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Pristup Cjelovitom Tekstu Rada Ana Ostroški Anić Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje Ulica Republike Austrije 16, HR-10000 Zagreb [email protected] ENGLESKE ISTOVRIJEDNICE U JENI 225 1. Uvod Velik dio normiranja nazivlja kojega strukovnog područja čini uspostavljanje odnosa između postojećih istoznačnica i nalaženje odgovarajućih naziva na domaćemu jeziku koji mogu zamijeniti neodgovarajuće internacionalizme ili tuđice preuzete iz drugih jezika, posebice engleskoga kao dominantnoga svjetskog jezika profesionalne komunikacije. Premda je terminološki rad koji se primjenjuje u bazi Struna pojmovno usmjeren (ISO 704:2009), tj. cilj mu je izgradnja pojmovnoga sustava i definiranje pojmovnih odnosa u svakome nazivlju, to nikako ne znači da se u tome procesu određuju samo nazivi jednoga jezika. Dapače, jednojezični terminološki rad tada ne bi imao puno smisla niti bi bio moguć jer svako određivanje naziva na jednome jeziku nužno uključuje usporedbu tih naziva s nazivima drugoga jezika, osobito kad je riječ o tvorbi naziva za nove pojmove za koje pokušavamo pronaći istovrijednice u hrvatskome jeziku. Naziv na stranome jeziku često je polazište u definiranju pojma i uspostavljanju odnosa hrvatskih naziva i njihovih istovrijednica na drugim jezicima (Bratanić i Ostroški Anić 2015.). U svakoj su terminološkoj bazi stoga nazivi na stranome jeziku neizostavna sastavnica zato što korisnici i pretražuju terminološke baze najčešće upravo radi nalaženja prijevoda naziva na koji strani jezik ili s njega. U Struni je engleski naziv obvezna kategorija terminološke natuknice, dok su nazivi na drugim stranim jezicima neobvezni, ali poželjni. S obzirom na sveprisutnost engleskoga jezika u međunarodnoj znanstvenoj i stručnoj komunikaciji, manje su česte poteškoće u nalaženju odgovarajućih engleskih naziva za definirane pojmove nego što je određivanje hrvatskih istovrijednica novih pojmova koji se pojave u struci i koji se obično prvo imenuju engleskim nazivima. No kad je riječ o jezicima s dugom poviješću i bogatom kulturom kao što je to hrvatski jezik, to ipak nije rijetka pojava, 225 Ovo je poglavlje izrađeno u okviru projekata Hrvatsko jezikoslovno nazivlje – Jena (Struna-2017-09-05) i Dinamičnost kategorija specijaliziranoga znanja (DIKA) UIP-2017-05-7169, koje u cijelosti financira Hrvatska zaklada za znanost. 389 osobito u nazivljima humanističkih područja koja imaju velik broj kulturno obilježenih pojmova. Osim razlika u načinu konceptualizacije i opisa kategorija znanja koje mogu postojati između različitih strukovnih područja, npr. između tehničkih područja poput strojarstva i brodogradnje te humanističkih područja poput glazbe, književne teorije i jezikoslovlja, a koje se odražavaju u stvaranju nazivlja, na normiranje nazivlja svake struke utječe i dio stručnoga leksika koji je stariji ili više pod utjecajem povijesnih i kulturnih promjena.226 U hrvatskome jezikoslovnom nazivlju koje se obrađuje u Struni u potpodručjima povijesti hrvatskoga jezika ili onomastike primjećujemo slične značajke, o kojima će više riječi biti u sljedećim odlomcima. 1.1. Odnos istovrijednosti Usklađivanje nazivlja proces je koji se može smatrati sastavnim dijelom terminološkoga rada i odvija se istodobno s izgradnjom i normiranjem nazivlja. Nakon što su definirani pojmovi u strukovnome području, pojmovni odnosi koji među njima vladaju te nazivi koji ih imenuju, potrebno je urediti odnose istoznačnosti među nazivima ili inačicama naziva unutar jezika te uspostaviti odnos istovrijednosti među nazivima različitih jezika. Istovrijednost je odnos među nazivima u različitim jezicima koji određuju i prikazuju isti pojam (npr. HRN ISO 1087- 1:2008), poput npr. hrvatskoga naziva veznik u značenju ‘nepromjenjiva riječ kojom se povezuju riječi, skupine riječi ili rečenice’, a kojemu odgovaraju istovrijednice na engleskome, njemačkome, francuskome, ruskome i švedskome (vidi 1. sliku). 226 V. Iveković Martinis, Lah i Sujoldžić (2015.) za opis antropološkoga nazivlja kao primjer terminološkoga normiranja u području društvenih i humanističkih znanosti. 390 1. slika: Obrada naziva veznik u Jeni Odnos istovrijednosti među nazivima dvaju ili više jezika teže je uspostaviti ako u jednome jeziku i pojmovnome sustavu postoji pojam koji ne postoji u drugome jeziku i njegovu pojmovnome sustavu te ako pojam jednoga sustava odgovara različitim pojmovima u drugome sustavu i obratno (ISO 860:2007).227 Prva se pojmovna neusklađenost može prikazati primjerom naziva začinjavac u značenju ‘anoniman stvaratelj pjesama na hrvatskome jeziku iz 14. i 15. stoljeća’, značajke kojega dijelom odgovaraju pojmu engleskoga naziva folk poet, no nije riječ o potpuno istome pojmu. Češća je pojava, međutim, da se odnos istovrijednosti između naziva različitih jezika teže uspostavlja kad u jednome jeziku naziv može označavati više pojmova, tj. kad je poliseman. Poznat je primjer da hrvatski naziv rečenica u mnogim kontekstima zamjenjuje naziv surečenica, dok su engleski nazivi u većini konteksta (a osobito kad su dijelom višerječnih naziva) jasno razgraničeni kao sentence i clause (npr. hrv. odnosna rečenica, engl. relative clause).228 U ovome će se poglavlju analizirati skupine naziva i pojedinačni nazivi koji se odnose na povijest hrvatskoga jezika (grana kroatistika) u obradi kojih je bilo poteškoća u uspostavljanju odnosa istovrijednosti između hrvatskih i engleskih naziva. U sljedećemu poglavlju ponajprije 227 V. Bednárová-Gibová i Zákutná (2018.) za analizu terminološke istovrijednosti u prijevodima filozofskih tekstova. 228 Hudeček i Mihaljević navode nazive namjerna rečenica, mjesna rečenica, vremenska rečenica i subjektna rečenica kao primjere naziva s dvama značenjima jer se njima označuje i cijela zavisnosložena rečenica i zavisna rečenica kao njezin dio (2018: 197). Uvođenjem naziva (glavna/zavisna) surečenica uklanja se višeznačnost, pa se rečenica u sastavu složene rečenice jasno razlikuje od zavisnosložene rečenice, npr. namjerna rečenica i namjerna surečenica. 391 ukratko navodimo i opisujemo potpodručja s najvećim brojem specifičnih kroatističkih naziva. U trećemu se poglavlju opisuje metodologija analize, dok se u četvrtome iscrpno određuje terminološki postupak i obrazlažu odluke. U završnome se dijelu predlažu postupci za sustavniju usporedbu naziva u različitim jezicima. 2. Hrvatsko povijesnojezično nazivlje u Jeni i engleske istovrijednice U bazi Struna obrađuje se jezikoslovno nazivlje koje je prema razredbi znanstvenih područja, polja i grana (v. http://struna.ihjj.hr/v4/razredba.php) razvrstano u sedam znanstvenih grana: klasičnu filologiju, kroatistiku, slavistiku, fonetiku, opće jezikoslovlje (lingvistiku), poredbeno i historijsko jezikoslovlje te semiologiju. Nazivi se tijekom obrade također mogu razvrstati i u različita potpodručja kao još manje cjeline cjelokupnoga strukovnog područja koje omogućuju lakšu podjelu naziva prema obrađivačima. Od čak 26 potpodručja jezikoslovnoga nazivlja najbrojniji su nazivi u potpodručjima kognitivne lingvistike, generativne gramatike, onomastike, povijesti jezika, morfologije, sintakse, pragmalingvistike te traduktologije i dodirnoga jezikoslovlja. Nazivlje koje ima oznaku grane kroatistika obuhvaća 154 naziva raspoređena u potpodručjima fonologije, morfologije, leksikologije, tvorbe riječi, pravopisa, onomastike, glotodidaktike, teorije valentnosti, paleoslavistike i povijesti jezika kao najbrojnije skupine naziva.229 U većini svih jezikoslovnih potpodručja mogu se pronaći nazivi koji se mogu smatrati specifičnima za hrvatski jezik, npr. otpridjevni prilog u tvorbi riječi, fonološki nazivi nepostojani a, nepostojani e i epentetski l ili instrumentalna dopuna u potpodručju teorije valentnosti, no u pojedinim će potpodručjima taj broj biti veći zbog određenih povijesnih i kulturnih obilježenosti tih jezikoslovnih područja, tj. njihove tijesne povezanosti. Upravo su povijesno i kulturno specifični pojmovi izazov u terminološkoj obradi zato što njihova povezanost s određenim područjem ili povijesnim razdobljem može otežavati nalaženje istovrijednih naziva na stranim jezicima. Kad je riječ o hrvatskome jezikoslovnom nazivlju, prvi je razlog tomu manjak znanstvenih i stručnih radova na stranim jezicima, uključujući i engleski, što je donekle razumljivo s obzirom na mnoga jezikoslovna pitanja koja su ponajprije zanimljiva slavističkoj jezikoslovnoj zajednici. 229 Podatci su preuzeti 28. srpnja 2020. 392 S obzirom na to da nazivi jednoga potpodručja ne moraju nužno odgovarati jednoj znanstvenoj grani razredbe, u potpodručju povijesti jezika nalaze se nazivi koji su označeni kao nazivi koji pripadaju u više grana, tj. grani kroatistike (u najvećemu broju, njih 107), poredbenoga i povijesnoga (historijskoga) jezikoslovlja (41), općega jezikoslovlja (lingvistika) (21) i klasične filologije (3). Ukupno 172 hrvatska naziva iz povijesti jezika pretraživana su na Hrčku, portalu hrvatskih znanstvenih i stručnih časopisa (https://hrcak.srce.hr) i u različitim internetskim izvorima, s naglaskom na članke Wikipedije kao najčitanijega popularnog javno dostupnog medija koji sadržava članke o jezikoslovnim pojmovima. Prvi se korak sastojao od pretraživanja portala Hrčak radi nalaženja engleskih istovrijednica pretraživanih naziva koji se pojavljuju u engleskim sažetcima i ključnim riječima znanstvenih i stručnih jezikoslovnih radova. Gdje je pronađeno više engleskih naziva, svi su zabilježeni, a prednost u izboru naziva koji će se unijeti u bazu Struna dana je nazivima potvrđenima u novijim radovima. Engleski nazivi iz časopisa s portala Hrčak potom su potvrđeni pretraživanjem internetskih
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