World Languages and Cultures Publications World Languages and Cultures
2007 Excavations at Azoria, 2003-2004, Part I: The Archaic Civic Complex Donald C. Haggis University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Margaret S. Mook Iowa State University, [email protected]
Rodney D. Fitzsimons Trent University
C. Margaret Scarry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Lynn M. Snyder Smithsonian Institution
SeFoe nelloxtw pa thige fors aaddndition addal aitutionhorsal works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/language_pubs Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Archaeological Anthropology Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ language_pubs/45. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html.
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Abstract his article constitutes the first of two reports on fieldwork conducted at Azoria in eastern Crete during the 2003 and 2004 excavation seasons. The focus of excavation was on the South Acropolis, where buildings of Archaic date (7th-early 5th century b.c.) suggesting public or civic functions have come to light. The ompc lex includes a possible andreion on the west slope, a cult building on the terrace south of the peak, and storerooms and kitchens associated with a monumental public building on the southwest terrace. A 3rd- century b.c. dump on the southeast slope provides important information about the limited reoccupation of the site in the Hellenistic period.
Disciplines Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity | Archaeological Anthropology
Comments This article is from Hesperia 76 (2007): 243–321. Posted with permission.
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Authors Donald C. Haggis, Margaret S. Mook, Rodney D. Fitzsimons, C. Margaret Scarry, Lynn M. Snyder, Manolis I. Stefanakis, and William C. West III
This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/language_pubs/45 hesperia 76 (2007) EXCAVATIONS AT Pages 243-321 AZORIA, 2003-2004, PART 1
The Archaic Civic Complex
ABSTRACT
This article constitutes the first of two reports on fieldwork conducted at Azoria in eastern Crete during the 2003 and 2004 excavation seasons. The was on focus of excavation the South Acropolis, where buildings of Archaic or date (7th-early 5th century b.c.) suggesting public civic functions have a on a come to light. The complex includes possible andreion the west slope, on cult building the terrace south of the peak, and storerooms and kitchens a on associated with monumental public building the southwest terrace. A b.c. on the southeast information 3rd-century dump slope provides important about the limited reoccupation of the site in the Hellenistic period.
INTRODUCTION
a Azoria is double-peaked hill southeast of the village of Kavousi in north eastern Crete, where excavations have been conducted annually since 2002.1 a a Recent work has exposed number of public buildings of small Archaic city dating from the 7thto the early 5thcentury b.c. (Fig. 1).We call Azoria a city, despite the lack of specific epigraphical corroboration for the attribu on tion, the basis of inferences drawn from various archaeological contexts on the site and in the wider region.2 The large size of the site relative to that of other Early Iron Age settlements in the region, coupled with changes in settlement patterns suggesting nucleation and centralization of population, a supports hypothesis of urbanization in the 7th and early 6th centuries. Stratigraphie evidence indicating both the expansion of building and the a new physical transformation of the site, the establishment of settlement 1. For the earUest of the and the of with functions on the description structure, appearance buildings public see for a to site, Boyd 1901, pp. 150-154; peak of the South Acropolis contribute the interpretation. Moreover, by detailed discussion of the of we topography implementing intensive sampling procedures, have been able to recover the field site, techniques, methodology, botanical and faunal that allow us to reconstruct and of the Azoria see assemblages large-scale goals Project, et storage, and of food in contexts Haggis al. 2004. processing, consumption distinctly public 2. et that have no viable in either Archaic domestic or in See Haggis al. 2004, esp. parallels assemblages us to pp. 340-346,390-392. the Early Iron Age record. Such evidence permits consider the political
? The American School of Classical Studies at Athens 244 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2003-2004, PART I 245
1 state an assess Figure (opposite). Azoria, plan economy of early city, and sociopolitical and economic changes of the South R. D. Fitzsimons Acropolis. in the transition from the Early Iron Age to the Archaic period. and G. Damaskinakis was a In 2003 and 2004, excavation carried out at Azoria for period of at sixweeks (May-July), followed by four weeks (July-August) the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete in Pacheia Ammos, processing, conserving, areas were and analyzing the finds. The target of excavation the slopes of areas were the South Acropolis in A, B, and D (Fig. 1). In 2003,18 trenches across a area ca. opened total surface of 0.11 ha, while in 2004, excavation was were new conducted in 22 trenches, 18 of which sample units. Our were primary objectives in 2003 and 2004 to complete the excavation of the Northeast Building, establishing its domestic function and relationship on rooms to structures the peak, and to continue exposing of the putative on a andreion complex the west slope, process that has proven to be ardu ous because of the instability of the slope and the presence of deep layers areas of boulders resulting from the collapse of the eastern walls of dining rooms. and adjacent was Another aim of the work during 2003 and 2004 to understand the physical organization of the city center and patterns of communication around the South Acropolis by examining the orientation of roads, court yards, and spine walls. Following the direction of preserved roads around we on the South Acropolis, found that communication routes converge the terrace a expansive south of the south slope houses, wide, open, and fairly area flat bounded by spine walls and fortifications, which appeared suitable we for the city's agora. Finally, began investigating the upper southwest we to recover came terrace, where had hoped houses. What to light in this to area, however, proved be public buildings.
PROJECT GOALS
are The broad goals of excavation to document parts of a nascent Greek center city that will enable the reconstruction of its development and to analyze evidence for subsistence and surplus production and distribution to that relate the restructuring of economic relationships and the emergence ca. b.c. on of corporate groups 600 A recent paper by Paula Perlman the political economy of Archaic Eleutherna calls into question traditional views cen of Cretan isolation and material austerity in the 6th and early 5th a turies b.c., presenting nuanced picture of economic structure in the Ar chaic polis.3 What emerges from Perlmans epigraphic study is evidence for specialized wage earners, craftsmen and laborers with diverse social posi to a tions and relationships civic institutions. Such evidence poses challenge to a monolithic assumptions of simple staple-based economy?narrowly organized around elite control of agropastoral land, resources, and the civic structure?that discouraged the development of complexly stratified social a and economic roles in the community.4 Perlmans work presents vivid to backdrop against which begin interpreting the evidence for economic at an complexity Azoria. The late 7th and early 6th centuries represent 3. Perlman 2004a. important period of transition in the development of civic life and the 4. Cf. Morris 1997. sociopolitical structure of Cretan settlements. 246 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
2 Changes in burial practices, mortuary display, and allocation of mate Figure (opposite). A1700, A2100, A2300: detail of the Northeast rial wealth, stratigraphie discontinuities and architectural changes within R. D. Fitzsimons settlements, and fundamental shifts in regional settlement patterns all point Building. to some kind of radical reorganization of the Cretan landscape around 600 b.c.5 Fieldwork at Azoria addresses questions that emerge from these material patterns and associated economic and political developments in are the 7th and early 6th centuries. There three primary aims of excavation: to (1) understand the economics of food provisioning in what might be a recover called civic sphere;6 (2) to and interpret evidence for differentia tion of processing and consumption patterns in various domestic and civic to contexts; and (3) explore stratigraphically earlier levels of Early Iron Age assess (EIA) and Early Orientalizing (EO) date in order to changes in the formal structure and socioeconomic systems of the site from the 12th to the b.c. 8th century and during the establishment of the city in the 7th century to The overall purpose is investigate the process of small-scale city-state7 formation by examining how changes in agricultural and pastoral activities relate to emerging social and political organization.
THE NORTHEAST BUILDING (A300-400, A1700, A2100, A2300)
excava Work northeast of the peak of the South Acropolis completed the was tion of the Northeast Building that begun in 2002 (Figs. 1,2).8 The was aim to finish trench A400, exposing the southeast quarter of the room, to and then continue excavation southeastward, following the line of the rooms spine wall that forms the north-northeastern limit of the along was case rooms are this terrace. As the in neighboring A300, the floors of a severely eroded at the northern edge of the terrace, about meter from the inner face of the spine wall. The spine wall is preserved up to the level of the floor surface, and it is possible that the north wall of the building used was the spine wall for its foundations. The full extent of the room inA400 m defined in 2003: it is about 6 long running northwest-southeast and m a area over 4.50 wide, suggesting total of 27 m2. on The doorway connecting A300 and A400 is the central east-west axis, in line with the western door of A300, evidently the main access stone was corner into the building.9 A paver found in the southwest of room the in A400. Against the east wall just north of the east doorway
and and in the econom 5. Hayden 1997, pp. 112-114,133 private space, changes relocated social, political, and and 134; 2004, pp. 179-180,188; Erickson agropastoral economy suprahouse ic consciousness and practices from hold social to 2000, pp. 230-232; 2004, pp. 200-201; activities?suggest configu the wider region the South Acropo an Perlman 2000, pp. 74-76; 2004a, rations in keeping with Archaic lis; seeHaggis 2005, pp. 84-85,150 environment pp. 120-121; Watrous and Hadzi urban and administered 151. structure. 8. et Vallianou 2004a, pp. 314-317; 2004b, organizational Haggis al. 2004, pp. 364-367. The term an p. 343. 7. city-state impUes 9.The west doorway intoA300 has use term urban center and its ter a and 6.We the civic throughout surrounding well-built jambs and door pivot, we contexts a broader eastern because think that the of ritory, regional community is wider than its doorway; at based on EIA et al. 364-367. public activities Azoria?new build preexisting viUage Haggis 2004, pp. clusters that had the 6th ing practices, reorganization of public by century EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 247
spine Azoria 2003 wall Northeast Building
A2300
spine wall
stair
Boyd's stone dump (unexcavated) 248 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL. was a the neck and rim of fragmentary pithos, probably fallen from the adjoining storeroom inA1700. Flotation samples from the floor of A400 produced fragments of cereal grains and olive pits. Two agrimi horns were also recovered from the southeast side of the room. east room was The doorway in the wall of the placed off the central axis of the building. It leads into yet another large room (A1700), slightly larger than A400, almost 32 m2 in area, about equal in size to the room with abundant terracotta stands uncovered in 2002 in A800. This room a in A1700 has pillar base in situ and two pithos stands in the southeast corner a (Fig. 2). The eastern wall has poorly preserved doorway, also off axis, at the north end where the dolomite bedrock foundations have been to a a worked accommodate doorjamb; the door provides passage into A2300 on the southeast.
Finds from A1700 included sparse fragments of cereal grains and olive a an pits, agrimi horns, silver pin, iron arrowhead,10 and two well-preserved as as substantial pithoi, well the poorly preserved remains of four other corner pithoi, found smashed in the southwestern and quadrant of the room. rest room was 3. Al700: silver dress The of the pottery found in this fragmentary, but represented Figure pin. were Photo C. Papanikolopoulos among the sherds monochrome black cups, matt-coated high-necked a a small a table a cups, black-gloss cup skyphos, krater, amphora, hydria, I a a a and a coarse The lekane, cookpot, transport amphora, jar.11 agrimi cores are horn of particular interest. Paired sets were found in both A400 to and A1700, in positions relatively close the doorway connecting these rooms. cores two In both instances, the horn had been separated from the were a skull itself, but they held in original anatomical position by portion as of the frontal bone, much modern trophy antlers. The general paucity of as other bones in these rooms, particularly primary butchering debris such skulls, lower legs, and feet, suggests that these specimens were deliberately as retained objects perhaps used hunting trophies, ritual expressions of or votive power, objects.12 a on The silver pin has squat tapered central projection the top, much a a shorter than the usual Cretan type,13 thick flat disk with fascia visible on the top edge. The shank is plain while the head decoration consists of a bobbin and three rings, which form the transition to the main element, two sets of five plain rings separated by three plain globes (Fig. 3). The more central globe is the largest of the three and the lower set of rings is set. or compressed than the upper The pin is plainer than most 7th- 6th on century examples, which customarily have vertical grooves the rings and or as globules complex surface decoration such horizontal ribs, zigzags,
10. iron arrowhead has a for will at a to The tang recurring shapes also be estab Dreros, among group he dates with a round section and triangular lished. the early 6th century b.c., which is in similar to A from 12. For the use of in a scene an head, type examples agrimi horns scribed with of agrimi hunt. the North at dated andreion cult see Cemetery Knossos, and contexts, Prent On representations and symbols (ani Late Geometric see Snod 647. For the ritual dis as (LG)-EO; 2005, pp. 453, mal bones and artifacts) of hunting 584. of cattle skulls and a grass 1964, pp. 154-155; 1996, p. play agrimi horns part of social discourse defining and 11. of the from Azo in at see of Study pottery LM IIIC building B Vronda, strengthening elite male ideologies see ria is still in the preliminary stages. Day and Snyder 2004, esp. pp. 70-71, power, Hamilakis 2003, pp. 243 on Stylistic analyses based stratified 73, 77-78. Marinatos (1936, p. 279, 244; cf. Prent 2005, p. 453. not a stone deposits will be conducted until the fig. 44) illustrates from the 13. Jacobsthal 1956, pp. 24-25. at that northeast corner of study seasons; time, typologies the Delphinion EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2004, PART I 249
Figure 4. A2300: cup skyphos. Drawing R. Docsan
fluting, and fully developed bead and reel. The morphology, consisting of the tapered knob, thick disk, and three globes separated by moldings (rings or a or bobbins), resembles Peloponnesian Sicilian design. The example a from Azoria ismost likely to be Peloponnesian import.14 corner a narrow The doorway in the of A1700 leads into corridor in m on A2300 (Fig. 2), 1.20 wide, formed by the spine wall the northeast a on a course and small stair the south. The stair is single of stones about m a room 1.10 wide, ascending southwest directly into small triangular m m (ca. 2.00 north-south by 1.50 east-west) that utilizes the eastern wall as a of A1700 itswestern limit.Within this triangular closet is stone-built a bin. The corridor continues east, past the stair, and then turns sharp corner a on up ramp cut into bedrock, bordered neatly the southwest by a wall. curving Finds in this corridor, ramp, and bin room consisted of terracotta loom a a a weights, spindle whorl, strip of bronze, large saddle quern, modest quantities of grape pips, traces of cereal grain, and considerable amounts of a animal bones and marine shells. Pottery included black-gloss cup skyphos an an (Fig. 4), apparendy imitation of Attic type.15 a At the top of the ramp above the small triangular closet is stairway a that leads to landing, originally paved, and further to the west another a or stair, framed by doorjambs, that leads directly up to street corridor. runs The corridor southeast-northwest along the contour of the hill and a alongside the outer, northeastern wall of building in A2400. The path to a leads southeast small bedrock courtyard in front of the doorway to a a common access A2100. The doorway has pivot, indicator of between interior and exterior space. From the courtyard one could descend the a a steep slope of the hill in northeasterly direction down to curved stair to a a that leads landing and street. The street is preserved for distance of ca. 7 m to the south. 14. a Jacobsthal (1956, pp. 23-25) A2100 is well-preserved kitchen (Figs. 1,2), exhibiting evidence of suggests that the OrientaUzing 2 silver the ubiquitous burned destruction and early-5th-century abandonment found in and Crete pins Sicily represent The room conforms to the contours of the bedrock to phase. slope, utilizing Peloponnesian types, either imported or in in the west and south walls. The south wall is unusual, imitated outlying Dorian districts. extensively curving with the natural bedrock terrain to form a distinctive western See also Boardman and Hayes 1966, apse-like for the were pp. 157-161, fig. 73, Pelopon end. Two limestone pillar bases found in situ down the central axis of nesian type atTocra; cf. Dawkins 1929, to on the room, which is perpendicular the room's access, the doorway the 86. p. 200, pl. or northwest providing passage to the courtyard vestibule. A small open 15. For similar cup skyphoi from hearth was recovered in the southwestern corner of the room, constructed the Athenian Agora, dated from 500 to 480 see of limestone blocks and built a of bedrock that is b.c., Agora XII, p. 276, up against large outcrop nos. a 567-578, fig. 6, pl. 25. incorporated into the construction of the south wall. The base of small 250 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
^^^^^M^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^Kf Figure 5.A2100: selectedpottery ^^?^^ from floor. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos
were pithos (Fig. 5, center back), the upper parts of which recovered from area was a the southeast of the hearth, found in the hearth along with a or handstone. A single worked limestone block forms small bench work corner a platform in the northwest of the room, utilizing rise in the bedrock at this location for its foundation. The pottery in the room was a combination of vessels for storage, food preparation and cooking, and dining, including three matt-coated an high-necked cups (Figs. 5, center front; 6:l-3),16 the shoulder of Attic a black-figure lekythos (Fig. 6:4),17 fine monochrome-coated lid (Fig. 6:5), a two coarseware a coarse large plain flask, bowls (Figs. 5, front right; 6:6), ware a a a skyphos, mortar with spout (Fig. 6:8), large strainer (found against western a the post base; Fig. 5, back right),18 large deep lekane with reflex
or a or 16. Coldstream (1973, p. 48; Cold contra Erickson (2005, p. 634, n. 114), branch vine and leaf fruit with stream a con a red On the shoulder are and Eiring 2001, p. 78) has ob who suggests Peloponnesian stripe. rays a served that this type of Late Archaic, nection with the form of these cups. above dots and tongue pattern. This a to to the fine matt-coated high-necked cup with Erickson's attribution is based upon fragment appears belong thin walls is a Cretan that Boardman and Class of Athens dated to the tradition misreading of Hayes 581, ii, continued at Knossos Late or 5th b.c. See from Ori (1966, p. 79), who posit Lakonian early century Agora XXIII, nos. and entalizing down into the Late Archaic Corinthian influence only for the linear pp. 46-47, esp. 938,1027, on period. Coldstreams observation also decoration in red and white found 1029. to the Kavousi where some of 18. Another terracotta strainer applies region, the pieces from Tocra attrib Late Archaic at to not was cups found Azoria find uted Crete, but for the high of this type found in B1500 and antecedents in the a see LG and Oriental necked cups (there called small glazed preserves complete profile; below, on nos. center 29:7. izing cups found the nearby Kastro; mugs, 927-928). Figs. 27, back; and seeMook 2004, p. 173, fig. 12:11,12; 17. Preserved decoration includes a EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART 1 251
7
0 5 cm
0 10 cm
Figure 6. A2100: selected pottery from the kitchen. Drawing R. Docsan 252 DONALD C HAGGIS ET AL.
a handles decorated with incised bands (Fig. 5, left),19 two-handled chytra or stew two pot (Fig. 6:7), and the remains of fragmentary pithoi (Fig. 6:9). was a a In addition, there set of five ground stone tools, including small a a quern, large terracotta loomweight, three pieces of iron, and piece of lead. Botanical remains from the room, after preliminary analysis, include abundant grape pips and olive pits, modest quantities of grains including both wheat and barley, modest quantities of pulses (including chickpea), and several as yet unidentified seeds. rooms In summary, the of the Northeast Building (from north to a south, A300, A400, A1700, A2300, and A2100) form single house, one on although very different in plan from the corridor houses recovered more the south slope in 2002 (Fig. l).20The house is also much larger and seems a complex in design. A300 to have been vestibule and perhaps also a rooms general-purpose work area, while the adjoining A400 and A1700 were a hall and storeroom, respectively. The building had front and back a a doors, suggesting division of functions: public entrance through the on a entrance courtyard (A500) and vestibule (A300) the west, and private in the east (A2300), connecting the main building to the courtyard and kitchen (A2100). On axis with the vestibule and main entrance to the house is the hall we (A400), which might assume, given its size and the direct and central as passage from the vestibule, served the main living room, accommodating room both public and private domestic activities.21 The had few finds. On and above the floor were, however, fragments of pottery (a black-gloss cup a a skyphos, number of high-necked cups, kraters, table amphora, hydria, lekane, and cookpot) indicating primarily drinking and dining activities, a while the presence of quern and loomweight may point to other possible domestic functions.22 a While the main visual axis of the building leads visitor through the vestibule and directly into the hall, the off-center doorway leading into room the adjoining in A1700 provides convenient, but perhaps restricted, access to the house's private stores, pantry, and rear entrance (A2300) a as (Fig. 2). A1700 is certainly spacious storage facility, is indicated by the pithos stands and sherd scatter, including fragments of six different pithoi. area The cooking of the house (A2100) is separate from the main building as a and accessible only from A2300, which functioned effectively service entrance. The courtyard and corridor linking A2300 and A2100, although as accom not well preserved, could well have been used exterior work space as as modating food preparation well other domestic activities.
more entrances to main 19. A similar lekane, but with Lang 2005, pp. 26-27 (cf. Lang 1996, the building, how was communica elaborate decoration, found in pp. 87-103). While the radial pattern is ever, suggest the complex a B300; Haggis et al. 2004, p. 356, typical of complex plans of theArchaic tion patterns of radial design. the of the north Contra figs. 9,10. period, components 22. Lang (2005, p. 27), in see east a who that Archaic houses 20. For variations design, building suggest "walk-through" suggests to to Lang 2005 and, for the formal and Unear arrangement similar the large lacked adequate space accommodate multiroom and Late activities. The ceramic as functional complexity of Archaic Protogeometric banqueting on in houses, esp. pp. 29-30. Geometric houses the Kastro (Coul semblage and size of the haU A400 son et accom 21. For the transitional space of the al. 1997, pp. 340-353). The sepa suggest that it could easily have see rate kitchen and and dual modated a haU in both Unear and radial plans, courtyard, private banquet. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2003-2004, PART I 253
THE WEST SLOPE
west Excavation along the slope clarified the plan of the putative andreion an use complex, permitting interpretation of communication patterns and contexts on in the building (Figs. 1, 7). In 2003 and 2004, work focused two separate terraces. On the upper terrace, we examined the transitional room space, A1900, lying between A800 (the with the terracotta stands) a and large dining hall inA2000, establishing the connection between these upper rooms and the storerooms and kitchens on the lower terrace (A600, A1200, A1400-A1500). On the lower terrace, excavation was restricted to a room A1600, that had been left largely unexcavated in 2002, pending eastern conservation of the room's wall, which had been found precariously to tipped the west. across west on Excavation the upper slope in 2003 revealed the peak western a the edge of large Archaic building of uncertain plan and func tion, which evidently had been excavated by Harriet Boyd in 1900. On the a west, directly in front of massive retaining wall supporting this building, was a deep fill of gravel, cobbles, and small boulders that formed the pack east a room ing behind the megalithic wall of spacious inA2000 (Fig. 7). east room was Like the wall, the southern wall of the constructed of large on a dolomite boulders bedding of smaller boulders and cobbles. The an access a north wall has off-center doorway, providing direct to porch room measures m ca. m inA1900. The 9.0 long and 3.0 wide, and has no built features that would indicate its function. 23. For the lower-necked cup Late Archaic finds from the A2000 hall, a small deco (Fig. 8:1), see Coldstream and Eiring including pithos rated with shield incised and an outlined 2001, pp. 78-79, fig. 2:1a, f. Both cups eight-petal rosettes, bosses, bands, are dated ca. 500-475 b.c.; our cup has guilloche pattern, fragments of several fine cups (Fig. 8:1-4), both short the overall of low-necked "a" a profile cup and high-necked varieties,23 the base of kotyle (Fig. 8:5), small kraters and a more articulated foot similar to an (Fig. 8:6, 7),24 exaleiptron 8:8),25 table 8:9), "f." For these same (Fig. amphoras (e.g., Fig. high-necked cup and an decorated fenestrated stand indicate drink see as elaborately (Fig. 9:9),26 cups, also the original publication activities. Other finds include an iron fibula and an iron nail. L63 and L53, respectively, in Cold ing stream While the floor was well across most of the the 1973, pp. 48,55-56, fig. 10:L53, preserved room, L63. The with a everted neck was cup high, western edge severely eroded. In the debris of the eroded floor and (Fig. 8:2) finds in Coldstream western was a a parallels falling wall found fragment of large limestone oval-shaped 1973, pp. 55-56, fig. 10:L63, pi. 21:63. socket, a base for a stone or wooden monument. The 24. perhaps uppermost Cf. Callaghan's "Household courses of the west wall of A2000 had out of their Krater Type I," which he suggests may slipped original posi as at into another room of similar size and on have functioned serving vessels tion, tipping precariously shape the table for the stews terrace room was dining prepared the below (Fig. 7). Only the southern half of this lower in chytrai (Callaghan 1978, pp. 11-13, excavated in 2004, and neither the western nor the northern limits could be 8:1974 1974 fig. [KRS P6]). Callaghan determined. of two fenestrated stands were recovered from the concludes that these of vessels Fragments types debris above the floor their and the disturbed were not well suited for wine. See also (Fig. 9:5, 6); given position condition of the west wall of the A2000 it is not clear whether Catling andWaywell 1977, pp. 99-102, hall, yet fig. 6:P5, P6. these stands originally belonged in the upper or lower room. 25. See Coldstream 1973, p. 48, Excavation inA1900 revealed two rooms situated between A800 and no. LI, fig. 4; Coldstream and on Eiring A2000 the upper terrace (Figs. 1,7). The northernmost of these rooms 2001, p. 87. (A1900N), connected to A800 means of a wide is about 15 26. On other stands from the an by doorway, m2. The full extent of room on eastern not dreion a the its side could be determined complex and general discussion of their see et because a needed to be left in excavation to buttress the importance, Haggis al. scarp place during 373-382. remains eastern room 2004, pp. of the collapsed wall of the and the fill supporting the 254 s !
room with the terracotta krater stands
trench line
megalithic retaining wall
Azoria 2004 Andreion Complex Main Building
0 1 2m R.D. Fitzsimons 2004
7. Andreion Figure complex: main R. D. Fitzsimons building. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 255
Figure 8. A2000: selected pottery room. from the dining Drawing on the excavated On the eastern side of the room is R. Docsan and D. Faulmann building peak by Boyd. a x series of three square built platforms (ca. 0.50 0.60 m), rising above the floor surface (which was not reached in 2003-2004) and separated from each other by low benches. are one course The platforms high, built of limestone cobbles, small rooms boulders, and phyllite clay. The few finds from the fail to indicate the platforms' specific function, whether low altars used for offerings, sup terracotta rooms ports for the stands found in adjacent (A800 [Fig. 9:1,2], or as A1900S [Fig. 9:3, 4], A2000 [Fig. 9:9]), wooden installations such or tables, seats, benches. A small pithos, decorated with registers of oppos was ing meander hooks and stylized cables, recovered inside the doorway on western an were the side of the room, and array of fine cup fragments as scattered amid the wall collapse. Abundant olive pits and grape pips, as well smaller quantities of pulses, cereal grains, pistachio shells, and fig and poppy seeds recovered from the northern edge of the room, suggest a consumption of diverse array of foodstuffs. Similarly, fragments of iron obeloi (Fig. 10:1,5), found in the debris along the western side of the room, are perhaps evidence of the consumption of cooked meat brought up from one of the kitchens on the terrace below (A600/A1600). 256 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
) t i * .i...*. * t;
V
\ iOOOOO 0 I o
d??LXi?. i)
-h# 8 \ .I._ 9
0 5 10 cm 10 Figure 9. Selected fenestrated stands from andreion the complex. Drawing R. Docsan EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 257
' 6
5cm
10. Iron bronze Figure obeloi, pins, and iron arrowhead from the South One of the iron obeloi (Fig. 10:1) is the socketed variety typical of R. Docsan and Acropolis. Drawing equipment found in mortuary assemblages of warrior's graves of El A and D. Faulmann on Orientalizing date Crete and Cyprus.27 Although examples have been un recovered in votive contexts of 6th-century date,28 the form is ostensibly usual for the Archaic and Classical periods.29 An iron arrowhead (Fig. 10:8), similar to the one found inA1700, was also recovered from the room. It is badly corroded but the broken tang is square in section and the head has four sides, corresponding to Snodgrass's types B and C from the North at no Cemetery Knossos, which he dates earlier than LG-EO.30 A ramp cut into bedrock descends into a smaller room to the south a a on (A1900S), vestibule that is accessible from porch and stairway the west. a The floor slopes down to the porch, which is divided by stone-built a on pier. From the porch, doorway the south side leads into the large hall inA2000. This doorway was evidently blocked with boulders and cobbles a east in second phase, probably coinciding with the narrowing of the end on of the vestibule. A clay ramp descends sharply both sides of the pier west are toward the where two risers preserved, running the full width of the porch (Figs. 1, 7). A bedrock shelf extends farther to the west where more the bedding for stairs is preserved. Two postholes cut into the bedrock an indicate the location of supports for overhanging roof. western The end of the porch yielded considerable dining debris? marine shells, animal bones, and seeds, including olive, grape, pulse, cereal, as a almond, and fig?as well lamp (Fig. 11:1),31 fragments of drinking
see 27. For socketed obeloi, Karage Shaw and Harlan 2000, pp. 368-369. Gesell 1986, p. 382, pi. 80:j. 30. orghis 1970, pp. 38-42; 1974, pp. 170 Snodgrass 1996, pp. 584-585; 31. This lamp, although it has the to a 171 (type d); Snodgrass 1996, pp. 590 the example inA1900 is Ukely be edge of back strap-handle preserved, most 591; Hoffman 1997, pp. 141-146. The the Cypriot type (Snodgrass 1964, compares closely in shape with as authors thank Peter Haarer, Maria pp. 154-155), which is also known Howland's type 12A, dated to the sec and E from on cen Kostoglou, Nick Cahill for much type 4th-century deposits ond and third quarters of the 6th useful discussion of iron obeloi. the north hiU at see nos. 71 Olynthos (Robinson tury; Agora IV, pp. 25-26, 28. 171. See also an exam Karageorghis 1974, p. 1941, pp. 392-397). 75, pis. 3, 31. 29. Boardman 1967, pp. 230-231; ple from Vronda: Day, Coulson, and DONALD C. HAGG
<^ y
! &
*
Figure 11. A1900S: selected pottery from the vestibule and porch. cups 11:2-11, 13), a one-handled cup 11:2),32 a (Fig. including (Fig. Drawing R. Docsan to an a rim of what appears be Ionian cup (Fig. 11:4),33 the foot of kylix a one a (Fig. 11:13), krater (Fig. 11:14) similar to the in A2000, jug base two are (Fig. 11:12),34 and fenestrated stands (Fig. 9:3, 4). These finds most to out likely represent discarded material swept of the building from room the adjacent rooms, A2000 to the south and A1900N, the with the built platforms to the north.
32. This is coated with a matt 33. This fine see cup very example appears Boardman and Hayes 1966, monochrome has a to be on the an slip and slightly plain interior, excep pp. 111-134. concave disc foot and a smaU handle. It tional feature. It is difficult to a a suggest 34. For jug bases with similar is similar to no. for such a smaU see Agora XII, pp. 126,289, provenience fragment, profile from Kato Syme, Erickson an of the but for the of the ca. 745, pl. 30:745, early example range two-handled, 2002, p. 56, fig. 8:32, 33, dated b.c. monochrome type, dated 490-480 mostly stemmed, so-caUed Ionian cup, 500-475 b.c. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 259
' ^ '* in Figure 12.A1600: floordeposit ^^^^^^HHMP^mP^* ABI^^^?IbHS^^H^'' ^F^ /-; the kitchen (southern area). Photo ^^^^^^Bk f^: ^"*'^^^^^^^^^^^^ v^^^-- / ... .-. * D.C.Haggis V- v^':-^:*4-" .^-
On the lower terrace, excavation continued in A1600 (Fig. 1). This was season trench opened at the end of the in 2002, but discontinued be cause the extant part of the rooms east wall (the west wall of the storeroom was to west in A1500) discovered have tilted precariously to the during or the initial destruction of the building during the post-abandonment earthquake. Wall conservation, conducted in 2004, permitted the safe excavation of this space, allowing us to document the connection between the storerooms inA1200, A1400, and A1500 and the kitchen areas to the south in A600.
While only the eastern half of the floor is preserved, the finds and was room. features indicate that food processing conducted in the A built a corner bin containing pithos was discovered in the southeast of the room, a and next to it, embedded in the floor, smoothed limestone work platform, ca. m a 0.70 in diameter, with polished surface (Fig. 12). Around the work were two a a platform medium-sized querns, large handstone, and tritons trumpet shell. A second tritons trumpet was recovered north of the work room a scatter platform (Fig. 12). The north side of the had of food debris more a and an array of objects, including three querns, several handstones, a an piece of embossed bronze sheet, bronze finger ring, iron ring, spindle a whorls and loomweights, an iron blade, and bronze pin. not a The bronze pin, although badly corroded, is traditional Cretan type, although it has Cretan features (Fig. 10:6). The decoration consists a two are sets of thin bowl-shaped disk and double cones, between which a on of moldings; this arrangement is perhaps 6th-century variation the typical Cretan Orientalizing type.35 The bronze sheet fragment (Fig. 13) a at has central boss with three perforations preserved its base. Another to partial hole appears at the outer edge, which is sufficiently preserved a to indicate that the object had disk shape. Thought represent miniature shields or to be shield embossed bronze disks are 35. Jacobsthal 1956, pp. 24-25. bosses,36 probably clothing 36. Benton ornaments are 1939-1940, p. 54. and regularly found inOrientalizing and Archaic mortuary 26o DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
3cm
Figure 13 (above). Al600: bronze and votive the Disks to assemblages throughout Aegean.37 comparable disk (shield boss). Drawing D. Faulmann; are C. the piece from Azoria found in the Argive Heraion, Emporio, Dreros, photo Papanikolopoulos on Vrokastro, Palaikastro, and Kommos, with the closest parallels Crete Figure 14 (opposite). A1600: selected coming from the Dictaean Cave.38 from the kitchen. Numerous were recovered from the floor in A1600: pottery Drawing pots deposit R. Docsan and D. Faulmann a several high-necked cups (Fig. 14:1); skyphoi, including matt-black one example (Fig. 14:2), four with tall ringed feet and similar profile, of two are which ismonochrome red-gloss (Fig. 14:3), of which monochrome a black-gloss (Fig. 14:4), while fourth is decorated with metopal panels a of vertical strokes framing concentric circles (Fig. 14:5); skyphoid krater two at one a (Fig. 14:6); fine jugs (e.g., Fig. 14:7), least fine hydria and coarse a a an hydria; transport amphora; scuttle (Fig. 14:8); unusual le kane with vertical open bar-shaped handles (Fig. 14:9);39 three chytrai (e.g., Fig. 14:10,11) similar to those found in adjacent kitchens inA600;40 and the small pithos in the bin. The decorated skyphos (Fig. 14:5) has extremely at close parallels for shape, decoration, and fabric from the workshop Phari on Thasos,41 and may be aThasian import. A particularly noteworthy find an a scene is early-5th-century lekythos with painted framed in red bands (Fig. 15). This Attic import, decorated in Six's technique, may be from
37. For Cretan and dis F For other Cretan examples (Dictaean Cave). such vases, inspired by earlier Cycladic cussion of the function of see Prent 368-377. to be sociopolitical findspots, 2005, pp. Subgeometric vessels, continued armor in Greek aristocra 39. A lekane with similar ver of the display early open produced until the end Archaic see Prent tical was found in For the Thasian cies, Snodgrass 1999, p. 44; handles B2200/2300 period. workshop, 2005, pp. 368-377. (see below, Fig. 34:1). see also Perreault 1999, pp. 292-293. et 38. Waldstein 1905, pp. 267-268 40. Haggis al. 2004, pp. 383-385. Erickson (2005, p. 636) notes that Boardman 41. For the from the kiln were also found at (Argive Heraion); 1967, skyphoi similar skyphoi p. 229 (Emporio);Marinatos 1936, site at Phari, see Blonde, Perreault, Olous and Itanos. Boardman and nos. pp. 276-277 (Dreros);Hall 1914, and P?rist?ri 1992, pp. 25-29, 39, Hayes (1966, pp. 74-78, 918-920, sort p. 102 (Vrokastro); Benton 1939-1940, figs. 11:11,13:11,12,14:12a, b.They pi. 54) publish cups of this found that the are of at in which attribute p. 54, pi. 27:17 (Palaikastro);Dabney emphasize skyphoi part Tocra Libya, they a to b.c. an 2000a, pp. 342-346 (Kommos); Board deposit dated 525-480 and to Parian and unidentified work man and that this evidence demonstrates that 1961, pp. 49-53, fig. 25:D, G, shop. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I
v
\
_j rjJ
10
6 11 262 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
a a the workshop of the Diosphos Painter.42 The figures, satyr pursuing are over a maenad, executed in added white black-slip background; the interior details are incised. to reconstruct While more stratigraphie excavation is needed the so on buildings phases and its history of use, work far the west slope has now established its essential form: the lower terrace consists of three storerooms?A1200, A1400, and A1500?that are connected directly by a a area doorways to central kitchen inA1600, spacious food-preparation as a to two more a court that served also passageway smaller kitchens and to a yard inA600. A corridor led south from the kitchens wide and partially roofed staircase that ascended to the porch and vestibule (A1900S) of the on upper terrace. The vestibule connects the large dining hall the south room to (A2000) with the with stone platforms (A1900N) the north, and to room terracotta beyond it the with the stands (A800). We can therefore distinguish three main functional components of the on building: storage and processing the lower level, and food consump on not tion the upper level. The porch and vestibule only link the terraces, areas connecting the service and dining of the complex, but they also ap areas pear to separate and differentiate of consumption. The large hall in A2000, accessible directly from the porch rather than from the vestibule, over evidently had amore public function: capable of seating 20 people, the room as a could easily have served banquet hall.43 Of similar dimensions, C__J???????i date, and perhaps function is the Geometric-Archaic so-called megaron an at Eleutherna, which had earthen floor, fragmentary pottery and bone, to the wooden benches.44 and, according excavator, The rooms on the north side of the vestibule, on the other hand, have more stone limited access; their special role is indicated by the platforms access in A1900N, and the assemblage of stands in A800. The restricted rooms mean to the northern of the upper terrace could that the porch and as vestibule not only served an entrance to the dining complex from the 15. A1600: Photo kitchens and storerooms, but also separated and segregated activities and Figure lekythos. room C. Papanikolopoulos participants within the building. The with the platforms inA1900N a we a remains mystery, although might speculate that it had special role, to given its location and features.45 The long hall parallel and immediately not below A2000 is poorly preserved and excavation has yet clarified its areas to room relationship with the service the north. This may have been to yet another dining room, similar in size and orientation A2000. Given
42. can be seen on a 44. Themelis 25-29. On Six's technique and the technique lekythos 2003, pp. see now in the Fine Bos 45. We cannot be certain of the Diosphos Painter, Haspels 1936, Museum of Arts, ton to the functions of A800 and al pp. 94-95,106-107,235-236, pi. 38:6. (98.885), attributed Dios A1900N, Painter to ca. 490 b.c. the contexts and The Azoria lekythos follows Diosphos's phos and dated though assemblages as ritual use. Cf. men bold style, identified by Haspels, (online catalogue, http://www.mfa.org/ suggest Pyrgions a lines above the See 2 for the tion of a "third table on the as one with pair of red figures collections). Appendix right and a red Une. Like the other on the base. enters the andreia dedicated to Zeus ground inscription see for smaller Six lekythoi by the Sappho and 43. For dining in the andreion, Xenios (Ath. 4.143); contemporary our v reference to ritual activities within Diosphos painters, example has the IC11 1 and SEG XXVII 631; for the see see the Decree typical white petals between black buds syssition, Aristotle {Pol. 2.1272a) andreia, Spensithios on a the lower shoulder. Depiction of and Ephoros (Strabo 10.482); cf. (SEGXXVII 631); cf. Prent 2005, a 454-455. satyr pursuing maenad using Six's Guizzi 1997. pp. I EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2003-2004, PART 263
rooms we the accessibility, directly from the lower terrace, suggest that it was area the most public of the building. as an were Arguments for identifying this building andreton put forward in the 2002 excavation report.46While the andreion is the only epigraphi cally attested civic dining building in Archaic and Early Classical Crete, the designation here must remain tentative. The concept of the andreion us allows to visualize contexts of public commensality, which admittedly could have been accommodated within a variety of venues that do not yet have consistent formal correlates in the archaeological record and do not extant survive in the Archaic epigraphical record.47 The reduplication of rooms as as for storage, food preparation, and dining, well the presence of architecturally separate and distinct service and consumption areas, a indicates level of architectural complexity suggestive of communal and or ceremonial activities unlike those in purely cultic domestic contexts. A conspicuous concentration of food debris on the upper terrace48 indicates are dining, while the ceramic finds signs of regular drinking activities: fine cups, jugs, and kraters dominate the assemblage, while terracotta stands, or were probably for kraters, bowls, mortars, found in nearly all of the rooms, with the highest concentration in A800. The stands show remarkable variation in size, shape, design, surface no are we treatment, and decoration (Fig. 9).While two alike in form, were same think that they used for the function, to support kraters, dinoi, or some other bowl-like vessel. Although comparanda for the stands from are rare to Azoria in Archaic contexts,49 their function is probably related terracotta that of earlier Geometric and Orientalizing tankard, dinos, and krater stands, and bronze conical stands and tripods: ceremonial equip ment at used for ritual libations the grave site, sanctuary, and, by the 6th century, the prytaneion.50 some m The spine wall (Figs. 1, 7, 16), extending for 50 along the m to west 366 contour, anchors the building the slope. It divides the up and lower service and areas. per terraces, effectively separating banqueting
46. et al. in rooms: et Haggis 2004, pp. 380-382, deposits neighboring large Haggis al. 2004, pp. 373,375, sources nn. recent discussion in 387-390. Epigraphical and the quantities of bones and marine sheUs 71-73, and were in Prent albeit later Uterary traditions suggest recovered the adjacent vesti 2005, pp. 377-383. Contra Erick son n. that andreia had multiple functions that bule, porch (A1900S), and kitchen (2005, p. 634, 115), Cross (1974, we to might weU expect be reflected in (A600). Cf. Bookidis (1993, p. 54), pp. 180-184) has presented detailed a com notes total evidence for complex architectural design: who the "almost absence the Near Eastern models in rooms at terracotta in partmentaUzed and speciaUzed func of bones" the dining the for stands Greece and Italy as rooms for and at from 8th to centuries. tional areas, such sleeping, Sanctuary of Demeter Kore the the 6th The some are storage, cooking, dining, and perhaps Corinth. While only 70 marine distinctive elements the sharply were some torus offering. sheUs recovered from 30 biconical profile, molding, and ex rooms in sanc narrow or 47. Perlman (2005) argues in the Demeter and Kore rectangular triangular deco tenso a view of from aU over rations or for against unitary Cretan tuary periods, 1,400 top fenestrations; Cretan were sociopolitical organization and practice, sheUs, Umpets, and fragments examples and the history of the form, which she sees as derived from a later found in the A600 dump alone (Haggis see Sirano 1995, pp. 19,45. For con et in Uterary tradition. al. 2004, p. 384). temporary stands Etruscan and Ar 48. The scarcity of food debris in 49. For a similar terracotta stand chaic Roman contexts, see also Sirano A2000 is probably the result of regular from the Artemis Orthia sanctuary in 1995; Benedettini 1999; Ruggiu 2003, of the in Evi see 84. cleaning space antiquity. Sparta, Droop 1929, p. p.471,pl.7. was in dence found the secondary 50. See the bibliography cited in doorway into 367.00 i A1500
366.00 i
hearth bench 365.00 i A1200
A1600
364.00 J - 367.00
- 366.00
hearth A600 (northkitchen) hearth A600 (south kitchen) L 0 1 364.00 R.D. Fitzsimons 2004
16. Andreion and R. D. Fitzsimons Figure complex: north-south architectural section through A1200, A1600, A600. EXCAVATIONS AT PART I AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, 265
access to terrace The only the upper is through the stairs and porch in a A1900S (Fig. 7). A break in the wall in A1600 with doorway and step provides passage into the small closetlike storeroom in A1500 (Fig. 16). uses some For its foundation, the spine wall large dolomite boulders, ameter on a exceeding in length, resting bedding of clay and cobbles. The stones were or facets of individual worked roughly dressed to conform to the irregularities of adjacent blocks, while smaller boulders and cobbles courses filled interstices. Regular of smaller dolomite (and occasionally were sideropetra) boulders and cobbles used for the upper reaches of the no wall (Fig. 16: A1200), doubt fitted to accommodate the irregularities of the roofline and to facilitate rebuilding and repairs. an The complex is thus integral part of the redesign of the South at Acropolis the end of the 7th century, evidently involving the rebuild ing of the settlement and the establishment of new structures to accom new modate institutions.51 The ambitious modification of the slope, the complexity of the design, and the monumental character of the structure a itself suggest considerable public investment and skilled labor. Perlman earners has recently argued that wage residing in the cities of Gortyn and were state on Axos paid by the for their role public works projects. She v speculates that the worker mentioned in the Axos inscription (ICII 1), was a who given the privilege of dining in the andreion, may have been or builder architect.52 The architecture of the South Acropolis reflects this public investment in the organization of both skilled and unskilled labor, and the planning needed to accommodate the functional requirements and new symbolic expression of civic institutions.
THE SOUTHEAST BUILDING (B1100, B1300)
A street extends southward from the entrance to the Northeast Building, m along the east side of the South Acropolis at the 355 contour, termi a nating in small courtyard at the back of the east corridor house in B300 we (Fig. 1). Even though have not exposed its full extent across the east side of the peak, the road apparently connected the south slope houses a and the Northeast Building. Excavation conducted in B600 recovered m a 10 segment of megalithic terrace wall that runs north-south along m the west side of the street, which is ca. 3-4 wide at this juncture. The road surface is supported partially by bedrock and in part by the eastern as extension of the spine wall, which functions here both a retaining wall rooms on and the back of the of the Southeast Building the terrace below (B1100andB1300).
For Finds from the street were few and but included 51. the importance of spine-wall badly preserved, they construction in 7th- and a and a terracotta a silver and 6th-century loomweight spindle whorl, lid, finger ring, urban see et al. a a a design, Haggis 2004, bronze dress pin. The pin is Cretan type with tall tapered (phallic) pp. 349-352; cf. Fagerstr?m 1988, a common knob and very thin bowl-shaped disk with upturned collar, in 113-114; 130 pp. Hayden 1997, pp. 7th- and votive and burial contexts 131. 6th-century (Fig. 10:7).53 Excavation on the terrace below and east of the street in B600 revealed 52. Perlman 2004a, pp. 116-117. a series of three connected two in one in 53. Jacobsthal 1956, p. 25, figs. 96, rooms, trench B1100 and B1300 97. (Fig. 1). The spine wall retains the fill supporting the eastern edge of the 266 DONALD C HAGGIS ET AL. street serves as 17 B1100: selected and the back wall of the building. The three-room build Figure (opposite). was was from the refuse ing constructed in the Archaic period, but reused and partially pottery pit. Drawing R. Docsan were rebuilt in the 3rd century b.c. Although 6th-century floors recovered across reuse in patches the full extent of the building, the in the Hellenistic was period prevents certain attribution of itsArchaic function, although it a likely to have been house. room was The north of B1100 apparently reused in the 3rd century as a screen or was con refuse pit. A small single-faced wall retaining wall on to structed top of Archaic roofing material, evidently help retain the across fill of the dump. It extends north-south the full width of the room, to cross rooms perpendicular and abutting the wall separating the in B1100. a course This retaining wall is composed of single of boulders in the south courses and three roughly built of cobbles in the north. While the original wall probably stood much higher, given the volume and depth of the fill, a it had apparently collapsed under the weight of large boulder that had fallen from the spine wall. a ex The retaining wall contained deep layer of Hellenistic fill that across west room out over tended the side of the and apparently spilled the on east. rooms edge of the wall itself the The doorway separating the in was as use room as a B1100 probably blocked part of the 3rd-century of the refuse pit. The matrix of the fill is loose, dark-brown, rocky soil with dense animal bone, pottery, and other objects. The preserved depth of the dump a on ca. m is about meter the west against the spine wall, sloping to 0.50 on the east where the upper part of the building has eroded away. The state were of preservation of the animal bones suggests that they deliberately as as deposited primary refuse in the building rather than occasional discard or slope-wash debris. were A variety of cups found among the pottery recovered from the fill, with the monochrome-coated cylindrical type by far the most prevalent (Fig. 17:1-12). The profiles of the better-preserved cylindrical cup frag ments a have slightly everted rim and flaring profile (Fig. 17:1-4), with to on parallels from Knossos dated the 3rd century B.c.54 Bases the cups from Azoria include both Callaghans ring base (Fig. 17:5-9) and pseudo more ring base types (Fig. 17:10-12), although the former is frequent.55 The treatment of the underside of these cups is varied and does not fit well are out into the Knossos typology; some completely hollowed (Fig. 17:5, a convex so center un 6, 8), others have profile that the of the curving derside forms part of the resting surface (Fig. 17:7, 9), while still others a on have central disk which the cup also rests (Fig. 17:10). It is not yet clear whether these traits represent chronological distinctions, differences or both. among workshops, 54. CaUaghan 1978, pp. 16-17, Other vessels found in the refuse include everted-rim no. drinking pit fig. 10:49; 1992, p. 105, H13.1-2, cups (Fig. 17:13), carinated S-shaped cups, and high-necked cups. Frag pl.87;Eiring2001,p.93. some were 55. CaUaghan 1978, pp. 15-17. ments of large lekanes, apparently fully coated (Fig. 17:14),56 an are 56. For array of similar examples also present. Pouring vessels represented by tulip (Fig. 17:15,16) and from contexts at Knossos, other of from several are also 3rd-century types transport amphoras most are on the jugs. Fragments of which coated only One of the handles the name of see present. stamped (Fig. 17:17) preserves interior, Eiring 2001, pp. 106-107, now 3.7. the fabricant Ayna?K?fj?, known from early Rhodian examples and fig. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 267 268 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
dated to the second quarter of the 3rd century b.c. on the basis of an associated eponym.57 Cooking pottery mainly consists of lopas (Fig. 17:18) and probably chytra fragments. terracotta a Other objects in the fill include lamps, fragmentary iron a a obelos, three iron arrowheads, piece of copper, terracotta bull figurine, a a three loomweights, four iron nails, bronze nail, and bronze pin. The numerous to a lamp fragments mostly belong group of monochrome-coated concave lamps with bases and, where preserved, pierced lugs (Fig. 17:19). now They closely resemble Howland's type 32 from the Athenian Agora, dated by Susan Rotroff to the late 3rd to early 2nd century b.c.58 Other occur are not types of lamps (Fig. 17:20), but they frequent.59 The obelos an is certainly EIA-Archaic type with parallels from the andreion complex and the southwest terrace (Fig. 10:2). The arrowheads, on the other hand, are more difficult to date. The a a form has socket with solid tang, straight sides, and two barbs; there no are is obvious medial rib, but the surfaces very badly corroded. While are bronze examples of this type found in Archaic contexts?indeed the a earliest come from Crete?the type appears to have had long history of use so a in the Classical and Hellenistic periods, date contemporary with seems the bulk of the ceramic material in the dump likely.60 was The Southeast Building abandoned with the rest of the site in the b.c. first quarter of the 5th century By the 3rd century b.c., the ceiling and walls of the structure had evidently collapsed, and probably little of the eastern wall remained intact. The Hellenistic squatters cleared the rooms some cases of debris, in digging into the Archaic roofing material. While their purpose is not entirely clear, they hastily rebuilt the north wall of a or west B1300 and put makeshift bin trough against the wall. Blocking the doorway between the two rooms in B1100, they converted the north
an ca. b.c. Most Finkiel 180 b.c. This of has also 57. For example of the fabricant 273-271 recently, type lamp at in eastern ?ynaiK?Jic associated with the Rhodian sztejn (1995,2004) has again lowered been found Trypetos Crete see eponym 'Aypio?, Grace 1963, the chronology for Rhodian stamps and (Vbgeikoff-Brogan and Apostolakou pp. 323-333, no. 3. This eponym had would lower the date of the relevant 2004, pp. 422-423, fig. 5a:MS 10271, on at been dated to the late 4th century material Koroni by another decade MS 10272). a a asso to ca. b.c. The Rhodian am 59. See 14: the basis of handle in deposit 268-259 Agora IV, pp. 93-94, pis. on handle from Azoria for similar ciated with the city wall of Athens phora provides 401-405,41: type 28B, additional evidence for Perlman's The from Azoria has a the Pnyx (Thompson and Scranton lamps. example 1943, pp. 333-337, for the dating of (1999) argument that Cretan cities, much shorter nozzle than the similar those in the eastern of from the Athenian which the deposit; Grace 1963, p. 324). Grace including part lamps Agora, on controver the had are now dated Rotroff (1963) suggested, based island, foreign trading interests, broadly by (Ago from ones that sometimes with ra to 260-190 b.c. sially dated evidence Koroni, overlapped XXLX, pp. 499-500) those of Rhodes. 60. For the Archaic form of arrow that Agrios and his associates might see a see be downdated somewhat into the 58. For Howland's type 32, head with socket and tang, S nod who its first quarter of the 3rd century. Subse Agora IV, pp. 99-100, pis. 15:425-432, grass (1999, p. 40), emphasizes and Sawatianou 41: no. 429 is similar Cretan connection. The is quently, she (Grace type 32; especially early type sort concave most Dl Petropoulakou 1970, pp. 291-292) and has the of base essentiaUy Robinsons type from favored found on the at CXXI: tentatively but unambiguously frequently examples Olynthos (1941, pp. 387-389, pl. the earlier dating at the end of the 4th Azoria. Rotroff (AgoraXXIX, p. 501) 1944-1949); cf. Payne 1940, pp. 181 the Helle 82:20. The does not century. In 1974, however, Grace (1974, adjusted the chronology of 182, pl. type ap a at where pp. 197,200) published revised chro nistic lamps from the Athenian Agora pear Emporio, examples the based her new context with the medial rib are most common nology and placed eponym Agrios upon dates, to within the period 280-270, perhaps and redates Howland's type 32 220 (Boardman 1967, pp. 226-227). EXCAVATIONS AT PART I AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, 269
room into the refuse pit discussed above, retaining the fill of the dump a with low wall that eventually collapsed under the weight of the debris. source as The of the dumps Hellenistic debris is still to be located, is the place where the people who created the makeshift shelters in adjacent rooms lived.
THE CULT BUILDING AND AGORA (B2000/2100, B2400, B2500)
a runs A segment of long street south along the eastern edge of the south east two building, eventually branching in directions (Fig. 1). One path a a leads southeast down series of steps into courtyard that opens onto the an runs terrace of the south slope houses; eastern branch of this road south east of B1300 below and of the courtyard onto the wide southern terrace of the South Acropolis. Its topography and features suggest that itmight s on be the location of the city agora. The wide and open space is bordered east a the and south by fortification wall (Fig. 1: "South Acropolis wall"), on and the west by the spine wall of the southwest terrace. eastern street was The branch of the explored in 2004. Two well-built are steps preserved in the middle of the road, where the path descends onto a a we landing (B2400) in front of large building that have called the Cult Building (Figs. 1,18). The main access to the building (B2000/2100, was run B2500) from the landing up steps that along the eastern edge of the entrance, perpendicular to the steps in the street. On the street in two were front of the steps, silver Argive triobols recovered (Figs. 19,20).61 The coins are consistent with a date in the 3rd century b.c., and therefore contemporary with the Hellenistic dump in the Southeast Building.62 The was presence of the coins indicates that the road left exposed after the early-5th-century abandonment of the site. on an area The building is, the whole, very poorly preserved. Lying in that was same subject to heavy plowing, itswalls and floor surfaces suffered the extreme as damage the southern edge of the south slope houses. Enough to remains, however, reconstruct the plan of the building (Figs. 1, 18). a narrow or The entrance is evidently through long porch, pastas (B2500), ca. m m runs 12 long and 2 wide, which along the entire east side of the eastern runs at an main hall (B2000/2100). The wall of the porch oblique room narrower angle, following the line of the street, making the in the no south than in the north; the southern end is longer preserved. While the eastern can wall is preserved only in its foundations, two possible doorways be reconstructed from the remains: one is at the top of the stair that leads a from the landing; the other is farther south where clay ramp ascends from street a a the through the wall onto bedrock step with cut door pivot. are ca. m The internal dimensions of the main hall of the building 12 m north-south by 5 east-west (Figs. 1,18). The north and west walls are 61. See below. Appendix 1, the best boulders in their construction. At the north 62. 79 preserved, using large BMCPeloponnesus, p. 142, ern end, a double wall the above. The hall (=Gardner [1887] 1963, pp. lii-Uii, megalithic supports courtyard consists of a room with a in the center 142, pl. 27:17-19); Le Rider 1966, single large rectangular platform 160-161. x cut a p. 9; Brett 1974, pp. (ca. 1.40 1.20 m), from bedrock, and wide hard-packed phyllite 270 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
trench line
0 1 2m R.D. Fitzsimons 2004
Figure 18. B2000/2100: Cult Build R. D. Fitzsimons ing. EXCAVATIONS AT PART I AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, 271
Figure 19 (above, left). Argive triobol street near 04-1232 from the steps x clay platform bordered by stones (ca. 4.0 1.50 m) against the north wall. to the Cult Scale 2:1. leading Building. a or A small part of stone-built platform bench is preserved in the north Photo C. Papanikolopoulos east are corner, while indications of another preserved along the west side of the the that both east and west walls had Figure 20 (above, right). Argive tri room, suggesting possibility obol 04-1254 from the street near benches running along their interior faces. Two bedrock outcrops indicate to steps leading the Cult Building. the locations of post supports, north and south of the central bench. Scale 2:1. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos we a or South of the bedrock platform uncovered small stone-lined pit an terracotta bothros that supported upright amphora (Figs. 18,21). Even though the extant floor surface and pit can be dated to the Late Archaic a reuse. period, the upright amphora is from later period of It had been wedged carefully into the stone-lined pit after its base had been broken an at off, creating aperture the bottom (Fig. 21). Yellowish-gray phyllite was over clay then packed around the amphora and the pit, filling in the area room to southern of the raise the floor level. The vessel, preserved to its shoulder, protruded well above the floor and accumulated ceiling debris. While no Hellenistic pottery was recovered in the fill around the vessel or on itself the associated Archaic floor surface, the amphora is apparently a a ca. later addition. It is tall, heavy, thick-walled vessel (preserved H. 60 a cm), with tapering body, dark pink obsidian-tempered fabric, and thick yellow slip uncharacteristic of contemporary local Archaic or Hellenistic pottery from the site.63 Goat bones found in the fill within the vessel consist of three lower a legs and feet, and cranial fragments of single butchered animal of prime meat was no on age. Even though there evidence of burning the bones, the assemblage of non-meaty lower legs, feet, and cranial elements is not inconsistent with the remains of sacrifice. an a Save for the modified amphora, evidently late addition, small a hammered bronze bowl, and lead weight, few finds could indicate the rooms a original 6th-century function. The exception is fragmentary ter racotta was votive plaque (Fig. 22) that recovered in the northwest area of near a the room, the clay platform mentioned above. The plaque depicts a a male figure holding sword in his right hand, facing right toward fron arm tal figure, with his left extended behind the figure's back. The wide s curved and splaying hilt of the sword is visible behind the figure right
63. Such volcanic black-sand fabric identification). See Peacock and Wil is characteristic of products from the liams 1986, pp. 91-92, where Dressel are to region of Campania, and the shape and type 1C amphoras dated the treatment to surface resemble those of late 2nd early 1st century b.c., and Dressel 1C thank a type amphoras (we pp. 87-88, for description of the Mark Lawall for assistance with this fabric. 272 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
Figure 21. B2000/2100: Hellenistic Photo M. S. amphora within bothros. Mook
stance are to hand. The style, of the figures, and the sword type similar that are of votives from Lato and Siteia.64 The plaques characteristic features of assemblages in what Mieke Prent has recently called "suburban cult terracottas places,"65 sanctuaries that regularly have deposits of (especially on moldmade plaques) representing male figures, with emphasis athletic, or military, divine characteristics.66 Cretan temples show remarkable variation in location, design, and one-room or range of ritual activities.67 While simple plans with without some or anterooms.68 porches clearly predominate, havepastades, vestibules, Built features such as internal and external benches, escharas, bothroi, low or partition walls, and built containers for animal remains offerings all to our contribute understanding of Cretan temple forms.69 Rarely, however, are us installations sufficiently preserved or consistently present to allow to or formulate viable formal chronological typologies.70 Simple designs seem and internal ritual functions to characterize the temple from the 8th to the 3rd century b.c.71
64. see in suburban For this type of plaque, Prent difficulties determining 1941-1943, pp. 40-50; Alexiou 1956; status a number sanctuaries 2005, pp. 414-416, passim; Pilz, forth for of Drerup 1969, p. 8; Lebessi 1990, see coming. On Archaic terracotta votive fitting her classification, Prent 2005, pp. 27-44; Viviers 1994, pp. 244-249; a plaques from Lato, central male figure pp. 476-477, 634; Sj?gren's (2003, Carter 1997, pp. 87-96; Koehl 1997, has a stance similar to "sub-urban" which 140-143. (dompteur m?le) pp. 55) typology, pp. the in the Azoria with Prent is no less protagonist fragment; overlaps s, vague. 69. Sj?gren 2003, pp. 50-54; Prent see 66. Prent 414-416. Dawkins 1929, p. 212, pi. 103:1; 2005, pp. 2005. 35. 67. 53 Demargne 1929, pp. 423-424, fig. See, e.g., Sj?gren 2003, pp. 70. Prent's (2005, pp. 627-633) For the see most the urban hearth Siteia deposit, Papadakis 65. Prent (2005) provides the category of temple detailed formal and functional the most consistent the 1980; Prent 2005, pp. 300-301; Zogra analysis is perhaps of to faki 2006. date. formal types. 65. Prent 2005, pp. 633-638; cf. 68. For discussion and formal typol 71. Although Sj?gren (2003, p. 55) of Cretan see Mazarakis for Sj?gren 2003, pp. 55-58. The category ogies temples, emphasizes the evidence external is, of course, vague at best, as in most Ainian 1997, pp. 207-233; Shaw 2000b, ization of cult activities at "sub-urban" cases or the topographical contextual pp. 698-705; Sj?gren 2003, pp. 53-65; sanctuaries. information is incomplete. For the Prent 2005. Cf. Guarducci 1937; Banti EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 273
Figure 22. B2000/2100: terracotta moldmade Photo C. plaque. Papaniko lopoulos
are no While there exact parallels for the Azoria building plan, in size and general form it is roughly similar to the Archaic phase of the temple near western at Sta Lenika Elounda, located opposite Azoria the shore of a the Bay of Mirabello. The building at Sta Lenika may have had porch, or a to pastas, with wide eschara, similar in size and shape the bedrock at entrance to platform in the main hall Azoria.72 As at Azoria, the the was a temple placed in the middle of the long side, formal idiosyncrasy of at seat contemporary temples Gortyn and Aphrati.73 Internal benches for or are at a ing offering tables known number of Cretan temples, including Dreros, Prinias (Temple A), Smari (Building A), Kommos (Temple B), as as at at and Aphrati, well the small temple Pachlitzani Agriada, located the southeastern edge of the Azoria settlement. are on Bothroi found at Gortyn in both the Geometric temple the acropolis and the Archaic temple in the lower town, while caches of goat some bones were recovered at the Delphinion at Dreros. Even though are or are Cretan temples found in isolated rural settings, others integrated into the architectural fabric of the urban center.74 The hearth temple at for was at the of the as was Dreros, example, positioned edge putative agora, at entrance eastern the Pythion Gortyn.75 The along the long side of the an serve building and the presence of internal eschara and bothros might at to link the building formally to both temples Gortyn, which according were were to DAcunto's recent study large single-celia structures; both entered through the long side and both apparently had bothroi, while the on an as temple the Ayios Ioannis hill may have had eschara well.76
see most For see 76. See the discussion in D'Acunto 72. Bousquet 1938; Archaic Pythian temple. Afrati, most Viviers 245 recently Mazarakis-Ainian 1997, recently 1994, pp. 2002. Prent (2005, pp. 476-502, 636) pp. 215-216; Sj?gren 2003, p. 162; 248; Sj?gren 2003, pp. 133-134; Prent classifies the Ayios Ioannis building Prent 2005, pp. 348-349. 2005, pp. 279-280. among her group of suburban cult in which 73. D'Acunto's (2002, pp. 190-192) 74. Shaw 2000b, pp. 705-706; places, communal sanctuaries similar to the terra recent reconstruction of the second Sj?gren 2003, pp. 55-58; Prent 2005, moldmade plaques on at cotta votive from Azoria temple the acropolis Gortyn pp. 627-654. (Fig. 22) its formal to the 75. Perlman 72. dominate the emphasizes similarity 2000, p. assemblages. 274 DONALD C HAGGIS ET AL.
THE SOUTHWEST TERRACE Figure 23 (opposite). Southwest terrace: Service southern Building, a extension. R. D. Fitzsimons West of the putative agora is wide flat terrace that extends along the contour at an of the western slope of the South Acropolis elevation about m we 5 below the level of the south slope houses (Fig. 1). Here began excavation of two separate structures in 2003-2004: the so-called Service a seven rooms Building, consisting of series of that served storage and food at a structure processing functions, and, the northern edge of the terrace, we that have called the Monumental Civic Building. on The stability of the slope and the excellent preservation of buildings an the southwest terrace presented opportunity to investigate the complex stratigraphy of the site, while assessing the transition between the EIA and Archaic settlements. Across the site, EIA-Orientalizing remains have been recovered in the wall and floor packing that forms foundations on terrace of buildings,77 but soundings conducted the southwest offered an on occasion to evaluate the extent and details of rebuilding the South Acropolis in the 7th and early 6th centuries. On the southwest terrace, the an evidence to date points to EO terminus post quern for construction, with Late Orientalizing occupational levels preserved in B1200, B1500, on our so a and D400. Based understanding of the stratigraphy far, date in the mid-7th century is the most likely horizon for the first phase of urban renovation.
The Service Building: Southern Extension
(B700, B1200, B1500, B1700, B2200/2300, D400)
a was to a ca. m A segment of spine wall found extend for distance of 30 m at terrace along the 355 contour the southern edge of the southwest eastern a row (Fig. 23). This wall forms the limit of five rooms, built in and a comprising single building with entrances discernible along the west side. rooms on Three the north?B700, B1500, and B2200/2300?evidently a at b.c. suffered catastrophic destruction the beginning of the 5 th century Ashy deposits of burned debris consisting of carbonized wood and burned are plant material found scattered throughout the layers of roofing clay and habitation material. During excavation, accumulations of roofing clay were to and the yellow-green phyllite clay floor surfaces found be burned were light to dark red, while substantial patches of ash and charcoal vis were ible throughout the matrices. In marked contrast, B1200 and D400 none evidently abandoned before the 6th century and therefore exhibit of the evidence of this Late Archaic destruction.
The southernmost preserved room, B1200, is the smallest by far (2.20 x 4.50 m). Its purpose remains uncertain because it contained few or narrow artifacts other distinguishing features, but given its dimensions, a seems storage function likely (Fig. 23). Moderate quantities of grape pips and traces of cereal grain lend support to this suggestion. Two successive clay were across extent floors, dating to the 7th century b.c., exposed the full of room. the While the pottery from these levels is poorly preserved, scattered on were an and above the earlier clay surface remains of EO dinos (Fig. 24). a 77. et al. 364-366. These types of vessels, having biconical shape and quadruple-rolled lug Haggis 2004, pp. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 275
trench line Azoria 2004 Service Building
0 1 2m R D. Fitzsimons2003-2004
B2200/2300
B1500
B700
trench line -3 G abandoned EIA building B1700 276 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
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Figure 24. B1200: dinos. Drawing a are R. Docsan handles with pendent ring in relief, reminiscent of metallic shapes.78 are Polychrome examples found in great numbers within the pithos buri on one als from the necropolis at Arkades.79 This dinos is decorated side a a of the shoulder with motif having central palmette and linked volutes, on and the other side perhaps with antithetical birds. A vertical panel with one meander hooks is preserved next to handle, while the lower body is a decorated with guilloche enclosing concentric circles and, below, a register of concentric circles.80 to The later clay surface belongs the Late Orientalizing period, sug room use gesting that the had gone out of before 600 b.c., when it began to collect debris from adjacent habitation and building activities.81 Although the southwest corner of the room is not well an entrance at the preserved, an southern end of the west wall is suggested by even break in the courses; the boulders of the top extant course of a massive Final Neolithic/Late a Minoan (LM) IIIC wall form threshold for the 7th-century doorway. Immediately to the south of B1200, in B1700, part of an El A building was a revealed, including complex and well-stratified series of levels span a ning number of occupational phases (Fig. 23). Subsequent Archaic-period a a activity is indicated by series of surfaces forming mound of debris in the corner northeast of the trench, evidently layered against the south wall of some a B1200. At stage in the buildup of debris, single-course semicircu larwall was constructed to contain the fill, which appears to have been a
78. and See Stampolidis Karetsou These vessels and their decorative mo "body with reserved border" (1957, 131 the of the are to motif Similar birds as 1998, pp. (for shape tifs dated the EO period, prob p. 184, 17k-q). and 243 similar handles on a well as the vertical meander hooks are dinos) (for ably the first quarter of the 7th century. on at metallic prototype). Later local imitations of the same class also present another dinos found 79. The decoration on vessel as the of dinoi, dated to the mid-6th century Arkades (Levi 1931, p. 84, fig. 60), from Azoria is too to are is the concentric poorly preserved by associated pottery, found in the guilloche enclosing determine whether or not the decora at circles cemetery Morgantina in Sicily (see (Levi 1931, p. 141, fig. 134). tion was For numerous no. 81. Excavation in a polychrome. Lyons 1996, pp. 82,194, 18-10, sondage through of this found at Arka the floor of B1200 revealed that it was examples shape pi. 54:18-10). see Levi to constructed on of a surface of Late des, 1931, esp. pp. 84,141, 80. Parallels the central palmette top 142,165,172,192, figs. 60,134,137, and volutes are found on dinoi from Minoan IIIC date, and below this level, Levi a sur 176:a-c, 192,212. Also 1945, Arkades (Levi 1931, pp. 163-164, sequence of four Final Neolithic XI. where are referred faces associated with at least two archi p. 22, pi. 1, they fig. 176:a-c, and 192, fig. 212). The birds to as urns." to tectural "basin-shaped cinerary belong Brock's motif 17, subgroup phases. EXCAVATIONS PART I AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, 277
bone dump. The mandibles of at least 20 goats (prime meat-age animals) were a area found discarded in small, restricted bordered by the rough on a two-course retaining wall built dirt surface (Fig. 23). This deposit is unusual in that it consisted only of disarticulated, unmodified left and right or or mandibles. No other goat bones, cranial postcranial, other remains a of food debris were found in the area, so context of primary butchering seems to an source be unlikely for the deposit. In addition, the mandibles same a area on lay in the horizontal plane, clustered in small the ground a surface, indicating that they had been deposited in single event. They carcasses had been carefully removed from their and then systematically collected and deposited. A possible explanation is that these body parts were used to prove the age, number, and condition of animals supplied for dining in nearby public buildings. were In the neighboring room, B700, two floor surfaces discernible, use suggesting continuous of the building throughout the 6 th century until its destruction in the first quarter of the 5th. Similar in size and dimensions x to room was (2.50 4.50 m) B1200, the clearly used for storage (Fig. 23). A or or courses shallow stone bench platform (one two high) is located against the south wall. Other features in the room consist of two post supports on the east-west a number of flat stones the and axis, along north, east, as mortars south walls, evidently used pithos stands, and two large stone corner. a in the southeast One of the mortars had pithos base wedged as a into it, indicating that itmay have been used stand. The catastrophic room as destruction of this preserved abundant grape pips and olive pits as well smaller quantities of cereal grains, pulses (including chickpea and lentil), almonds, figs, and pistachios. room a a In its last phase, the contained large number of objects: bronze a finger ring, handstone, stone and terracotta lids, and a terracotta loom a weight. The loomweight is truncated pyramidal type typical of Late Archaic deposits at the site.82 Unlike the usual phyllite/quartz-tempered were an loomweights that probably produced locally, this example is import. are a The granodiorite inclusions evidence for production locale west of the area a Isthmus of Ierapetra in the of Kalo Chorio, probably workshop in the as area of ancient Istron and Oleros, or even farwest as Lato.83 Pottery from room seven this included the remains of pithoi, three transport amphoras an a (Fig. 25:1-3), oil-separation jar (Fig. 26:1),84 cookpot, three lekanes an (e.g., Fig. 26:2), two bowls (e.g., Fig. 26:3), unusual scuttle (Fig. 26:4) a to with shield projecting up from the rim in front of the handle, perhaps an protect the hand from flames, four hydrias (e.g., Fig. 25:4), atypical lamp a (Fig. 26:5), two high-necked cups (Fig. 26:6, 7), and plate (Fig. 26:8). Figure 27 illustrates selected examples of the assemblage.
82. For a discussion of Archaic were in mortars in have almost certainly produced the this fabric typically see et al. or on loomweights, Haggis 2004, vicinity of Kalo Chorio. These include stamped incised decoration the pp. 371-372. the scuttle from B700 (Fig. 26:4), the rim. 83. For the distribution of Archaic rosettes lekane decorated with stamped 84. A similar type of oil-separation see a near was granodiorite-tempered pottery, found in B1500 (Fig. 29:4), and, from jar with spout the base n. 86. or Hayden 2004, pp. 227,234, Sev B2200/2300, the small bowl lekane found in Cyprus at Kition (Hadjisawas eral illustrated here are also made handles mortar with from pots with open and the 1992, p. 75, fig. 144, the Cypro with a fabric rich in and granodiorite foliate band (Fig. 34:1,2). Lekanes and Classical period). 278 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
5 10cm
Figure 25. B700: selected pottery while in Archaic on the are not Plates, apparent deposits mainland, from the storeroom. Drawing in seem D. Faulmann and R. Docsan found significant quantities until the late 5th century85 and to even rarer on be Archaic Crete.86 Perhaps skyphoi, which are numerous at Azoria and found side by side with cups (especially the high-necked not serve or even as variety),87 did exclusively primarily drinking vessels, were but rather used for food.88 The hydria illustrated here (Fig. 25:4) is elaborately decorated with several registers between the rim and handle
85. and Talcott Archaic A a Sparkes (Agora XII, and Classical Crete. At Knos 88. skyphos would be particu that to the late sos not until p. 144) suggest prior they do appear the late 5th larly appropriate receptacle for the 5th b.c. must have b.c. and sorts to century plates century (Coldstream Eiring of stewed food likely have been made of wood. been most largely 2001, p. 82). prepared in chytrai, the 86. Plates are absent 87. See for an common at essentially Fig. 14, above, illus cooking vessels Archaic from Erickson's extensive tration studies (2000, of several skyphoi from A1600 Azoria. in the 2002,2004,2005) of pottery from Late andreion complex. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 279
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Figure 26. B700: Selected pottery from the Storeroom. Drawing D. Faulmann 28o DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
Figure 27. B700 and B1500: selected zone, each bands; the handle is decorated with chevrons. separated by Photo C. on on pottery. Papanikolopoulos Painted designs include crosshatching the neck,89 pendent tongues the shoulder at the juncture with the neck, above alternating vertical wavy a an lines and schematic trees, followed by register of pendent tongues, and zone ivy chain in the of the belly handles. The transport amphoras appear some to be imported from southern Ionia, with links to those produced in Samos and Miletos.90 Concentrations of pithos fragments were found some cases along the north and east walls, in with their bases in situ, sitting on or directly the stone stands slightly askew. Given the size of the room, the relatively abundant plant food remains, we can and the large number of pithoi and pithos stands, surmise that the a space served primarily as storeroom supplying the neighboring kitchen a corner in B1500, which is accessible through doorway in the northeast room. of the A door pivot, constructed of three stones, is located in B700 at the east end of the north wall (Figs. 23,28).
H All a 89. A fragmentary hydria from well have micaceous fabric. Parallels fall within Lawall's Samos-Miletos at a can by the Royal Road Knossos has for the shape shown in Fig. 25:1 be group, probably the S/l type dated comes in to to b.c. similarly decorated neck and found Zeest's Samian type, dated down 480 (Lawall 1995, a to ca. b.c. am from deposit dated 500-480 the second half of the 6th century b.c., pp. 176-191, fig. 77). The third (Coldstream 1973, pp. 48-49, no. 8, and Protothasian type, dated from the phora (Fig. 25:3) falls within Zeest's current pi. 18:8). end of the 6th century through the first Thasian Circle group, type A, 90. We thank for the 5th and of the 5th cen Alan Johnston quarter of (Cook Dupont during the first quarter this identification He (pers. comm.). 2003, p. 178, fig. 23:10-12a-g).The tury (Cook and Dupont 2003, pp. 186 not are does think that these main amphora illustrated in Fig. 25:2, with 190, fig. 23:13a). stream or at to Samian Milesian amphoras. its offset ridge the neck, appears EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 281
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Figure 28. B1500: kitchen with Photo hearth and pithos stands. D. C. Haggis
The room in B1500 is ca. 22 m2 in area (ca. 4.30 x 5.00 m) and has a stone bench in the southwest corner and a well-built hearth off-center room in the middle of the (Figs. 23, 28). The hearth is square in shape, on a constructed of schist stones, and lined with phyllite clay the bottom; corner a small opening in the northeast is supported by flat limestone paver that extends outside the hearth. This stone probably facilitated sweeping stones the ash and debris from the hearth during periodic cleanings. Flat functioning as pithos stands were found lying around the room, especially near the north and east walls. Two pavers immediately north and south of as the hearth probably served post supports. a The floor deposit produced number of interesting finds (Fig. 27). scatters were During excavation several pithos identified, representing about nine vessels: one along the south wall, one in the center of the room north of the hearth, and two concentrations of sherds along the east wall. are an con These pithoi decorated with array of motifs, many of which an tinue Orientalizing tradition. On the two pithoi illustrated (Fig. 29:9, 10), motifs include eight-petal rosettes, elaborate horizontal guilloche on 91. We thank Alan Johnston for patterns, stylized cables, and centaurs. The stylized cable is also found the identification of the For a a lekythos. low cylindrical stand (Fig. 29:8). In addition to the pithoi, the remains see smaller example, Cook and Dupont over were of 80 vessels for storage, food preparation, cooking, and dining 19:1a. For sim 2003, pp. 132-134, fig. room. was a terracotta found in this Standing upright in the hearth itself ilar lekythoi and discussion of the type, strainer center; similar to the vessel found in see G?mez Bellard 1986, pp. 44-45, (Figs. 27, 29:7), A2100, and, next to outside the a flat-bottom 51-54, esp. figs. 1,4:3,4; Costa Ribas it, hearth, cooking pot (Fig. 29:6). Frag and G?mez Bellard were across room. 1987, pp. 36-39; ments from several chytrai found scattered the Other Dom?nguez and S?nchez 2001, pp. 81 a vast food preparation vessels include at least 10 lekanes in array of sizes 82, fig. 79:1. G?mez Bellard (1986) 27, center; 29:2-5), a vat with a near the base, several mortars that the so-called Samian (Figs. spout suggests some a a a was 29:1), rather small, scoop, bowl, and strainer. Jars and lekythos derived from the Levan (Fig. jugs tine decanter and was were with six and a quickly adopted present, along transport amphoras plain, large lekythos in East Greece. of the so-called Samian type (Fig. 30:2).91 282 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
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29 B1500: selected were an exa Figure (opposite). Numerous fine closed vessels also recovered, including from the kitchen. pottery Drawing leiptron that ismonochrome-coated, except for a foliate band around the D. Faulmann and R. Docsan rim (Fig. 30:4). An Attic black-figure cylinder lekythos is decorated with a scene a a one that includes horse(?), branch, and two male(?) figures, of whom is draped and standing (Fig. 30:1). This lekythos appears to belong to the early-5th-century Class of Athens 581 workshop.92 Other pouring two vessels include several matt-black footless olpes (Fig. 30:3), juglets are (Fig. 30:5), and at least eight hydrias. Among the fine open vessels numerous a a high-necked cups, kantharos, skyphos with metopal panels an of vertical strokes and concentric circles, and Attic-type black-gloss skyphos (Fig. 31:4). The Atticizing skyphos is coated inside and out and has two fine lines in added red placed immediately below the handles, and on another red line the lower wall. It belongs to the Attic type A class and should date to ca. 500 b.c.93 were Three Attic-type black-figure skyphoi recovered in varying most on degrees of preservation (Fig. 31:1-3). The complete is decorated a moves both sides with central maenad who to the right but looks back a a near to the left, palmette with solid heart each handle, branches in the a on field, and broad ground line which the figures stand (Figs. 27, lower are numerous left; 31:1).94 Skyphoi of this type in the Athenian Agora and to date the first quarter of the 5th century.95 The other two black-figure same are skyphoi belong to the general class and also Attic imports, but two one case they preserve only the rim with parts of upright palmettes in one a (Fig. 31:2) and part of upright palmette and branch in the other (Fig. 31:3). The former is inscribed with the letters KOTO on the rim.96 a name or a This could be personal reference to kothon, the term for a on drinking cup, which Sparkes andTalcott, relying references inAthenaeus a and others, suggest is used for wide range of shapes from the Lakonian an more cup with incurving rim (most appropriate for active soldier) to a or general varieties inAthens.97 Our inscribed skyphos may be cup mug a not of soldier, but is particularly of the Lakonian type. Additionally, there were a four kraters here, including nearly complete monochrome-coated vessel with vertical double-roll handles (Fig. 31:5). Other finds included 23 stone tools, a number of stone and terra a a an cotta lids, terracotta bull figurine, bronze balance pan (Fig. 32:1), an iron ring, beads of clay and calcite, iron obelos fragment (Fig. 10:3),98
92. See nos. Agora XXIII, pp. 46-47, 95. See Agora XXIII, pp. 60-61, 80-85. 887-1124, pis. where discussion suggests that this 93. The red lines below the handles to skyphos belongs the Haemonian are a was feature that abandoned by Group (probablyUre's Class K 2), 84. For a close ca. 480; Agora XII, p. paral mostly dated 490-480 (see pp. 282 see no. 16. nos. lel, p. 259, 336, fig. 4, pi. 283, 1504-1516, pis. 102,103). 94. There are two small holes drilled 96. For the discussion of fragmen after into the rim on one side see firing tary inscription, Appendix 2, below. and a third on the 97. 70. preserved opposite Agora XII, p. side of the rim to a a (adjacent missing 98. The obelos is socketed type so a have similar to section, pair may existed). examples from A1100, Their is as are purpose enigmatic, they A1900, and B2200/2300; for iron obe too few to have functioned as effective loi in a con mid-6th-century kitchen holes for mending. text at Sardis, see Cahill 2002, p. 180. 284 DONALD C HAGGIS ET AL.
^ ^1 ^
I?I?I?I?I?I 0 5 cm
Figure 30. B1500: selected pottery from the kitchen. Drawing R. Docsan and D. Faulmann EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2003-2004, PART I
l
7
\?1?1?1?1?j 0 5 cm
Figure 31. B1500: selected pottery from the kitchen. Drawing R. Docsan and D. Faulmann 286 DONALD C HAGGIS ET AL.
L 3(03-1189) 4(03-1188)
1 (03-1186)
Figure 32. B1500: bronze objects. 2(03-1190) Photo C. Papanikolopoulos
and bronze and iron nails.99 Two bronze fish hooks were also recovered a (Fig. 32:3, 4).100 The better-preserved example has single barb, and the contem shaft is flattened and notched for fastening fishing line.While are porary parallels known from Emporio and Perachora, the variety is typical for the Classical period.101 Among the objects associated with a a or textile production is fragment of bronze awl bodkin (Fig. 32:2) a near that has flattened square section the eye, becoming round at the are point.102 Loomweights from the floor deposit truncated pyramidal types on west (Fig. 33:1, 2) similar to those found earlier the slope.103 Spindle are whorls biconical (or lentoid) (Fig. 33:3-5), spherical (Fig. 33:6-8), and discoid (Fig. 33:9). The decorated varieties have single incisions, or sets of or four vertical two, three, grooves.104 rooms as a The primary function kitchen is indicated by the large as central hearth well as the full complement of processing, storage, and stone serving vessels in the floor deposit. A wide variety of tools, mortars, and cooking pots as well as basins, bowls, and lekanes suggest the final
99. For bronze and iron nails from economic to a of of response paucity processes consumption. Kommos, see Shaw 2000a, pp. 373 available bronze, however, amounts to 101. Boardman 1967, p. 226, 380. on con negative argumentation based fig. 147:395-396, pi. 93 (Emporio); 100. Iron texts are not 80:6 fragments and implements that wholly comparable. Payne 1940, p. 182, pi. (Pera at Robinson 365-374 comprise the majority of metals Given the extensive and ever-increasing chora); 1941, pp. while bronze are use Azoria (72%), finds of iron technology throughout the (Classical period examples). nevertheless Iron in 102. few of plentiful, making up about Early Age, indeed the very Although examples 26% of total metals silver classes of similar date have been found recovered; objects (primarily weapons (cf. and are rarer at ar Boardman gold significantly (2%). and tools) recovered Azoria, the 1961, p. 35, fig. 15:153), see such tools are common in domestic Ericksons (2005, pp. 627, 646) reit gument needs revision; examples now contexts at see Robinson eration of the codified argument of in Gesell, Day and Coulson 1995, Olynthos; Cretan isolation from copper sources pp. 74-91; Snodgrass 1996.While the 1941, pp. 361-364. ca. 600 b.c. traditional in at 103. et al. 371 finds support relative paucity of bronze objects Haggis 2004, pp. more to 24. the apparent disappearance of elaborate the site may in fact have do 372, fig. bronzework in sanctuar 104. For and Archaic Orientalizing with abandonment-phase formation Orientalizing ies con see Boardman 234 and burials. His assumption (2005, processes, Erickson's argument whorls, 1967, pp. n. on p. 627, 79) that the reliance local flates the economic processes of pro 235; Callaghan 1978, p. 1;Dabney sources of iron at Azoria reflects an duction and distribution with the social 2000b. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 287
O
O
1 1
o o O
: O 8 0 3cm
33. B1500: terracotta loom Figure and whorls. weights spindle Drawing D. Faulmann 288 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
stages of preparation and serving of food. Botanical remains from the room include abundant grape pips and skins, olive pits, grain (wheat and barley), pulses (including broad beans), almonds, figs, and pistachios. The as presence of other objects such the spouted vat, strainer, and implements for textile production could indicate temporary storage of equipment for use or or in nearby adjoining buildings, lateral cycling caching of objects or before abandonment, simply multifunctional space. A doorway through the north wall of B1500 (narrowed in its final a onto a phase) leads up well-built staircase of three risers paved landing an room ca. m in B2200/2300 (Fig. 23). This is oddly shaped 7.30 long, m m 5 wide on the south, narrowing to 2.5 on the north. The rooms east wall curves northwest with the contours of the hill and spine wall, creat room ing the narrowed northern end. Like its neighboring to the south, a a B2200/2300 appears to be another food-processing area, kitchen with center x large rectangular stone-lined hearth in the (1.20 0.70 m, internal dimensions). A bin built of stone is situated in the southeast corner, just east a a of the doorway, and series of pithos stands and low clay and stone bench x were east (ca. 1.00 0.50 m) positioned along the wall. On the northeast side of the room next to the bench is a small stump of bedrock, hewn on on a a the sides and worked the top to form flat surface, perhaps forming narrows work platform. Along the north side of the room, where the space with the curved wall, a line of worked bedrock forms a step, retaining the a ca. m on east floor packing and clay surface of raised floor, 1.30 wide the and 0.70 m on the west. In the center of the line of bedrock that forms the riser to the elevated floor is awell-worked round stone pillar support. a were A fragmentary pithos and part of transport amphora in the bin corner in the southeast of the room, immediately east of the doorway to was on a near B1500. A pithos base found in situ stand the east wall. The amphora fragments consist of the neck, handles, and shoulder, while the were room to lower body and base recovered in the adjoining B1500 the room a two one south. Other pottery from the included chytra, lekanes, on an unusual shape with hornlike projections the rim and open vertical amortar an on handles (Fig. 34:l),105 with impressed foliate band the rim (Fig. 34:2),106 and at least four high-necked cups. Food remains from the room include almond, grape, olive, cereal, and pulse. Among the other finds a are an iron ring, an iron obelos socket (Fig. 10:4), quern, two whetstones, 105. This lekane is similar in its a a a handles to the one from A1600 two schist pot lids, large lekane, bar-handled kalathos, and number open These of handles are of pitted and abraded pebbles and pieces of pumice. (Fig. 14:9). types a a unusual. Perhaps they reflect special As in B1500, B2200/2300 yielded number of implements used in serving function that would necessitate textile production, including loomweights, spindle whorls, and 16 perfo the use of such handles for presenta from the lower bones of or rated metacarpals and metatarsals leg sheep tion. as goat, which may have functioned bobbins (not unlike traditional Cretan 106. Both the mortar and the han used in or decorations for dled lekane are made of fabrics rich in gaitania)y implements probably braiding straps were inclusions; for discussion textiles (Fig. 35).mThe whorls, weights, and bobbins found clustered granodiorite this see n. 83. near of fabric, above and along the south side of the room, several very the south wall both 107. The authors thank Maria Kyri east and west of the into B1500. This concentration of doorway weaving akaki for this attribution, derived from the of a loom stored or north an from the vil implements suggests presence (either used), ethnographic example were as of the doorway where fragments of burned wood found well. lage of Kroustas. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 289
^^::/.
y 1
0 5 cm
Figure 34. B2200/2300: selected Other modified bone included a horn core that had been abraded or pottery from the kitchen. Drawing goat R. Docsan a cow a intentionally beveled at the end, and metatarsal with vertical hole a at drilled though the entire length of the bone, socket the proximal end, and a hollow at the distal end. were an Lying above the central hearth fragments of iron grater and a on bronze nail. The grater has regular punch marks the surface resulting rows on in of jagged-edged protrusions the opposite side (Fig. 36). Like out Early Iron Age, Archaic, and Classical examples made of both bronze 108. While an iron "cheese seems to a grater" and iron, the piece from Azoria have been created using square was a recovered in kitchen assemblage not an punch.108 The grater is, of course, unusual piece of kitchen equip of the mid-6th-century Southern ment, with diverse functions,109 but the normal identification House at Sardis (Cahill 2002, p. 180), potentially come as a cheese or (Ath. 4.169), allow us to associ published examples from pri grater, tyroknestin might b.c. ate the with the social rituals of Driven as much marily 5th- and 4th-century implement feasting. by see to to contexts; Payne 1940, p. 182, the Homeric reference to the bronze knestin used add goat's cheese 81:11; Robinson 1941, pp. 191-193, as pi. the kykeon (II. 11.638-640) by the archaeological evidence from elite pis. XLVIII:600-604, XLIX:605-608. burials at both 9th-century Lefkandi and 7th-century Italy,110 the cheese 109. Ridgway 1997, p. 326;West is to be an item the Iron 1998, p. 191; Curtis 2001, pp. 315-316. grater usually thought important among Age warriors at aristocratic of the 110. Ridgway 1997; Curtis 2001, personal property, and, by extension, banquets Antonaccio 22. b.c. p. 315; 2002, p. 7th century 2?O DONALD C HAGGIS ET AL.
Figure 35. B2200/2300: bone bobbins. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos
36. B2200/2300: iron 04-1258 Figure grater. Drawing D. Faulmann; photo C. Papaniko 3cm lopoulos
Next to the table cut into bedrock on the north side of the room were an enormous several joining fragments of fenestrated terracotta stand were (Fig. 34:3). Pieces of the stand also found in the southwest corner of the trench, fallen over the southern end of the west wall of the room. The a or a stand, probably for krater dinos, has larger base diameter than the examples from the andreion (Fig. 9); indeed, it is the largest fenestrated stand so far recovered at the site. an Another interesting find from Archaic deposit just outside the corner a a kitchens northwest is fragment of the rim of large lekane with a on thickened square rim and horizontal rib the exterior (Fig. 37). The a top of the rim is inscribed with complete graffito TIMA2 evidently in EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 291
37. B2200/2300: inscribed Figure 1-1-1-1-1-1 lekane rim. Drawing R. Docsan
Figure 38. B230Q: podanipter base. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos
on a sinistrograde, facing outward the pot.111The word is conceivably proper or an or name, perhaps the genitive either giving owner's name literally "of honor."112 meaning west a a On the side of the room, fragment of bronze tripod stand was an one recovered (Fig. 38), preserving part of L-shaped base ring and a leg in the form of lions paw. An aperture in the ring above the leg may a an have been fitting or socket for attached bowl. The exterior of the base cm a row ring (ca. 30 in diameter) has of incised pendent arcaded tongues a convex a below band of moldings. These moldings flank pattern of incised a zone on pendent tongues decorating the top register of the ring, above a narrow the leg. Below the ring and above the leg is transitional element, a a consisting of register with row of incised chevrons between two bands of circles, bordered by shallow horizontal incised lines. On the top of the a leg is series of four incised arcaded tongues. The leg is hollow, terminat on on a ing its underside in a prominent dew claw. The foot, which rests low plinth, has four toes, the two in the center with modeled toe-joints
111. a was meant to set For discussion of the inscrip 112. While the genitive could in the lekane contain, see an owners aside or to an individual or tion, Appendix 2. On the question dicate name, the graffito for assigned see to mean to at of public literacy in Archaic Crete, might also be taken literally individuals be honored the feast "of Whitley 1997; 1998; Perlman 2004b. honor," i.e., the portion of whatever (A. Chaniotis, pers. comm.). 2?2 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
on and hints of the claws, the two the sides schematically delineated and fused with the leg. are Fragments of such low bronze tripod stands with lions-paw feet as found in sanctuaries such Perachora, the Argive Heraion, and Olym on seem rare pia,113 but the whole they to be inGreece outside of the P?lo ponn?se.114 Comparable examples, closest in size and form to the Azoria come stand, from Olympia, where Gauer's large "Dreifu?ringunters?tze" cm a category (20-35 in diameter) includes pieces with similar treatment on of the foot and patterns of molding and incision the base ring.115 on While there has been considerable speculation the kind of vessel supported by such stands (e.g., dinoi, thymiateria, kothons, trays, and dishes) and their potentially diverse functions,116 the Azoria type is gen a or erally thought to have supported wide, shallow, two-handled bowl, podanipter (a so-called footbath). The examples from Olympia, cited above, as have been nominally classified by Gauer "die Becken und Unters?tze a der Trebeniste-Klasse,"117 term that emphasizes the findspot of the best b.c. preserved examples of the type, the wealthy late-6th-century necropolis near seven Trebenishte in the modern Republic of Macedonia.118 All of the elite warrior graves from the original excavation contained assemblages of imported prestige goods?weapons and banqueting equipment?from Athenian, Corinthian, and Lakonian workshops, including bronze bowls supported by tripods, the so-called podanipter. Indeed the best parallel at for the Azoria stand is from Tomb I Trebenishte.119 Even though the an a Trebenishte piece has added element of band of circles separating rows on the two of incised tongues the base ring above the leg (an embel on are lishment omitted the Azoria example), the two stands identical in size and surface treatment: the stand inTrebenishte Tomb I has the same on register with bands of circles and chevrons, incised pendent tongues a on a the upper leg, and paw with simplified claws shallow plinth. Along with the examples from Olympia, Trebenishte, and various sites inMagna a or b.c. Graecia, the Azoria stand is presumably late-6th early-5th-century at Corinthian import.120 The presence of the Corinthian vessel Azoria
for a Stibbe 113. Payne 1940, pp. 165-166, gier 1890, p. 136; Payne 1940, pp. 165 discussion of origin. (2000, 71. not pis. 70-71 (Perachora);Waldstein 1905, 166, pis. 70, pp. 57-102; 2003, pp. 71-72) does p. 296 (ArgiveHeraion); Furtw?ngler 117. Gauer 1991, p. 79. include the footbaths in his detailed 1890, p. 136, pi. 51:853; Gauer 1991, 118. Filow 1927, esp. pp. 68-76; stylistic analysis of Corinthian imports a at the pp. 76-79 (Olympia); Conrad Stibbe recendy Stibbe (2003) has provided Trebenishte, considering metopal two critical of Tre bands of circles on (pers. comm.) mentions unpub detailed summary the panels separated by lished examples from theApollo Hy benishte excavations and tomb con stands 83-85 (Filow 1927, pp. 70-72) at Phoiniki. as as a discussion of to be a variant of the Lakonian "met perteleatas sanctuary tents, well imports; are he an a between hatched 114. Examples known from also illustrates example of opes diagonally Athens and Dodona; see the discussion bronze tripodpodanipter from Novi bands" (cf. Stibbe 2000, pp. 78-81); an in Payne 1940, p. 166;Milne 1944, Pazar (pp. 128-132, fig. 92), north of this pattern is also, however, archaiz one characteristic of pp. 40-49. Only example, from Trebenishte. ing late-6th-century on the Idaean cave, is known Crete 119. Filow 1927, pp. 70, 72, figs. 83, Corinthian products (C. Stibbe, pers. in (Halbherr 1888), but this is amuch 84. comm.). On problems defining Corinthian in the second half smaller and different class of vessel 120. For the Corinthian attribu products see 79. of the 6th see Stibbe than the Azoria piece. tion, Gauer 1991, p. For bacini century b.c., 2000, 115. Gauer 76-77. from see 99-101. 1991, pp. podanipteres Magna Graecia, pp. 116. See the discussion in Furtw?n alsoTarditi 1996, pp. 23-39, and 127 EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 293
Figure 39. D400: mortar or basin. Drawing R. Docsan
to a might help support Ericksons recent argument for Late Archaic Crete-Peloponnesian connection, although the site is situated outside of his West Cretan trade network.121 were or a Archaicpodanipteres used for bathing lustration before sacri or fice banquet.122 Commonly found in sanctuaries, the vessels could have at a or as a or been offered the conclusion of ritual personal item prestige as a object appropriate votive. The attributed function is for washing before or occasions of private, public, ritual dining. This makes the podanipter an accoutrement as as an of the banquet hall well element of elite display within the sanctuary. Ultimately it formed part of the necessary sympotic equipment of aristocratic burials in the Balkans and Magna Graecia. To consider the meaning of its context atAzoria, we need to turn to the build ings further north on the southwest terrace. Immediately north of the kitchen in B2200/2300 is a small narrow room access of uncertain size and (Fig. 1, D400). The clay floor surface is across an area ca. m x preserved of 2.5 north-south 2.0 m east-west. The a surface is intact along the east wall for distance of 2.5 m until a wall running parallel to the spine wall intrudes into the room on the northeast, a forming the northern edge of stone-built bin. The western and northern are as edges of the floor eroded, leaving the floor packing underneath well as course a the top extant of LM IIIC wall exposed. The room's northern western were to or a and walls likely have been removed displaced during or renovation of the slope in the late 7th early 6th century b.c. when the northern extension of the so-called Service Building (the industrial build ing in D300) was established. The construction of D300 involved cutting on into the terrace, intruding the space of D400, and filling in the slope to east a was the with deep deposit of cobbles and gravel. D400 probably abandoned during this operation, and the northern and western walls of the room were pulled down into the terrace fill. Furthermore, in a contemporary or later phase of renovation in B2200/2300, the size of the kitchen was 121. Erickson (2005, esp. pp. 634 the north wall into the space of D400. 636) discusses the evidence for Pelo expanded, resetting This small room inD400 contained a number of in ponnesian influence, including interesting finds, bronze cf. Boardman two and other stone a coarseware a working; 1961, cluding querns ground tools, jar, large 148. coarseware or mortar a or a p. basin with conical base pivot (Fig. 39), fine 122. The various possible functions a Late Orientalizing skyphos, and large Geometric krater. The large basin of have been at podanipteres explored or mortar with conical base must have been used while on a support Milne (1944), who draws placed length by or a on stand, since its base is not broad to stable sur extensively literary and iconographie enough provide resting face for such awide vessel. on Archaic and Classical vase sources, and discussed by Tarditi (1996, Representations as as terracotta mortars pp. 126-127). paintings, well figurines, of used for hulling grain 294 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL. and pounding other foodstuffs suggest that this vessel might be identified as a a such mortar, the holmos.123 While most illustrations show distinctly on a or some scenes a deep bowl conical support stand, depict markedly one shallower vessel not dissimilar to the from D400.124 Alternatively, the as a Azoria piece may have functioned kneading table of the sort represented a as broad basin atop a columnar support or stand in vase paintings and an terracotta figurines.125 Either function would be appropriate activity to area to be undertaken in this of the complex. The space appears have been a areas to storeroom related to the food processing the south in B1500 and B2200/2300.
The Service Building: Industrial Area (D300)
rooms were Two recovered in D300 (Fig. 1) that suggest industrial func rooms a tions. Even though these represent northern continuation of the re complex forming the Service Building, determination of their formal on lationship to the other buildings the southwest terrace requires further excavation. The rooms are evidently related to the kitchens and storerooms we to the south because of their orientation and proximity, but have not yet rooms nor completed excavation of the excavated south of D300, which is necessary to establish the architectural transition to B2200/2300. One room a area a is small, square, paved (ca. 2.50 m2) with bench in the north east corner and a small stone press bed, built into the southeast corner of room on a ca. m the and resting small platform 0.50 above the floor. The a press bed is square (ca. 34 cm, internal length and width), built of pinkish a porous limestone with aworked square rim, and pecked and smoothed cm a interior bottom surface, 3 deep. There is 1-cm-wide groove cut to form a spout in its northwest corner. was aworn Embedded in the floor directly below the spout and frag a a mentary base of small terracotta jarwith regular hole piercing the wall cm a about 3 above the base, apparently the remains of vessel used for oil on separation. The pot is similar to the whole example found the floor of the storeroom in B700 (Figs. 26:1; 27, middle left).126 Although the press bed is somewhat smaller than contemporary Archaic examples of the type, given its form and the presence of separation vessels below the press and in was the nearby B700, it is likely that it used for olive-oil processing.127 A a was small doorway (ca. 0.80 wide) with door pivot exposed in the north
a 123. The term holmos here indi pp. 235-239) there may be reference Neils 2004, p. 59, fig. 4:6. cates a or not a krater to a terracotta holmos. the trough mortar, Certainly 125. Sparkes 1962, p. 135; 1965, or Azoria vessel to be dinos stand. See Sparkes 1962, appears sufficiendy p. 162, pi. 29:2, right, and possibly on a 30:1. pp. 125-126,134-135. Although thick-walled that, when resting pi. these vessels were stable it would have withstood 126. Ceramic vessels Sparkes suggests that support, oil-separation stone or a the sort of to hull were used in Late Archaic and Classi made of wood with deep pounding necessary hollow cut into the center of the inte grain with wooden pestles. cal contexts, with the best-published some 124. For see from Nicosia and rior, imagery suggests that this deeper bowls, Sparkes comparanda coming was not in and in always the case, especially 1962, p. 122, pi. 7:2, center; Kition Cyprus (Hadjisawas 1992, are those examples that less conical Neils 2004, pp. 54,58, figs. 4:2,3,5. pp. 31-33, 75, fig. 144). more 127. see in form. Furthermore, Neils (2004, Broader, rounded vessels, with For the press-bed type, n. on a are in 100 pp. 60-61, 7) notes that the Attic less conical shape, illustrated Hadjisawas 1992, pp. 57-59, figs. stelai published by Amyx (1958, Sparkes 1965, p. 162, pi. 29:4 and 102. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 295
room was a end of the west wall where presumably the entered from street that ran the west. along The room with an olive press contained Hellenistic pottery in its last on phase of use, and it appears to have been constructed directly top of a the wall collapse and destruction debris of larger rectangular room, only area room at partially excavated in 2004. The southern exposed of the is m m a m least 6.20 long and 3.20 wide, and has well-built doorway, 1.0 are wide, set precisely in the center of the south wall. The door jambs exactly m corner. were 1.10 from each Stones from the collapsed walls removed, an uneven exposing layer of ceiling debris mixed with tumble. Large pithos room fragments recovered at the north end of the indicate the function of as a area. the space storage
The Monumental Civic Building (D500)
Excavation immediately north of the Service Building revealed the founda a tions of monumental structure inD500 (Figs. 1,40). While large boulders were visible before excavation, removal of the top soil and slope-wash debris us allowed to expose the broad outlines of the building. The south wall, a was which is built up against deep layer of fill, traced westward from the corner a southeast of the building, where it survives to maximum preserved ca. m a height of 2.20 above the floor level. It continues for distance of m roughly 8 before it disappears into the unexcavated western edge of the modern terrace. The absence of awall end or corner on the west indicates that it may continue for some distance in this direction. Based on the evidence from the surface exposure, we estimate an east-west width of m. x was 9-10 A single test trench (ca. 2.0 8.0 m) excavated at the southern a end of the structure, exposing section of the clay floor, part of the south a and east walls, and series of stone steps lining the interior wall faces (Figs. 40,41). The northern and western limits of the building have yet to eastern a be established. At its end, the south wall forms neatly constructed corner m with the east wall. Although only the southernmost 2 of the east were wall completely exposed in the sondage, the removal of slope-wash debris and modern terrace fill along the terrace revealed that the wall is m preserved for at least 20 to the north. The segments of south and east walls exposed in the sondage preserve three distinct types of masonry construction: dolomite boulders, dolomite cobbles, and dark bluish-gray crystalline limestone (sideropetra) blocks (Figs. 40, 41). The most impressive masonry dominates the western end a of the south wall, which is composed of series of dolomite boulders, the m m m largest of which is approximately 2.20 long, 1.3 high, and 1.10 are wide. Three slightly smaller stones also visible in the extant remains, while additional boulders can be detected in the unexcavated fill to the west. These boulders span the entire width of the wall (1.10 m), and considerable was attention paid to the interior-facing surfaces of these stones, which were hammer-dressed to present a uniform facade. are The sections of walling between the boulders composed of well ca. packed, medium-sized dolomite cobbles (maximum dimension 0.40 m) were that laid to form two faces creating a width of ca. 1.10 m. Smaller trench line
trench line
Late Minoan NIC wall
east wall
steps
40. D500: Monumental Civic Plan and section. R. D. Fitzsimons Figure Building. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 297
41. Figure Interior view of the Monumental Civic Building, from the northwest. Photo M. S.Mook
stones were as and earth used both packing within the wall fabric and to on fill the interstices between stones the faces. A similar style of masonry is evident in the lower reaches of both east and south walls in the southeast
corner of the where boulders are absent. medium room, noticeably Here, ca. m sized dolomite cobbles (maximum dimensions 0.50 in length and m are courses. 0.30 in height) stacked in rough Because the fill behind the walls to the east and south has not been excavated, the width at their foundations cannot yet be determined. corner are com The upper reaches of the walls in the southeastern ca. m posed of large sideropetra cobbles (maximum dimensions 0.15-0.20 m set to in height and 0.35-0.50 in length) of roughly rectangular shape, two a m. courses are form distinct faces and wall width of roughly 0.60 Five on visible above the level of fill the south face. The total preserved height of the wall in the southeast corner of the room is ca. 2.50 m. There are no a at indications of provisions for roofing system this level, suggesting that both walls originally rose much higher. This third masonry style, involving use a the extensive of sideropetra blocks, might well represent later addi to one a tion the original complex, perhaps built in conjunction with small room to the east. rectangular most The interesting feature in the building is the stepped bench runs that along the interior at the base of the walls (Figs. 40, 41). This is set two composed of large hammer-dressed sideropetra blocks in superim are some posed tiers against the interior wall faces. Large schist blocks times used instead of limestone, but the effect of uniformity ismaintained measure m are throughout. Individual step blocks 0.60-1.0 in length and m ca. m 0.40-0.60 deep. Each step is 0.28 high, with negligible variation, 128. This feature is similar design the bench a total of ca. 0.55 m. The both to giving height upper step along the arrangement of the upper step of east and south walls is 0.62 m on south there is a the court of the and the (room 36) prytaneion deep, usually between the blocks and the wall face that was filled and leveled with at Lato (Ducrey and Picard 1972, space m on pp. 573-574, fig. 8). smaller stones.128 On the south, the lower step is 0.30 deep, while 298 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
Figure 42. D500: lekane and situla. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos
m. course the east, the tread width is only about 0.21 A leveling (usually to an even of thin schist stones) is occasionally employed maintain height are for each step. The exterior vertical surfaces of the risers heavily dressed set a and tightly together, presenting in effect continuous face along the entire length of the bench. Several blocks show signs of considerable tread wear. on A small square chamber situated directly the terrace fill behind corner and above the southeastern of the building is likely to be a later to room addition (Fig. 40). Access this small would have been possible via a or sloping street ramp outside the building on the south side. The small room x a set on (1.19 1.03 m, internal dimensions) had clay floor directly corner seems the rubble packing/fill and bedrock, and its northwest to an or have been fashioned roughly into opening drain. The back of the was an chamber built up against earlier (LM IIIC) wall that runs at an oblique northeast-southwest angle to the building. area a The excavated floor of the main building revealed very uniform a hard-packed clay surface under deep layer of burned ceiling debris that eastern had, especially in the half, considerable amounts of ash and carbon, evidently the remains of fallen roof beams and other elements of the flat a roof superstructure. The ceiling debris, mixture of silty clay (phyllite) with was chips and flakes of schist, and pieces of charcoal, found concentrated in mounds against the south and east walls. Patches of ash and burned on red clay the floor surface form regular patterns of beam imprints: four at to a extend regular intervals perpendicular the south wall, while fifth on extends from the east wall. Two clay serving vessels were lying directly corner room. the floor in the southeast of the A plain bucket (situla) had near was a been tipped upside down, and it fine lekane coated in red slip were no (Fig. 42). While Late Archaic sherds found in the floor deposit, were other artifacts recovered in the sounding. A concentration of burned was chickpeas found near the situla. Other plant foods recovered nearby include cereal grains, broad bean, and grape. The faunal assemblage in cow cluded top shells and meat bones of pigs, rabbit, sheep, goat, and were (Fig. 43). The bones and marine shells both burned and unburned; some show evidence of intensive or to either as a repeated exposure fire, result of the intense conflagration that consumed the building in the early or a or 5th century b.c. perhaps discard from hearth altar. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 299
Figure 43. D500: Monumental Civic Building. Bones from floor deposit. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos
The construction in was an D500 ambitious undertaking. The build ers excavated into on on deeply the hillside the east, intruding earlier LMIIIC foundations and significantly altering the topography of the slope. The in area to use modified slope this may help explain the of different were masonry styles. The largest boulders evidently reserved for those sections of wall that would have been actually visible to the viewer, i.e., the western half of the was not southern wall that obscured by the terrace fill and the ramp between D300 and D500 (Figs. 1,40). Furthermore, the narrower width of eastern the section of the south wall might be explained the fact by that this portion of the facade would have been largely blocked as from view by the buildings in D300, one approached from the south. The monumentality of the building, evident in the imposing size of the structure and the boulders in its southern wall, is likely to have been further on enhanced by its position the hillside. It stood at the end of the street that ran the west along side of the Service Building. Visitors traveling north route along this would naturally have focused their attention on the southern the was facade; visual dominance of the building enhanced by the presence of the massive boulders. A similar visual dynamic has been at were proposed by Perlman for the temple Dreros, where larger blocks used in the buildings east wall.129 The function of the building in D500 remains uncertain. While no architectural are to contemporary parallels known us,130 the building shares certain formal features with the 4th-3rd-century b.c. prytaneion at Lato.131 term While the prytaneion may be anachronistic for Crete in the 6th cen tury b.c., the size of the Azoria building is nearly identical to that at Lato,
129. Perlman case an 2004b, p. 192. convincing that the building is Apollonia. Only parts of the building 130. The at andreion. were temple Aphrati (A? exposed beneath the foundations while much smaller in 131. a Lia), scale, has At Ayia Pelagia in northeastern of substantial Hellenistic structure an internal stone bench. See Lebessi Crete, Alexiou (1972) excavated a with two hearths. Both structures are a to 1970; 1973; Prent 2005, pp. 279-280. building with hearth that he called likely be houses. Viviers (1994, pp. 244-249) makes a the Archaic prytaneion of ancient 3?? DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
as row and architectural details such the double of limestone risers forming are to east room cour the stepped seats similar those in the (room 36: "la du was pIytan?e,,), which also roofed.132While Miller argued that the risers were at Lato used for standing (to observe formal sacrifices) rather than are for sitting (to dine),133 the individual steps at Azoria sufficiently high and deep to have easily accommodated either function. Indeed the height and tread of the steps in D500 fit the usual profile of auditorium seats common in Greek bouleuteria and theaters.134 The risers also approximate room at the tread width and step height of those in the neighboring 37 Lato, although the depth of the top step (0.62 m) at Azoria is about half room that of the wide platforms in 37 (the hestiatorion)}35 The stepped seats are also reminiscent of the small exedra at Lato, both in the agora and as a in the orchestra of the so-called theater, which has been interpreted annex bouleuterion to the ekklesiasterion, although it is unlikely that either of these structures was a roofed space.136 at The potential size, seating capacity, and scale of the structure Azo ria (ca. 180-200 m2), the refinements such as the interior rows of ashlars use forming stepped seats, the of megalithic construction in the south wall, the assemblage of burned seeds, animal bones, and marine shells, and the serving vessels recovered from the floor of the building itself all point to formal functions associated with public meetings, banqueting, s to and perhaps animal sacrifice. The building proximity centralized food areas on terrace a storage and processing the southeast is also compelling was argument that it used for public meetings that included dining.137 on As with the service areas of the putative andreton the west slope, the as scale of storage and the reduplication of food preparation facilities, well as the architectural complexity and refinements, suggest civic functions rather than regular household activities. Moreover, the plant and animal assemblages comprise remains from the final stages of food preparation or no or and dining, with little chaff primary butchering debris. Contrary to seems to rooms domestic assemblages, food have entered the storage and kitchens partially processed and ready for cooking. The inscribed lekane was to from B2200/2300 (Fig. 37), for example, likely have been used for or preparing serving large amounts of food;138 furthermore, the spits and are cheese grater from the kitchens (B1500 and B2200/2300) equipment some appropriate to kind of public feasting, with connotations of elite behavior drawn from their ancient mortuary contexts. The large terracotta fenestrated krater stand and the bronzepodanipter were cere (Figs. 34:3,38) from B2200/2300 equipment stored for formal
Hansen Fischer-Hansen 65. 132. Demargne 1903; Ducrey and 135.While Miller (1978, pp. 83-84) and 1994, p. 1972. we not recov onto the Picard While have effectively fit couches the benches 137. For facilities provisioning a or room 33. ered the remains of hearth, eschara, in the hestiatorion at Lato, 37 is prytaneion, cf. Miller 1978, p. and evident not a 138. In cakes and the quantity, condition, typical Greek-style dining room, Athens, barley on from the floor of nor we to find wheat bread were consumed on various burning the bones should necessarily expect of custom occasions while at Nau D500 strongly suggest the presence evidence here for the of reclin (Ath. 4.137), an within or near the in a feasts in honor of Hestia were such installation ing during banquets prytaneion. kratis, 136. could also be made with wheat bread and building. Comparison supplied barley at 133.Miller 1978, p. 82. to the steps in the so-called agora gruel among other provisions (Ath. Picard 134.McDonald 1943, p. 217. Dreros. See Ducrey and 1971; 4.149). EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 3OI
use monial and banqueting.139 The concentration of artifacts associated rooms with textile production (Figs. 33, 35) in B1500 and B2200/2300 seems we in the Service Building odd at first glance,140 especially if follow a Chaniotis's argument for largely household industry for local consump a tion rather than specialized market production.141 Indeed, loom and its were products evidendy important personal possessions exempt from seizure was at Gortyn (ICIV 75). What their function, however, in the service rooms a of public building? Evidence for craft specialization (leather and or hide workers) atArchaic Eleutherna and the possibility of state-directed us on financed garment production allow to speculate the nature of textile or processing for military formal ceremonial purposes.142
CONCLUSIONS
Excavations at Azoria in 2003 and 2004 have begun to clarify the politi two cal topography of the South Acropolis, identifying separate locales on of public activities: the putative andreion complex the upper west slope and the Monumental Civic Building and its associated service and areas on a industrial the southwest terrace. Both of these buildings have western out prominent aspect, looking toward the Kampos plain and the routes to on main leading the site from the valleys the northern footslopes on of the Kavousi Mountains. Their positions the slope would have been one visually obtrusive to approaching the settlement from the west and s southwest, but separate from the city putative agora and Cult Building, a or access suggesting degree of exclusion controlled from the main route into the settlement, which is likely to have been directly from the south are of the South Acropolis. Even though the buildings very different in are design and architectural elaboration, both parts of larger complexes with reduplicated and large-scale food storage and late-stage processing facilities that mobilized and concentrated commodities presumably for formal public consumption. The chosen locations could indicate different social-symbolic functions: the civic buildings, invisible from the east, face out onto the plain and the Bay ofMirabello, communicating visually with the outside world, includ ing the distant territories of Early Archaic cities at Istron, Oleros, Olous, on and Lato. The Cult Building, the other hand, faces inland toward the area of the EIA-EO settlement cluster of Avgo and south to the dominant peak of the Kastro, also inhabited into the 7th century.143While clearly an urban temple, the Cult Building at Azoria could have served Prent's
139. For the use of krater stands in and see Miller 84-85. in at D?los, 1978, pp. the prytaneion Naukratis (Ath. and reference to the 140. For textile associ and the over prytaneia Sigeion production 4.149), typically Cretan seeMiller ated with the andreion see were stele, 1978, pp. 33,210; complex, cloak (hemation aphphano) offered et to at Jeffery 1982, pp. 53-54; Stibbe 2000, Haggis al. 2004, pp. 370-371,391. the kosmoi Lato and Olous before et p. 92; Haggis al. 2004, p. 382. For 141. Chaniotis 1999b, pp. 206 they entered the prytaneion (ICI xvi 5; the context of 207. banqueting the poda cf. JCIV 174 A55). see Milne nipter, 1944, pp. 32-33; 142. Chaniotis 1999b, p. 207; Perl 143. For the EIA settlement clus 126-127. use man 130. robes were see Tarditi 1996, pp. For the 2004a, p. Prytanic ters, Haggis 1993; 2001. of in at Lato worn at the festival of Komean perirrhanteria prytaneia Apollo 302 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
a distinctly "suburban" functions.144 It faces east into the hinterland, visible, on a if not obvious element in the landscape; local scale, it visually linked two traditional EIA settlement groups that show evidence of occupation continuing into the 7th century. use Saro Wallace has recently suggested that the lingering of EIA sites in the territory of nascent Archaic centers emphasizes the longevity a of certain lineage groups, which had become fundamental part of the new community but still wished to maintain their links to ancestral land and to assert the identity of local kinship associations.145 The persistent expression of such local identities well into the 7th century demonstrates on the complex internal dynamics of city-state formation Crete, which must have involved the incorporation of various elite social configurations into the regional structure of the emerging polis. Social integration prob a ably consisted of long-term negotiation between local interests, lingering a new kinship structures, and the needs of political community, reaching a critical point during the 7th century.146 This process included conscious to new symbolic references the EIA past, taking the form of Archaic areas or building programs both within of earlier EIA cult in apposition or opposition to EIA settlements.147 Both processes may be apparent at Azoria, where the Cult Building on was constructed top of earlier (LMIIIC-LG) remains and positioned not areas to relate visually and physically only to the public of the city center, but also to the broader EIA cultural landscape. If the construction to assert or of the Cult Building helped reinforce the community identity a to of the city center, its position created specific visual reference the to neighboring Avgo valley to the east and the Kastro the south. Azoria may have originally belonged to the Kavousi EIA settlement cluster, while the neighboring community and settlement cluster in the Avgo valley, with its rural temple at Pachlitzani Agriada, would have been actively subsumed a two during process oisynoikism, involving the political unification of the regions. The transformation of the 7th-6th-century settlement at Azoria s a resulted in a shift and abandonment of the Avgo valley EIA villages, or 144. On the visual obtrusiveness of process of local dissociation that may have been facilitated legitimized a new was suburban sanctuaries, see Prent 2005, by the establishment of urban cult that inclusive and socially p. 476. integrating in its ritual functions. 145.Wallace 2003, pp. 259,268. The construction of involved drastic renovations to the public buildings 146. For the process in mainland South which we can now relate to evidence of broader Acropolis, sociopo Greece, see Morris 1991, pp. 48-49; across 26. litical changes taking place in the late 7th century the island.148 The Morgan 1993, p. at 147. Perlman 2000, 74-76; Wal two most recently published intensive archaeological surveys, Vrokastro pp. lace 2003, pp. 265-268; Perlman 2004a, in eastern Crete and in the western Mesara in south central Crete, have 121. a p. demonstrated radical restructuring of the cultural landscape in the 7th 148. Haggis et al. 2004, pp. 341, a new in century. In the Vrokastro area, rapid growth of settlements the 393. a a Meseleroi valley represents distinctively dispersed pattern, with cluster 149. For sites SKI, SK6, and center see of large sites at the eastern end of the Skinavria ridge forming the SK11, Hayden 1997, pp. 112-114, 133-134; 2004, pp. 179-180,188. of Archaic Oleros.149 In the Mesara, the rural landscape around Phaistos 150. Watrous and Hadzi-Vallianou is characterized by dispersed farms around the urban nucleus, while the 2004a, pp. 314-317; 2004b, p. 343. center was new at of Phaistos renovated with the expense in at public buildings For changes the urban landscape the Geometric town.150 Even the in the western Mesara is see cf. though pattern Gortyn, Perlman 2004a, p. 121; to Wallace 263-266. decidedly nucleated in comparison the hinterland of Oleros, the evident 2003, pp. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 303
change in the settlement structure suggests parallel transformations of urban and rural spheres, land-use patterns, and sociopolitical organization. The material pattern in the hinterland of Azoria is evidence of nucleation of more settlement, perhaps like Phaistos than Oleros,151 but in general the a restructuring of settlement at the end of the 7th century suggests similar dynamic of sociopolitical reorganization. are on These regional changes echoed the site level, where shifts in seem settlement location and rebuilding and redefinition of public space to a new be the rule.152The emergence of urban landscape also coincides with changes in burial practices at the end of the 7th century. A likely as change from communal to individual graves (such pithos interments) as new accompanied other changes, such cemetery locations, less rich and a ostentatious burials, and tendency toward less elaborate and less indi vidually aggrandizing mortuary display.153 Perlman has argued that these are changes in mortuary practices related to sociopolitical and economic changes in the Archaic Cretan community, involving challenges to tradi an tional EIA social practice and political structure, and emerging state control or influence over elite mortuary behavior.154 While the apparent change in the pattern of burial and cemetery loca as as tion is striking it is important, it may represent the result of longer as as term processes of culture change beginning early 1000 b.c.155 In the new a city there is conscious redirection of elite display from the private to the public sphere, including the elaboration of and investment in civic architecture. The lack of evidence for wealth distribution and prestige-good exchange in the late-7th and early-6th-century cemetery could therefore be symptomatic of complex economic and social changes.156 Even though a the historical model of Cretan "artistic and economic recession" resulting a from cessation of trade (and shifting Phoenician commercial interests) to is provocative, it fails explicate the real sociopolitical changes occurring on or so the scale of the site region, which might be better examined as a cial processes reflected in material patterns of consumption.157 As causal hypothesis, the scale of its application greatly limits its explanatory value on or for visualizing cultural change the local level understanding regional variations in material patterns. com What is perhaps important about the changes suggested by the seem to mercial model is that they be accompanied by the development of venues new public for the consumption of wealth, forms of expression of new individual and community identity, and contexts for elite competitive
151. et al. 340 of new Wallace's Haggis 2004, pp. gence forms of public architec (2003, esp. pp. 259-260,275 341. new vivid and tural display?especially temples? 277) long-term perspective 152. Watrous and Hadzi-Vallianou to con on the of demonstrate changes in elite dynamics social structure, a settlement and 2004b, pp. 342-343; Perlman 2004a, sumption patterns and symbolic patterns, mortuary 121. to p. challenge the old EIA social organi behavior in the EIA. 153.Morris zation a 1998, pp. 61-67; Erick and power relationships. Such 156. Erickson 2000, pp. 159-160, son to con 2000, pp. 232-235; 2004, pp. 200 challenge the old order finds 230-232; Perlman 2004a, p. 121. crete at 201; Perlman 2004a, pp. 120-121; cf. material expression Azoria, 157. See Erickson (2005, p. 627, the discussion inWallace new are n. who follows 2003, p. 271. where buildings constructed esp. 79), Demargne 154. Perlman (2000, pp. 74-76; and civic space is defined at the end of (1947), Dunbabin (1952),Morris b.c. 2004a, p. 121) has connected changes the 7th century (1992), and Perlman (2004a) in restat in and the emer et see the commercial mortuary practices 155. Haggis al. 2004, p. 393; ing explanation. 304 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
a interaction. The model thus provides vivid backdrop for changes appar ent in the archaeological record at Azoria in the 7th century. The evidence not points only to increased investment in public architecture, but also to use the of types of prestige goods, normally associated with EIA-EO mortuary contexts, in the public sphere of the civic center. as The presence of prestige goods, possibly used aristocratic symbols, in the civic buildings at Azoria?bronze armor, iron and bronze weapons, as obeloi, personal ornamentation such the embossed miniature shield and dress pins, inscribed pottery, imports such as the bronze Corinthian podanipter and figurai Attic pottery, objects with Orientalizing iconography, and the array of decorated terracotta krater stands?marks a clear break a from EIA and EO traditions with shift in depositional practice from to the private realm of the cemetery the public buildings within the city use center.158 The continuing of Orientalizing styles and motifs into the an 6th and early 5th centuries atAzoria is interesting pattern that deserves we are careful study within household and civic spheres. While still in the our we are preliminary stages of study of deposits from the site, beginning see use on to the regular of motifs and design elements lekanes, small and to large relief pithoi, and stands. In addition the Orientalizing iconography, many of the vessels, especially stands and pithoi, have elements imitating a the features of metalwork, possible skeuomorphic reflection of their or prestige value social significance. The range of vessel types, repertoire are of design elements, and contexts of deposition particularly interesting variables that may be related to a careful, if not controlled or rationed, use of stylistic features within specific social contexts of public display and use consumption. The formal elaboration and of such objects may have to not do only with their intrinsic value,159 but also with specialized functions to as as connected elite consumption patterns, well control of staples and luxury food items.160 b.c. The context and scale of elite consumption changed by 600 Prestige goods normally connected to household symposia, elite mortuary even were behavior, and ritual practice in the sanctuary brought inside civic buildings and used in activities played out in public spheres. Our tendency to characterize the Archaic Cretan polis by posing exaggerated extremes or of civic austerity weakened political economy (although both may be apparent in the archaeological evidence) might be clouding the picture of on the societal complexities involved in urbanization the island.161 Such
mon in use 158. For evidence from mainland 159. On the importance and the range of vessels and their seems to a see et context. Greece that demonstrate etary value of pithoi, Haggis al. in shift in elite wealth allocation from the 2004, p. 377. 161. Economic changes the Med cemetery to the sanctuary in the late 160. Contra Erickson (2005, p. 634, iterranean in the late 7th century will 7th a n. who dismisses the have affected of wealth ex 8th and early century, process that esp. 115), signifi patterns on closer to cance of a latent tradition and the of certain may have happened Crete Orientalizing change availability see at on the such as but the extra 600 b.c., Morgan 1993, p. 27; Os Azoria, commenting simpli resources, copper, borne 1996, pp. 84-88; Morris 1997, fication of iconographie elements. We ordinary sociopolitical restructuring use pp. 101-102; Whidey 2001, pp. 140 think that the continued of such evident by the Late Archaic period sug 146. motifs indicates a of that of wealth allocation For idiosyncratic Cretan develop continuity pro gests patterns cen ments, cf. Morris 1997, p. 102; Wallace duction traditions from the 7th and consumption had long been chang of off-island interests. 2003, pp. 251-256. tury, but also very significant changes ing, irrespective EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 305
to a a discussion has led reductive polarization of social practices, i.e., ten sion between private and public spheres: the household's symposium and versus the or What have cemetery community's temple sanctuary. may b.c. new happened sometime before 600 is the crystallization of roles for new venues lineage-based and corporate groups, requiring for aristocratic interaction and consumption.162 on west at The juxtaposition of civic buildings the slope Azoria, what ever the functions of those buildings might have been, strongly suggests a bilateral organizational structure, and the mobilization, allocation, and resources new redistribution of by the aristocracy.163 A social order took an on material form in increased expenditure and formalization of civic architecture, and the monumentalization and reorganization of the city were was some center.164 The public buildings communal, but each also to degree exclusionary, probably ordering the status of households, clans, and other corporate groups, and various modes of social interaction. The was a investment in public architecture thus material articulation of urban at identity the expense of the EIA and EO structures that had occupied the some new new hilltop for 600 years. The civic buildings form contexts for or elite consumption, negotiating political power, and asserting claiming social identity in the early city. The abandonment of Azoria in the first quarter of the 5 th century B.c. to remains be explained within broader regional settlement histories and context the of interstate economics and political dynamics.165 After about was 200 years, Azoria inhabited again for a time in the 3rd century b.c. The extent of this reoccupation appears to have been restricted to the peak some reuse of the South Acropolis, although there is evidence of partial a of the standing Archaic remains of the Southeast Building for refuse pit as as use and impermanent structures, well continued ritual of the Cult can us Building. The material recovered in 2003 and 2004 only tell that the Hellenistic occupiers had weapons, portable storage vessels in both local and imported amphoras, and the full range of cooking utensils. a The 3rd century is, however, critical period of interstate rivalries, with the principal players in this region, Lato and Hierapytna, establishing to claims territories. The north isthmus of Ierapetra, the Kavousi plain, and the port at Tholos may have been of critical strategic importance for Hierapytna's expansionist claims against Lato, and its interests in control ling both pastoral land and port facilities along the mountainous hinterlands of Istron and Oleros.166 A Hellenistic garrison atAzoria, located at a crucial crossroads between the isthmus and the west Siteia Mountains, and the to or north and south coasts, might have served protect control Hierapytna's eastern northern coastal interests, the edge of disputed territorial claims that were not resolved until the treaties of the 2nd century B.c.
and hierarchies in the et 162.Wallace 2003, pp. 259-260,275. multiple early 1999;Whidey 2001, p. 387; Haggis 163. Although Crete's clearly Greek polis. al. 2004, p. 391. contrasts centralized political economy 164. On the reorganization of civic 166.Willetts 1955, p. 144; Bennet in see with that of mainland Greece, Small space the Archaic period, the 1990, p. 200; Chaniotis 1995, pp. 59 recent 18. (1995; 1997, esp. pp. 112-115) has discussion by Lang 2005, p. 75; Haggis 1996, p. 416; Guizzi 2001, argued effectively for flexible ranking 165. Bennet 1990; Viviers 1994; pp. 310-317; Hayden 2004, p. 192. 3o6 DONALD C. HAGGIS ET AL.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
were Excavations at Azoria in 2003 and 2004 conducted with the permis sion of the Greek Ministry of Culture under the auspices of the American are School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA). We grateful for the support of the 24th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, espe are cially the director, Vili Apostolakou, and Metaxia Tsipopoulou. We especially indebted toMaria Kyriakaki (University of Crete, Rethymnon) as overseer for her continuing assistance for the 24th Ephorate. Special thanks are owed to the staff of the American School of Classical Studies
at Athens, Stephen Tracy, director, and Maria Pilali, administrator. We owe a also debt of thanks to the staff of the Institute for Aegean Prehis tory Study Center for East Crete (INSTAP-SCEC), especially Thomas to Brogan, director, Eleanor Huffman, assistant the director, and Stephania Chlouveraki, chief conservator, for their continuing practical assistance and moral support. The staff in 2003 and 2004 consisted of Donald Haggis (Univer sity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill [UNC-CH]), director; Margaret Mook (Iowa State University), field director; Lynn Snyder (Smithsonian Institution), zooarchaeologist; Margaret Scarry (UNC-CH) and Maria Ntinou (Wiener Laboratory, ASCSA), palaeoethnobotanists; Rodney D. Fitzsimons (Trent University), architect; Maria Liston (University of sur Waterloo), bioarchaeologist; Georgos Damaskinakis (Herakleion), veyor; Emmanuel Kasotakis (Kavousi), excavation foreman; William West (UNC-CH), historian and epigraphist; Manolis Stefanakis (University of the Aegean, Rhodes), numismatist; Stephania Chlouveraki, Kathy Hall, and Stamatina Tzari (INSTAP-SCEC), conservators; Roxana Docsan (Athens) and Douglas Faulmann (INSTAP-SCEC), archaeological illus trators; Chronis Papanikolopoulos (INSTAP-SCEC), photographer; Yuki Furuya (University of Cincinnati), registrar; Amanda Tickner (UNC-CH), palaeoethnobotany assistant; and Jennifer De Ville (UNC-CH) and Alicia Trimble (Iowa State University), pottery shed managers. We acknowledge gratefully the useful input of Carla Antonaccio (Duke University), Philip Betancourt (Temple University), Nick Cahill (University ofWisconsin, Madison), Peter Haarer (Oxford University), Maria Kostoglou (University ofManchester), Mark Lawall (University of Manitoba), Laura Motta (University of Cambridge), John Oakley (Col at lege ofWilliam andMary), Paula Perlman (University of Texas Austin), John Scarry (UNC-CH), David Small (LehighUniversity), Conrad Stibbe (Leiden University and Netherlands Institute in Rome), and Natalia Vo geikoff-Brogan (ASCSA). were The trench supervisors M. Along? (Stanford University); E. An derson (YaleUniversity); R. Cuthrell (UNC-CH); N. Doub (UNC-CH); we M. Eaby (UNC-CH), whom also thank for assisting with the study of several pottery deposits; K. Killgrove (UNC-CH); P. Lesperance (Uni at versity ofMinnesota); D. Mellican (University of Texas Austin); S. Pak (UNC-CH); G. Park (UNC-CH); and P. Vanar?a (UNC-CH). Student excavators included M. Archambeault, S. Beach, A. Bollans, M. Brewster, M. Brown, K. Capella, R. Christopherson, R. Cuthrell, AT PART I EXCAVATIONS AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, 307
S. Dees, A. Drellos, K. Dunford, C. Edy, S. Falb, J. Ferriss, M. Feuquay, H. Franks, E. Galligan, A. Gambill, B. Graber, E. Griffin, L. Hack man, M. Hine, B. Hodgin, E. Hoover, C. Johnson, K. Judge, E. Marion, C. McCann, R. McCleery, S. McDairmid, D. Mellican, D. Moeckly, B. Moore, C. Newsome, L. Niro, D. Park, K. A. Parker, M. C. Pensa, S. Petersen, G. Price, M. Rashotte, T. Reavell, S. L. Richardson, J. San dars, A. Sassin, M. B. Savig, C. Scarry, P. Schwartz, E. Sharpe, J. Siefert, J. Smith, C. Spencer, W. Stevenson, M. Stringham, F. Toth, E. M. Ward, K.Waring, A. Wheeler, R. Wiederin, A. M. Zeller, E. Zimmermann, and A. Ziskowski. are We grateful for the help of 20 workmen from Kavousi, Pacheia Ammos, Epano Chorio, and Ierapetra: D. Chalkiadakis, A. Dantes, E. Dan tes, I. Grammatikakis, P. Hantzidakis, G. Kanitakis, B. Kareklakis, E. Ko phinakis, N. Kophinakis, S. Koutsakis, K. Leonoudakis, E. Maniadakis, C. Mazonakis, I. Papadakis, S. Papadakis, B. Phiorakis, E. Sobanakis, seven G. Souriadakis, N. Spiliarotis, and A. Syritoules; and potwashers from Kavousi: P. Asbesta, K. Daskalogianaki, E. Kophinaki, K. Mavromi chelaki, K. Philipaki, A. Tzani, and S. Tzari. seasons was Funding for the 2003-2004 provided by grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities (RZ-20812), the National Geo graphic Society, the Institute for Aegean Prehistory, the Loeb Classical Library Foundation, the College of Arts and Sciences, the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, and the Department of Classics of the Uni at versity of North Carolina Chapel Hill, the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete (in kind), and the Azoria Project Fund. The ongoing study of wood charcoal and palaeobotanical remains is supported by the National no. Science Foundation (grant 0438073). are Interim reports and research proposals for the project available at www.azoria.org. APPENDIX 1 TWO ARCIVE TRIOBOL5 AND NOTES ON ARRIVE COINAGE IN CRETE
were Two silver triobols from Argos recovered at Azoria during the 2004 excavation season, on the road (B2400) east of the Cult Building (B2000/2100).167
mm 1 (Inv. 04-1232) AR triobol, 2.44 gr, axis: 15 Fig. 19 r. 0: Forepart of wolf in flying gallop R: A, within incuse square; on field 1.,N; r., I. no. Cf. Le Rider 1966, p. 9, 8, pi. I, fig. 8.
mm 2 (Inv. 04-1254) AR triobol, 2.54 gr, axis: 15 Fig. 20 on O: Forepart of wolf in flying gallop 1.; field, above head, O. on r. on R: A, within incuse square; field 1.,A; E; below, eagle harpa (sickle). Cf. Le Rider 1966, p. 19; BMCPehponnesus, p. 142, 79; SNGCop 36.
Although there has been no detailed study of the coinage of Argos,168 the can or b.c. coins from Azoria be dated to the late 4th early 3rd century be cause are common cen their types in Peloponnesian hoards of the early 3rd tury169 and in contemporary Cretan contexts, discussed below. Minting is thought to have begun in the second half of the 4th century, with the as as series lasting until the second half of the 3rd century, possibly late 229 b.c., when Argos joined the Achaean League.170 The finds are, therefore, contemporary with the Hellenistic dump in the Southeast Building and reuse on a the of the Cult Building. The presence of foreign coins Crete is an subject that has been discussed in the past.171Argive coins have eminent
167. See pp. 269-271, above. In symbol of Da?aos, king of Argos, and 1976, pp. 96,101. of the erroneous that then of whose cult was 169. Hackens n. spite assumption Lycian Apollo, 1968, p. 92, 2; and tetrobols can be introduced to Stefanakis 118. Argive triobols by Da?aos, according IGCH130; 1997, p. on See Paus. 170. Le Rider n. distinguished the basis of the form myth. 2.19.3-4; also, Kraay 1966, p. 42, 1; of the head and the forepart of thewolf, 1976, p. 96. M0rkholm 1991, p. 154. it is coins 168. M0rkholm n. 28. Le generally accepted that the 1991, p. 88, 171. Rider 1966, pp. 41-49; are triobols. See Stefanaki 2005, p. 68, For the coinage of Argos in the 5th Touratsoglou 1995, pp. 22-23; Stefana n. was in see 48. 296. The wolf originally the and 4th centuries, general, Kraay kis 1999, pp. 250-259,262; 2006, p. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 309
on are presence the island, and they represented in Cretan assemblages in as are hoards, straight finds (coins not included in hoards, which recovered or as independently either in excavation accidental finds), overstrikes, and imitations.172 on Hoards and Straight Finds. A considerable influx of Argive triobols the island is observed toward the end of the 4th and the beginning of the as 3rd century b.c., indicated by their presence in the Cretan coin hoards con of the first quarter of the 3rd century.173 The "Mitropolis 1915" hoard tained five triobols,174 the "Central Crete 1936" hoard, 27 triobols,175 the "Phaistos 1953" hoard, 18 triobols,176 and the hoard from the Keratokampos coast same were contained four triobols.177 Three other triobols of the period included in the later "Chania 1922" hoard, buried around the second quarter a of the 2nd century B.c.,178while find from Knossos, comprising 10 Argive to triobols,179 could cautiously be added this list of Argive hoards.180 seem With the exception of the "Chania 1922" hoard, the Argive coins to be concentrated, thus far at least, in central Crete.181 The two triobols to our from Azoria are, the best of knowledge, the sole published examples from a remote area on the far eastern side of the island.182Another notable same an cen find of the period is Argive triobol of the first half of the 3rd tury, from the excavation of the northwest tower in the Hellenistic harbor of Phalasarna, on the west coast of Crete.183 Overstrikes. Apart from the coin hoards mentioned above, large quanti ties of Argive triobols evidently reached the major cities of western Crete. was Since their weight close to the weight of the Cretan hemidrachms,184 as they could easily have served flans for Cretan coins.185 Indeed, many such are vast overstruck specimens known, the majority of which originated in one mints of ?ptera,186 Kydonia,187 Polyrrhenia,188 and Phalasarna,189 while to specimen is known have been overstruck at Gortyn.190 Quite a few of these overstruck coins retain traces of their reverse a crescent as a undertypes, where, in many cases, is featured symbol be neath the alpha, types plentiful in the Peloponnesian hoards of the early
172. See Stefanakis 2006, pp. 48 ered in Cretan coin-hoards, see Le Ri 185. On the practice of overstrik nos. on see Stefanakis 49. der 1966, p. 9, 8-12; Touratsoglou ing Crete, 1999, 173. For the coins of recov Stefanakis with earlier Argos 1995, p. 50; 1997, p. 118; pp. 261-262, bibliography. n. in ered in Cretan coin hoards, see Le Ri 2006, p. 49, 54. For Argive coins overstruck Crete, der nos. 181. On the contexts of the forma see Stefanakis 1966, p. 9, 8-12; Touratsoglou 1997, p. 118; 2006, tion of see 47. 1995, p. 50; Stefanakis 1997, p. 118; hoards, Touratsoglou 1995, p. 2006, p. 49. pp. 20-21; Stefanakis 1999, p. 264. 186. Le Rider 1966, p. 112 (three nos. coins eastern 174. Le Rider 1966, p. 9, 8-12; 182. Argive from specimens: 2a, 2b, 3). are IGCH151. Crete noticeably absent from Le 187. Stefanakis 1997, p. 120 (six nos. 175. Le Rider 1966, p. 19; IGCH Rider's discussion (1966, pp. 236-239) specimens: 178,186-190). more 154. and, recently, Stefanaki's discus 188. Le Rider 1966, pp. 114-117, 176. Le Rider 1966, p. 38; IGCH sion (2005) of theHierapytnan mint. pls.XXVIII:19-XXIX:9 (22 specimens: 152. 183. Hadjidaki and Iniotakis 2000, nos. 3-7). 177. 50. n. Stefanakis 189. Le Rider Touratsoglou 1995, p. p. 56, 12, fig. 12; 2006, 1966, pp. 118-119, nos. 6 178. See Seager 1924, p. 46, p. 48. pi. XXIX:28-40 (18 specimens: 184. pi. VIII:67-69; IGCH254; CH VII For the Cretan weight standard 11). 104; Stefanakis 2002a. at the end of the 4th and beginning 190. Le Rider 1966, p. 82, no. 82b, see 179. Le Rider 1966, p. 222. of the 3rd century b.c., Stefanakis pl.XX:7. 180. For the coins of recov 260-261. Argos 1999, pp. 3io DONALD C HAGGIS ET AL.
on 3rd century.191 The pseudo-Aiginetan coins of Kydonia, overstruck or as over Argive triobols, date to shortly before around 280 b.c., do the struck hemidrachms at Polyrrhenia and ?ptera.192 B.c. Imitations. At the beginning of the 3rd century in central Crete, staters Knossos andTylissos minted that depicted the head of Argive Hera on the obverse,193 imitating the staters and drachms of Argos already in as a or com circulation.194 The imitation may be justified reference to memoration of some yet unknown interaction among the three cities, to perhaps similar that of the agreement of Argos, Knossos, andTylissos two to settle disputes between the cities of central Crete around the middle as of the 5th century.195 A similar yet unknown incident must be related to the later action of Tylissos and Lyttos to mint bronze denominations reverse copying the types of the Argive triobols of the late 3rd and early 2nd centuries B.c.196
Discussion
a Commerce may have played significant role in the importation of silver a into Crete, and could explain the circulation of large number of foreign on coins the island.197Although specific evidence for commercial activities are between Crete and Argos is lacking, relations between the two regions one generally known.198 Furthermore, if considers the Argive, and generally on we Peloponnesian, artistic influences Cretan coin iconography,199 then might surmise that commercial relations between Crete and the Argolid were on likely to have existed. Therefore, the quantities of Argive coinage seen as Crete may be the result of such commercial activity toward the b.c. turn of the 4th century While piratical activity could also have yielded
191. See above, n. 185. 1988, p. 673, no. 112, s.v. Hera 192. Le Rider 1966, pp. 188,198; (A. Kossatz-Deissmann). viii tit. Stefanakis 1997, p. 118. 195. ICI 4;Meiggs and no. 193. Stefanakis 2002b, p. 51. On the Lewis 1969, pp. 99-105, 42. See coins of Knossos, see Svoronos 1890, alsoWillette 1955, p. 233; Huxley nos. pp. 73-74, 67-72, figs. 6, 7, pi. VI; 1994, pp. 124,126,131. no. 196. For the bronze denominations Le Rider 1966, p. 207, 7, pi. XXX: nos. of with see 11-13, p. 204, 7-8, pi. XXXII:4,5, Tylissos Argive-type reverse, no. no. Le p. 207, 2, pi. XXXHL5. On the Jenkins 1949, p. 51, 81, pi. VII; coins of see Svoronos Rider n. 5. For the Tylissos, 1890, 1966, pp. 178-179, nos. Ri bronze denominations of with p. 329, 1-4, pi. XXX:29-32; Le Lyttos nos. see der 1966, p. 200, 15-16, pi. XXX: Argive-type reverse, Jenkins 1949, of issues to nos. VII. 14,15. For the dating the p. 49, 70-71, pi. 197. See van the first decades of the 3rd century b.c., Effenterre 1948, see Le Rider 1966, pp. 179-180,197. pp. 112-113; Le Rider 1966, p. 267; Chaniotis 194. For the reproduction of the Thompson 1973, p. 352; on Stefanakis type of Argive Hera the coins of 1987, p. 267; 1997, p. 138; see 256-260. Knossos and Tylissos, Svoronos 1999, pp. 1894; LIMCW, 1988, p. 680, no. 182, 198. Stefanakis 1997, p. 138. For s.v. Hera (A. Kossatz-Deissmann). For the relations between Argos and Crete, coins see the minting of the Argive around Mikrogiannakis 1967, pp. 9-10; or see Harrison after 371 b.c., Kraay 1976, p. 101. Tomlinson 1972, p. 78; 1988, In staters 130. their turn, the of Argos depict p. the head of the cult statue of Hera of 199. Stefanakis 2000, p. 87, n. 40; Argos by Polykleitos. See LIMCIV, 2002b, pp. 46,50. EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 3II
as such quantities of foreign coins, the fact that Argive coins served flans new at for coinage almost exclusively ?ptera, Kydonia, Polyrrhenia, and Phalasarna inwestern Crete, while significant quantities of Sikyonian coins were as eastern used flans at Gortyn, Phaistos, and Praisos in central and a Crete,200 renders the hypothesis of piratical loot remote possibility.201 Given the evidence, commercial contacts between specific regions of Crete are more and P?loponn?se probable.202 The payment of mercenary wages is another way in which Pelopon are to nesian coins, and Argive coins in particular, likely have reached Crete.203 Cretan mercenaries among those employed by Polyperchon during B.c. are to his activity in P?loponn?se in the late 4th century thought have been responsible for importing silver in general and, of course, coins from the northern P?loponn?se into Crete.204 to an In 303-302 b.c., when Kleonymos of Sparta responded appeal to from Tarentum for help against the Lucanians, he probably sailed Italy with 5,000 mercenaries that he had enlisted inTaenarum.205The existence of a treaty between Kleonymos and the Polyrrhenians and Falasarnians in same the period (303-275? b.c.)206 suggests that he obtained mercenaries from western Crete.207 Thus, these mercenaries may have brought Pelopon nesian money back home to Crete.
to contacts 200. Stefanakis 1997, p. 138. cally Kydonia appear have 201. Piratical loot may account for with Aigina, with Aiginetan coinage a on the west half of the the import of number of Rhodian circulating island, into while south-central Crete was conduct hemidrachms Kydonia, where were see market in Samian silver. they all overstruck; Stefanakis ing exchange 1997, p. 215. On the economic aspects See Stefanakis 1999, pp. 250-259. see 203. 192. of Cretan piracy, Petropoulou 1985, Le Rider 1966, p. pp. 35-45; Stefanakis 2006, pp. 50-53. 204. Macdonald 1996, pp. 41,43. On and the in On notorious see piracy economy general, Polyperchons career, n. seeDe Souza 1992, pp. 179-186; 1999, Macdonald 1996, pp. 43-44, 6, with views relevant pp. 56-69. On of Cretan piracy, bibliography. see Br?l? 1978; Hadjidaki 1992; De 205. Diod. Sic. 20.104. Souza 1999, pp. 15-16,19; Perlman 206. IC II xi 1;Markoulaki 2000, n. 1999; Viviers 1999. esp. p. 249, 21, with previous bibli 202. During the first half of the 5th ography. western century b.c., Crete and specif! 207.Buxtonl995,p.H7.
Manolis L Stefanakis
University of the Aegean
department of mediterranean studies
dimokratias i
rhodes 85 ioo GREECE
[email protected] APPENDIX 2 INSCRIBED POTTERY
on The Attic lekythos inv. 04-0174 (Fig. 15) is inscribed its base with HE an or in ligature, representing owner's mark commercial mark, apparently an cross incised before firing. The inscription has open heta with slanting stroke. The vertical of the epsilon extends below the horizontal bars, which on a slant (e2).208A similar graffito in ligature is found red-figure lekythos in Gela,209 which is dated to 470 B.c. a a The sherd inv. 04-0319 (Fig. 31:2) is fragment from the rim of or skyphos, inscribed KOTO KOTO, written dextrograde. The break falls across as the final letter, and thus it is possible that the word, preserved, is to cut a not complete. The letters appear have been with pointed instru ment after firing, but the surface of the sherd is very worn, making the determination difficult. If inscribed before firing, the inscription is likely as to be Attic. If inscribed after firing, it can be interpreted Cretan. KOT is clear but the final letter, if read as Q, requires further comment. The form occurs of omega as two concentric circles in the Archaic Cretan alphabet on in the region of Lyttos/Aphrati.210 The form appears exclusively Crete, on a notably in the Spensithios decree, which is inscribed bronze mitra, on and in the decrees from Lyttos inscribed opisthographically stone.211 The concentric circles are an alternate form of a circle with a dot in the on our center, possibly attested Thera.212 In the omega of inscription, the inner circle is clear but the outer circle, at the edge of the fragment, ap pears to be oval in form. The left side of the arc of the inner circle crowds the arc of the outer circle. a What is the meaning of the inscription? If it is complete word, it could as a name. case be interpreted Names from epic poetry, whose nominative
a extensive use has been made of van Effenterre and van Effenterre 208. For similar example of heta, tions, 1973; see no. TLG1999 and PHI 7. 1985. Agora XXV, p. 95, 637, pi. 2, 209. Museo inv. 212. ?1. For (Agora P 14490). For other examples Gela, Archeologico, Jeffery 1990, p. 308, owners see Theran of the of marks, Johnston 1979, 68: CVA,Gela 3.1 [Italia 54], pp. 4-5, the examples letter form, cf. 27:3. states that "the pp. 8-11. For the ligature, Johnston pi. Jeffery (1990, p. 309) no. 4L For are not at all and it 1979, p. 97, 23, figs. 4g, 210. Jeffery 1990, pp. 308-309, examples certain, see ?3. but the Attic letter forms, Immerwahr Doric Islands (southern Aegean), may possibly be merely omicron, 211. and with a or not dotted at all." 1990, pp. 137-142. For searching data See Jeffery Morpurgo compass van bases of ancient authors and inscrip Davies 1970; 1971; Effenterre EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2OO3-2OO4, PART I 313
come or ends in omega, to mind: Arjxco213 Kt|tc?.214 Also possible, though a an unusual, is the genitive of masculine ?-stem, inwhich original ending -a + o has contracted to -co.215A genitive here, coming from a nominative or K?Tac Kotti?, both attested inHellenistic Sicily,216 is attractive because we an owners a it suggests that have inscription. This is well-known type an to of early inscription, for which example from Crete, of the 8th 6th on a century, is the line inscribed pithos from Phaistos.217 an The fourth letter, however, might simply be omicron, making the more inscription KOTO and presenting possibilities for interpretation. If a an name complete word, it could be Attic genitive singular. The K?xoXko? an is attested for Crete in inscription of 223/2 b.c.218 Another possibility is that both omicrons, in the second and fourth positions, stand for omega in the Cretan dialect, and that the tau stands for theta. The omicron iswritten for omega, for instance, on Melos.219 Sub stitution of tau for theta is attested in Cretan dialect in the name AnoXkco as a n?Tioc.220 Our inscription could then be restored k?x?[v (= kco0co[v), mean a Lakonian drinking vessel.221 But kcoOcovmay also drinking bout222 or banquet.223 a at on as The presence of colony of traders Kommos Crete, possibly as on early 900 b.c., suggests that short inscriptions of the kind the Azo a ria sherd may not have been written by Cretan.224 If the fourth letter of on the inscription Azoria 04-0319 is omega, the inscription is likely to be Cretan, for co3 occurs nowhere else. But if the letter is omicron, other are scripts possible. a A rim fragment of lekane, inv. 04-0154 (Fig. 37), bears the inscrip on a name tion TIMAI its rim, sinistrograde. The graffito may perhaps be or are as in the genitive. Both Tium Tiuxxc; attested names on gravestones from Epidauros. No date has been proposed for Tium, but Tiuoc? is cited as name possibly Hellenistic.225 The Tiuxi? is attested at Sparta in the 2nd a.D.226 On a woman's occurs in the century Crete, Echetima, name, geni as a tive 'E%?t?|lI(xc;xac; yuvociK?c in manumission.227 The Azoria inscription as a might also be read Tipa?, name in the genitive. a a The second letter, crooked iota, appears in zigzag form, written occur dextrograde. Three examples of the letter written sinistrograde in
213. II. 19.413, Hes. Theog. 918, e.g., Unes 14,20; cf. Buck 1955, p. 60, Thasos, Seyrig 1927, pp. 220-221; Hes. Horn. and no. cen Op. 771; Hymn. Ap. 5, 66. IG X?l Suppl. 365, line 17 (2nd see passim. 221. For the form of the kothon, tury B.C.). 214. Hes. Theog. 270,333. Stibbe 1994, pp. 43-47. A black-glazed 224. Cf. Csapo 1991; Csapo, John 215. Cf. 207. Szemer?nyi 1956, esp. p. cup fragment from Isthmia (IP 2047a), ston, and Geagan 2000. t?menos 216. Cf. LGiWIIIA, p. 256. The from the north dump, is in 225. LGiWIIIA, p. 429. For Tium, name Kcotod on see Zcb?ioc MiA,f|aio? ap scribed k?G?v the bottom, possibly SEG XXXIX 357a. in a to as name a pears private sepulchral inscription, be interpreted the of 226.LGPA/IIIA,p.428. IG IP of the 2nd a.d. common See Broneer xxv 9620, century drinking cup. 227. ICI 4, Pyloros(?), 1st Cf. Osborne and no. 70:i. A.D. Byrne 1996, p. 198, 1959, p. 335, 9, pi. Sparkes century See De Sanctis 1907, no. 4666. n. no. andTalcott (AgoraXII, p. 70, 6) cite cols. 343-348, 59; LGPNI, p. 192. 217. 1969a. in name on Cf. Levi M. Milne's interpretation of this The is also found Melos as an 218.SeeLGiWI,p.270. scription possibly owner's name, (/GXII.3 1133,5th century b.c.) and 219. The is co2 a b.c letter form in Jeffery perhaps pun. Thera (JGXIL3 888,1st century 1990, p. 308. 222. Ath. 13.583b. lst century a.D.). 220. Cf. 7CIII iii 3 on (Hierapytna), 223. Decree of the Sarapiastai 3H DONALD C HAGGIS ET AL.
on a the graffito pithos from Phaistos.228 The mu, however, written with six strokes instead of the usual five in early Cretan,229 is sinistrograde.230 is in The alpha probably form 5, which the right oblique stroke is curved, to occur said by Jeffery "in Boiotian and occasionally elsewhere."231 The as inscription is complete, shown by the space before its beginning and a name as an after its end. If in the genitive, itmay be interpreted owner's
inscription.232
232. For in 228. Levi 1969a, pp. 156-162, examples of owner's to or pis. 12,13; 1969b. scriptions prior in the time frame our see on a 229. Jeffery (1990, p. 31) compares of sherd, the inscriptions the mu with five Phoeni cen strokes, from pithos from Phaistos, 8th-6th cian m?m, to a crooked iota. tury b.c. (Levi 1969a; 1969b); an ary 230. Since the is writ crooked iota ballos from Knossos, North Cemetery, ten mu b.c. dextrograde and the is irregular 650-625 (Johnston 1996); cup it is from written in (six-strokes), remotely possible fragments Kommos our is as a that inscription dextrograde, non-Cretan scripts, classified in group an 2AMIT. In this case, it could be ab dated to the 8th-7th century b.c. a breviation for aoeuiOri, kind of gruel (Csapo, Johnston, and Geagan 2000, Lexicon nos. cited by Hesychios, sigma 148. pp. 102-103, 21,22,27). The on Cf. Schmidt 1965, vol. 4:2-Q. inscription the Phaistos pithos is in the editio to in 231. Jeffery 1990, p. 23. Examples compared princeps occur in on armor of alpha 5 graffiti scriptions of the 8th century b.c., and is from Aphrati: Hoffmann 1972, pp. 5, the early date supported by Guar 10,12-13 (H3,Ml, M5, M12), armor ducci (Levi 1969a, pp. 175-176; dated (p. 46) from the "third quarter of Guarducci 1974, p. 331) and said to the 7th century down into the early 6th be "eighth-sixth century" by Jeffery b.c." on century Early examples of this (1990, p. 468). A graffito the bot are tom a vase a on type of alpha found in graffiti, in of from cemetery ca. non-Cretan script, of the colony of Thera, 540-500 b.c., has been in at as an traders Kommos, dated in the 8th terpreted owner's inscription b.c. 7th centuries See Csapo, Johnston, (Johnston 1984). and 2000. Geagan
William C. West III
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
department of classics
212 murphey hall, cb 3145 chapel north carolina hill, 27599 [email protected] EXCAVATIONS AT AZORIA, 2003-2004, PART I 315
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"Grated Culture the Structuring of West, Cheese Deutsches Arch?ologisches Institut, Identity in Early IronAge Crete," Fit forHeroes," JHS 117, pp. 190 Athens, January 28-29,2006). BSA 98, pp. 251-277. 191. C. Donald C.Haggis Margaret Scarry University of North Carolina University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill at Chapel Hill department of classics department of anthropology 212 murphey hall, cb 3145 3oi alumni building, cb 3115 chapel north chapel hill, north carolina 27599 hill, carolina 27599 [email protected] [email protected] S.Mook M. Margaret Lynn Snyder Iowa State University Smithsonian Institution classical studies program national museum of natural history foreign languages and literatures department of anthropology 3oo pearson hall MRC 112 ames, iowa 50oii WASHINGTON, D.C. 2OOI3 [email protected] [email protected] D. Rodney Fitzsimons Trent University department of ancient history and classics LEC SH8.5 1600 WEST BANK DRIVE ONTARIO PETERBOROUGH, K9J 7B8 CANADA