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De Bella Alphabetica: L' “Ideologizzazione” Degli Alfabeti in Bulgaria E Croazia Nel Contesto Post-Imperiale E Post-Socialista

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De Bella Alphabetica: L' “Ideologizzazione” Degli Alfabeti in Bulgaria E Croazia Nel Contesto Post-Imperiale E Post-Socialista Scuola Dottorale di Ateneo Graduate School Dottorato di ricerca in Lingue, Culture e Società moderne Ciclo XXVIII Anno di discussione 2017 DE BELLA ALPHABETICA: L' “IDEOLOGIZZAZIONE” DEGLI ALFABETI IN BULGARIA E CROAZIA NEL CONTESTO POST-IMPERIALE E POST-SOCIALISTA L-LIN 21: Slavistica Tesi di Dottorato di Giustina Selvelli, matricola 825187 Coordinatore del Dottorato Supervisore del Dottorando Prof. Alessandra Giorgi Prof. Aleksander Naumow INDICE 1. CAPITOLO INTRODUTTIVO 1.1 IL TEMA DELLA TESI 1 1.2 METODOLOGIA: LA CONSIDERAZIONE DI TESTUALITÀ DIVERSE 4 1.3 LA COLLOCAZIONE DELLA QUESTIONE IN CONTESTI MOLTEPLICI 6 1.4 IL PROBLEMA DEL CONTESTO IDEOLOGICO 9 1.5 IL LEGAME FRA SCRITTURA E MEMORIA 12 1.6 L'APPROCCIO SOCIOLINGUISTICO AI SISTEMI DI SCRITTURA 15 1.7 L'ALFABETO NELL'AUTORAPPRESENTAZIONE NAZIONALE 20 1.8 IL FATTORE “POST-IMPERIALE” NELLA QUESTIONE ALFABETICA 24 LE POLEMICHE ALFABETICHE DEGLI ANNI '20 E '30 IN BULGARIA: 2. LA VICENDA DELL'ABECEDAR (1925) FRA IDEOLOGIE ALFABETICHE E TENTATIVI DI ALFABETIZZAZIONE 2.1 QUESTIONI LEGATE ALL'ADOZIONE DI ALFABETI ALTERNATIVI 29 2.2 DINAMICHE IDENTITARIE NAZIONALI TARDO E POST-IMPERIALI 31 2.3 LA SITUAZIONE DELLA MACEDONIA EGEA 34 2.4 LA PUBBLICAZIONE DELL'ABECEDAR 40 2.5 LE OSSERVAZIONI E POLEMICHE SULLA LINGUA DELL'ABECEDAR 44 2.6 ALCUNE PARTICOLARITÀ E CURIOSITÀ RELATIVE ALLE LETTERE 47 2.7 IL “COINVOLGIMENTO” DI CIRILLO E METODIO 52 2.8 I GRECI IN BULGARIA E L'ALFABETO GRECO PER IL BULGARO 60 2.9 LE SORTI DELL'ABECEDAR DOPO IL 1925 65 3. LE RIPERCUSSIONI DEL CONTESTO INTERNAZIONALE DI “LATINIZZAZIONE” ALFABETICA SUI DIBATTITI IN BULGARIA 3.1 LE PROPOSTE DI RIFORMA ALFABETICA DEGLI ANNI '20 72 3.2 I TENTATIVI DI LATINIZZAZIONE IN UNIONE SOVIETICA 73 3.3 L'ALFABETO LATINO COME STRUMENTO “MODERNIZZATORE” NEI BALCANI 79 3.4. LE POSIZIONI A FAVORE DELL'ALFABETO LATINO: FATTORI “TECNICI” E DI MODERNIZZAZIONE 83 3.5 LE POSIZIONI A DIFESA DEL CIRILLICO: LE DIFFERENZE CON RUSSIA E TURCHIA 94 3.6 MOTIVAZIONI DI CARATTERE “DIFENSIVO” E SIMBOLICO IN TERMINI CULTURALI E SPIRITUALI 104 3.7 LE IMPERFEZIONI TECNICHE DELL'ALFABETO LATINO 114 3.8 IL NUOVO CARATTERE TIPOGRAFICO BULGARO FRA TRADIZIONE E MODERNITÀ 122 3.9 CONCLUSIONI 126 4. LO SCONTRO FRA ALFABETI ARABO E LATINO PRESSO I TURCHI DI BULGARIA 4.1 L'IMPATTO DELLE RIFORME ALFABETICHE EURASIATICHE 129 4.2 IL TURCO IN ALTRI ALFABETI: FORME DI SINCRETISMI OTTOMANI 132 4.3 LO STATUS AMBIVALENTE DEGLI ALFABETI ARABO E LATINO IN BULGARIA 134 4.4 LE LIMITAZIONI DI SCRITTURA PER I TURCHI BULGARI 139 4. 5 CONCLUSIONI E SVILUPPI DELLA QUESTIONE 145 LA SITUAZIONE ALFABETICA NEL REGNO DEI SERBI, CROATI E SLOVENI, NELLA PRIMA JUGOSLAVIA E NELLA NDH: 1918- 1945 5. LA LINGUA SERBOCROATA IN DUE ALFABETI: DIGRAFIA, BIALFABETISMO UFFICIALE E PROPOSTE DI “SINTESI ALFABETICA” NEGLI ANNI '20 E 30 5.1 LA CONDIZIONE DI DIGRAFIA NELLA LINGUA SERBOCROATA 149 5.2 L'INFLUENZA DEI FATTORI “PRO-LATINIZZANTI” 154 5.3 DUE PROPOSTE DI “SINTESI ALFABETICA” SU ŽIVOT I RAD 160 5.4 LA “JUGOSLOVENSKA AZBUKA” DI RADIVOJEVIĆ 166 5.5 LE REAZIONI DI D. ARANĐELOVIĆ E ALEKSANDAR BELIĆ 173 5.6 LA REAZIONE DI ŽIVALJEVIĆ CONTRO LA “JUGOSLOVENSKA AZBUKA” E LA DIFESA DEL CIRILLICO 179 5.7 MILOŠ TRIVUNAC: A FAVORE DEL BIALFABETISMO 185 5. 8 CONSIDERAZIONI E SVILUPPI 189 6. IL CIRILLICO IN GUERRA: POLITICHE ED IDEOLOGIE ALFABETICHE ANTISERBE NELLA NDH 6.1 LA SITUAZIONE LINGUISTICA DALLE IDEOLOGIE DI UNIFICAZIONE ALLE AFFERMAZIONI DI DIFFERENZA 191 6.2 L'EVOLVERSI DEL QUADRO LINGUISTICO PRIMA DELLA PROCLAMAZIONE DELLA NDH 194 6.3 IL “CIRILLOCIDIO” NELLA NDH 200 6.4 L'ISTITUZIONE DELLA HDUJ: IDEOLOGIE DI SCRITTURA FRA PURISMO E “NEGAZIONISMO” 208 6.5 VERSO UN'ORTOGRAFIA ETIMOLOGICA “KORIENSKI” 213 6.6 LA DIFESA STORICA DELL'ORTOGRAFIA ETIMOLOGICA E LA FIGURA DI ANTE STARČEVIĆ IN CHIAVE “ANTISERBA” 217 6.7 L'EREDITÀ DI STARČEVIĆ FRA ASSIMILAZIONE DELL'ALTRO ED ESALTAZIONE DEL “PROPRIO” 222 DALLA RISCOPERTA DEL GLAGOLITICO ALLE NUOVE PERSECUZIONI CONTRO IL CIRILLICO IN CROAZIA IN EPOCA POST- SOCIALISTA 7. LA RISCOPERTA DEL GLAGOLITICO DA FENOMENO REGIONALE ISTRIANO A NAZIONALE ED “UFFICIALE” 7.1 IL RINNOVATO CONTESTO DI SIGNIFICAZIONE DELL'ALFABETO GLAGOLITICO 228 7.2 BREVE CENNO ALLE POLEMICHE ALFABETICHE DURANTE IL PERIODO DELLA SFRJ 230 7.3 L'IDEAZIONE DELLA ALEJA GLAGOLJAŠA IN ISTRIA 233 7.4 IL CARATTERE RIBELLE E DEMOCRATICO DEL GLAGOLITICO IN CONTRAPPOSIZIONE ALLA LATINITÀ 238 7.5 IL VALORE DEL MODELLO “MICRO” DELLA CULTURA POPOLARE 245 7.6 IL GLAGOLITICO COME ELEMENTO DI CONTINUITÀ E PRESTIGIO DOPO LA FINE DELLA JUGOSLAVIA 251 7.7 L'ISTITUZIONALIZZAZIONE DEL GLAGOLITICO: LA PROTEZIONE STATALE 255 7.8 POPOLARIZZAZIONE DELL'ALFABETO: DALLO SPAZIO PUBBLICO A QUELLO PRIVATO 261 7.9 DALL'ESALTAZIONE DELL'ELEMENTO ESTETICO E SIMBOLICO ALLE TEORIE “IRANIANE” 265 7.9.1 CONCLUSIONI 271 8. LE NUOVE LOTTE CONTRO IL CIRILLICO E LA QUESTIONE APERTA DI VUKOVAR 8.1 LO STATUS DELL'ALFABETO CIRILLICO IN CROAZIA: IL PASSAGGIO AD ELEMENTO “MINORITARIO” 274 8.2 IL CASO SERBO: BIALFABETISMO FINO A QUANDO? 282 8.3 LA DISTRUZIONE DELLA SCRITTURA NELL'ALTRO 289 8.4 REAZIONI ALLA PROPOSTA DI BIALFABETISMO A VUKOVAR 293 8.5 LA MINORANZA SERBA IN CROAZIA: L“ALTRO” PER ECCELLENZA 302 8.6 L'IMPORTANZA DEL CONTESTO DI SCRITTURA PUBBLICA 306 8.7 DALLA “PAURA DELL'ALTRO IN SE'” ALLA VALORIZZAZIONE DELLA PROPRIA DIVERSITÀ CULTURALE? 312 8.8 CONCLUSIONI “RELAZIONALI”: MODALITÀ DI DIFFERENZIAZIONE SIMMETRICA 319 LE NUOVE SFIDE DELL'ALFABETO CIRILLICO IN BULGARIA ALL'ALBA DEL TERZO MILLENNIO 9. IL CIRILLICO TRA TRADIZIONE E MODERNITÀ: IL“CASO KRONSTEINER” 9.1 PREMESSA: CONTESTI IDEOLOGICI POST-SOCIALISTI 326 9.2 I PRIMI DIBATTITI SU QUESTIONI DI SCRITTURA: L'INTERVENTO DI DIANA POPOVA 329 9.3 LE ORIGINI DEL “CASO KRONSTEINER” 334 9.4 IL CIRILLICO BULGARO FRA “FILOEUROPEISMO” E “RUSSOFILIA” 339 9.5 IL CIRILLICO COME “CONFINE” FRA EST ED OVEST DELL'EUROPA 343 9.6 IL VALORE “COMUNISTA” DEL CIRILLICO 347 9.7 IL MONDO ISTITUZIONALE CONTRO KRONSTEINER 350 9.8 ALTRE REAZIONI AL CASO NELLA STAMPA PERIODICA E SCIENTIFICA 357 9.9 CONCLUSIONI: L' “EFFETTO KRONSTEINER” 369 10. IL CIRILLICO ED IL GLAGOLITICO NELLE PRATICHE COMUNI E NELL'IMMAGINARIO NAZIONALE 10.1 LA “ŠLJOKAVICA” E I PROBLEMI DI TRASLITTERAZIONE 374 10.2 IL LEGAME FRA CIRILLICO E CAPITALISMO 378 10.3 L'EREDITÀ DI CIRILLO E METODIO E LA POPOLARIZZAZIONE DELL'ALFABETO CIRILLICO 383 10.4 LA RIVITALIZZAZIONE DELL'ALFABETO GLAGOLITICO E LE QUESTIONI DI ETNOGENESI 390 11. NOTE CONCLUSIVE 11.1 LO SPAZIO BALCANICO FRA PROBLEMI DI MOLTEPLICITÀ E PRETESE DI OMOGENEITÀ 396 11.2 LA RILEVANZA DEI FATTORI POST-IMPERIALI E POST-SOCIALISTI 404 11.3 LA QUESTIONE SIMBOLICA DELL'ALFABETO E IL RAPPORTO CON L'“ALTRO” 410 BIBLIOGRAFIA 415 ABSTRACT 462 Ringraziamenti: Questa tesi rappresenta il frutto di molti anni di studi e ricerche, ma soprattutto del contatto diretto con le persone ed i mondi culturali dei paesi coinvolti. Ringrazio la Prof. Marija Mitrović per avermi incoraggiata e supportata ad esplorare quest'area d'Europa già durante la mia laurea triennale presso l'Università degli Studi di Trieste, nonché le Prof. Sanja Roić e Ginevra Pugliese, per avermi trasmesso con passione al tempo gli strumenti linguistici con cui potermi muovere nel mondo “ex-jugoslavo”. Sono grata alla Prof. Iliyana Krapova per avermi aiutata a rendere possibile la mia permanenza a Plovdiv durante la mobilità Erasmus della laurea magistrale e per avermi guidata alla scoperta della Bulgaria e della sua lingua, a cui continuo a dedicarmi con entusiasmo. Ringrazio il Prof. Glauco Sanga, mio relatore di tesi magistrale in Antropologia presso l'Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, per avermi iniziata al campo di studi dell'Antropologia della Scrittura, senza il contributo del quale questa tesi, come quella precedente, non sarebbe mai stata concepita. Sono profondamente riconoscente al supervisore di questa tesi, Prof. Aleksander Naumow, per avermi supportata nel corso degli anni del Dottorato, così come al Prof. Krassimir Stantchev per aver condiviso con me riflessioni essenziali per lo sviluppo di un tema complesso come quello prescelto. Ringrazio inoltre il Prof. Mehmet Hacısalihoğlu per aver reso possibile la mia permanenza al Center for Balkan and Black Sea Studies dell'Università Yıldız di Istanbul ed avermi stimolata ad approfondire il legame dei miei studi in relazione alla Turchia. Sono debitrice al Programma Erasmus Mundus Sunbeam, grazie al quale ho potuto beneficiare di un anno di mobilità accademica presso l'Università di Novi Sad, conducendo ulteriori, fondamentali ricerche bibliografiche per la mia tesi. Infine, ringrazio di cuore i miei genitori ed Andrea per la pazienza, l'affetto ed il sostegno continui, senza i quali questo lavoro non avrebbe mai visto la luce. 0 1. CAPITOLO INTRODUTTIVO 1.1 IL TEMA DELLA TESI Questo lavoro si propone di trattare alcune delicate questioni legate all'uso degli alfabeti nella costruzione dell'identità nazionale in Croazia e Bulgaria, seguendo il diffondersi di diverse ideologie legate ai sistemi di scrittura durante il corso di un periodo di circa un centinaio di anni (1918-2016). Esplorando in modo interculturale il simbolismo dell'alfabeto nelle sue varietà moderne, l'intenzione del mio lavoro è quella di dare un contributo a questioni rilevanti quali il concetto di identità nazionale nelle culture contemporanee balcaniche e la sua attuale esaltazione a fini nazionali (talvolta nazionalisti), concentrandomi sulle importanti relazioni che legano scrittura, cultura e società. Il mio lavoro non intende soffermarsi sulla veridicità o legittimità di alcune eredità culturali, né tentare di avvallare o meno a determinate affermazioni identitarie, giustificandole o “condannandole”. Al centro dell'attenzione non viene posto l'evento storico e l'elemento culturale in sé, quanto il suo valore a livello di “immaginazione storica nazionale” e a livello “simbolico” per la coscienza collettiva del relativo paese (cf.
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