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Cretan Sanctuaries and Cults Religions in the Graeco-Roman World

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Cretan Sanctuaries and Cults Religions in the Graeco-Roman World Cretan Sanctuaries and Cults Religions in the Graeco-Roman World Editors H.S. Versnel D. Frankfurter J. Hahn VOLUME 154 Cretan Sanctuaries and Cults Continuity and Change from Late Minoan IIIC to the Archaic Period by Mieke Prent BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2005 This series Religions in the Graeco-Roman World presents a forum for studies in the social and cul- tural function of religions in the Greek and the Roman world, dealing with pagan religions both in their own right and in their interaction with and influence on Christianity and Judaism during a lengthy period of fundamental change. Special attention will be given to the religious history of regions and cities which illustrate the practical workings of these processes. Enquiries regarding the submission of works for publication in the series may be directed to Professor H.S. Versnel, Herenweg 88, 2361 EV Warmond, The Netherlands, [email protected]. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Prent, Mieke. Cretan sanctuaries and cults : continuity and change from Late Minoan IIIC to the Archaic period / by Mieke Prent. p. cm. — (Religions in the Graeco-Roman world, ISSN 0927-7633 ; v. 154) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-14236-3 (alk. paper) 1. Crete (Greece)—Religion. 2. Shrines—Greece—Crete. 3. Crete (Greece)— Antiquities. I. Title. II. Series. BL793.C7P74 2005 292.3'5'09318—dc22 2004062546 ISSN 0927–7633 ISBN 90 04 14236 3 © Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands contents v For Stuart vi contents contents vii CONTENTS Preface .................................................................................... xi List of Tables and Illustrations ................................................ xiii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. Background to the Inquiry, Subject and Aim ................... 1 2. The Identification of Sanctuaries in the Archaeological Record, Definitions and Terminology ................................ 12 3. Votives .................................................................................... 26 4. Chronology and Abbreviations ............................................ 33 CHAPTER TWO HISTORY OF RESEARCH 1. Early Scholarship and the Discovery of Minoan Civilisation ............................................................................. 37 2. Arthur Evans and the Early 20th-Century Rise of Minoan Crete: Unity and Continuity................................. 53 3. Subsequent Scholarship and Critique................................. 84 CHAPTER THREE SANCTUARIES AND CULTS OF THE LATE MINOAN IIIC-SUBMINOAN PERIOD 1. Introduction ........................................................................... 103 2. Catalogue A (part one): LM IIIC-SM Urban and Suburban Sanctuaries ........................................................... 126 3. Catalogue A (part two): LM IIIC-SM Extra-Urban Sanctuaries ............................................................................. 154 4. Principal Types of LM IIIC-SM Cult Equipment and Votives .................................................................................... 174 viii contents Terracotta figures of ‘Goddesses with Upraised Arms’ and associated objects ..................................... 181 Terracotta animal figures and associated objects ....... 184 5. The Freestanding Bench Sanctuary and Other LM IIIC-SM Urban Cult Places......................................... 188 6. LM IIIC-SM Extra-Urban Sanctuaries: Caves and Open-Air Cult Places ........................................................... 200 CHAPTER FOUR SANCTUARIES AND CULTS OF THE PROTOGEOMETRIC, GEOMETRIC AND ORIENTALIZING PERIODS 1. Introduction ........................................................................... 211 The formation and organisation of the Cretan poleis 218 External relations and outward orientation ................. 226 Concluding remarks ....................................................... 242 2. Catalogue B (part one): PG-O Urban and Suburban Sanctuaries ............................................................................. 244 3. Catalogue B (part two): PG-O Extra-Urban Sanctuaries 311 4. Principal Types of PG-O Cult Equipment and Votives 353 Sources and models for interpretation ......................... 354 Metal cult equipment and votives ................................ 367 Shields and small ‘discs’............................................. 368 Cauldrons and associated stands .............................. 377 Armour......................................................................... 383 Anthropomorphic figurines........................................ 388 Zoomorphic figurines ................................................. 392 Personal objects and jewellery .................................. 397 Terracotta cult equipment and votives ........................ 399 Wheelmade anthropomorphic figures ...................... 399 Wheelmade zoomorphic figures................................ 403 Mouldmade plaques and figurines............................ 405 Anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines .......... 418 Ceramic vessels and lids ............................................ 419 Concluding remarks ....................................................... 420 5. The Waning of the Bench Sanctuary and the Image of the ‘Goddess with Upraised Arms’ ..................................... 424 contents ix 6. Hearth Temples: Prytaneia, Andreia and Rituals of Communal Dining ................................................................ 441 7. The Rise of the Suburban Sanctuaries: Rituals of Integration and the Articulation of Social Roles .............. 476 Major community sanctuaries at conspicuous locations ........................................................................... 477 Smaller suburban sanctuaries in the countryside surrounding the settlements ........................................... 503 8. Sanctuaries at the Ruins of Bronze Age Monuments ...... 508 Knossos ............................................................................ 514 Phaistos and Ayia Triada .............................................. 519 Kommos ........................................................................... 523 Amnisos ............................................................................ 527 Palaikastro........................................................................ 532 Concluding remarks ....................................................... 550 9. Extra-Urban Cave and Open-Air Sanctuaries: Continuation of Cult and the Rise of Cult Places of Interregional Importance ..................................................... 554 Old extra-urban sanctuaries with modest votive assemblages ...................................................................... 557 Extra-urban sanctuaries with (inter-)regional functions ........................................................................... 559 Interregional sanctuaries outside Crete: Olympia and Delphi ................................................................... 562 The Idaean cave and Syme: location, setting and sanctuary organisation................................................ 565 The Idaean cave and Syme: elite participation and character of the cult ........................................... 576 The Tsoutsouros cave ................................................ 604 Extra-urban sanctuaries with (sub-)regional functions 606 Patsos............................................................................ 606 Psychro ......................................................................... 608 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE The LM IIIC-SM period (c. 1200 to 970 BC) ........................ 614 The PG, G and O periods (c. 970-600 BC) ............................ 623 x contents Bibliography ............................................................................... 655 Tables .......................................................................................... 700 Maps and Illustrations............................................................... 709 Index .......................................................................................... 711 contents xi PREFACE This book is a slightly reworked version of my doctoral thesis, which was submitted to the University of Amsterdam in December 2003. I would like to express my warmest thanks to my promotores Profes- sor Dr. J.H. Crouwel and Professor Dr. H.S. Versnel. Both, in their own characteristic ways, have provided indispensable support. Joost Crouwel, who has supervised my work from the days I was a stu- dent, encouraged me to leave the Bronze Age behind and begin exploring the Early Iron Age of Crete. Through the years, he has, with his remarkable energy and enthusiasm, continued to show his interest, always there to help by word and deed. Henk Versnel has been
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