Die Minoischen Villen Kretas. Ein Vergleich Spätbronzezeitlicher Fund- Und Siedlungsplätze

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Die Minoischen Villen Kretas. Ein Vergleich Spätbronzezeitlicher Fund- Und Siedlungsplätze Sebastian Adlung Die Minoischen Villen Kretas. Ein Vergleich spätbronzezeitlicher Fund- und Siedlungsplätze Sebastian Adlung Die Minoischen Villen Kretas Ein Vergleich spätbronzezeitlicher Fund- und Siedlungsplätze Hamburg University Press Verlag der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky IV Zugl.: Dissertation, Universität Hamburg, 2018 u. d. T. Die Minoischen Villen Kretas. Ein Vergleich spätbronzezeitlicher Fund- und Siedlungsplätze BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATION DER DEUTSCHEN NATIONALBIBLIOTHEK Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über https://portal.dnb.de abrufbar. ONLINE-AUSGABE Die Online-Ausgabe dieses Werkes ist eine Open-Access-Publikation und ist auf den Verlagswebseiten frei verfügbar. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek hat die Online-Ausgabe archiviert. Diese ist dauerhaft auf dem Archivserver der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (https://portal.dnb.de) verfügbar. DOI https://doi.org/10.15460/HUP.HHD.007.205 PRINTAUSGABE ISBN 978-3-943423-78-5 Lizenz Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Das Werk steht unter der Creative-Commons-Lizenz Namensnennung 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.de). Ausgenommen von der oben genannten Lizenz sind Teile, Abbildungen und sonstiges Drittmaterial, wenn anders gekennzeichnet. Schrift Alegreya. Copyright 2011: The Alegreya Project Authors (https://github.com/huertatipografica/ Alegreya). This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. This license is also available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL Druck und Bindung Books on Demand - Norderstedt Verlag Hamburg University Press, Verlag der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, Hamburg (Deutschland), 2020 http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de Zusammenfassung Die Minoischen Paläste und Villen Kretas vermitteln oftmals den Eindruck einer spät- bronzezeitlichen Kultur, welche von elitären Gesellschaftssystemen und mysteriö- sen Kulten geprägt war. Dabei schildern die mittlerweile zahlreichen bekannten spätbronzezeitlichen Siedlungsplätze und deren vielfältige Funde in verschiedenen Regionen Kretas variantenreiche Siedlungsentwicklungen. Das vorliegende Werk legt einen umfassenden Überblick über Fundmaterialien, Baubefunde und Lagebe- dingungen von 23 Minoischen Villen Kretas vor. Hierbei wird die Analyse durch einen Einbezug der geographischen Verhältnisse der Umgebung und durch einen Ver- gleich mit weiteren spätbronzezeitlichen Fund- und Siedlungsplätzen Kretas ent- scheidend erweitert. Auf diesem Wege bietet die Untersuchung Perspektiven etab- lierte Interpretationen über die spätbronzezeitlichen Siedlungsverhältnisse Kretas zu hinterfragen. Abstract The Minoan palaces and villas often give the impression of a late Bronze Age culture, which was characterized by elitist societies and mysterious cults. The numerous known Bronze Age settlement sites and their rich finds in different regions on Crete illustrate varying settlement developments. The study presents a comprehensive overview of find materials, building features and site conditions of 23 Minoan villas on Crete. The analysis is decisively extended by including the geographical conditions of the surroundings and by comparing the 'Minoan villas' with other Late Bronze Age find and settlement sites on Crete. The investigation offers perspectives to review es- tablished interpretations of Late Bronze Age settlement conditions of Minoan Crete. Danksagung Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die überarbeitete Version meiner im November 2018 am Institut der Klassischen Archäologie an der Universität Hamburg vorgelegten und von der Prüfungskommission anerkannten Dissertation dar. Im Laufe der Ar- beit ermöglichte mir ein Stipendium der Universität Hamburg, im Rahmen des Graduiertenkollegs der Geisteswissenschaften, die Finanzierung mehrerer For- schungsreisen nach Kreta. Meinen beiden Betreuerinnen Prof. Dr. Martina Seifert und Prof. Dr. Inge Nielsen möchte ich an dieser Stelle für die jahrelange Unterstützung und die vielen Ratschläge im Zuge dieser Forschungen danken. Prof. Dr. Frank Nikulka sei an die- ser Stelle für sein Mitwirken in der Prüfungskommission gedankt. Bei Michael An- tonakis, Nicola Daumann, Julia Daum und Gabriele Schönheit möchte ich mich für das Korrekturlesen ganz herzlich bedanken. Darüber hinaus bin ich Eleni Mantzourani, Stella Chryssoulaki, Jan Driessen und Diamantis Panagiotopoulos zu Dank verpflichtet, Pläne und Zeichnungen in dieser Arbeit zu publizieren. Gleiches gilt für die British School at Athens, die Ar- chaeological Society at Athens, das Bolletino d‘Arte, das Danish Institute at Athens, die Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, das Bulletin de Correspondance Helleni- que und das Institut für Klassische und Byzantinische Archäologie der Universität Heidelberg, die mir freundlicherweise Genehmigungen zur Publikation von Plänen ermöglichten. Bei meinen Eltern bedanke ich mich für ihre uneingeschränkte Unterstützung und die Möglichkeit mein Interesse an der Archäologie im Rahmen eines Studiums zu verfolgen. Den größten Dank möchte ich an dieser Stelle meiner Frau Lilian Ad- lung-Schönheit für ihren stetigen Rückhalt und ihre fortwährende Geduld bei der Anfertigung dieser Arbeit aussprechen. Sebastian Adlung, im Juli 2020 Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung / Abstract V Danksagung VII Abbildungsverzeichnis XIII 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Zielsetzung 2 1.2 Topographie 4 1.3 Forschungsgeschichte 7 2 Vorstellung 17 2.1 Nerokourou 18 2.2 Zominthos 21 2.3 Sklavokambos 25 2.4 Tylissos 28 2.4.1 Villa A 31 2.4.2 Villa B 33 2.4.3 Villa C 33 2.5 Knossos 35 2.5.1 Unexplored Mansion 37 2.5.2 Little Palace 41 2.5.3 Royal Villa 45 2.5.4 South House 48 2.6 Amnisos 51 2.7 Nirou Khani 55 2.8 Vathypetro 59 2.9 Agia Triada 63 2.10 Pitsidia 71 2.11 Kannia 74 2.12 Pyrgos 78 2.13 Achladia 83 2.14 Klimataria 86 X 2.15 Prophitis Ilias 89 2.16 Zou 91 2.17 Epano Zakros 93 2.18 Makrygialos 97 3 Vergleich 101 3.1 Forschungsgeschichte 102 3.2 Lage 105 3.3 Architektur 108 3.3.1 Größe 108 3.3.2 Baumaterialien 111 3.3.3 Bauformen 114 3.3.4 Mehrgeschossigkeit 117 3.4 Funde 119 3.4.1 Tongefäße 119 3.4.2 Tonobjekte 122 3.4.3 Steinobjekte 125 3.4.4 Metallobjekte 128 3.4.5 Organisches 131 3.5 Tätigkeiten 132 3.5.1 Keramikfertigung 132 3.5.2 Metallverarbeitung 134 3.5.3 Pflanzennutzung 135 3.5.4 Textilherstellung 136 3.5.5 Aromaerzeugung 137 3.5.6 Steinbearbeitung 138 3.5.7 Tierverarbeitung 138 3.5.8 Nahrungsaufnahme 139 3.5.9 Lagerung 140 3.5.10 Verwaltung 142 3.5.11 Kult 143 3.5.12 Architektur 149 3.6 Chronologie 153 3.6.1 Tongefäße 153 3.6.2 Zerstörungen 155 XI 4 Interpretation 161 4.1 Lagebedingungen 162 4.2 Siedlungsverhältnisse 168 5 Fazit 175 5.1 Vergleich 176 5.2 Interpretation 177 Anhang 185 Abbildungen 187 Abbildungsnachweise 228 Quellenverzeichnis 229 Literaturverzeichnis 230 Über den Autor 297 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abb. 1: Übersichtskarte von Kreta 187 Abb. 2: Umgebungskarte von Nerokourou und Chania, Westkreta 188 Abb. 3: Steinplan des Baubefundes von Nerokourou 189 Abb. 4: Umgebungskarte von Zominthos, Sklavokampos und Tylissos, Nordzentralkreta 190 Abb. 5: Steinplan des Baubefundes von Zominthos, Stand 2006 191 Abb. 6: Plan des Baubefundes von Sklavokambos 192 Abb. 7: Übersichts- und Phasenplan von Tylissos 193 Abb. 8: Plan der Villa A von Tylissos 194 Abb. 9: Plan der Villa B von Tylissos 195 Abb. 10: Plan der Villa C von Tylissos 196 Abb. 11: Übersichtsplan von Knossos 197 Abb. 12: Plan der Unexplored Mansion und des Little Palace 198 Abb. 13: Plan der Royal Villa 199 Abb. 14: Plan des South House 200 Abb. 15: Umgebungskarte von Knossos, Amnisos und Nirou Khani, Nordzentralkreta 201 Abb. 16: Steinplan des Baubefundes von Amnisos 202 Abb. 17: Plan des Baubefundes von Nirou Khani 203 Abb. 18: Umgebungskarte von Vathypetro, Zentralkreta 204 Abb. 19: Steinplan des Baubefundes von Vathypetro 205 Abb. 20: Übersichts- und Phasenplan von Agia Triada 206 Abb. 21: Plan der Villa Reale 207 Abb. 22: Umgebungskarte von Agia Triada, Pitsidia und Kannia, Südzentralkreta 208 Abb. 23: Plan des Baubefundes von Pitsidia 209 Abb. 24: Plan des Baubefundes von Kannia 210 Abb. 25: Umgebungskarte von Pyrgos, Südkreta 211 Abb. 26: Übersichtsplan von Pyrgos 212 Abb. 27: Plan des Baubefundes von Achladia 213 Abb. 28: Umgebungskarte von Achladia, Klimataria und Zou, Nordostkreta 214 Abb. 29: Plan des Baubefundes von Klimataria 215 XIV Abb. 30: Plan des Baubefundes von Prophitis Ilias 216 Abb. 31: Umgebungskarte von Prophitis Ilias, Epano Zakros und Makrygialos, Südostkreta 217 Abb. 32: Plan des Baubefundes von Zou 218 Abb. 33: Plan des Baubefundes von Epano Zakros 219 Abb. 34: Luftbild des Baubefundes von Makryialos 220 Abb. 35: Blick von Vathypetro in Richtung Idagebirge 221 Abb. 36: Blick auf den Siedlungshügel von Pyrgos 221 Abb. 37: Blick über die Messara bei Skinias 222 Abb. 38: Blick über das Tal von Chondros 222 Abb. 39: Blick nach Palaikastro und Kouromenos 223 Abb. 40: Übersichtskarte von Westkreta 224 Abb. 41: Übersichtskarte von Ostzentralkreta 225 Abb. 42: Übersichtskarte von Ostkreta 226 Abb. 43: Blick vom Juktas auf das Idagebirge 227 Abb. 44: Blick auf Prophitis Ilias 227 Einleitung 2 Einleitung 1.1 Zielsetzung Im Forschungsfeld der kretischen Bronzezeit veränderten im 20. Jahrhundert die Entdeckungen großflächiger Gebäudeformationen im äußersten Osten in der Bucht von Kato Zakros und im Idagebirge bei Zominthos geläufige Interpretationen
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