John E. Callaghy, Thomas M. Bernstein, Robert L. Bloomfield, Lincoln P. Bramlett, David A. Brzezinski, Ian Joseph Callahan, David L. Bernstein, Tom A. Bloomfield, Richard J. Branscomb, Lewis M. Brzezinski, Mark F. Callander, Robert J. Berresford, Susan Vail Bloomgarden, Kathy Finn Branson, William Hoban Brzezinski, Zbigniew Callen, Michael A. Berris, Jan C. Blum, Richard C* Brauchli, Marcus W. Buchman, Mark E. Calleo, David Patrick Beshar, Peter Justus Blumenthal, Sidney S. Braunschvig, David Buckley, William F. Jr. Campbell, Carolynt Bessie, Simon Michael Blumenthal, W. Michael Breck, Henry R. Buergenthal, Thomas Campbell, Colin G. Bestani, Robert M. Blumrosen, Alexander B. Bremer, L. Raul Bugliarello, George Campbell, John C. Bestor, Theodore C. Bob, Daniel E. Breslauer, George William Bullock, Mary Brown Campbell, Kurt M. Betts, Richard K. Bobbitt, Philip Chase Bresnan, John J. Bundy, William P. Campbell, Thomas J. Beutner, Austin M. Bodea, Andy S. Brevnov, Gretchen Wilson Bunzel, Jeffrey H. Campbell, W. Glenn Bewkes, Jeffrey Bodie, William C. Brewer, John D. Burand, Deborah K* Campbell, Wlliam Beyer, John C. Boeker, Paul H. Breyer, Stephen G. Burgess, John A. Canfield, Franklin O. Bialer, Seweryn Bogert, Carroll R. Briggs, Everett Ellis Burke, James E. Cappello, Juan Carlos Bialkin, Kenneth J. Boggs, Michael D. Brimmer, Andrew F. Burkhalter, Holly J. Caputo, Lisa M.t Biegun, Stephen E.t Bohen, Frederick M. Brimmer, Esther Diane Burns, Patrick Owen Carbonell, Nestor T. Bid, Eric R. Bohlen, AvisT. Brinkley, David Burns, R. Nicholas Carey, Hugh L. Biemann, Betsy Bohn, John A. Brinkley, Douglas G. Burns, Wlliam F Jr. Carey, John Bienen, Henry S. Boiling, Landrum R. Britt, David V. B. Burns, William J. Carey, Sarah C. Bierley, John C. Bollinger, Martin J. Brittenham, Raymond L. Burt, Richard R. Carey, William D. Biggs, David J. Bond, George Clement Broad, Robin Burton, Daniel F. Jr. Carlos, Manuel Luis Bijur, Peter I. Bond, Jean Carey Broadman, Harry G. Busbee, Rodgers Carlson, Scott A.* Bilder, Richard B. Bond, Robert D. Broda, Frederick C. Carlson, Steven E. Christopher Binger, James Henry Bonime-Blanc, Andrea Brody, Christopher W. Carlucci, Frank C. Bushner, Rolland H. Binkley, Nicholas Burns Bonney, J. Dennis Brody, Kenneth D. Carmichael, William D. Bussey, Donald S. Binnendijk, Hans Booker, Salih Broitman, Elana -rCarnesale, Albert Bussey, John C. Birdsall, Nancy Bookout, John F. Brokaw, Tom Carothers, Thomas Butler, George Lee Birenbaum, David E. Boren, David L. Bromley, D. Allan Carr, John W. Butler, Samuel C. Birkelund, John P. Boschwitz, Rudy Bronfman, Edgar M. Carrington, Walter C. Butler, William J. Birnbaum, Eugene A. Bossert, Philip A. Brookins, Carole L. Carrion, Richard L. Buultjens, Ralph* Bishop, Sanford D. Jr. Bosworth, Stephen W. Brooks, Harvey Carroll, J. Speed Buxbaum, Richard M. Bissell, Richard E. Botts, John C. Brower, Charles N. Carruth, Reba Anne Buyske, Gail Bjomlund, Eric Chapman Bouis, Antonina W. Brown, Alice L. Carson, Charles William Byrne, Patrick M. Black, Joseph E. Bouton, Marshall M. Brown, Brian Alexander Carswell, Robert Black, Shirley Temple Bovin, Denis A. Brown, Carroll Carter, Ashton B. Black, Stanley Warren Bowen, Vincent E. Ill Brown, Cynthia G. Carter, Barry E. Blacker, Coit D. Bo wen, William G. Brown, Frederic J. Carter, George E. Blackwell, James A. Jr. Bower, Joseph Lyon Brown, Gwendolyn A. Carter, James Earl Blackwell, John Kenneth Bowie, Robert R. Brown, Harold Carter, James H* Blackwill, Robert D. Bowman, Richard C. Brown, L. Carl Cabot, Elizabeth Carter, Mark Andrew Cabot, Louis W.

128 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Carter, Marshall Nichols Chickering, A. Lawrence Cohen, Eliot A. Cooper, Rebecca J.+ Carter, Theodore N. Choharis, Peter Charles Cohen, Herman J. Cooper, Richard N. Carter, W. Hodding Choi, Audrey! Cohen, Jerome Alan Cordesman, Anthony H. D'Amato, Alfonse M. Casper, Gerhard Chollet, Derek H.t Cohen, Joel E. Cornelius, Wayne A. Dahlman, Michael K. Cassidy, Eileen E.t Cholmondeley, Paula H. J. Cohen, Roberta Jane Cott, Suzanne Dailey, Brian D. Catlow, Walter S. Chorlins, Marjorie Ann Cohen, Stephen Bruce Cotter, William R. Dale, William B. Cattarulla, Elliot R. Choucri, Nazli Cohen, Stephen F. Courtney, William Dallara, Charles H. Catto, Henry E. Chow, Jack C. Cohen, Stephen S. Harrison Dailey, George Albert Caulfield, Matthew P. Christensen, Thomas J. Cohen, Warren I. Cousens, Elizabeth M. Dallmeyer, Dorinda G. Cavanagh, Richard Christiansen, John F. Cohen, William S. Cowal, Sally Grooms Dalton, Gregory R. Edward* Christianson, Geryld B. Colbert, Evelyn Speyer Cowan, L. Gray Dalton, James E. Cave, Ray Charles Christman, Daniel Colby, Jonathan E. Cowhey, Peter F. Dam, Kenneth W. Cebrowski, Arthur Karl William Cole, Johnnetta Cox, Edward F. Dam, Marcia Wachs Celeste, Richard F. Christopher, Warren Coleman, Isobel Cox, Robert G. Damrosch, Lori Fisler Cerjan, Paul G. Churchill, Buntzie Ellis Coleman, Lewis W. Crahan, Margaret E. Danforth, William H. Chace, James C. Cisneros, Marc A. Coleman, William T. Jr. Craner, Lome W. Daniel, D. Ronald Chafee, John H. Clapp, Priscilla A. Coles, Julius E. Crawford, John F. Danner, Mark D. Challenor, Herschelle S. Clark, Dick Collier, David Creekmore, Marion V. Jr. Dash, Michele Chambers, Anne Cox Clark, Howard Collins, Joseph J. Cressey, Roger W. Samanthat Chan, Gerald L. Longs treth Colon, Rafael Crichton, Kyle C* DaSilva, Russell J. Chan, Ronnie C. Clark, J. H. Cullum Hernandez Crile, George III David, Jack Chang, Gareth C.C. Clark, Mark Edmond Comstock, Philip E. Jr. Crittenden, Ann Davidson, Daniel I. Chanin, Clifford Clark, Noreen M. Cone, Sydney M. Ill Crocker, Chester A. Davidson, Ralph K. Chanis, Jonathan A. Clark, Wesley K. Connaughton, James L. Cromwell, Adelaide Davidson, Ralph Parsons Davis, Evan A. Chao, Elaine L. Clark, William Jr. Conners, Leila Anne McGuinn Davis, Jacquelyn K. Chao, Victor Tzu - Ping Clarke, J. G. Connolly, Gerald E. Cross, JuneV. Davis, Jerome Chapman, Margaret Holt Clarke, Teresa H. Connor, John T. Jr. Cross, SamY. Davis, Kathryn W. Charles, Robert Bruce Clarkson, Lawrence W. Considine, Jill M. Cross, Theodore Davis, Lynn E. Charney, Jonathan Isa Clemons, Steven C. Constable, Pamela Crossette, Barbara Davis, Maceo N. Charpie, Robert A. Cleveland, Harlan ._Conway, Jill Crowe, William J. Davis, Nathaniel Chartener, Robert Cleveland, Peter M. Cook, Frances D. Crown, Lester Davis, Vincent Chase, Anthony R.* Clifford, Donald K. Jr. Cook, Gary M. Crystal, Lester M. Davison, Krishna Perkin Chatterjee, Purnendu Cline, William R. Cook, Gretchen Rachelle Cullum, Lee Davison, W. Phillips Chaves, Robert J. dinger, William F. Jr. Cooke, Goodwin Culver, John C. Dawisha, Karen Lea Chavez, Linda Clinton, Bill Cooke, John F. Cumpiano, Flaviot Dawkins, Peter M. Chavira, Ricardo Cloherty, Patricia M. Coolidge, Nicholas J. Cuneo, Donald Dawson Carr, Marion M. Chayes, Abram J. Cloonan, Edward T. Coombe, George Cuomo, Mario M. Chayes, Antonia Handler Cloud, Stanley W. Dawson, Christine L. William Jr. Curley, Walter J. Jr. Checki, Terrence J. Clough, Michael Dawson, Horace G. Jr. Coombs, Philip H. Curran, R. T. Cheever, Daniel S. Cobb, Charles E. Jr. Day, Anthony Coon, Jane Abell Curtis, Charles B. Chen, Kimball C. Cochran, Barbara S. Day, Arthur R. Cooney, Joan Ganz Curtis, Gerry Chenault, Kenneth I. Coffey, C. Shelby III Day, Robert A. Cooper, Charles A. Cutler, Lloyd N. Cheney, Elizabeth L.+ Coffey, Joseph I. Days, Drew Saunders Jr. Cooper, Chester L. Cutler, Walter L. Cheney, Richard B. Cohen, Ariel de Borchgrave, Arnaud Cooper, James H. S. Cutshaw, Kenneth A. Cheney, Stephen A. Cohen, Benjamin J. de Janosi, Peter E. Cooper, John Milton Cutter, W. Bowman Cherne, Leo Cohen, Betsy Helen de la Garza, Rodolfo O. Cooper, Kerry Cyr, Arthur I.

* Elected to membership in 1998. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1998.

129 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

de Menil, George Dilenschneider, Duffy, James H. Eisendrath, Charles R. Fanton, Jonathan Foster de Menil, Lois Pattison Robert L. Dugan, Michael J. Eizenstat, Stuart E. Farer, Tom J. deVries, Rimmer Dillon, Douglas Dukakis, Michael S. Eliason, Leslie Carol Farmer, Thomas L. Deagle, Edwin A. Jr. DiMartino, Rita Duke, Robin Chandler Ellingwood, Susan K. Fascell, Dante B. Dean, Jonathan Dine, Thomas A. Dulany, Peggy Elliott, Inger McCabe Fawaz, Leila Dean, Robert W. Dinh,Viet D.t Duncan, Charles W. Jr. Elliott, Osborn Feiner, Ava S. Debevoise, Eli Whitney II Dinkins, David N. Duncan, John C. Ellis, James Reed Feinstein, Lee Andrew Debs, Barbara Knowles DiPaola, Joseph P. Jr. Dunigan, P. Andrew Ellis, Patricia Feissel, Gustave Debs, Richard A. Diuk, Nadia Dunkerley, Craig G. Ellison, Keith Paty Feist, Samuel H. DeBusk, F. Amanda Dixon, Carmen R.t Dunlop, Joan B. Ellsberg, Daniel Feith, Douglas J. DeCrane, Alfred C. Jr. Djerejian, Edward P. Dunn, Kempton Ellsworth, Robert F. Feldman, Mark B. Decter, Midge Dobriansky, Paula Dunn, Lewis A. Ely, John Hart Feldstein, Martin S. Decyk, Roxanne J. Dodd, Christopher J. Dunn, Michael M. Ely-Raphel, Nancy Ferguson, Charles H. Dedrick, Fred T. Dodge, WilliamS. Dur, Philip A. Halliday Ferguson, Glenn W. Deffenbaugh, Ralston H. Doebele, Justin Dutton, Frederick G. Embree, Ainslie T. Ferguson, James L. Deibel, Terry L. Doerge, David J. Dyke, Nancy Bearg Emerson, Alice F. Ferguson, Ronald E. del Olmo, Frank Phillip Doherty William C. Dyson, Esther Enthoven, Alain C. Fernandez, Jose W. Del Toro, Carlos Dominguez, Jorge I. Epstein, Barbara Ferrari, Frank E. Delaney, Andrew J. Donahue, Thomas R. Epstein, Jason Ferraro, Geraldine A. Rubicam Donaldson, Robert H. Epstein, Jeffrey Ferre, Antonio Luis Deming, Rust Donaldson, Wlliam Epstein, Joshua M. Ferre, Maurice A. Macpherson Donilon, Thomas E. Erb, Guy F. Ferrell, Lisa C.t Donnell, Ellsworth Fesharaki, Fereidun Denham, Robert E. Eagleburger, Lawrence S. Erb, Richard D. Donnelly, Harold C. Fessenden, Hart Denison, Robert J. Earle, Ralph II Erbsen, Claude E. Doran, Charles F. Fiedler, Jeffrey L. Dennis, Everette E. East, Maurice A. Erburu, Robert F. Dornbusch, Rudi Fields, Bertram H. Denny, Brewster C. Easum, Donald B. Ercklentz, Alexander T. Dorsen, Norman Fields, Craig I. Denoon, David B. H. Eberhart, Ralph E. Estabrook, Robert H. Dory, Amanda Jeant Fife, EugeneV. Denton, Hazel Eberle, William D. Estrada, Alfredo Doty, Grant R. Fifield, Russell Hunt Denton, James S* Eberstadt, Nicholas N. Esty, Daniel C Dougan, Diana Lady Finberg, Barbara D. DePalma, Samuel Echols, Marsha A. Evans, Gail H. Douglass, Robert R. Findakly, Hani K* Dergham, Raghida Economy, Elizabeth C. Evans, Harold M. Dowling, John Nicholas Finger, Seymour Maxwell Derian, Patricia Murphy Ecton, Donna R. Evans, Rowland Jr. Doyle, James S. Finkelstein, Lawrence S. Derr, Kenneth T. Eddy, Randolph P. Ill Evans, Tatjana H.t Doyle, Michael W. Finn, James Derryck, Vivian Lowery Edelman, Albert I. Everingham, Susan M. S. Draper, William H. Finnemore, Martha Dertouzos, Michaelt Edelman, Gerald M. Ewing, Anthony P. Drayton, Wlliam Finney, Paul B. Desai, Padma Edelman, Marian Wright Drell, Sidney D. Firmage, Edwin B. DeShazer, MacArthur Edelstein, Julius C. C. Drew, Elizabeth Fischer, David Joseph Destler, I. M. Edington, Mark D. W. Dreyfuss, Joel Fischer, Stanley Deutch, John Edley, Christopher Jr. Drobnick, Richard Lee Fisher, Peter R. DeVecchi, Robert P. Edwards, Howard Drucker, Joy E. Fisher, Richard W. Devine, Caroline M. Edwards, Mickey Druyan, Ann Fairbanks, Douglas Fisher, Roger Devine, M. Colettet Edwards, Robert H. Jr. Duberstein, Elton Jr. Fishlow, Albert Devine, Thomas J. Eggers, Thomas E. Fairbanks, Richard M. Ill Fitts, Sarah Watkinst DeYoung, Karen J. Ehrlich, Thomas Kenneth M. Falco, Mathea Fitz-Pegado, Lauri J. Dickey, Christopher Eichengreen, Barry J. Dubin, Seth H. Falcoff, Mark FitzGerald, Frances Dicks, Norman D. Eikenberry Karl DuBrul, Stephen M. Jr. Falk, Pamela S. Fitzgibbons, Harold E. Didion, Joan Eilts, Hermann Frederick Due, Johnita P.+ Falk, Richard A. Flaherty, Peter Diebold, John Einaudi, Luigi R. Duersten, Althea L. Falkenrath, Richard A. Flanagan, Stephen J. Diebold, William Jr. Einhom, Jessica P. Duffey, Joseph D. Fallows, James Flanigan, Peter M. Diehl, Jackson K. Einhorn, Robert J. Duffy, Gloria Charmian Fanning, Katherine W.

130 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Fleischmann, Alan H. Fribourg, Michel P. Ganoe, Charles S. Gerstner, Louis V. Jr. Goldman, Marshall I. Fleishman, Rachel Fribourg, Paul J. Gantcher, Nathan Getler, Michael Goldman, Merle D. Floumoy, Michele A. Fried, Edward R. Garcia-Passalacqua, Geyelin, Philip L. Goldmark, Peter C. Jr. Flynn, Stephen E.* Friedberg, Aaron Louis Juan M. Geyer, Georgie Anne Goldschmidt, Neil Foege, William H. Friedman, Bart Gard, Robert G. Gfoeller, Joachim Jr. Goldsmith, Jack Landman Fogleman, Ronald R. Friedman, Benjamin M. Gardels, Nathan P. Gfoeller, Michael Goldstein, Gordon Foley, S. R. Jr. Friedman, Fredrica S. Gardner, Anthony L. Gfoeller, Tatiana C. Goldstein, Jeffrey A. Foley, Thomas S. Friedman, Jennifert Gardner, James A. Ghiglione, Loren Goldwyn, David L. Foote, Edward T. II Friedman, Jordana D. Gardner, Nina Luzzatto Giacomo, Carol Annt Golob, Paul Ford, Gerald R. Friedman, Stephen Gardner, Richard N. Gibbons, John Howard Gomory, Ralph E. Ford, Paul B. Jr. Friedman, Stephen J. Garment, Leonard Gibney, Frank B. Gompert, David C. Fore, Henrietta Friedman, Thomas L. Garment, Suzanne R. Giffen, James Henry Goodby, James E. Holsman* Frieman, Wendy Gart, Murray J. Gilbert, Jackson B. Goodman, George J. W. Forester, Lynn Friend, Theodore W. Garten, Jeffrey E. Gilbert, Jarobin Jr. Goodman, Herbert I. Forman, Shepard L. Froman, Michael B. G. Garthoff, Raymond L. Gilbert, Steven J. Goodman, Nancy F. Forstmann, Theodore J. Fromkin, David Garwin, Richard L. Gillette, Michael James Goodman, Roy M. Fosler, Gail D. Fromm, Joseph Gaston, Patricia E.* Gilmore, Kenneth O. Goodman, Sherri W. Foster, Brenda Lei Frost, Ellen L. Gates, Henry Louis Jr. Gilmore, Richard Goodpaster, Andrew J. Foster, Richard N. Fry, Earl H. Gates, Philomene A. Gilpin, Robert G. Jr. Gordon, Albert H. Fox, Donald T. Frye, Alton Gates, Robert M. Gingrich, Newton L. Gordon, John A. Fox, Eleanor M. Fukushima, Glen S. Gati, Charles Ginsberg, Marc Charles Gordon, Lincoln Fox, Joseph Carrere Fukuyama, Francis Gati,TobyTrister Ginsburg, David Gordon, Michael R. Fraga, Arminio Fuld, Richard S. Jr. Gaudiani, Claire L. Ginsburg, Jane C. Gordon, Philip H. Franck, Thomas M. Fuller, Kathryn S. Gause, F. Gregory III Ginsburg, Ruth Bader Gorelick, Jamie S. Francke, Albert Fuller, William P. Gay, Catherine C. Glassman, Charisse Gorman, Joseph T. Frank, Andrew D. Fung, Victor K. Gebhard, Paul R. S. Glauber, Robert R. Gornick, Alan L. Frank, Barney Furlaud, Richard M. Gedo, Inge Gleysteen, Peter Gotbaum, Victor Frank, Charles R. Jr. Futter, Ellen V. Geertz, Clifford Gleysteen, William H. Jr. Gottemoeller, Rose Geier, Philip O. Globerman, Norma Frank, Isaiah Eilene Geithner, Timothy F. Gluck, Carol Frank, Richard A. Gottfried, Kurt Gelb, Bruce S. Gluck, Frederick W. Frankel, Francine R. Gottlieb, Gidon A. G. Gelb, Leslie H. Glusker, Peter Henry Frankel, Jeffrey A. Gottsegen, Peter M. Gelb, Richard L. Godchaux, Frank A. Ill Franklin, Barbara Gould, Peter G. Gell-Mann, Murray Godwin, Lamond Hackman Gaddis, John Lewis Gourevitch, Peter A. Gellman, Barton Goekjian, SamuelV. Franklin, William Emery Gadiesh, Orit B. Graff, Henry Franklin Georgescu, Peter Goeltz, Richard K. Graff, Robert D. Frazer, Jendayi E. Gaer, Felice D. Goheen, Robert F. Graham, Bob Fredericks, J. Wayne Gaines, James R. Andrew Goins, Charlynn Graham, Carol L. Fredman, Jonathan M. Galbraith, Evan G. Gephardt, Richard A. Goldberg, Ronnie L. Graham, Katharine Freedman, Eugene M. Galbraith, Peter W. Gerber, Louis Goldberger, Marvin L. Graham, Lawrence Otis Freeman, Constance J.* Gallagher, Dennis Gergen, David R. Golden, James R. Graham, Thomas Jr. Freeman, Harry L. Gallucci, Robert L. Gerhart, Gail M. Golden, William T. Graham, Thomas Wallace Freeman, Roger C. Galvin, John R. Germain, Adrienne Goldgeier, James M. Granoff, Michael D. Freidheim, Cyrus F. Galvis, Sergio J. Gerschel, Patrick A. Goldin, Harrison J. Grant, Stephen A. Frelinghuysen, Peter H. B. Ganguly, Sumit Gershman, Carl Samuel Goldman, Charles N. Graubard, Stephen Frev, Donald N. Gann, Pamela B. Gerson, Allan Goldman, Guido Freytag, Richard A. Gannon, John C. Gerson, Ralph J. Richards

* Elected to membership in 1998. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1998.

131 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Graves, Howard D. Gwertzman, Bernard M. Harari, Maurice Heinz, Teresa Hillgren, Sonja Gray, Charles D. Gwin, Catherine Harding, Harry Hejlik, Dennis J.* Hills,CarlaA Gray, Hanna Holborn Hardt, John P. Helander, Robert C. Hilsman, Roger Grayson, Judy S. Hargrove, John Lawrence Heldring, Frederick Hilton, Robert P., Sr. Greathead, R. Scott Harman, Jane Heifer, RickiTigert Himes, James Andrew Green, Bill H Harman, Sidney Heller, Michael A. Hinerfeld, Ruth Green, Carl J. Harmon, James A. Heller, Richard M. Hines, Rachel Green, Ernest G. Haas, Peter E. Harpel, James W. Hellman, F. Warren Hinshaw, Randall Green, Jerrold D. Haas, Robert D. Harper, Conrad K. Hellmann, Donald Hinton, Deane K. Green, Michael Jonathan Haass, Richard N. Harris, Irving B. Charles Hirschman, Albert O. Greenberg, Arthur N. Habsburg, Inmaculada Harris, John M. Helm, Robert W.* Ho, Christine M.Y. Greenberg, Evan G. Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck Harris, Joseph E. Helms, Richard McG. Hoagland, Jim Greenberg, Karen J. Hadley, Stephen J. Harris, Martha Caldwell Helprin, Mark Hoar, Joseph Paul Greenberg, Maurice R. Hafner, Joseph A. Jr. Harrison, Selig S. Hendrickson, David C. Hobbs, Tammany D. Greenberg, Sanford D. Hagen, Katherine A.* Harshberger, Edward R. Henkin, Alice H. Hoch, Frank W. Greenberger, Robert Haggard, Stephan Hart, Augustin S. Jr. Henkin, Louis Hoeber, Amoretta M. Stephen Hahn, Keith D. Hart, Gary Hennessy, John M. Hoehn, William E. Jr. Greene, Joseph N. Jr. Haig, Alexander M. Jr. Hart, Todd C. Henninger, Daniel P. 1 loenlein, Malcolm 1. Greene, Margaret L. Hakim, Peter Hartman, Arthur A. Henrikson, Alan K. Hoffenberg, Mark Greene, Wade Halaby, Najeeb E. Haskell, John H. F. Jr. Hentges, Harriet Raymond Greenfield, James L. Hale, David D. Haskins, Caryl P. Herberger, Roy A. Jr. Hoffman, Adonis E. Greenfield, Meg Hall, C. Barrows Hatfield, Robert S. Hermann, Charles F. Hoffmann, Stanley Greenspan, Alan Hall, John P. Hauge, John Resor Hernandez, Antonia Hoge, James F. Jr. Greenwald, Joseph A. Hallerbcrg, Mark S.+ Hauser, Rita E. Herskovits, Jean Hoge, Warren M. Greenway, Hugh D. S. Hallingby, Paul Jr. Hauser, Wlliam Locke Herter, Christian A. Jr. Hoguet, George Roberts Gregg, Donald P. Halperin, David R. Havell, Theresa A. Herter, Frederic P. Hohenberg, John Gregorian, Vartan Halperin, Morton H. Hawkins, Ashton Hertzberg, Arthur Hoinkes, Mary Elizabeth Gregson, Wallace C. Halsted, Thomas A. Hawley, F. William Hertzberg, Hendrik Holbrooke, Richard C. Grenier, Richard Haltzel, Michael H. Hayek, Alexandre P. Herz, Barbara Holcomb, M. Staser Griego, Linda Hamburg, David A. Hayes, Margaret Daly Herzfeld, Charles M. Holdren, John Pt Griffin, Anne-Marea Hamburg, Jill Emily Haynes, Fred Herzstein, Robert E. Holgate, Laura S. Hayes Griffith, William E. Hamburg, Margaret Ann Haynes, Ulric Jr. Hesburgh, Theodore M. Holl, Jane E. Griffiths, Alessandra J.+ Hamilton, Ann O. Hayward, Thomas B. Heslin, Sheila N. Hollick, Ann Lorraine Grimes, Joseph Hamilton, Charles V. Healy, Harold H. Jr. Hess, John B. Holloway, Dwight R Jr. Hamilton, Daniel Heck, Charles B. Hessler, Curtis A. An thony Jr. Holmes, Henry Allen Hamilton, Edward K Hecker, Siegfried S.* 1 lewlett, Sylvia Ann Grimes, Julie M.t Holmes, Kim R. Hamilton, Jonathan Hedstrom, Mitchell W. Hiatt, Fred Grose, Peter Holt, Pat M. Heep-Richter, Barbara D. Hicks, Irvin Jr. Holum, John D. Gross, Patrick W. Carrollt Heginbotham, Stanley J. Hicks, John R, Sr. Hooker, Richard D. Jr. Grove, Brandon Jr. Hamilton, Lee H. Hehir, J. Bryan Hicks, Kathleen Holland Hoopes, Townsend W. Groves, Ray J. Hamilton, Michael P. Heifetz, Elaine F. Higginbotham, F. Michael Hope, Judith Richards Grundfest, Joseph Hamilton, Ruth Simms Heilbrunn, Jacob E. Higgins, Robert R Hope, Richard O. Grunwald, Henry A. Hammonds, D. Holly Hermann, John G. Highet, Keith Horelick, Arnold L. Guerra-Mondragon, Hancock, Ellen Heimbold, Charles A. Jr. Hight, B. Boyd Horlick,GaryN. Gabriel Hand, Scott M. Heimowitz, James B. Hill, J.Tomilson Hormats, Robert D. Guisinger, Stephen E. Handelman, Stephen Heineman, Hill, James T. Horn, Garfield H. Gundlach, Andrew S.t Hanscom, Patricia L. Hill, Joseph C.+ Horn, Karen N. Gutfreund, John H. Hansell, Herbert J. Benjamin W. Jr. Hill, Pamela Horn, Miriam E. Guth, John H.J. Hansen, Carol Rae Heintz, Stephen B. Hillen, John Horn, Sally K Guthman, Edwin O. Hanson, Carl Thor Heintzen, Harry Hillenbrand, Martin J. Horner, Matina Souretis Gutmann, Henning P Hantz, Giselle P.* Leonard

132 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Hornik, Richard H. Hurwitz, Seth L. Jackson, John Howard Jones, Sidney R. Kann, Peter R. Horowitz, Irving Louis Hurwitz, Sol Jackson, Lois M. Jones, Thomas V. Kansteiner, Walter H. Ill* Horton, Alan W. Hutchings, Robert L. Jackson, Sarah Jones, Thomas W. Kanter, Arnold Horton, Robert Scott Hutchins, Glenn H. Jackson, William E. Joost, Peter Martin* Kanter, Rosabeth Moss Hosmer, Bradley C. Hutzler, Charles Jacob, John E. Jordan, Amos A. Kaplan, Gilbert E. Hoston, Germaine A. Huyck, Philip M. Jacobs, Eli S. Jordan, Eason T. Kaplan, Helene L. Hottelet, Richard C. Hyland, William G. Jacobs, Nehama Jordan,Vernon E. Jr. Kaplan, Mark N. Houghton, Amory Jr. Hvman, Allen I. Jacobson, Harold K. Joseph, Geri M. Kaplan, Stephen S. Houghton, James R. Jacobson, Jerome Joseph, Ira B. Kapp, Robert A. House, Karen Elliott Jacoby, Tamar Joseph, James A. Kapstein, Ethan B. Hovey, J. Allan Jakub, Jayt Joseph, Richard A. Karalekas, Anne Howard, A. E. Dick I James, Francis J.+ Josephson, Wlliam Karamanian, Susan L. Howard, John R. Janis, Mark Weston Joyce, John T. Karatnycky, Adrian Howard, M. William Jr. Ignatius, David R. Janklow, Morton L. Jumper, John P. Karatz, Bruce E. Howell, Ernest M. Ikenberry, G. John Janow, Merit E. Junz, Helen B. Karis, Thomas G. Howell, Peter Ikle, Fred C. Jaquette, Jane S. Juster, Kenneth I. Karl, Terry Lynn Howson, Nicholas C* Ilchman, Alice Stone Jarvis, Nancy A. Karnow, Stanley Hoyt, Mont P. Inderfurth, Karl F. Jastrow, Robert Karns, Margaret P. Hrynkow, Sharon H. Ingersoll, Robert S. Jebb, Cindy R. Kartman, Charles Huber, Richard L. Inman, B. R. Jeffries, Bradley C. Kasdin, Robert Huberman, Benjamin Intriligator, Jervis, Robert K Kass, Stephen L. Hudson, Manley O. Jr. Jessup, Alpheus W. Kassalow, Jordan S. Michael D. Kaden, Lewis B. Hudson, Michael C. Jessup, Philip C. Jr. Kassof, Allen H. Irish, Leon E. Kadlec, Robert P. Hudson, Stewart J. Jeter, Howard F. Kathwari, M. Farooq* Irvin, Patricia L. Kagan, Robert W. Huebner, Lee W. Joffe, Robert D. Katz, Abraham Irwin, John N. II Kahan, Jerome H. Hufbauer, Gary C. Johns, Lionel Katz, Daniel Roger Irwin, Steven M. Kahin, George Huffington, Roy M. Katz, Ronald S. Isaacs, Maxine Skipwith McTurnan Hughes, Justin J. T. Katz, Stanley N. Isaacson, Walter S. Johnson, Howard W. Kahler, Miles Hughes, R. John Katzenstein, Peter J. Iselin, John Jay Johnson, James A. Kahn, Harrv Hughes, Thomas Lowe Kaufman, Daniel J. Isenberg, Steven Johnson, Jay L. Kaiser, Philip M. Huizenga, John W. Kaufman, Henry Laurence Johnson, L. Oakley Kaiser, Robert G. Hultman, Tamela Kaufman, Robert R. Isham, Christopher Johnson, Larry D. Kalb, Bernard Hume, Ellen H. Kaufmann, Wlliam W. Ispahani, Mahnaz Z. Johnson, Lionel C. Kalb, Marvin Hummel, Arthur W. Jr. Kaye, Charles R.t Istel, Yves-Andre Johnson, Nancie S. Kalicki, Jan H. Hunter, Robert E. Kaysen, Carl Itoh, William H. Johnson, Robbin S. Kalil, Thomas Amadeus Hunter, Shireen T. Kazemi, Farhad Izlar, William H. Jr. Johnson, Robert H. Kamarck, Andrew Hunter-Gaul t, Charlayne Kea, Charlotte G. Johnson, Robert W. IV Huntington, Patricia Martin Kean, Christopher Johnson, Thomas S. Kamarck, Elaine C. Kean, Thomas H. Johnson, Willene A.* Skinner Kaminer, Peter H. Kearney, Jude Johnson, Wyatt Huntington, Samuel Kaminsky, Howard Keel, Alton G. Jr. Phillips Thomas Kampelman, Max M. Keene, Lonnie S. Huntsman, Jon M. Jabber, F&ul Jones, Alan Kent Kamsky, Virginia Ann Keeny, Spurgeon M. Jr. Hurewitz, J. C. Jacklin, Nancy P. Jones, Anita K. Kanak, Donald P. Kelleher, Catherine M. Hurford, John B. Jackson, Bruce P. Jones, David C. Kandell, Jonathan Kellen, Stephen M. Hurlock, James B. Jackson, Eric K. Jones, James R. Kanet, Roger E. Keller, Edmond J. Hurst, Robert J. Jackson, Jesse L. Jones, Kerri-Ann Kang, C. S. Eliot

* Elected to membership in 1998. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1998.

133 MEMBERSHEP ROSTER

Keller, Kenneth H. Klein, David Kreps, Juanita Morris Landau, George W. Leland, Marc H. Kellerman, Barbara L. Klein, Edward Krisher, Bernard Landers, James M. Lelyveld, Joseph Kelley, Raul X. Klein, George Kristoff, Sandra J. Landy, Joanne LeMelle,Tilden J. Kelly, James P. Klein, Joseph A. Kristol, Irving Laney, James T. LeMelle, Wilbert J. Kelly, John H. Klurfeld, James M. Kronman, Anthony Langdon, George D. Jr. Lenzen, Louis C. Kelman, Herbert C. Knight, Edward S. Townsend Langlois, John D. LeoGrande, William M. Kemble, Eugenia Knight, Jessie J. Jr. Kross, Walter Lansner, Kermit I. Leonard, James F. Kemp, Geoffrey Knight, Robert Krueger, Anne O. LaPalombara, Joseph Leonard, James G. Kempe, Fred Huntington Krueger, Harvey Lapham, Lewis H. Leone, Richard C. Kempner, Maximilian W. Knoppers, Antonie Kruidenier, David Lapidus, Gail W. Lerner-Lam, Eva Kendall, Donald M. Theodore Krulak, Charles Lardy, Nicholas R. Lesch, Ann Mosely Kenen, Peter B. Knowlton, William Allen Chandler Larrabee, F. Stephen Lesser, Ian O. Keniston, Kenneth Knox, John H. Ku, Charlotte Larson, Charles R. Levin, Gerald M. Kennan, Christopher J. Kobak, Deborah J.+ Kubarych, Roger M. Lash, Jonathan Levin, Herbert Kennan, Elizabeth T. Kogan, Richard J. Kubisch, Jack B. Lasser, Lawrence J. Levin, John A. Kennan, George F. Kohut, Andrew Kuchins, Andrew C. Lateef, Noel V Levin, Michael Stuart Kennedy Cuomo, Kerry Kolbe, Jim Kull, Steven Gordon* Lauder, Leonard A. Levine, Irving R. Kennedy, Craig Kolodziej, Edward A. Kuniholm, Bruce Robellet Lauder, Ronald S.* Levine, Mel Kent, William H. Kolt, George -Kunstadter, Geraldine S. Laudicina, Paul A. Levine, Susan B. Keohane, Nannerl O. Koltai, Steven R. Kupchan, Charles A. Lauinger, Philip C. Jr. Levinson, Marc Keohane, Robert O. Komisar, Lucy Kupchan, Clifford A. Laurenti, Jeffrey Levitas, Mitchel Kern, Paul J. Kondracke, Morton Kupperman, Robert H. Lautenbach, Ned C. Levy, Marion J. Jr. Kerr, Ann Zwicker Korb, Lawrence J. Kurth, James R. Laventhol, David A. Levy, Philip I.t Kerry, John F. Korbonski, Andrzej Kurtzer, Daniel C. Lavin, Franklin L. Levy, Reynold Kessler, Martha Neff Korn, Jessica Kwoh, Stewart Lawrence, Richard D. Levy, Samuel J. Kester, John G. Kornblum, John C. Lawrence, Robert Z. Lewis, Anthony Kester, W. Carl Korry, Edward M. Lawson, Eugene K. Lewis, Bernard Kezirian, A. Peter Jr.t Kotecha, Mahesh K. Layne, Christopher Lewis, David A. Khalilzad, Zalmay M. Kraar, Louis Lazarus, Steven Lewis, Edward T. Khuri, Nicola N. Kraemer, Lillian E. Leach, James Lewis, Hora Kiermaier, John W. Leavy, David Ct Lewis, John P. Kraeutler, Kirk Laber, Jeri L. Kiley, Robert R. Leclerc, Paul Lewis, Loida Nicolas Kramek, Robert E. Labrecque, Thomas G. Kim, Andrew B. Lederberg, Joshua Lewis, Samuel W. Kramer, David J.t Lader, Philip Kim, Hanya Marie* Lee, Ernest S. Lewis, Sherman R. Jr. Kramer, Helen M. Ladner, Joyce A. Kimmitt, Robert M. Lee, William L. Lewis, Stephen R. Jr. Kramer, J. Reed LaFleur,Vinca Showalter Kimsey, James V. Lee-Kung, Dinah Lewis, W. Walker Kramer, Jane Lagon, Mark P. Kinde, Lawrence John Leebron, David W. Lewy, Glen S. Kramer, Mark Nathan Laipson, Ellen King, Charles Leeds, Roger S. Li, Lehmann Kramer, Michael Laird, Vanessa King, Henry L. Leet, Mildred Robbins* Li, Victor H. Kramer, Steven Philip Lake, W. Anthony King, John A. Jr. Lefever, Ernest W. Libby, I. Lewis Kranz, Thomas F. Lake, William T. King, Kay Leghorn, Richard S. Lichtblau, John H. Krasner, Stephen D. Lall, Betty Goetz Kipper, Judith Legvold, Robert Lichtenstein, Krasno, Richard M. Lamar, Stephen E. Kirkland, Lane Lehman, John F. Cynthia C. Krause, Lawrence B. Lamb, Denis Kirkland, Richard I. Lehman, Orin Lieber, James E. Krauss, Clifford Lambert, Brett B.+ Kirkpatrick, Jeane J. Lehman, Ronald Lieber, Robert J. Krauthammer, Charles Lambeth, Benjamin S. Kirkpatrick, Melanie M. Kravis, Henry R. Lieberman, Jodi Beth Lamont, Lansing Frank Jr. Kissinger, Henry A. Kreisberg, Paul H. Lieberman, Joseph I. Lampley, Virginia A. Lehr, Deborah H.t Kittrie, Orde F.t Krens, Thomas Lieberman, Nancy A. Lampton, David M. Lehrer, Jim Kizer, Karin L. Krepinevich, Andrew F. Lieberthal, Kenneth G. Lancaster, Carol J. Leich, John Foster Kleiman, Robert Krepon, Michael Lifton, Robert K. Lance Rogoff, Natasha Leigh, Monroe

134 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Light, Timothy Lozano, Monica C.t Mahnken,Thomas G. Marshall, Katherine McCauley, John F. Lighthizer, Robert E. Lubin, Nancy Mahoney, Catherine F. Marshall, Zachary Blake McClary, Tonya D.t Lilienthal, Sally L. Lubman, Stanley B. Mahoney, Margaret E. Martin, Daniel Richard McCloy, John J. II Lilley, James R. Lucas, C. Payne Mahoney, Thomas H. IV Martin, Lisa L. McCormack, Elizabeth J. Lincoln, Edward J. Luck, Edward C. Mai,Vincent A. Martin, Lynn Morley McCormick, David H.+ Lindsay, Franklin A. Lucv, William Maier, Charles S. Martin, Susan F. McCouch, Donald G. Linen, Jonathan S. Luers, Wendy W. Makins, Christopher J. Martin, William F. McCracken, Paul W. Link,Troland S. Luers, William H. Mako, William P. Martin-Brown, Joan C. McCurdy, Dave Linowes, David F. Luke, John A. Jr. Malek, Frederic V. Martinez, Armando Bravo McDermott, Jim Linowitz, Sol M. Lumpe, Lora Malin, Clement B. Martinuzzi, Leo S. Jr. McDevitt, Sean Danielt Lipper, Kenneth Lustick, Ian S. Mallery, Richard Marton, Kati I. McDonald, Alonzo L. Lippman, Thomas W. Luttwak, Edward N. Malley, Robert A. Masin, Michael T McDonough, William J. Lipscomb, Thomas H. Luu,Thien-Kyt Malmgren, Harald B. Mason, Elvis L. McDougall, Gay J. Lipset, Seymour Martin Lyall, Katharine C. Malmgren, Philippa Massey, L. Camille McEn tee, Joan M. Lipsky, John P. Lyman, Princeton N. Malone, Alice Kimballt Massey, Walter E. McFarlane, Jennifer A. Lipsky, Seth Lyman, Richard W. Mamdani, Mahmoud A. Massie, Suzanne McFarlane, Robert C. Lissakers, Karin M. Lynch, William Jr. Manca, Marie Antoinette Rohrbach McFate, Patricia Ann Litan, Robert E. Lynk, MylesV. Mandelbaum, Michael Mathews, Jessica T. McGiffert, David E. Litt, David G. Lynn, James T. Manilow, Lewis Mathews, Michael S. McGovern, George S. Little, David Lynn, Laurence E. Jr. Manley, Audrey Forbes Mathews, Sylvia M. McGowan, Alan Litwak, Robert S. Lyon, David W. Mann, Hillary Mathias, Charles McC. Jr. McGrath, Eugene R. Liu, Eric P. Lyons, Gene M. Prudencet Mathis, Brian P. McGurn, William Livingston, Robert Lyons, James E. Mann, Michael D. Matlock, Jack F. Jr. McHale, Thomas R. Gerald Mann, Thomas E. Matsui, Robert T. McHenry, Donald F. Llewellyn, J. Bruce Manning, Bayless Matteson, William B. McKinney, Robert Moody Lodal, Jan M. Mansfield, Edward D. Mattox, Gale A. McLaughlin, David T. Lodge, George Cabot M Manzi, Jim* Maruszewski, Daniel C. McLean, Sheila Avrin Loeb, Marshall Marans, J. Eugene Maxwell, Kenneth Robert McLin, Jon Blythe Logan, Francis D. Ma, Christopher Marcucci, Anna Patriciat May, Ernest R. McManus, Doyle Long, Susan M. Mabus, Raymond E. Marcum, John Arthur May, Michael M. McManus, Jason D. Long, William J. MacCormack, Charles Marder, Murrey Mayer, Claudette McNamara, Kathleen Longstreth, Bevis Frederick Margolis, David I. Mayer, Gerald M. Jr. Roberta Loranger, Donald MacDonald, Gordon J. Mark, David E. Maver, Lawrence A. McNamara, Robert S. Eugene MacDonald, Shawn A. Mark, Hans M. Mayhew, Alice E. McNaugher, Thomas L. Lord, Bette Bao MacDougal, Gary E. Mark, Rebecca P. Maynes, Charles William McNerney, Michael J.t Lord, Winston MacFarquhar, Emily Marks, Leonard H. Mazarr, Michael J. McPeak, Merrill A. Lorentzen, Oivind III MacGillivray, Adrien C. Marks, Paul A. Mazur, Jay McPherson, M. Peter Louis, Wlliam Roger Mack, Kathryn S. Marks, Russell E. Jr. McAfee, William Gage VlcQuade, Lawrence C. Lovejoy, Thomas E. Mackay, Leo S. Jr. Markusen, Ann R. McAllister, Jef Olivarius McWade, Robert S. Lovelace, Jon B. MacLaury, Bruce K. Marlin, Alice Tepper McCaffrey, Barry R. Meacham, Jon Low, Stephen Macomber, John Dewitt Marr, Phebe A. McCain, JohnS. Ill Mead, Dana G. Lowenfeld, Andreas F. Macomber, William B. Marron, Donald B. McCall, H. Carl Mead, Walter Russell Lowenstein, James G. Macy, Robert M. Jr. Marshall, Andrew W. McCann, Edward Meagher, Robert F. Lowenthal, Abraham F. Madrid, Arturo Marshall, Anthony D. McCartan, Patrick F. Mearsheimer, John J. Loy, Frank E. Maguire, John David Marshall, Dale Rogers McCarthy, James P. Medina, Kathryn B. Lozano, Ignacio E. Mahaney, Mark S. Marshall, F. Ray McCarthy, Paul B. Medish, Mark C.

* Elected to membership in 1998. + Elected to five-year term membership in 1998.

135 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Meers, Sharon I. Miller, Marcia E. Morris-Eck, Bailey Nadiri, M. Ishaq Nitze, William A. Mehta,Ved Miller, Matthew L. Morrisett, Lloyd N. Nagl, John AT Nix, Crystal L. Meissner, Doris M. Miller, Paul David Morse, Edward L. Nagorski, Andrew Noam, Eli M. Meister, Irene W. Miller, Roberta Balstad Morse, Kenneth P. Nagorski, Zygmunt Nolan, Janne Emilie Melby Eric D. K. Miller, William Green Mortimer, David H. Namkung, K. A. Noland, Marcus Mello, Judy Hendren Miller-Adams, Michelle Mosbacher, Robert A. - Nasher, Raymond Donald Nolte, Richard H. Melloan, George R. Millett, Allan R Moses, Alfred H. Nathan, Andrew J. Nonacs, Eric S.f Melville, Richard Allen Millington, John A. Mosettig, Michael David Nathan, James A. Nooter, Robert Harry Mendelson, Sarah Mills, Bradford Moskow, Kenneth A.* Nathoo, RaffiqA. Norman, William S. Elizabeth Mills, Karen Gordon Moskow, Michael H. Natt,TedM. Norton, Augustus Richard Mendlovitz, Saul H. Mills, Susan Linda Moss, Ambler H. Jr. Nau, Henry R. Norton, Eleanor Holmes Menges, Carl Braun Mims, Valerie A. Motley, Joel W. Navab, Alexander Nossel, Suzanne Menke, John R. Minow, Newton N. Mottahedeh, Roy P. Neal, Stephen L. Noto, Lucio A. Merkel, Claire Sechlert Miranda, Lourdes R. Motulsky, Dan T. Negroponte, John D. Nuechterlein, Jeffrey D. Merkel, David A. t MirskyYehudah Moynihan, Daniel P. Neier, Aryeh Nugent, Walter Meron, Theodor Mishkin, AlexanderV. Mroz, John Edwin Nelson, Anne Nunn, Sam Merow, John Mitchell, Arthur M. Ill Mudd, Margaret Farris Nelson, Daniel N. Nussbaum, Bruce Merrill, Philip Mitchell, George H. Jr. Mujal-Leon, Eusebio Nelson, Jack H. Nye, J. Benjamin H. Merritt, Jack Neil Mitchell, George J. Mulford, David C. Nelson, Merlin E. Nye, Joseph S. Jr. Merszei, Zoltan Mitchell, Wandra G. Mulholland, William D. Nenneman, Richard A. Mertus, Julie A.t Mize, David M. Muller, Edward R.* Neuman, Stephanie G. Mesa-Lago, Carmelo Mochizuki, Kiichi Muller, Henry Neustadt, Richard E. Meselson, Matthew S. Mochizuki, Mike M. Muller, Steven Newberg, Esther R. Messner, William Curtis Jr. Moe, Sherwood G. Mundy, Carl E. Jr. Newburg, Andre W. G. Moffett, George D. Munger, Edwin S. Newcomb, Nancy S. Mestres, Ricardo A. Jr. O'Brien, Dennis J. Molano, Walter Thomas Munroe, George B. Newell, Barbara W. Metcalf, George Rich O'Cleireacain, Carol Molinari, Susan K. Munyan, Winthrop R. Newhouse, John Mettler, Ruben F. O'Connor, Sandra Day Mondale, Walter F. Murase, Emily Moto Newman, Constance Metzl, Jamie Frederic O'Connor, Walter F. Meyer, Cord Montgomery, George Muravchik, Joshua Berry O'Flaherty, J. Daniel Meyer, Edward C. -Murdoch, Rupert Cranwell Newman, Frank Neil* O'Hare, Joseph A. Meyer, John Robert Murdock, Deroyt Montgomery, Parker G. Newman, Priscilla A. O'Malley, Cormac K. H. Meyer, Karl E. Murdy William F. Montgomery, Philip Newman, Richard T. O'Neil, Michael J. Meyer, Michael Ryder* Murphy, Caryle Marie O'Bryan, III Newsom, David D. O'Neill, Michael J. Meyerman, Harold J. Murphy, Richard W. Moock, Joyce Lewinger Newton, Quigg O'Prey Kevin P. Meyerson, Martin Murphy, Thomas S. Moody, Jim Ney, Edward N. Oakes, John B. Michaels, Marguerite Murray, Allen E. Moody, William S. Nicholas, N. J. Jr. Oakes, John G. H. Mickiewicz, Ellen Murray, Douglas P. Moore, John J. Jr. Nichols, Carole Oakley, Phyllis E. Midgley, Elizabeth Murray, Ian P. Moore, John M. Nichols, Nancy Oakley, Robert B. Mihaly, Eugene B. Murray, Janice L. Moore, John Norton Stephenson Oberdorfer, Don Mikell, Gwendolyn Murray, Lori Esposito Moore, Jonathan Nichols, Rodney W. Odeen, Philip A. Miles, Edward L. Muse, Martha T. Moore, Julia A. Niehuss, John M. Odell, John S. Milestone, Judith B.* Musham, Bettye Martin Moore, Paul Jr. Niehuss, Rosemary Odom, William E. Miller, Charles D. Myerson, Toby S. Moorman, Thomas S. Jr. Neaher Oettinger, Anthony G. Miller, David Charles Jr. Moose, George E. Nielsen, Nancy Offit, Morris W. Miller, Debra L. Moose, Richard M. Nielsen, Waldemar Ogden, Alfred Miller, Franklin C. Oh, Kongdan Mora, Alberto J. August Miller, J. Irwin Okawara, Merle Aiko Moragoda, Asoka Milinda Nierenberg, Claudia Miller, Judith N Oksenberg, Michel Moran, Theodore H. Nilsson, Kenneth Miller, Ken Oliva, L. Jay Morris, Max King Nachmanoff, Arnold Nimetz, Matthew Miller, Linda B. Oliver, April A. Morris, Milton D. Nacht, Michael Nitze, Paul H.

136 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Olmer, Lionel Herbert Parent, Alexandra Wood Peters, Arthur King Piatt, Alan A. Price, John R. Jr. Olmstead, Cecil J. Parker, Barrington D. Jr. Peters, Aulana L. Piatt, Alexander H. Price, Raymond K. Olson, William Clinton Parker, Jason H. Peters, Michael P. Piatt, Nicholas Price, Robert Olvey, Lee D. Parker, Karen E. Peterson, Holly* Platz, Stephanie Semple Pritzker, Penny Omestad, Thomas E. Parker, Maynard Peterson, Peter G. Plaut, Peter G.+ Prothro, Charles Vincent Opel, John R. Parker, Richard B. Peterson, Rudolph A. Plepler, Richard L. Pruitt, Lisa R. Oppenheimer, Franz Parkinson, Roger P. Petraeus, David H. Plimpton, Calvin H. Pryce, Jeffrey F.* Martin Parsky, Gerald L. Petree, Richard W. Jr. Ploumpis, Valerie R. Pryce, William T. Oppenheimer, Michael F. Parsons, Richard D. Petri, Thomas E. Plumeri, Joseph J. II Puchala, Donald James Orlins, Stephen A. Passer-Muslin, Juliette M.* Petschek, Stephen R. Poats, Rutherford M. Puckett, Allen E. Ornstein, Norman J. Passin, Herbert Pettibone, Peter J. Pocalyko, Michael N. Puckett, Robert H. Orr, Robert C Pastor, Ed Petty, John R. Podhoretz, Norman Pulling, Thomas L. Orszag, Peter R. Pastor, Robert A. Peyronnin, Joseph F. Pogue, Richard W. Purcell, Susan Kaufman Osborne, Richard de J. Patrick, HughT. Pezzullo, Lawrence A. Polk, George W.t Pursley Robert E. Osisek, Elizabeth M. Patricof, Alan Joel Pfaltzgraff, Robert L. Jr. Polk, William R. Pusey Nathan M. Osmer-McQuade, Patrikis, Ernest T. Pfeiffer, Jane Cahill Pollack, Gerald A. Pustay, John S. Margaret Paul, Michael Gregory Pfeiffer, Steven B. Pollack, Jonathan D. Putnam, Robert D. Osnos, Peter L.W. Paul, Roland A. Pham, Kien D. Pollack, Kenneth Michael Pye, Lucian W. Osnos, Susan Sherer Pavel, Barry Pharr, Susan J. Pollack, Lester Pyle, Cassandra A. Ostrander, F. Taylor Payne, Donald M. Phelan, John J. Jr. Polsby, Nelson W. Pyle, Kenneth B. Otero, Joaquin F. Pearlstine, Norman Phillips, Cecil M. Pond, Elizabeth Ovitz, Michael S. Pearson, John E. Phillips, Christopher H. Poneman, Daniel Bruce Owen, Henry David Pearson, Scott D. Phillips, David L. Pool-Eckert, Marquita J. Owen, Roberts Bishop Peckham, Gardner G* Phillips, Russell A. Jr. Pope, Clara A. Owens, James W. Pedersen, Richard Foote Picker, Harvey Popkin, Anne Brandeis Pederson, Rena M. Pickering, Thomas R. Popoff, Frank Owens, William A. Quandt, William B. Pell, Claiborne Pieczenik, Steve R. Porter, John Edward Oxman, Stephen Alan Quester, George H. Pelletreau, Robert H. Jr. Piedra, Alberto M. Jr. Portes, Jonathan D. Oxnam, Robert B. Quigley, Kevin F. F. Pelson, Victor A. Piel, Gerard Portes, Richard D. Oye, Kenneth A. Quigley, LeonardV. Penfield, James K. Pierce, Lawrence W. Porzecanski, Arturo C. Quilter, Peter A.t Penn, Mark Jeffrey Pierce, Ponchitta Posen, Adamt Quinn, Jane Bryant Percy, Charles H. Piercy, Jan Posen, Barry R. Perea-Henze, Raul Pierre, Andrew J. Posner, Michael Perella, Joseph R. Pigott, Charles M. Posvar, Wesley W. Peretz, Don Pike, John E. Potter, William C. Paal, Douglas Haines Perkin, Linda J. Pillar, Russell I.t Powell, Colin L. Pachon, Harry P. Perkins, Edward J. Pilling, Donald L. Powell, Jerome H. Packard, George R. Perkins, James A. Pilliod, Charles J. Jr. Power, Philip H. Rabb, Maxwell M. Paine, George C. II Perkins, Roswell B. Pilon, Juliana Geran* Powers, Averill L. Rabinowitch, Alexander Pais, Abraham Perkovich, George R. Pincus, Lionel I. Powers, Thomas Rabinowitch, Victor Pakula, Hannah C. Perle, Richard N. Pincus, Walter H. Pranger, Robert J. Radtke, Robert W.t Palmer, Mark Perlman, Janice Elaine Pinkerton, W. Stewart Prasso, Sheri T. Radway, Laurence I. Palmer, Ronald D. Perlmutter, Amos Pino, John Anthony Precht, Henry Raines, Franklin D. Palmieri, Victor H. Perlmutter, Louis Pipes, Daniel Pressler, Larry Raisian, John Panofsky, Wolfgang K. H. Perritt, Henry H. Jr.* Pipes, Richard Prewitt, Kenneth Ralph, Regan Elisabeth Pardee, Scott E. Perry, Robert C. Pisano, Jane G. Price, Hugh Ramirez, Lilia L. Pardew, James W. Jr. Ramo, Joshua Coopert

* Elected to membership in 1998. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1998.

137 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Ramo, Simon Rich, Brian A. t Robison, Olin C. Rosner, Jeremy D. Ryan, Arthur F. Rangel, Charles B. Rich, John H. Jr. Roche, James G. Rosovsky, Henry Ryan, John Thomas III Ranis, Gustav Rich, Michael D. Rockefeller, David Jr. Ross, Alison K. Ryan, Michael E. Rankin, Clyde E. Ill Richard, Anne Claire Rockefeller, John D. IV Ross, Annet Raoul-Duval, Michael Richards, Paul G. Rockefeller, Nicholas Ross, Arthur Raphel, Robin Lynn Richards, Stephen H. Rockefeller, Rodman C. Ross, Christopher W. S. Rappaport, Alan H. Richardson, David B. Rockwell, Hays H. Ross, Dennis B. Rasmussen, Nicholas J. Richardson, Elliot L. Rodman, Peter W. Ross, James D. Ratchford, J. Thomas Richardson, Henry J. Ill Rodriguez, Rita M. Ross, Robert S. Sachs, Jeffrey D. Rather, Dan Richardson, John Rodriguez, Vincent A. Ross, Roger Sacks, Paul M. Rathjens, George W. Richardson, Richard W. Roett, Riordan Ross, Thomas B. Safran, Nadav Ratner, Steven R. Richardson, William B. Roff, J. Hugh Rosso, David J. Sagan, Scott D. Rattner, Steven L. Richardson, William R. Rogers, William D. Rossotti, Charles O. Said, Edward Rattray, Gregory J. Richardson,Yolonda C. Rogers, William P. Rostow, Charles Sakoian, Carol Knuth Rauch, Rudolph S. Richman, Joan F. Rohatyn, Felix G. Nicholas Salacuse, Jeswald Raul, Alan Charles Richter, Anthony H. Rohlen, Thomas P. Rostow, Elspeth Davies William Ravenal, Earl C. Ridgway, Rozanne L. Rokke, Ervin J. Rostow, Walt W. Salerno, FredericV. Ravenholt, Albert V. Rieff, David Roman, Nancy Ellen Rotberg, Robert I. Salomon, Richard E. Ravich, Samantha F.T Rielly, John E. Romberg, Alan D. Roth, Katherine Salomon, William R. Ravitch, Richard Rifkind, Robert S. Romero, Philip Joseph Roth, Kathryn G. Salzman, Anthony David Raymond, David A. Riley, Kevin Jack Romero-Barcelo, Roth, Kenneth Samore, Gary* Raymond, Jack Rindskopf, Elizabeth R. Carlos A. Roth, Stanley Owen Sample, Steven B. Raymond, Lee R. Riordan, Michael L. Rondeau, Ann E. Roth, William M. Samuels, Barbara C. II Redman, Charles E. Ritch, John B. Ill Roney, John H. Roth, William V. Jr. Samuels, Michael A. Reed, Charles B. Rivas-Vasquez, A. Roosevelt, Theodore IV Rothkopf, David Samuels, Nathaniel Reed, Joseph Verner Victoriat Rose, Daniel Jochanan Samuels, Richard J. Reese, William Sears Rivers, Richard R. Rose, Elihu Route, Ronald A.* Sanchez, Miguel A. Regan, Ned Rivkin, David B. Jr. Rose, Frederick P. Rovine, Arthur W. Sanchez, Nestor D. Reichert, William M. Rivkin, Donald H. Rosecrance, Richard Rowen, Henry S. Sandberg, Sheryl K.t Reid, Ogden Rivlin, Alice M. Rosen, Arthur H. Rowny Edward L. Sandel, Michael J. Reimer, Dennis Joe Rizopoulos, Nicholas X. Rosen, Daniel H. Rubin, Barnett R. Sander, Alison B. Reinhardt, John E. Robb, Charles S. Rosen, Jane K. Rubin, James P. Sanders, Barry A. Reinke, Fred W. Robbins, Carla Anne Rosen, Robert L. Rubin, Nancy H. Sanders, Edward G. Reisman, William Robert, Joseph E. Jr. Rosen, Stephen Peter Rubin, Robert E. Sanders, J. Stanley Michael Robert, Stephen Rosenblatt, David S. Rubin, Seymour Jeffrey Sanders, Robin Renee Reiss, Mitchell B. Roberts, Bradley H. Rosenblatt, Lionel A. Rubin, Trudy S. Santos, Charles Edward Renfrew, Charles Byron Roberts, Chalmers M. Rosenblatt, Peter R. Rudenstine, Neil L. Sapolsky, Harvey M. Rennie, Milbrey Roberts, John J. Rosenblum, Mort L. Rudman, Warren B. Sargeant, Stephen Rosenfeld, Stephen S. Rennie, Renate Roberts, Richard T.t Rudolph, Lloyd I. Thomas Rosenfield, Patricia L. Reppy JudithV. Roberts, Walter R. Rudolph, Susanne Sassen, Saskia Rosenstock, Robert Resor, Stanley R. Robinson, Barbara Paul Hoeber Satloff, Robert B. Rosenthal, A. M. Rey, Nicholas A. Robinson, David Z. Ruebhausen, Oscar M. Saul, Ralph Southey Rosenthal, Douglas Reynolds, Carolyn Ann Robinson, Davis R. Ruenitz, Robert M. Saunders, Harold H. Rhinelander, John B. Robinson, Eugene Eurico Ruggie, John G. Saunders, Paul J. Rhodes, John B., Sr. Harold Rosenthal, Jack Rugh, William A.* Saunders, Phillip C. Rhodes, William R. Robinson, James D. Ill Rosenthal, Joel H. Runge, Carlisle Ford Savage, Frank Rice, Condoleezza Robinson, Leonard H. Jr. Rosenthal, Mitchell* Rupp, George E. Sawhill, John C. Rice, Donald B. Robinson, Linda Rosenzweig, Robert M. Russin, Elisabeth Read Sawoski, Mark Rice, Donald S. Robinson, Pearl T. Rosin, Axel G. Ruttan, Vernon W. Sawyer, Diane Rice, Joseph A. Robinson, Randall Roskens, Ronald W. Rutzen, Douglas B. Scalapino, Robert A.

138 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Schacht, Henry B. Schwarzman, Stephen A. Shelley, Sally Swing Silvers, Robert B. Smith, Tony Schachter, Oscar Schwebel, Stephen M. Shelp, Ronald K. Simes, Dimitri K. Smith, W.Y. Schaffer, Howard Bruner Sciolino, Elaine F. Shelton, Henry H. Simmons, Adele Smith, Wayne S. Schaffer, Teresita C. Scott, David Wilson Shelton, Joanna Reed Simmons, P.J. Smith, WinthropH. Jr. Schake, Kori Scowcroft, Brent Shelton-Colby, Sally A. Simmons, Ruth J. Snider, Don M. Schecter, Jerrold Scranton, William W. Shenk, George H. Simon, Francoise L. Snider, L. Britt* Scheffer, David J. Seaborg, Glenn Theodore Shepard, Stephen B. Simon, Wlliam E. Snow, Robert Anthony Scheinman, Lawrence Seagrave, Norman P. Shepardson, Robert Simons, Julie Ann Snowe, Olympia J. Schcll, Orville Hickok Seamans, Robert C. Jr. Thomas Sims, Albert G. Snyder, Jack L. Scher, Robert M.t Seaton, James B. Ill Sherman, Michael Sims, Robert B. Snyder, Jed C. Schick, Thomas Segal, Sheldon J. Sherman, Wendy R. Sinclair, Paula J. Snyder, Richard E. Schiff, Frank W. Segal, Susan Louise Sherry, George L. Sinding, Steven W. Sobol, Dorothy Meadow Schifter, Richard Seibold, Frederick C. Jr. Sherwood, Benjamin B. Sinkin, Richard N. Soderberg, Nancy E. Schilling, Warner R. Seidenberg Ivan Sherwood-Randall, Sisco, Joseph John Sofaer, Abraham David Schlefer, Mark P. Seigenthaler, John L. Elizabeth D Sitrick, James Baker Sohn, Louis B. Schlesinger, Arthur Seitz, Frederick Shestack, Jerome J. Skidmore, Thomas E. Solarz, Stephen J. Schlesinger, Jacob M. Sekulow, Eugene A. Shields, Lisa Katherinet Skinner, Elliott P. Solbert, Peter O. A. Schlesinger, James R. Selin, Douglas Shiffman, Gary M. Skinner, Kiron Kanina Solnick, Steven L. Schlesinger, Stephen C. Selin Ivan Shiner, Josette S. Skolnikoff, Eugene B. Solomon, Andrew Schlosser, Herbert S. Serfaty, Simon Shinn, James J. Slade, David R. Wallace Schmertz, Herbert Sesno, Frank W. Shipley, Walter V. Slater, Joseph E. Solomon, Anne G. K. Schmidt, Benno Jr. Sestanovich, Stephen R. Shire, Jacqueline W. Slaughter, Anne-Marie Solomon, Anthony M. Schmoke, Kurt L. Sewall, John O. B. Shirk, Susan L. Slawson, Paul S. Solomon, Joshua N. Schneider, Jan Sewall, Sarah Shlaes, Amity Ruth Sloane, Ann Brownell Solomon, Peter J. Schneider, William Sewell, John W. Shoemaker, Slocombe, Walter B. Solomon, Richard H. Schneier, Arthur Seymour, Frances J. Sloss, Leon Christopher C. Solomon, Robert Schoen, Douglas E. Shafer, D. Michael Small, Lawrence M. Shoemaker, Don Sonenshine, H. Marshall Schoettle, Enid C. B. Shafer, Jeffrey R. Smalley, Patricia T. Shore, Jennifer A. Sonenshine, Tara Diane Schorr, Daniel L. Shaffer, Gail S. Smart, S. Bruce Jr. Shorr, David Sonnenberg, Maurice Schrage, Elliot J. Shailor, Barbara* Smith, Andrew F. Shriver, Donald W. Sonnenfeldt, Helmut Schroeder, Christopher Shair, Beth L.t Smith, Clint E. Shubert, Gustavc H. Sonnenfeldt, Richard W. Shalala, Donna E. Smith, Clint N. Matthew Shulman, Colette Sorensen, Gillian Martin Shalikashvili, John M. Smith, David Shiverick Schubert, Richard F. Shulman, Marshall D. Sorensen, Theodore C. Shapiro, Eli Smith, DeWttC. Jr. Schuh, G. Edward Shultz, George P. Soros, George Shapiro, Harold T. Smith, Edwin M. Schuker,JillA Shuman, Stanley S. Soros, Paul Shapiro, Isaac Smith, Hedrick L. Schulhof, Michael Peter Sick, Gary G. Southwick, James D. Shapiro, Judith R. Smith, Jeffrey H. Schulz, William F. Siegman, Henry Sovern, Michael I. Shaplen, Jason T. Smith, John T. II Schumacher, Edward Sifton, Elisabeth N. Spain, James W. Sharp, Daniel A. Smith, Malcolm B. Schumer, Charles E. Sigal, LeonV. Spalter, Jonathan Shattuck, John Smith, Michael B. Schwab, Susan Carroll Sigmund, Paul E. Spangler, Scott M. Shayne, Herbert M. Smith, Perry M. Schwartz, Ethan Silas, C.J. Spar, Debora L. Sheehan, Kevin P.* Smith, Peter Hopkinson Schwarz, Adam* Spector, Leonard S. Sheffield, Jill W. Silberman, Laurence H. Smith, R. Jeffrey Schwarz, Benjamin C. Speedie, David C. Sheinbaum, Stanley K. Silkenat, James R. Smith, Richard M. Schwarz, Speidel, Kirsten Sheinkman, Jack Silver, Allison Smith, Stephen G. Frederick A. O. Jr. Sheldon, Eleanor B. Silver, Daniel B. Smith, Theodore M. Elizabeth Schwarzer, Wlliam W. Silver, Ron Spencer, Edson W.

* Elected to membership in 1998. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1998.

139 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Spencer, William C. Stevens, Charles R. Sutton, Francis X. Theobald, Thomas C. Travis, Martin B. Jr. Spero, Joan E. Stevens, James W. Swank, Emory C. Thiessen, Marc A. Treat, John Elting Speth, James Gustave Stevens, Paul Schott Swanson, David H. Thoman, G. Richard Trebat, Thomas J. Speyer, Jerry I. Stevenson, Adlai E. Sweeney, John J.* Thomas, Barbara S. Trenkle, Timothy Paul Spielvogel, Carl Stevenson, Charles A. Sweitzer, Brandon W. Thomas, Brooks Treverton, Gregory Frye Spiers, Ronald I. Stewart, Donald M. Swenson, Eric P. Thomas, Evan W. Ill Trezise, Philip H. Spindler, J. Andrew Stewart, Gordon C. Swid, Stephen Claar Thomas, Franklin A. Trice, Robert H. Jr. Spiro, Herbert John Stewart, Ruth Ann Swiers, Peter Bird Thomas, James P. Trimble, Charles R. Spratt, John M. Jr. Stiehm, Judith Hicks Swing, John Temple Thomas, Lee B. Jr. Trojan, Vera M. Springer, Jenny Stiglitz, Joseph E. Szanton, Peter L. Thomas-Lake, Hillaryt Trooboff, Peter D. Squadron, Howard M. Stiles, Deborah F. Szporluk, Roman Thompson, Robert L. Trowbridge, Alexander B. Stackpole, D. Andrewt Stiles, Ned B. Thompson, W. Scott Truitt, Nancy Sherwood Stacks, John Stith, Kate Thomson, James A. Truman, Edwin M. Staheli, Donald L. Stobaugh, Robert B. Thomson, James C. Jr. Tsehai, Elizabetht Stalson, Helena Stockman, David A. Thornburgh, Dick Tsipis, Kosta Stamas, Stephen Stoessinger, John G. T Thornell, Richard P. Tucher, H. Anton Stankard, Francis X. Stofft, William A. Taft, Julia Vadala Thornton, John L. Tuck, Edward Hallam Stanley, Peter W. Stoga, Alan J. Taft, William H. IV Thornton, Thomas Perry Tucker, Katherine K. Stanton, Frank Stokes, Bruce Tagliabue, Paul Thoron, Louisa Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf Staples, Eugene S. Stokes, Louis Tahir-Kheli, Shirin R. Tien, Chang-Lin Tucker, Richard Frank Starr, S. Frederick Stone, Jeremy J. Talbot, Phillips Tien, John K. Jr.t Tucker, Robert W. Stassen, Harold E. Stone, Randall Talbott, Strobe Tierney, Paul E. Jr. Tuminez, Astrid S. Steadman, Richard C. Stone, Roger D. Talwar, Puneet Tillman, Seth P. Tung, Ko-Yung Stedman, Louellen Straus, Donald B. Tang, Angelica O. Timothy, Kristen Turck, Nancy B. Steel, Ronald Straus, Oscar S. II Tang, David K.Y. Timpson, Sarah Turner, J. Michael Steiger, Paul E. Straus, R. Peter Tanham, George K. Livingston Turner, Robert F. Stein, David F. Strauss, Robert S. Tannenwald, Theodore Tindell, Cynthia A.t Turner, Stansfield Stein, Elliot Strausz-Hupe, Robert Tanner, Harold Tipson, Frederick S. Turner, William C. Stein, Eric Stremlau, John J. Tanter, Raymond r-Tisch, Laurence Alan Tyrrell, R. Emmett Jr. Stein, Mark Brian Strmecki, Marin J. Tapia, Raul R. Tobias, Randall L. Tyson, Laura D'Andrea Steinberg, David J. Strock, James M. Tarnoff, Peter Todman, Terence A. Steinberg, James B. Stroock, Thomas F. Tasco, Frank J. Toll, Maynard J. Jr. Steinberg, Richard H. Strossen, Nadine Taubman, William Tomlinson, Alexander C. Steinbruner, John D. Stroud, Joe Hinton Taylor, Arthur R. Ton,VyN. u Steiner, Daniel Studeman, William O. Taylor, Kathryn Pelgrift Topping, Audrey Steiner, Joshua Linder Styron, Rose Taylor, William J. Jr. Ronning Udovitch, Abraham L. Steiner, Steven E.* Sudarkasa, Niara Tedstrom, John E. Topping, Seymour Uhlig, Mark Stempel, John D. Sughrue, Karen M.* Teece, David J. Torano, Maria Elena Ullman, Richard H. Stent, Angela Evelyn Suleiman, Ezra Teeley, Peter B. Torres, Art Ulman, Cornelius M. Stepan, Alfred C. Sulkin, Seth R. Teeter, Robert M. Torres, Esteban Edward Ulrich, Marybeth Stern, David Joel* Sullivan, Gordon R. Teitelbaum, Michael S. Torres, Raidza M. Peterson Stern, Ernest Sullivan, Leon H. Telhami, Shibley Torricelli, Robert G. Ungar, Sanford J. Stern, Fritz Sullivan, Louis W. Tellis, Ashley Joachim Toth, Robert C. Unger, David C. Stern, H. Peter Sullivan, William H. Tempelsman, Maurice Trachtenberg, Stephen Unger, Leonard Stern, Jessica E. Summers, Harry G. Jr. Temple-Raston, Dina Joel Upton, Maureen T. Stern, Paula Summers, Lawrence H. Simonet Train, Harry D. II Uriu, Robert M. Stern, Walter P. Sunderland, Jack B. Tenet, George J.* Train, John Usher, William R. Sterner, Michael E. Suslow, Leo A. Tennyson, Leonard B. Train, Russell E. Utgoff, Victor A. Sternlight, David Sutphen, Mona K.t Terracciano, Anthony P. Trainor, Bernard E. Utley, Garrick Stetson, Anne Sutterlin, James S. Terry, Sarah M. Trani, Eugene P. Utton, A E.

140 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Vitale, Alberto Warner, Volney James Welch, Jasper A. Jr. Wiener, Jonathan Baert Voell, Richard Allen Warnke, Paul C. Welch, John F. Jr. Wiener, Malcolm H. Vagliano, Alexander M. Vogel, Ezra F. Warren, Gerald L. Welch, Larry D. Wiesel, Elie Vagliano, Sara Vogelgesang, Sandy Warren, Lewis M. Jr. Wells, Damon Wieseltier, Leon Vagts, Detlev F. Louise Washburn, Abbott M. Wells, Herman B. Wlby, Peter VakyViron P. Vogelson, Jay M. Washburn, John L. Wells, LouisT. Wildenthal, C. Kern Valenta, Jiri Vojta, George J. Wasserstein, Bruce Wells, Samuel F. Jr. Wiley, Maya D. Valentine, Debra A. Volcker, Paul A. Waterbury, John Wells, Walter N* Wiley, Richard A. Valenzuela, Arturo A. Volk, Stephen R. Waters, Cherri D. Wender, Ira T. Wilhelm, Robert E. Van Cott, Donna Lee von Eckartsberg, K. Gayle Watson, Alexander F. Wendt, Allan Wilkerson, Thomas van derVink, Gregory E. von Hippel, Frank Watson, Peter S.* Wertheim, Mitzi Mallina Lloyd Van Dusen, Michael H. von Lipsey, Roderick K. Wattenberg, Ben J. Wesbrook, Stephen D. Wilkie, Edith B. VanDyk,Ted von Mehren, Robert B. Watts, Glenn E. Weschler, Joanna Wilkins, Roger W. Van Evera, Stephen Votaw, Carmen Delgado Watts, John H. Wesely, Edwin J. Wlkinson, Sharon P. Van Fleet, James Alward Vuono, Carl E. Watts, William West, J. Robinson Williams, Aaron S. VanVTierden, Constant M. Weatherstone, Dennis West, Togo D. Jr. Williams, Christine van Voorst, L. Bruce Weaver, David R. Weston, Burns H. Williams, Earle C. Vance, Cyrus R. Webb, Hoyt K. Wexler, Anne Williams, Eddie Nathan Vande Berg, Marsha w Weber, Vin Weymouth, Elizabeth G. Williams, Harold M. VanDeMark, Brian Webster, William H. Whalen, Charles W. Jr. Williams, Haydn Wechsler, William F. Whalen, Richard J. Vanden Heuvel, Jon D. "^•Wachner, Linda J. Williams, Howard Roy Wedgwood, Ruth Wharton, Clifton R. Jr. vanden 1 ieuvel, Katrina Wadsworth-Darby, Mary Williams, Melvin F. Jr.t vanden Heuvel, William J Weeks, Jennifer R. Wheeler, John K. Waggoner, Robert C. Williams, Paul R.t Varela, Marta B. Wehrle, Leroy Snyder Wheeler, John P. Ill Wais, Marshall I. Jr. Williams, Reba White Veblen,Tom C. Weidenbaum, Murray Whitaker, C. S. Wakeman, Frederic E. Jr. Williamson, Edwin D. Vecchi, Sesto F. Weigel, George Whitaker, Jennifer Waldron, Arthur Williamson, Irving A. Veit, Carol Michele Weiksner, George B. Jr. Wales, Jane M. Seymour Williamson, Richard S.* Veit, Lawrence A. Weil, Frank A. Walker, Charts E. Whitaker, Mark Williamson, Thomas S. Jr. Veliotes, Nicholas A. Weinberg, John L. Walker, G. R. White, John P. Willrich, Mason Verleger, Philip K. Jr.* Weinberg, Steven Wilmers, Robert G. Walker, Jenonne White, Julia A. Vermilye, Peter H. Weinberger, Caspar W. Wilson, Don M. Ill Walker, John L. White, Maureen Vernon, Raymond Weiner, Myron Wilson, Donald M. Walker, Nancy J. White, Peter C. Verstandig, Toni G. Weinert, Richard S. Wilson, Ernest James III Walker, William N. White, Robert J. Verville, Elizabeth G. Weinrod, W. Bruce Wilson, Margaret S. Walker-Huntley, Mary L. White, Robert M. Vessey, John W. Weinstein, Michael M. Wilson, Percy Charles Wallerstein, Mitchel B. White, Timothy J. Viccellio, Henry Jr. Weintraub, Sidney Wilson, Serena L. Wallich, Christine I. White, Walter H. Jr. Victor, David G. Weisberg, Jacob Wimpfheimer, Jacques D. Wallison, Peter J. Whitehead, John C. Vidal, David J. Weisman, Steven R. Wing, Adrien Katherine Walsh, Michaela L. Whitehouse, Charles S. Viebranz, Curtis G. Weiss, Andrew Scott Winner, Andrew C. -^"Walters, Barbara Whitman, Christine Todd Viederman, Stephen Weiss, Charles Jr. Winokur, Herbert S. Jr. Walton, Anthony John Whitman, Marina v.N. Viets, Richard Noyes Weiss, Cora Winship, Thomas Walton, R. Keith Whitney, Craig R. Vila,AdisM. Weiss, Edith Brown Winston, Michael R. Waltz, Kenneth N. Whittemore, Frederick B. Villar, Arturo ••Weiss, Stanley A. Winterer, Philip S. Ward, Jennifer C. Whyman, William E. Vincent, Erict Weiss, Thomas G. Winters, Francis X. Ward, Katherine T.* Wiarda, Howard J. Viorst, Milton Weitz, Peter Robertson Wirth, David A.* Ware, Carl Wien, Anita Volz Viscusi, Enzo Welch, C. David Wirth, John D. Warner, Edward L. Ill Wiener, Carolyn Seely

* Elected to membership in 1998. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1998.

141 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Wirth, Timothy E. Woodward, Susan L. Yankelovich, Daniel Yu, Peter M. •Zilkha, Ezra K. Wisner, Frank G. Woolf, Harry Yanney, Michael B. Yudkin, Richard A. Zimmerman, Edwin M. Wisner, Graham G. Woolsey, R. James Yarmolinsky, Adam Yzaguirre, Raul H. Zimmerman, Peter D. Witkowsky, Anne A. Woon, EdenY. Yee, Melinda C. Zimmerman, William Witunski, Michael Worenklein, Jacob Yergin, Daniel H. Zimmermann, Warren Woerner, Fred F. Wray, Cecil Yochelson, John N. Zinberg, Dorothy Shore Wofford, Harris L. Wriggins, W. Howard Yoffie, David B. Zinder, Norton D. Wohl, Richard H. Wright, L. Patrick Yordan, Jaime Ernesto Zinser, Alan Z. J. Wohlstetter, Roberta Wright, Robin Yoshihara, Nancy Akemi Zaccaro, Donna A. Zisk, Kimberly Martent Wolf, Charles Jr. Wyser-Pratte, Guy Yost, Casimir A. Zagoria, Donald S. Zoellick, Robert B. Wolf, Milton A. Patrick* Young, Alice Zakheim, Dov S. Zogby, James J. —Wolfensohn, James D. Young, Andrew Zaleski, Michel Zogby, Joseph R. Wolff, Alan Wm. Young, Edgar B. Zanoyan,Vahan B. Zolberg, Aristide R. Wolff, I. Peter Young, George H. Ill Zarb, Frank G. Zonis, Marvin Wolfowitz, Paul D. Young, M. Crawford Zartman, I. William Zorthian, Barry Wolin, Neal Steven* Young, Michael K. Zegart, Amy B. Zuckerman, Harriet Wolosky, Lee S. Yacoubian, Mona Young, Nancy Zeikel, Arthur "Zuckerman, Mortimer B. Wolpe, Howard Yalman, Nur O. Young, Peter J. C. Zelikow, Philip D. Zumwalt, E. R. Jr. Wood, Joseph R. Yang, James Ting-Yeh Youngblood, Kneeland C. Zelnick, C. Robert Zwick, Charles J. Wood, Suzanne Yang, Linda Tsao Yu, Frederick T. C. Zemmol, Jonathan I. Zysman, John A. Woods, Ward W. Yang, Phoebe L.+

* Elected to membership in 1998. t Elected to five-year term membership in 1998.

142 CREDITS

PHOTO CREDITS KEN LEVINSON: 8,12 center left, 18 top left, 28 center left, 33 top, 36 center, 41 center left, 45 number 4 and number 10, 48 center right, 60 center left, 74 bottom, 144 top, back cover third-row right, back cover bottom T.L. LITT: 7,11 center and bottom, 12 top, 17 top and center, 18 top right and center, 19, 23 top and center, 26, 28 bottom, 33 bottom, 36 bottom, 41 top and center right, 45 number 3, number 5, and number 7, 48 top, 55 center and bottom, 56, 59 cen­ ter and bottom, 60 top, center right and bottom, 63 top, center right, and bottom, 71 top and bottom, 74 top, back cover first- row left, back cover first-row right, back cover second-row right, back cover third-row left DONALD L. MILLER: 6 VIRGINIA ROLSTON PARROTT: 13, 57 ELS A RUIZ: 9,12 center right, 14,17 bottom, 18 bottom, 20, 28 top, 33 center, 41 bottom, 48 center left, 59 top, 74 center left and center right, back cover third-row left KAVEH SARDARI: 7 top, 12 bottom, 23 bottom, 25, 28 center right, 36 top left and top right, 48 bottom, 55 top, 66, 68,144 bottom MARTHA STEWART: 71 center

Editor: PATRICIA DORFF Production: GENE CROFTS Assistant Editor: MIRANDA KOBRITZ Production Consultant: VIRGINIA ROLSTON PARROTT Intern: KIMBERLY FIELDING-SEGAL Copy Editor: ED CONE Cover Design: DOUG CLOUSE Front Cover Illustration: BYRON BELL

143 New York Staff, June 1998

Washington Staff, July 1998

144