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Methods of 3D Visual Representation of Interpreted Geophysical Data in Regions of Hydrogeological Interest

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Methods of 3D Visual Representation of Interpreted Geophysical Data in Regions of Hydrogeological Interest Advances in Mineral Resources Management and 709 Environmental Geotechnology, Hania 2004, Greece Methods of 3D visual representation of interpreted geophysical data in regions of hydrogeological interest E. Manutsoglu, A. Vafidis, G. Kritikakis, H.A. Hamdan, N. Andronikidis, N.S. Spanoudakis and N. Economou Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Hania, Greece ABSTRACT gical interest were studied in this work (Fig. 1). The geophysical methods of electrical sounding 2.1 Surveyed areas and seismic reflection are widely used in areas with hydrogeological interest because they are a) Kissamos (Chania): Geological maps, data inexpensive and quick. Also, they give reliable from twenty-eight (28) electrical soundings information regarding the geological and one (1) borehole were used for the background of the surveyed area. interpretation of the geological background This work aims to stress the necessity of and structures (Fig. 1). geophysical surveying, combined with b) Almiros Potamos (Herakleion): Geological sophisticated methods of 3D visual maps, twenty-three (23) boreholes and representation in regions of hydrogeological twenty-six (26) electrical soundings were interest in Crete, in order to minimize the used (Fig. 1). expensive and time-consuming boreholes. c) Mesi (Rethymnon): Geological maps, seven (7) boreholes, and fifty-four (54) electrical 1. INTRODUCTION soundings were used (Fig. 1). d) Epano Vatheia (Herakleion): One (1) seismic The target of this research is the 3D visual line, fourteen (14) boreholes and nine (9) representation of water bearing geological electrical soundings were used (Fig. 1). formations at four different regions of Crete using interpreted geophysical data deduced from electrical sounding and seismic reflection. 2.2 Geological outline Electrical sounding and seismic reflection The geological formations of interest, which are data were processed using RESIX and PRO- exposed in the different study areas, are: MAX V6.0 software packages, respectively. Quaternary deposits, which consist of pebbles, Geological and drilling information as well as sand and other loose soil deposits. Neogene bibliographic and in situ measurements of rock sediments, which mainly consist of marls, marly resistivities were used for the interpretation of limestone, sandstone, and conglomerate. The geophysical data. 3D visual representation and/ or vertical and horizontal profiles of the aquifer were created using Surfer, Rockworks, ArcView GIS and SURPAC 2000 software packages. 2. GEOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF SURVEYED AREAS, DATA ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND REPRESENTATION Figure 1: Surveyed areas. a) Kissamos, b) Almiros Four different regions of Crete with hydrogeolo- Potamos, c) Mesi and d) Epano Vatheia. 710 Advances in Mineral Resources Management and Environmental Geotechnology, Hania 2004, Greece Neogene deposits are overlain discontinuously processing. Processing of electrical sounding on the rocks of the lower nappe of Crete. The data is performed in order to estimate the latter consists of carbonaceous rocks and flysch electrical resistivity distributed with depth from sediments of the Olonos-Pindos and Tripolis the measured apparent resistivity. Figure 2 zones, phyllites, quartzites and schists of the shows a typical outcome of processing, Phyllite nappe (Dornsiepen and Manutsoglu, performed on electrical sounding at the 1994), marbles of the Trypali Unit. The Kissamos area using the software package Resix Neogene sediment can also be directly v3. Three layers were detected, attributed to: deposited on the metamorphic sequences of the 1) an overburden layer of clayey marls of Plattenkalk group. Neogene up to 75 m depth, 2) a second layer of schist of phyllitic nappe 2.3 Data acquisition with a thickness of about 275 m and For the determination of the geological structure 3) compact carbonaceous formations of of each area, the electrical resistivity method unknown thickness (union of Tripali and/or was employed. This geophysical method is Platencalks) corresponding to the third widely used because of the convenience of identified layer. application and the quality of results (Robinson The processing of seismic reflection data is and Coruh, 1988). This method can determine focused on the distribution of seismic velocities the electrical resistivity distribution with depth, with depth. The interpretation of seismic results, namely the geoelectric structure. This can be using borehole and geological information, achieved by applying electrical current and consists of the correspondence of seismic measuring the potential of the ground. The velocity to geological layers. Figure 3 shows a electric field is distorted by the geological stacked seismic section at the Epano Vatheia structure and thus, by measuring the electrical area after processing with PROMAX V6.0. potential the geolelectric structure can be Nine (9) different geological layers were indirectly determined. For the acquisition of identified according to their velocities. The electrical resistivity data, the Schlumberger discontinuity of layers at CDP 221 is attributed array sounding was used. With this array, the to the existence of a fault. apparent electrical resistivity is measured at the center of the array for different depths. This is 2.5 3D visual representation of the results accomplished by keeping the two potential probes fixed and by forcing the current to After the interpretation of geophysical data, the penetrate at greater depths by symmetrically next step was to reduce the number of increasing the distance of the two current probes geological formations in order to produce from the center of the array. clearer and more comprehensive 3D images of Furthermore, the seismic reflection method the interpreted geological formations. was employed at the Epano Vatheia area. This was performed by grouping the Seismic waves propagate with different veloci- ties in soil layers with different lithological characteristics and/or different age. These waves are reflected and diffracted on the discontinui- ties of the soil layers. Thus, an artificial seismic excitation is performed on the ground and the amplitude of the reflected seismic waves as well as their arrival times are recorded on the surface. The seismic records are processed for the determination of the geological structure, which caused the reflection of seismic waves. Figure 2: Typical diagram of electrical sounding results, 2.4 Processing deduced from Resix v3. Squares represent measurements and solid line is the response of geoelectrical model, Following data acquisition, the next step is data presented with dashed line. Advances in Mineral Resources Management and 711 Environmental Geotechnology, Hania 2004, Greece Figure 3: Stacked seismic section at Epano Vatheia area. individual geological formations into two (2) to entire region was divided into three parts: the four (4) geological formations (depending on east, the center and the west part. A 3D visual the area), namely: subsurface model for the entire area (Fig. 4a), as well as cross-sections at different directions a) the loose Quaternary sediments, were created (Fig. 4b and 4c). b) the loose Neogene deposits, The thickness of Neogene sediments at the c) the marly limestone of Neogene and the center of the area (Fig. 4c) exceeds the survey carbonaceous formations with hydrogeolo- depth and thus there is no information about gical interest, and/or schists and carbonaceous formations under these d) phyllites-quartzites and schists. sediments (Hamdan et al., 2002). In this area, Coordinates and elevation data concerning not only the carbonaceous formations are of the top of each grouped geological formation, hydrogeological interest, but also the Neogene derived from boreholes, soundings, seismics and sediments because of the underlying imperme- other surface data from geological maps, were able schist. interpolated using either Kriging, or triangulation methods. Layers’ interfaces were 3.2 Almiros Potamos area (Herakleion) used for 3D visual representations of the above- The survey area at Almiros Potamos was mentioned grouped geological formations in divided into two (2) separate parts, Tylissos and order to present the stratigraphic succession of Krousonas because of sparse geological and hydrogeological interest. geophysical data present in the area between Four different software packages were used them. The digital dynamic 3D representation of for the production of 3D visual representation of the subsurface is supported with the use of the surveyed areas. Rockworks was used for ArcView GIS (Fig. 5). The digital terrain model Kissamos area, ArcView GIS and Surfer, for the (DTM) of the studied area was also created. areas of Epano Vatheia and Almyros Potamos Cross-sections of the 3D model at N-S and E-W and SURPAC 2000 and Surfer, for the area of directions, as well as maps of the interpreted Mesi. formations at different elevations were produced using Surfer, supported by proprietary 3. RESULTS algorithms, and inserted to the database via hotlink (Kritikakis et al., 2002). 3.1 Kissamos area (Chania) For the optimum representation of the geolo- 3.3 Mesi area (Rethymnon) gical structure at the large area of Kissamos, the The elevation contours of a local topographic 712 Advances in Mineral Resources Management and Environmental Geotechnology, Hania 2004, Greece Figure 4: 3D visual representation of layers’ interfaces (a) and cross-section towards NW-SE (b) and SW-NE (c) for the area of Kissamos. map
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