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Ana Ostroški Anić Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje Ulica Republike Austrije 16, HR-10000 Zagreb [email protected] ENGLESKE ISTOVRIJEDNICE U JENI 225 1. Uvod Velik dio normiranja nazivlja kojega strukovnog područja čini uspostavljanje odnosa između postojećih istoznačnica i nalaženje odgovarajućih naziva na domaćemu jeziku koji mogu zamijeniti neodgovarajuće internacionalizme ili tuđice preuzete iz drugih jezika, posebice engleskoga kao dominantnoga svjetskog jezika profesionalne komunikacije. Premda je terminološki rad koji se primjenjuje u bazi Struna pojmovno usmjeren (ISO 704:2009), tj. cilj mu je izgradnja pojmovnoga sustava i definiranje pojmovnih odnosa u svakome nazivlju, to nikako ne znači da se u tome procesu određuju samo nazivi jednoga jezika. Dapače, jednojezični terminološki rad tada ne bi imao puno smisla niti bi bio moguć jer svako određivanje naziva na jednome jeziku nužno uključuje usporedbu tih naziva s nazivima drugoga jezika, osobito kad je riječ o tvorbi naziva za nove pojmove za koje pokušavamo pronaći istovrijednice u hrvatskome jeziku. Naziv na stranome jeziku često je polazište u definiranju pojma i uspostavljanju odnosa hrvatskih naziva i njihovih istovrijednica na drugim jezicima (Bratanić i Ostroški Anić 2015.). U svakoj su terminološkoj bazi stoga nazivi na stranome jeziku neizostavna sastavnica zato što korisnici i pretražuju terminološke baze najčešće upravo radi nalaženja prijevoda naziva na koji strani jezik ili s njega. U Struni je engleski naziv obvezna kategorija terminološke natuknice, dok su nazivi na drugim stranim jezicima neobvezni, ali poželjni. S obzirom na sveprisutnost engleskoga jezika u međunarodnoj znanstvenoj i stručnoj komunikaciji, manje su česte poteškoće u nalaženju odgovarajućih engleskih naziva za definirane pojmove nego što je određivanje hrvatskih istovrijednica novih pojmova koji se pojave u struci i koji se obično prvo imenuju engleskim nazivima. No kad je riječ o jezicima s dugom poviješću i bogatom kulturom kao što je to hrvatski jezik, to ipak nije rijetka pojava, 225 Ovo je poglavlje izrađeno u okviru projekata Hrvatsko jezikoslovno nazivlje – Jena (Struna-2017-09-05) i Dinamičnost kategorija specijaliziranoga znanja (DIKA) UIP-2017-05-7169, koje u cijelosti financira Hrvatska zaklada za znanost. 389 osobito u nazivljima humanističkih područja koja imaju velik broj kulturno obilježenih pojmova. Osim razlika u načinu konceptualizacije i opisa kategorija znanja koje mogu postojati između različitih strukovnih područja, npr. između tehničkih područja poput strojarstva i brodogradnje te humanističkih područja poput glazbe, književne teorije i jezikoslovlja, a koje se odražavaju u stvaranju nazivlja, na normiranje nazivlja svake struke utječe i dio stručnoga leksika koji je stariji ili više pod utjecajem povijesnih i kulturnih promjena.226 U hrvatskome jezikoslovnom nazivlju koje se obrađuje u Struni u potpodručjima povijesti hrvatskoga jezika ili onomastike primjećujemo slične značajke, o kojima će više riječi biti u sljedećim odlomcima. 1.1. Odnos istovrijednosti Usklađivanje nazivlja proces je koji se može smatrati sastavnim dijelom terminološkoga rada i odvija se istodobno s izgradnjom i normiranjem nazivlja. Nakon što su definirani pojmovi u strukovnome području, pojmovni odnosi koji među njima vladaju te nazivi koji ih imenuju, potrebno je urediti odnose istoznačnosti među nazivima ili inačicama naziva unutar jezika te uspostaviti odnos istovrijednosti među nazivima različitih jezika. Istovrijednost je odnos među nazivima u različitim jezicima koji određuju i prikazuju isti pojam (npr. HRN ISO 1087- 1:2008), poput npr. hrvatskoga naziva veznik u značenju ‘nepromjenjiva riječ kojom se povezuju riječi, skupine riječi ili rečenice’, a kojemu odgovaraju istovrijednice na engleskome, njemačkome, francuskome, ruskome i švedskome (vidi 1. sliku). 226 V. Iveković Martinis, Lah i Sujoldžić (2015.) za opis antropološkoga nazivlja kao primjer terminološkoga normiranja u području društvenih i humanističkih znanosti. 390 1. slika: Obrada naziva veznik u Jeni Odnos istovrijednosti među nazivima dvaju ili više jezika teže je uspostaviti ako u jednome jeziku i pojmovnome sustavu postoji pojam koji ne postoji u drugome jeziku i njegovu pojmovnome sustavu te ako pojam jednoga sustava odgovara različitim pojmovima u drugome sustavu i obratno (ISO 860:2007).227 Prva se pojmovna neusklađenost može prikazati primjerom naziva začinjavac u značenju ‘anoniman stvaratelj pjesama na hrvatskome jeziku iz 14. i 15. stoljeća’, značajke kojega dijelom odgovaraju pojmu engleskoga naziva folk poet, no nije riječ o potpuno istome pojmu. Češća je pojava, međutim, da se odnos istovrijednosti između naziva različitih jezika teže uspostavlja kad u jednome jeziku naziv može označavati više pojmova, tj. kad je poliseman. Poznat je primjer da hrvatski naziv rečenica u mnogim kontekstima zamjenjuje naziv surečenica, dok su engleski nazivi u većini konteksta (a osobito kad su dijelom višerječnih naziva) jasno razgraničeni kao sentence i clause (npr. hrv. odnosna rečenica, engl. relative clause).228 U ovome će se poglavlju analizirati skupine naziva i pojedinačni nazivi koji se odnose na povijest hrvatskoga jezika (grana kroatistika) u obradi kojih je bilo poteškoća u uspostavljanju odnosa istovrijednosti između hrvatskih i engleskih naziva. U sljedećemu poglavlju ponajprije 227 V. Bednárová-Gibová i Zákutná (2018.) za analizu terminološke istovrijednosti u prijevodima filozofskih tekstova. 228 Hudeček i Mihaljević navode nazive namjerna rečenica, mjesna rečenica, vremenska rečenica i subjektna rečenica kao primjere naziva s dvama značenjima jer se njima označuje i cijela zavisnosložena rečenica i zavisna rečenica kao njezin dio (2018: 197). Uvođenjem naziva (glavna/zavisna) surečenica uklanja se višeznačnost, pa se rečenica u sastavu složene rečenice jasno razlikuje od zavisnosložene rečenice, npr. namjerna rečenica i namjerna surečenica. 391 ukratko navodimo i opisujemo potpodručja s najvećim brojem specifičnih kroatističkih naziva. U trećemu se poglavlju opisuje metodologija analize, dok se u četvrtome iscrpno određuje terminološki postupak i obrazlažu odluke. U završnome se dijelu predlažu postupci za sustavniju usporedbu naziva u različitim jezicima. 2. Hrvatsko povijesnojezično nazivlje u Jeni i engleske istovrijednice U bazi Struna obrađuje se jezikoslovno nazivlje koje je prema razredbi znanstvenih područja, polja i grana (v. http://struna.ihjj.hr/v4/razredba.php) razvrstano u sedam znanstvenih grana: klasičnu filologiju, kroatistiku, slavistiku, fonetiku, opće jezikoslovlje (lingvistiku), poredbeno i historijsko jezikoslovlje te semiologiju. Nazivi se tijekom obrade također mogu razvrstati i u različita potpodručja kao još manje cjeline cjelokupnoga strukovnog područja koje omogućuju lakšu podjelu naziva prema obrađivačima. Od čak 26 potpodručja jezikoslovnoga nazivlja najbrojniji su nazivi u potpodručjima kognitivne lingvistike, generativne gramatike, onomastike, povijesti jezika, morfologije, sintakse, pragmalingvistike te traduktologije i dodirnoga jezikoslovlja. Nazivlje koje ima oznaku grane kroatistika obuhvaća 154 naziva raspoređena u potpodručjima fonologije, morfologije, leksikologije, tvorbe riječi, pravopisa, onomastike, glotodidaktike, teorije valentnosti, paleoslavistike i povijesti jezika kao najbrojnije skupine naziva.229 U većini svih jezikoslovnih potpodručja mogu se pronaći nazivi koji se mogu smatrati specifičnima za hrvatski jezik, npr. otpridjevni prilog u tvorbi riječi, fonološki nazivi nepostojani a, nepostojani e i epentetski l ili instrumentalna dopuna u potpodručju teorije valentnosti, no u pojedinim će potpodručjima taj broj biti veći zbog određenih povijesnih i kulturnih obilježenosti tih jezikoslovnih područja, tj. njihove tijesne povezanosti. Upravo su povijesno i kulturno specifični pojmovi izazov u terminološkoj obradi zato što njihova povezanost s određenim područjem ili povijesnim razdobljem može otežavati nalaženje istovrijednih naziva na stranim jezicima. Kad je riječ o hrvatskome jezikoslovnom nazivlju, prvi je razlog tomu manjak znanstvenih i stručnih radova na stranim jezicima, uključujući i engleski, što je donekle razumljivo s obzirom na mnoga jezikoslovna pitanja koja su ponajprije zanimljiva slavističkoj jezikoslovnoj zajednici. 229 Podatci su preuzeti 28. srpnja 2020. 392 S obzirom na to da nazivi jednoga potpodručja ne moraju nužno odgovarati jednoj znanstvenoj grani razredbe, u potpodručju povijesti jezika nalaze se nazivi koji su označeni kao nazivi koji pripadaju u više grana, tj. grani kroatistike (u najvećemu broju, njih 107), poredbenoga i povijesnoga (historijskoga) jezikoslovlja (41), općega jezikoslovlja (lingvistika) (21) i klasične filologije (3). Ukupno 172 hrvatska naziva iz povijesti jezika pretraživana su na Hrčku, portalu hrvatskih znanstvenih i stručnih časopisa (https://hrcak.srce.hr) i u različitim internetskim izvorima, s naglaskom na članke Wikipedije kao najčitanijega popularnog javno dostupnog medija koji sadržava članke o jezikoslovnim pojmovima. Prvi se korak sastojao od pretraživanja portala Hrčak radi nalaženja engleskih istovrijednica pretraživanih naziva koji se pojavljuju u engleskim sažetcima i ključnim riječima znanstvenih i stručnih jezikoslovnih radova. Gdje je pronađeno više engleskih naziva, svi su zabilježeni, a prednost u izboru naziva koji će se unijeti u bazu Struna dana je nazivima potvrđenima u novijim radovima. Engleski nazivi iz časopisa s portala Hrčak potom su potvrđeni pretraživanjem internetskih
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  • Islamic Reformism and Revivalism in Inter-War Bosnia-Herzegovina Xavier Bougarel

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    Farewell to the Ottoman Legacy? Islamic Reformism and Revivalism in Inter-War Bosnia-Herzegovina Xavier Bougarel To cite this version: Xavier Bougarel. Farewell to the Ottoman Legacy? Islamic Reformism and Revivalism in Inter-War Bosnia-Herzegovina. Nathalie Clayer / Eric Germain. Islam in Inter-War Europe, Hurst, pp.313-343, 2008. halshs-00706274 HAL Id: halshs-00706274 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706274 Submitted on 9 Jun 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 « Farewell to the Ottoman Legacy? Islamic Reformism and Revivalism in Inter-War Bosnia-Herzegovina », in: Nathalie CLAYER / Eric GERMAIN, Islam in Inter-War Europe, London: Hurst, 2008, pp. 313- 343 Xavier Bougarel Many works dealing with the history of the Bosnian Muslim community tend to present the late Ottoman period (1804-1878), the Austro-Hungarian period (1878-1918) and the early Communist period (1945-1953) as a clash between conservative local elites and modernising external actors. Such an approach to Bosnian history can be misleading, due to the categories on which it is based (“tradition” versus “modernity”) and the role it attributes to internal and external actors. As far as the inter-war period (1918-1941) is concerned, it plays a secondary part in this approach, and is mainly dealt with by historians interested in the inter-ethnic tensions which contributed to the collapse of the first Yugoslav state in 1941.1 Bosnian society, however, experienced deep transformations within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929.
  • The Language Policy of the International Community in Bosnia-Herzegovina Since 1995

    The Language Policy of the International Community in Bosnia-Herzegovina Since 1995

    CLINGING TO A BARBED WIRE FENCE: THE LANGUAGE POLICY OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA SINCE 1995 LOUISE ASKEW, BA (Hons), MA Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2011 1 ABSTRACT This study takes one aspect of the post-conflict peace-building process in Bosnia-Herzegovina since 1995 - the recognition of three official but mutually comprehensible languages - and examines the way in which the international community's approach to it has impacted on broader peace­ building goals for the country. The originality of this thesis lies in the fact that it views post-conflict peace-building in Bosnia-Herzegovina through the lens of the language issue. Taking the Dayton Peace Agreement (1995) as the starting point I look at the way in which its provisions have largely dictated the international community's approach to the language issue and created the political environment in which language operates. Further, applying the concept of societal security I explain how the language issue is used by domestic elites to frustrate attempts at reconciliation by the international community; I argue that the international community's approach, based on the equality of the three languages, only feeds into the divisive ethnic politics of present-day Bosnia-Herzegovina and ultimately undermines the security and stability of the country. I also look in detail at two very different but complimentary areas of ongoing post-conflict reform in Bosnia-Herzegovina and analyse the international community's approach to language in each: refonn of the education system and defence reform.
  • It Is Customary for Bosnians to Refer to Bosnia and Hercegovina Collectively As Bosnia

    It Is Customary for Bosnians to Refer to Bosnia and Hercegovina Collectively As Bosnia

    Is there/will there be a “Bosnian” language? Aspects of the Language Question in Post-War Bosnia By Geoff Husic One may be hard pressed to select a topic that is likely to provoke more emotional responses among the people of the Balkans than language, the obvious contender, of course, being religion. The reason for such ardent reactions to language and religion is that they are at the core of the identity of the majority of the people of the Balkans and are the characteristics that accentuate the differences between a specific group and their varied but often closely related neighbors. In other words it is these two characteristics which to a great degree determine the “ethnicity” of the various Balkan peoples, or more specifically for the purposes of this paper, the Serbo-Croatian (SC) speaking nationalities of Bosnia12, namely the Muslims, Serbs, and Croats . It is axiomatic that the importance of language is rarely limited to purely linguistic concerns. Far from being only a means of communication, language often reflects social, cultural, and political realities. This has certainly been the case in the past and continues to be the case in the present in the former Yugoslavia. In this paper I will examine how language issues have been intimately intertwined with the issues of ethnicity and nationalism in the SC speaking lands of former Yugoslavia in general and in Bosnia specifically, and how these issues are playing out after the breakup of Yugoslavia. Historical Background Before we can delve into the intricacies of the Yugoslav and Bosnian language issues, we must first review some of the history of the region in question, the Balkan Peninsula, and the 1It is customary for Bosnians to refer to Bosnia and Hercegovina collectively as Bosnia.
  • Aljamiado and Oriental1 Literature in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1463-1878)

    Aljamiado and Oriental1 Literature in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1463-1878)

    Sabina Dizdarevič: ALJAMIADO AND ORIENTAL1 LITERATURE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA (1463-1878) »Jedna od važnijih značajki nacionalnog bića jednog naroda jest njegov jezik.« »One of the most important characteristics of nation's nationality is its language.« Muhamed Huković Aljamiado literature is a regional and national phenomena. The texts are manuscripts which utilize the Arabic or Hebrew alphabets for transcribing the vernacular language of the nation where it appeared. And it appeared among peoples who lived under Arabian or Turkish reign for long periods of time. Under that influence it was spread in Europe from the Iberian peninsula to Haemos2. It also appears among Chinese muslims and muslims in former Dutch colonies, but it is more frequent in Europe as in Albanian, Spanish, Bosnian and Bolgarian literature. Aljamiado is a literar phenomena with special aestetic, ethic and ideal characteristics. Adjusted Arabic alphabet for transcribing Slavic texts is called arebica or arabica, in which most works were written in the 17th, 18th and 19th century. It is important to mention that aljamiado literature and it's evolution in Bosnia and Herzegovina didn't end in 1878 with the ocupation by the Austro-Hungarian empire. It became more intensive after reformation of the alphabet by Mehmed Đemaludin Čaušević and the expansion of printing. Arebica dissapeared from usage when lingustic, cultural, sociologic, political and religious circumstances, which caused its appearance, dissapeared. Codex is a set of manuscripts containing texts in german, hungarian and latin written in arebica. In that certain codex the first bosnian arebic poem Hirvat türkisi by Mehmed Erdeljac3 was brought out.
  • Bosnian Muslims Become Bosniaks Mirsad Krijestorac Florida International University, Mirsadme@Gmail.Com

    Bosnian Muslims Become Bosniaks Mirsad Krijestorac Florida International University, [email protected]

    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-16-2016 Nationalism as a Process for Making the Desired Identity Salient: Bosnian Muslims Become Bosniaks Mirsad Krijestorac Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC001218 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Politics Commons Recommended Citation Krijestorac, Mirsad, "Nationalism as a Process for Making the Desired Identity Salient: Bosnian Muslims Become Bosniaks" (2016). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3004. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3004 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida NATIONALISM AS A PROCESS FOR MAKING THE DESIRED IDENTITY SALIENT: BOSNIAN MUSLIMS BECOME BOSNIAKS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE By Mirsad Kriještorac 2016 To: Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Mirsad Krijestorac, and entitled Nationalism as a Process for Making the Desired Identity Salient: Bosnian Muslims Become Bosniaks, having been approved in respect to style