DOCSLIB.ORG

Metals in Lba Minoan and Mycenaean Societies on Crete: a Quantitative Approach

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Metals in Lba Minoan and Mycenaean Societies on Crete: a Quantitative Approach METALS IN LBA MINOAN AND MYCENAEAN SOCIETIES ON CRETE: A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH LENA HAKULIN ACADEMIC DISSERTATION TO BE PUBLICLY DISCUSSED, BY DUE PERMISSION OF THE FACULTY OF ARTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI IN AUDITORIUM XV, ON THE 23RD OF OCTOBER, 2013 AT 12 O’CLOCK. HELSINKI 2013 © Lena Hakulin ISBN 978-952-10-9268-8 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-9269-5 (PDF) PDF version available at: http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/ Unigrafia Oy Yliopistopaino Helsinki, 2013 Cover layout: Anders Hedman Photo: Front cover: Lena Hakulin; back cover: Jill Aschan ii CONTENTS Contents .......................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ......................................................................................................................... vii Abstrakt ........................................................................................................................ viii Preface ............................................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... x List of figures, tables and maps ..................................................................................... xii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ xv PART I. CONTEXT OF THE STUDY ............................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Cretan Overview ................................................................................. 2 1.2 Metals and Metallurgy ........................................................................ 4 1.3 Aims .................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Methods ............................................................................................... 8 1.5 Chronology, Terms and Definitions ................................................. 11 Chronology .................................................................................................. 11 Terms and Definitions ................................................................... 12 1.6 Limitations and Problems ................................................................. 13 Limitations .................................................................................. 13 Problems .................................................................................... 14 1.7 Contents ............................................................................................ 15 2. METAL STUDIES ..........................................................................................17 2.1 Metal studies on BA Crete ................................................................ 17 2.2 Metal weight ..................................................................................... 20 Weight and value .......................................................................... 20 Metrological systems ..................................................................... 21 Archaeological evidence ................................................................ 22 Textual evidence ........................................................................... 23 Monetary functions ....................................................................... 23 Quantification of metal volumes ...................................................... 24 2.3 Metal cycle ........................................................................................ 24 Flow of metal ............................................................................... 25 Recycling .................................................................................... 25 Hoarding .................................................................................... 26 2.4 Metals and society ............................................................................. 27 iii PART II. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STUDY ......................... 28 3. FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY ................................................................... 29 3.1 Method .............................................................................................. 29 3.2 Key parameters of the metal finds .................................................... 30 Function ..................................................................................... 30 Find context ................................................................................. 31 Weight ........................................................................................ 31 3.3 Key aspects of the metal assemblages .............................................. 32 Spatial distribution ....................................................................... 32 Divisions of metal weight ............................................................... 33 Metal cycle .................................................................................. 38 Metal profile ................................................................................ 39 3.4 Metals in society ............................................................................... 39 4. STUDY MATERIAL ....................................................................................... 40 4.1 Coverage of the material ................................................................... 40 4.2 Finished bronze objects ..................................................................... 40 Metal assemblage structure ............................................................ 40 Main object types .......................................................................... 42 4.3 Raw materials .................................................................................... 48 Ingots ........................................................................................ 48 Other raw material ....................................................................... 49 4.4 Refractory materials .......................................................................... 49 4.5 Metal weights .................................................................................... 50 Division by period and region ......................................................... 50 Division by object group and type .................................................... 53 4.6 Material management ........................................................................ 55 5. NEOPALATIAL PERIOD ............................................................................... 56 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 56 5.2 East Crete ......................................................................................... 58 Society ........................................................................................ 58 Metals ......................................................................................... 60 Spatial distribution of metal .................................................. 61 Divisions of metal weight ...................................................... 66 Metal cycle ........................................................................ 66 Metal profile ...................................................................... 67 Metals in society ........................................................................... 68 5.3 Central Crete ..................................................................................... 72 Society ........................................................................................ 72 Metals ......................................................................................... 75 Spatial distribution of metal .................................................. 76 Divisions of metal weight ...................................................... 80 Metal cycle ........................................................................ 81 Metal profile ...................................................................... 82 Metals in society ........................................................................... 83 iv 6. FINAL PALATIAL PERIOD ............................................................................ 87 6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 87 6.2 Central Crete ..................................................................................... 88 Society ........................................................................................ 88 Metals ........................................................................................ 89 Spatial distribution of metal .................................................. 90 Divisions of metal weight ...................................................... 92 Metal cycle ........................................................................ 93 Textual evidence ................................................................. 94 Metal profile ...................................................................... 95 Metals in society ........................................................................... 96 7. POSTPALATIAL PERIOD ............................................................................. 99 7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Minoan Religion
    MINOAN RELIGION Ritual, Image, and Symbol NANNO MARINATOS MINOAN RELIGION STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE RELIGION Frederick M. Denny, Editor The Holy Book in Comparative Perspective Arjuna in the Mahabharata: Edited by Frederick M. Denny and Where Krishna Is, There Is Victory Rodney L. Taylor By Ruth Cecily Katz Dr. Strangegod: Ethics, Wealth, and Salvation: On the Symbolic Meaning of Nuclear Weapons A Study in Buddhist Social Ethics By Ira Chernus Edited by Russell F. Sizemore and Donald K. Swearer Native American Religious Action: A Performance Approach to Religion By Ritual Criticism: Sam Gill Case Studies in Its Practice, Essays on Its Theory By Ronald L. Grimes The Confucian Way of Contemplation: Okada Takehiko and the Tradition of The Dragons of Tiananmen: Quiet-Sitting Beijing as a Sacred City By By Rodney L. Taylor Jeffrey F. Meyer Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures: The Other Sides of Paradise: Western and Islamic Perspectives Explorations into the Religious Meanings on Religious Liberty of Domestic Space in Islam By David Little, John Kelsay, By Juan Eduardo Campo and Abdulaziz A. Sachedina Sacred Masks: Deceptions and Revelations By Henry Pernet The Munshidin of Egypt: Their World and Their Song The Third Disestablishment: By Earle H. Waugh Regional Difference in Religion and Personal Autonomy 77u' Buddhist Revival in Sri Lanka: By Phillip E. Hammond Religious Tradition, Reinterpretation and Response Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image, and Symbol By By George D. Bond Nanno Marinatos A History of the Jews of Arabia: From Ancient Times to Their Eclipse Under Islam By Gordon Darnell Newby MINOAN RELIGION Ritual, Image, and Symbol NANNO MARINATOS University of South Carolina Press Copyright © 1993 University of South Carolina Published in Columbia, South Carolina, by the University of South Carolina Press Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Marinatos, Nanno.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Reduction and a Polis Lee Ann Turner Boise State University
    Boise State University ScholarWorks Art Faculty Publications and Presentations Department of Art 1-1-2017 Population Reduction and a Polis Lee Ann Turner Boise State University This document was originally published in The Galatas Survey: Socio-Economic and Political Development of a Contested Territory in Central Crete During the Neolithic to Ottoman Periods by INSTAP Academic Press. Copyright restrictions may apply. Further works by this publisher can be located at: www.instappress.com and http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=instappress& 11 Population Reduction and a Polis Lee Ann Turner The first three sections of this chapter present our area. The fourth section discusses the chang­ the survey data and sites of the Protogeometric­ ing settlement patterns that occurred during these Orientalizing, Archaic, and Classical periods in periods. The Protogeometric-Orientalizing Period Some 24 sites have material dating to the period. Of the 52 LM mA-IIIB and 17 LM me Protogeometric-Orientalizing period (Fig. 20), sites, the vast majority are small. The LM me small which represents an increase in overall numbers sites are comprised of 16 farmstead- or hamlet­ from the 17 LM me sites. All sites from this peri­ sized sites and one small village, Prophetes Elias od are located in the western portion of the survey (28). During the Protogeometric-Orientalizing pe­ area, continuing a trend established in the preced­ riod (Table 7), however, only 71% of the sites are ing period. The hilly area east of Galatiani Kepha­ small: 46% are farmsteads (44, 80, 91, 99, 102, 118, la (44) and the northeastern lowlands are entirely 130, 133, 144, 151, 154) and 25% are hamlets (22, abandoned at this time.
    [Show full text]
  • This Pdf Is a Digital Offprint of Your Contribution in E. Alram-Stern, F
    This pdf is a digital offprint of your contribution in E. Alram-Stern, F. Blakolmer, S. Deger-Jalkotzy, R. Laffineur & J. Weilhartner (eds), Metaphysis. Ritual, Myth and Symbolism in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 39), ISBN 978-90-429-3366-8. The copyright on this publication belongs to Peeters Publishers. As author you are licensed to make printed copies of the pdf or to send the unaltered pdf file to up to 50 relations. You may not publish this pdf on the World Wide Web – including websites such as academia.edu and open-access repositories – until three years after publication. Please ensure that anyone receiving an offprint from you observes these rules as well. If you wish to publish your article immediately on open- access sites, please contact the publisher with regard to the payment of the article processing fee. For queries about offprints, copyright and republication of your article, please contact the publisher via [email protected] AEGAEUM 39 Annales liégeoises et PASPiennes d’archéologie égéenne METAPHYSIS RITUAL, MYTH AND SYMBOLISM IN THE AEGEAN BRONZE AGE Proceedings of the 15th International Aegean Conference, Vienna, Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Aegean and Anatolia Department, Austrian Academy of Sciences and Institute of Classical Archaeology, University of Vienna, 22-25 April 2014 Edited by Eva ALRAM-STERN, Fritz BLAKOLMER, Sigrid DEGER-JALKOTZY, Robert LAFFINEUR and Jörg WEILHARTNER PEETERS LEUVEN - LIEGE 2016 98738_Aegaeum 39 vwk.indd 1 25/03/16 08:06 CONTENTS Obituaries ix Preface xiii Abbreviations xv KEYNOTE LECTURE Nanno MARINATOS Myth, Ritual, Symbolism and the Solar Goddess in Thera 3 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Kretan Cult and Customs, Especially in the Classical and Hellenistic Periods: a Religious, Social, and Political Study
    i Kretan cult and customs, especially in the Classical and Hellenistic periods: a religious, social, and political study Thesis submitted for degree of MPhil Carolyn Schofield University College London ii Declaration I, Carolyn Schofield, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been acknowledged in the thesis. iii Abstract Ancient Krete perceived itself, and was perceived from outside, as rather different from the rest of Greece, particularly with respect to religion, social structure, and laws. The purpose of the thesis is to explore the bases for these perceptions and their accuracy. Krete’s self-perception is examined in the light of the account of Diodoros Siculus (Book 5, 64-80, allegedly based on Kretan sources), backed up by inscriptions and archaeology, while outside perceptions are derived mainly from other literary sources, including, inter alia, Homer, Strabo, Plato and Aristotle, Herodotos and Polybios; in both cases making reference also to the fragments and testimonia of ancient historians of Krete. While the main cult-epithets of Zeus on Krete – Diktaios, associated with pre-Greek inhabitants of eastern Krete, Idatas, associated with Dorian settlers, and Kretagenes, the symbol of the Hellenistic koinon - are almost unique to the island, those of Apollo are not, but there is good reason to believe that both Delphinios and Pythios originated on Krete, and evidence too that the Eleusinian Mysteries and Orphic and Dionysiac rites had much in common with early Kretan practice. The early institutionalization of pederasty, and the abduction of boys described by Ephoros, are unique to Krete, but the latter is distinct from rites of initiation to manhood, which continued later on Krete than elsewhere, and were associated with different gods.
    [Show full text]
  • FLOWAID-Crete-Workshop Ierapetra-Nov-2008-Small
    FLOW-AID Workshop Proceedings Ierapetra (Crete) (7 th Nov, 2008) 1/33 SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME FP6-2005-Global-4, Priority II.3.5 Water in Agriculture: New systems and technologies for irrigation and drainage Farm Level Optimal Water management: Assistant for Irrigation under Deficit Contract no.: 036958 Proceedings of the FLOW-AID workshop in Ierapetra (Crete, Greece) Date: November 7 th , 2008 Project coordinator name: J. Balendonck Project coordinator organisation name: Wageningen University and Research Center Plant Research International Contributions from: Jos Balendonck, PRI – Wageningen (NL) (editor) Nick Sigrimis, Prof Mechanics and Automation – AUA (co-editor, organizer) Frank Kempkes, PRI-Wageningen (NL) Richard Whalley, RRES (UK) Yuksel Tuzel, Ege University – Izmir (Turkey) Luca Incrocci, University of Pisa (Italy) Revision: final Dissemination level: PUBLIC Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) FLOW-AID Workshop Proceedings Ierapetra (Crete) (7 th Nov, 2008) 2/33 Contents Contents .................................................................................................................................... 2 FLOW-AID WORKSHOP ........................................................................................................... 3 Technical Tour & Ierapetra Conference ..................................................................................... 4 Farm Level Optimal Water management: Assistant for Irrigation under Deficit (FLOW-AID) ...... 7 OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Although Crete Seems to Have Been First Inhabited in the Palaeolithic (Strasser Et Al
    Although Crete seems to have been first inhabited in the Palaeolithic (Strasser et al. 2010), another colonization of the island occurred at the end of the Neolithic (Broodbank and Strasser 1991). From then, the internal chronology of Crete follows two systems, a ceramic development (Early, Middle, and Late Minoan with internal subdivisions) and a system based on architectural phases: Prepalatial (EM–MM IA, c.3000–1900 ), Protopalatial (MM IB–II, 1900–1750), Neopalatial (MM III–LM IB, 1750–1490), Final Palatial (LM II–IIIA:2/B1, 1490–1300), and Post Palatial (LM IIIB–C, 1300–1100). The last two periods comprise Mycenaean Crete. The Cretan “Hieroglyphic” and Linear A scripts were developed in the Protopalatial period (Godart and Olivier 1996; Younger 2005); Linear A survives into the Neopalatial period (Godart and Olivier 1976–1985; Younger 2000); and Linear B writes Greek in the Final Palatial period (Killen and Olivier 1989). There are three main ways of identifying females in Aegean art: costume, hairstyle (following age grades), and skin color in fresco. Females are always clothed (males may be nude) and women are often depicted in elaborate “court” dress (see below), textiles made of wool that were also exported to Egypt and the Near East. The fairly consistent Egyptian color conven- Blakolmer 2004, 2012) was also followed in Minoan fresco (Hood 1985). people before the Malia Workshop (MM II). There are few representations of women on pot- tery but females are prominent in the frescoes. Texts give us limited information. In Linear B women were denoted by the logogram *102 MUL .
    [Show full text]
  • Cretan Sanctuaries and Cults Religions in the Graeco-Roman World
    Cretan Sanctuaries and Cults Religions in the Graeco-Roman World Editors H.S. Versnel D. Frankfurter J. Hahn VOLUME 154 Cretan Sanctuaries and Cults Continuity and Change from Late Minoan IIIC to the Archaic Period by Mieke Prent BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2005 This series Religions in the Graeco-Roman World presents a forum for studies in the social and cul- tural function of religions in the Greek and the Roman world, dealing with pagan religions both in their own right and in their interaction with and influence on Christianity and Judaism during a lengthy period of fundamental change. Special attention will be given to the religious history of regions and cities which illustrate the practical workings of these processes. Enquiries regarding the submission of works for publication in the series may be directed to Professor H.S. Versnel, Herenweg 88, 2361 EV Warmond, The Netherlands, [email protected]. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Prent, Mieke. Cretan sanctuaries and cults : continuity and change from Late Minoan IIIC to the Archaic period / by Mieke Prent. p. cm. — (Religions in the Graeco-Roman world, ISSN 0927-7633 ; v. 154) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-14236-3 (alk. paper) 1. Crete (Greece)—Religion. 2. Shrines—Greece—Crete. 3. Crete (Greece)— Antiquities. I. Title. II. Series. BL793.C7P74 2005 292.3'5'09318—dc22 2004062546 ISSN 0927–7633 ISBN 90 04 14236 3 © Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
    [Show full text]
  • FOUR-WHEELING GREEK ADVENTURE Exploring the History and Hospitality Found on the Island of Crete by Rental Car
    International Travel FOUR-WHEELING GREEK ADVENTURE Exploring the history and hospitality found on the island of Crete by rental car Written and photographs by Katherine Lacksen Mahlberg 24 LAKELIFE MAGAZINE • WINTER 2018 Exploring the Matala caves where a community of backpacking hippies settled in the 1960s in a sleepy fshing village. LAKELIFE MAGAZINE • WINTER 2018 25 VERYTHING I READ ABOUT Crete, Greece, intrigued me – the E rich history, the nAturAl beAuty And the distinct cuisine. While the Greek islAnd of SAntorini tAkes the No. 1 spot on Almost every list of top honeymoon destinAtions, my reseArch in the months leAding up to my wedding led me to believe thAt the is- lAnd of Crete might just offer some of the best kept secrets in the eastern MediterrA- nean. Looking to go somewhere neither of us hAd trAveled to before, my then-fiAncé Nick And I booked our flight And left A week After our wedding to go explore the lArgest islAnd of Greece for ourselves. Due to the mAssive size of the islAnd And its mountAinous, rugged lAndscApe, we rented A mAnuAl, four-wheel drive Suzuki Jimny. The tiny, bright red cAr gAve us the freedom And flexibility – two key require- ments thAt I look for in my trAvels – to visit remote beAches, where Nick completed his scuba diving certificAtion, And the out-of- the-wAy mountAin villAges. After trAversing the mountain roads full of groves of olive trees And herds of sheep, we were Always grAciously wel- comed by our hosts with A fiery shot of rAki. This Cretan brAndy is An integrAl part of locAl culture And is offered As A complimentary welcome or end-of-meal drink.
    [Show full text]
  • Print This Article
    Byzantina Symmeikta Vol. 29, 2019 Byzantine families in Venetian context: The Gavalas and Ialinas family in Venetian Crete (XIIIth- XIVth centuries) ΓΑΣΠΑΡΗΣ Χαράλαμπος Institute of Historical Research, Athens https://doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.16249 Copyright © 2019 Χαράλαμπος Γάσπαρης To cite this article: ΓΑΣΠΑΡΗΣ, (2019). Byzantine families in Venetian context: The Gavalas and Ialinas family in Venetian Crete (XIIIth- XIVth centuries). Byzantina Symmeikta, 29, 1-132. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.16249 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ SECTION OF BYZANTINE RESEARCH ΤΟΜΕΑΣ ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ NATIONAL HELLENIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION ΕΘΝΙΚΟ IΔΡΥΜΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ CHARALAMBOS GASPARIS EFI RAGIA Byzantine Families in Venetian Context: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE TheBYZAN GavalasTINE E andMPI REIalinas (CA 600-1200):Families I.1.in T HVenetianE APOTHE CreteKAI OF (XIIIth–XIVthASIA MINOR (7T HCenturies)-8TH C.) ΤΟΜΟΣ 29 VOLUME ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ / APPENDIX ΑΘΗΝΑ • 20092019 • ATHENS http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΑ ΣΥΜΜΕΙΚΤΑ 29 ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΑ SYMMEIKTA 29 APPENDIX http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | NATIONAL HELLENIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION INSTITUTE OF
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Settlement Patterns, Exchange Systems and Sources of Powerin Crete at the End of the Late Bronze Age: Establishing a Connection
    REGIONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS, EXCHANGE SYSTEMS AND SOURCES OF POWERIN CRETE AT THE END OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE: ESTABLISHING A CONNECTION by EUSABETTA BORGNA 1. - INTRODUCTION The traditional debate on the end of the Bronze Age and the transition to the Iron Age in Crete has been fuelled in recent years by new contributions adopting new theoretical perspectives and specific fieldwork practices, such as in particular regional surveys '. The purpose of this paper is to integrate certain recent indications with the preliminary results of a research project based on the analysis of the material culture coming from a single Late Bronze Age Cretan site, namely Phaistos in south-central Crete (Borgna 2001; 2003b, with literature). The data to be placed into a broader framework will, hopefully, serve to furnish a pattern for both the regional distribution of the population and the socio-economic relationships among the settlements and districts of Crete at the close of the Late Bronze Age. Some observations emerging from the scholarly dicussion arising out of a specific Cretan perspective, together with an Aegean Mediterranean view, have provided the investigation with theoretical premises and analytical basis. These can be summarized as follows: - In opposition to a generalizing explanation for Dark Age Crete, D. Haggis (1993; 2001; 2002) has reiterated the usefulness of a contextual analysis aiming at focusing on diversified regional realities. Furthermore, he has applied the concept of socio-economic "integration" to cultural frameworks and population layouts which, during the development of Minoan societies and in particular in the Prepalatial period, were unaffetcted by the control of central authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study #5: the Myrtoon Sea/ Peloponnese - Crete
    Addressing MSP Implementation in Case Study Areas Case Study #5: The Myrtoon Sea/ Peloponnese - Crete Passage Deliverable C.1.3.8. Co-funded by the1 European Maritime and Fisheries Fund of the European Union. Agreement EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/01/S12.742087 - SUPREME ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The work described in this report was supported by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund of the European Union- through the Grant Agreement EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/01/S12.742087 - SUPREME, corresponding to the Call for proposal EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3 for Projects on Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP). DISCLAIMERS This document reflects only the authors’ views and not those of the European Union. This work may rely on data from sources external to the SUPREME project Consortium. Members of the Consortium do not accept liability for loss or damage suffered by any third party as a result of errors or inaccuracies in such data. The user thereof uses the information at its sole risk and neither the European Union nor any member of the SUPREME Consortium, are liable for any use that may be made of the information The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present document do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of UN Environment/MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, area, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps included in the present document are not warranted to be error free nor do they imply official endorsement or acceptance by UN Environment/ MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat.
    [Show full text]
  • Mortuary Variability in Early Iron Age Cretan Burials
    MORTUARY VARIABILITY IN EARLY IRON AGE CRETAN BURIALS Melissa Suzanne Eaby A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Donald C. Haggis Carla M. Antonaccio Jodi Magness G. Kenneth Sams Nicola Terrenato UMI Number: 3262626 Copyright 2007 by Eaby, Melissa Suzanne All rights reserved. UMI Microform 3262626 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 © 2007 Melissa Suzanne Eaby ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT MELISSA SUZANNE EABY: Mortuary Variability in Early Iron Age Cretan Burials (Under the direction of Donald C. Haggis) The Early Iron Age (c. 1200-700 B.C.) on Crete is a period of transition, comprising the years after the final collapse of the palatial system in Late Minoan IIIB up to the development of the polis, or city-state, by or during the Archaic period. Over the course of this period, significant changes occurred in settlement patterns, settlement forms, ritual contexts, and most strikingly, in burial practices. Early Iron Age burial practices varied extensively throughout the island, not only from region to region, but also often at a single site; for example, at least 12 distinct tomb types existed on Crete during this time, and both inhumation and cremation were used, as well as single and multiple burial.
    [Show full text]