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Biological Warfare Plan in the 17Th Century—The Siege of Candia, 1648–1669 Eleni Thalassinou, Costas Tsiamis, Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou, Angelos Hatzakis
HISTORICAL REVIEW Biological Warfare Plan in the 17th Century—the Siege of Candia, 1648–1669 Eleni Thalassinou, Costas Tsiamis, Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou, Angelos Hatzakis A little-known effort to conduct biological warfare oc- to have hurled corpses of plague victims into the besieged curred during the 17th century. The incident transpired city (9). During World War II, Japan conducted biological during the Venetian–Ottoman War, when the city of Can- weapons research at facilities in China. Prisoners of war dia (now Heraklion, Greece) was under siege by the Otto- were infected with several pathogens, including Y. pestis; mans (1648–1669). The data we describe, obtained from >10,000 died as a result of experimental infection or execu- the Archives of the Venetian State, are related to an op- tion after experimentation. At least 11 Chinese cities were eration organized by the Venetian Intelligence Services, which aimed at lifting the siege by infecting the Ottoman attacked with biological agents sprayed from aircraft or in- soldiers with plague by attacking them with a liquid made troduced into water supplies or food products. Y. pestis–in- from the spleens and buboes of plague victims. Although fected fleas were released from aircraft over Chinese cities the plan was perfectly organized, and the deadly mixture to initiate plague epidemics (10). We describe a plan—ul- was ready to use, the attack was ultimately never carried timately abandoned—to use plague as a biological weapon out. The conception and the detailed cynical planning of during the Venetian–Ottoman War in the 17th century. the attack on Candia illustrate a dangerous way of think- ing about the use of biological weapons and the absence Archival Sources of reservations when potential users, within their religious Our research has been based on material from the Ar- framework, cast their enemies as undeserving of humani- chives of the Venetian State (11). -
The Best of Greece
05_598317 ch01.qxd 10/5/05 11:06 PM Page 6 1 The Best of Greece Greece is, of course, the land of ancient sites and architectural treasures—the Acrop- olis in Athens, the amphitheater of Epidaurus, and the reconstructed palace at Knos- sos among the best known. But Greece is much more: It offers age-old spectacular natural sights, for instance—from Santorini’s caldera to the gray pinnacles of rock of the Meteora—and modern diversions ranging from elegant museums to luxury resorts. It can be bewildering to plan your trip with so many options vying for your attention. Take us along and we’ll do the work for you. We’ve traveled the country extensively and chosen the very best that Greece has to offer. We’ve explored the archaeological sites, visited the museums, inspected the hotels, reviewed the tavernas and ouzeries, and scoped out the beaches. Here’s what we consider the best of the best. 1 The Best Travel Experiences • Making Haste Slowly: Give yourself preparing you for the unexpected in time to sit in a seaside taverna and island boat schedules! See chapter 10, watch the fishing boats come and go. “The Cyclades.” If you visit Greece in the spring, take • Leaving the Beaten Path: Persist the time to smell the flowers; the against your body’s and mind’s signals fields are covered with poppies, that “this may be pushing too far,” daisies, and other blooms. Even in leave the main routes and major Athens, you’ll see hardy species attractions behind, and make your growing through the cracks in con- own discoveries of landscape, villages, crete sidewalks—or better yet, visit or activities. -
Crete 8 Days
TOUR INFORMATIONS Crete White mountains and azure sea The village of Loutro village The SUMMARY Greece • Crete Self guided hike 8 days 7 nights Itinerant trip Nothing to carry 2 / 5 CYCLP0001 HIGHLIGHTS Chania: the most beautiful city in Crete The Samaria and Agia Irini gorges A good mix of walking, swimming, relaxation and visits of sites www.kelifos.travel +30 698 691 54 80 • [email protected] • CYCGP0018 1 / 13 MAP www.kelifos.travel +30 698 691 54 80 • [email protected] • CYCGP0018 2 / 13 P R O P O S E D ITINERARY Wild, untamed ... and yet so welcoming. Crete is an island of character, a rebellious island, sometimes, but one that opens its doors wide before you even knock. Crete is like its mountains, crisscrossed by spectacular gorges tumbling down into the sea of Libya, to the tiny seaside resorts where you will relax like in a dream. Crete is the quintessence of the alliance between sea and mountains, many of which exceed 2000 meters, especially in the mountain range of Lefka Ori, (means White mountains in Greek - a hint to the limestone that constitutes them) where our hike takes place. Our eight-day tour follows a part of the European E4 trail along the south-west coast of the island with magnificent forays into the gorges of Agia Irini and Samaria for the island's most famous hike. But a nature trip in Crete cannot be confined to a simple landscape discovery even gorgeous. It is in fact associate with exceptional cultural discoveries. The beautiful heritage of Chania borrows from the Venetian and Ottoman occupants who followed on the island. -
Minoan Religion
MINOAN RELIGION Ritual, Image, and Symbol NANNO MARINATOS MINOAN RELIGION STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE RELIGION Frederick M. Denny, Editor The Holy Book in Comparative Perspective Arjuna in the Mahabharata: Edited by Frederick M. Denny and Where Krishna Is, There Is Victory Rodney L. Taylor By Ruth Cecily Katz Dr. Strangegod: Ethics, Wealth, and Salvation: On the Symbolic Meaning of Nuclear Weapons A Study in Buddhist Social Ethics By Ira Chernus Edited by Russell F. Sizemore and Donald K. Swearer Native American Religious Action: A Performance Approach to Religion By Ritual Criticism: Sam Gill Case Studies in Its Practice, Essays on Its Theory By Ronald L. Grimes The Confucian Way of Contemplation: Okada Takehiko and the Tradition of The Dragons of Tiananmen: Quiet-Sitting Beijing as a Sacred City By By Rodney L. Taylor Jeffrey F. Meyer Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures: The Other Sides of Paradise: Western and Islamic Perspectives Explorations into the Religious Meanings on Religious Liberty of Domestic Space in Islam By David Little, John Kelsay, By Juan Eduardo Campo and Abdulaziz A. Sachedina Sacred Masks: Deceptions and Revelations By Henry Pernet The Munshidin of Egypt: Their World and Their Song The Third Disestablishment: By Earle H. Waugh Regional Difference in Religion and Personal Autonomy 77u' Buddhist Revival in Sri Lanka: By Phillip E. Hammond Religious Tradition, Reinterpretation and Response Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image, and Symbol By By George D. Bond Nanno Marinatos A History of the Jews of Arabia: From Ancient Times to Their Eclipse Under Islam By Gordon Darnell Newby MINOAN RELIGION Ritual, Image, and Symbol NANNO MARINATOS University of South Carolina Press Copyright © 1993 University of South Carolina Published in Columbia, South Carolina, by the University of South Carolina Press Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Marinatos, Nanno. -
Kretan Cult and Customs, Especially in the Classical and Hellenistic Periods: a Religious, Social, and Political Study
i Kretan cult and customs, especially in the Classical and Hellenistic periods: a religious, social, and political study Thesis submitted for degree of MPhil Carolyn Schofield University College London ii Declaration I, Carolyn Schofield, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been acknowledged in the thesis. iii Abstract Ancient Krete perceived itself, and was perceived from outside, as rather different from the rest of Greece, particularly with respect to religion, social structure, and laws. The purpose of the thesis is to explore the bases for these perceptions and their accuracy. Krete’s self-perception is examined in the light of the account of Diodoros Siculus (Book 5, 64-80, allegedly based on Kretan sources), backed up by inscriptions and archaeology, while outside perceptions are derived mainly from other literary sources, including, inter alia, Homer, Strabo, Plato and Aristotle, Herodotos and Polybios; in both cases making reference also to the fragments and testimonia of ancient historians of Krete. While the main cult-epithets of Zeus on Krete – Diktaios, associated with pre-Greek inhabitants of eastern Krete, Idatas, associated with Dorian settlers, and Kretagenes, the symbol of the Hellenistic koinon - are almost unique to the island, those of Apollo are not, but there is good reason to believe that both Delphinios and Pythios originated on Krete, and evidence too that the Eleusinian Mysteries and Orphic and Dionysiac rites had much in common with early Kretan practice. The early institutionalization of pederasty, and the abduction of boys described by Ephoros, are unique to Krete, but the latter is distinct from rites of initiation to manhood, which continued later on Krete than elsewhere, and were associated with different gods. -
Tieiipatmena Etaipl{ Kpf|Tikq\ I:Topika\ \Te.\Etq\
TIEIIPATMENA H' AIEONOYE KPHTOAOTIKOY EYNEAPIOY .{\.\T1TIO ETAIPL{ KPF|TIKQ\ I:TOPIKA\ \TE.\ETQ\ t\\, HPAKAEIO 2OOO GEORGE W. MALLORY HARRISON A ROMAN'S VIEW FROM VROCASTRO: PROSPERITY ANN ROMANIIZATION OF EASTERN CRETE The Vrocastro Regional Survey, under the direction of Barbara Hayden and Jennifer Moody,l collected material at as close to 100 per cent as possible, which has allowed the ceramic specialists to reflect upon the significance of the data with a large degree of confidence. In terms of pottery the Roman Empire is the second best represented on the site, with 334 catalogued shards, following only but distantly fabrics from prehistory.2 The terminus post quem for Roman era fabrics is represented by a few high quality Arretine and Italian sigillata shards and the terminus ante quem incorporates all of the African red slip wares, combed wares, and Cypriot sigillata reaching into the late seventh and perhaps even into the early eighth centuries A.D. There are three striking observations whose importance, if imperfectly understood and appreciated, cannot be underestimated. The first observation is that shards in fine ware fabrics are represented at nearly a numerical parity with the various classes ofcoarse wares, that is,163 shards as opposed to 171, or 48.80/". Since the Vrocastro Region seems to have been principally a sub- sistence farming one, the preliminary expectation was that coarse wares would be far more prevalent. There is, however, one proviso: the fine ware fabrics, particularly the Candarli and African Red Slip wares, are' instantly 1. A preliminary report has appeared; cp. "The Vrokastro Survey Project, 1986 - 1989: Research Design and Preliminary Results", Hesperia.6l (1992) 293 - 353. -
Hydromechanism and Desalination of Coastal Karst Aquifers: Theory and Cases Hidromehanizem in Razslanitev Obalnih Kraških Vodonosnikov: Teorija in Primeri
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ZRC SAZU Publishing (Znanstvenoraziskovalni center - Slovenske akademije znanosti... COBISS: 1.01 HYDROMECHANISM AND DESALINATION OF COASTAL KARST AQUIFERS: THEORY AND CASES HIDROMEHANIZEM IN RAZSLANITEV OBALNIH KRAŠKIH VODONOSNIKOV: TEORIJA IN PRIMERI Marko BREZNIK1,2, & Franci STEINMAN1,3 Abstract UDC 556.114.5:627.8.034 Izvleček UDK 556.114.5:627.8.034 Marko Breznik & Franci Steinman: Hydromechanism and de- Marko Breznik & Franci Steinman: Hidromehanizem in razs- salination of coastal karst aquifers: Theory and Cases lanitev obalnih kraških vodonosnikov: Teorija in primeri Brackish water of coastal karst aquifers is useless. Desalination Somornica obalnih kraških vodonosnikov je neupora- methods are: interception method to capture fresh water in bna. Načini razslanjevanja so: prestrezanje sladke vode v karst massif, isolation and rise-spring-level methods to prevent kraški gmoti, izolacija vodonosnika in dvig gladine izvira za sea water inflow and reduced pumping of fresh water in dry preprečenje vtoka morske vode, ter zmanjšanje črpanja sladke periods. Four typical cases explain these methods. vode v sušnih obdobjih. Te načine pojasnjujejo štirje tipični Key words: coastal karst aquifers, desalination, methods, cases. primeri. Ključne besede: obalni kraški vodonosniki, razslanjevanje, načini, primeri. Introduction In the Ice ages were the differences between the scientists believe that the Azore islands’ anticyclone with lowest mean temperatures of the cold periods and the sunny weather has extended towards the Mediterranean. highest ones of the warm periods 5 degrees Celsius. Precipitations in the Portorož town have decreased by These differences between the lowest ones of the Ice ages 14%, during the last 50 years (Kajfež-Bogataj 2006). -
Travel Itinerary for Your Trip to Greece Created by Mina Agnos
Travel Itinerary for your trip to Greece Created by Mina Agnos You have a wonderful trip to look forward to! Please note: Entry into the European countries in the Schengen area requires that your passport be valid for at least six months beyond your intended date of departure. Your Booking Reference is: ITI/12782/A47834 Summary Accommodation 4 nights Naxian Collection Luxury Villas & Suites 1 Luxury 2-Bedroom Villa with Private Pool with Breakfast Daily 4 nights Eden Villas Santorini 1 Executive 3-BR Villa with Outdoor Pool & Caldera View for Four with Breakfast Daily 4 nights Blue Palace Resort & Spa 1 2 Bedroom Suite with Sea View and Private Heated Pool for Four with Breakfast Daily Activity Naxos Yesterday & Today Private Transportation Local Guide Discover Santorini Archaeology & Culture Private Transportation Entrance Fees Local Guide Akrotiri Licensed Guide Knossos & Heraklion Discovery Entrance Fees Private Transportation Local Guide Spinalonga, Agios Nikolaos & Kritsa Discovery Entrance Fees Private Transportation Local Guide Island Escape and Picnic Transportation Private Helicopter from Mykonos to Naxos Transfer Between Naxos Airport & Stelida (Minicoach) Targa 37 at Disposal for 8 Days Transfer Between Naxos Port & Stelida (Minicoach) Santorini Port Transfer (Mini Coach) Santorini Port Transfer (Mini Coach) Transfer Between Plaka and Heraklion (Minivan) Transfer Between Plaka and Heraklion (Minivan) Day 1 Transportation Services Arrive in Mykonos. Private Transfer: Transfer Between Airport and Port (Minivan) VIP Assistance: VIP Port Assistance Your VIP Assistant will meet and greet you at the port, in which he will assist you with your luggage during ferry embarkation and disembarkation. Ferry: 4 passengers departing from Mykonos Port at 04:30 pm in Business Class with Sea Jets, arriving in Naxos Port at 05:10 pm. -
Registration Certificate
1 The following information has been supplied by the Greek Aliens Bureau: It is obligatory for all EU nationals to apply for a “Registration Certificate” (Veveosi Engrafis - Βεβαίωση Εγγραφής) after they have spent 3 months in Greece (Directive 2004/38/EC).This requirement also applies to UK nationals during the transition period. This certificate is open- dated. You only need to renew it if your circumstances change e.g. if you had registered as unemployed and you have now found employment. Below we outline some of the required documents for the most common cases. Please refer to the local Police Authorities for information on the regulations for freelancers, domestic employment and students. You should submit your application and required documents at your local Aliens Police (Tmima Allodapon – Τμήμα Αλλοδαπών, for addresses, contact telephone and opening hours see end); if you live outside Athens go to the local police station closest to your residence. In all cases, original documents and photocopies are required. You should approach the Greek Authorities for detailed information on the documents required or further clarification. Please note that some authorities work by appointment and will request that you book an appointment in advance. Required documents in the case of a working person: 1. Valid passport. 2. Two (2) photos. 3. Applicant’s proof of address [a document containing both the applicant’s name and address e.g. photocopy of the house lease, public utility bill (DEH, OTE, EYDAP) or statement from Tax Office (Tax Return)]. If unavailable please see the requirements for hospitality. 4. Photocopy of employment contract. -
Santorini Is a Place of Tranquility and One of the Most Sought-Out Greek Isles Known for Its Beauty and Gracious Mediterranean Culture
Overview: Santorini is a place of tranquility and one of the most sought-out Greek isles known for its beauty and gracious Mediterranean culture. Perched along the cliffs of Imerovigli along a scenic hiking road that connects Oia to Fira, Andronis Concept welcomes guests to immerse in the island's serene surroundings, calming breeze, and breathtaking views overlooking the volcano framed by the protruding dramatic cliffs of the caldera. The views are alluring where the sky blends in with the deep blue waters of the Aegean Sea. In the evening, the views overlooking the sunset are mesmerizing. Its seclusion and intimate setting allow guests to engage in the moment. Each of the suites and villas boast private balconies and infinity pools where its subdued interiors infuse a traditional Santorini-style with bright contemporary touches. Here at Andronis Concept, the only limit is your imagination. Location: Set on the on the fringe of Imerovigli along a provincial road that connects Oia to Fira. The Santorini Airport (JTR) is a 12-minute drive away while the port is a 20-minute drive. Page 1 Accommodations: Designed to offer incredible sunset views, each 28-suites and villas across four categories is well- appointed and intimate boasting private balconies and infinity pools. Its subdued interiors infuse a traditional Santorini-style with bright contemporary touches. Cozy Suites (8) (377 sq. foot) Wake to spectacular views across Santorini’s volcanic caldera in this open-plan Cycladic-style suite, which boasts a private terrace and infinity pool. It can accommodate up to two people. Wet Allure Suites (8) (592 sq. -
Where Is the Gap? of the EM III-MM IA Period in East Crete*
Matej Pavlacky Where is the gap? Of the EM III-MM IA period in East Crete* Abstract It has long been argued whether the EM III-MM IA period exists in East Crete and how it should be defined. There have been attempts to resolve the issue using ceramic material and/or stratigraphy; however, this issue has never been fully resolved. The EM III-MM IA period is now viewed as a time of major growth that gradually increases in complexity through MM I (Schoep 2006; Schoep et al. 2012) and is often explained through ideological and peaceful influence of elites on communities. There is also evidence for major urban and rural growth (Whitelaw 2012). Despite the data from regional surveys confirming the increased number of sites in East Crete, the gradual growth of sites can only be seen up until EM IIB. The increase of sites in EM III is rather rapid and cannot be explained only by natural generation growth. This paper examines and – where possible – provides answers to the two main questions, i.e. how to look at the EM III-MM IA period from the perspective of ceramics and stratigraphy at Priniatikos Pyrgos, and what is the background of the decline of Priniatikos Pyrgos after EM III-MM IA. Keywords: late Prepalatial period, Early Minoan period, Middle Minoan period, settlement, pottery, elites, chronology Introduction It has been long argued whether the truly fascinating EM III - MM IA period exists in East Crete or not, how it should be defined, if it should be counted as one or whether it can be divided into two separate parts (EM III and MM IA), or if there simply is just “an” EM III or MM IA phase respectively. -
Zograf 41 09 Bormpoudaki.Indd
Figures of mounted warrior saints in medieval Crete. The representation of the equestrian Saint George “Thalassoperatis” at Diavaide in Heraklion Maria Bormpoudaki1 Byzantine and Christian Museum, Athens UDC 75.052:75.041](495.9+564.3) 271.2–36:355 DOI 10.2298/ZOG1741143B Оригиналан научни рад In the church of Saint George Sfakiotis, built on the outskirts The church of Saint George Sfakiotis5 is built on of the settlement Diavaide in the Perfecture of Heraklion the outskirts of the settlement Diavaide,6 within short in Crete, narrative interest is focused on the large painting distance of the nearest village Kastelli, a large village of with the mounted figures of the military saints George and Demetrios. Saint George is shown together with the young Pediada which constituted one of the most significant pillion rider, whereas the element of water on the lower part provinces in Venetian Crete. The iconographic pro- of the scene establishes a connection between the episode of gramme of the church at Diavaide, which is typically the slave’s release and a rarer variant according to which the encountered in the churches of the island, includes rep- liberator saint crosses the sea (‘thalassoperatis’, trans. he who resentations of the Dodekaorton, narrative scenes from crosses the sea). The iconographic and stylistic analysis of the the life of Saint George and standing saints, dated to the representation of Saint George as well that of Saint Demetri- os at Diaviade reflects the artistic environment of the East- end of the 13th/early 14th century according to Manolis ern Mediterranean, possibly that of Cyprus, where images of Borboudakis7.